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BREVET   BIlKiADIER   GENERAL   O.  SUMMERS,  U.  S.  V.,  COMMANDING 
SECOND  OREGON   U.  S.  VOLUNTEER  INFANTRY. 


THE 


OFFICIAL  RECORDS 


OREGON  VOLUNTEERS 


SPANISH  WAR 


PHILIPPINE   INSURRECTION 


COMPILED  BY 


BRIGADIER  GENERAL  C.  U.  GANTENBEIN 

Former  Adjutant  General,  State  oj  Oregon,  and  late 
Major  Second  Oregon  U.  S.  Volunteer  Infantry. 


SECOXD    EDITION 

PRINTED  UNDER  DIRECTION   OF 

BRIGADIER  GENERAL  W.  E.  FINZER 

Adjutant  General,  State  of  Oregon,  and  Late  First 
Lieutenant  Second  Oregon  r.  S  Volunteer  In- 
fantry.    Captain  Third  fnfanlry.  O.  ,V.  G. 


'A- 


SALEM,  _OBEGON 

J.  R.  WHITNEY,  STATE   PRINTER 
1903 


HOUSE    JOINT    RESOLUTION    NO.  6. 

Rexolved  by  (he  House,  the  Senate  concurring  : 

That  the  State  Printer  be  and  he  is  hereby  directed  to  print  and  bind  in  proper  form 
one  thousand  four  hundred  and  forty  additional  copies  of  the  "Official  Records  of  the 
Oregon  Volunteers  in  the  Spanish  War  and  Philippine  Insurrection,"  to  be  paid  out  of 
the  fund  appropriated  for  the  maintenance  of  the  Oregon  National  Guard.  One  volume 
to  be  distributed  by  the  Adjutant  General  to  each  of  the  privates  who  served  in  the 
Second  Oregon  United  States  Volunteer  Infantry,  and  in  Batteries  A  and  B,  Oregon 
United  States  Volunteer  Light  Artillery,  the  remainder  thereof,  if  any,  to  be  disposed 
of  as  the  Governor  may  direct. 

Passed  by  the  House  February  Iti,  1903. 

L.  T.  Harris, 

Speaker  of  the  House. 
Passed  by  the  Senate  February  18,  1903. 

Geo.  C.  Bruwnei.l, 
President  of  the  Senate. 


M8i5;^34 


PREFACE. 

This  second  edition  of  the  "Official  Records  of  the  Oregon 
Volunteers  in  the  Spanish  War  and  Philippine  Insurrection," 
was  authorized  by  the  Legislative  Assembly  of  1903,  conferred 
in  House  Joint  Resolution  No.  6,  which  reads  as  follows : 

"■Resolved  by  the  House,  the  Senate  concarring :  That  the  State  Printer  be 
and  he  is  hereby  directed  to  print  and  bind  in  proper  form,  one  thousand 
four  hundred  and  forty  additional  copies  of  the  'Official  Record  of  the  Ore- 
gon Volunteers  in  the  Spanish  War  and  Philippine  Insurrection,'  to  be  paid 
out  of  the  fund  appropriated  for  the  maintenance  of  the  Oregon  National 
Guard.  One  volume  to  be  distributed  by  the  Adjutant  General  to  each  of 
the  privates  who  served  in  the  Second  Oregon  United  States  Volunteer  In- 
fantry, and  in  Batteries  A  and  B,  Oregon  United  States  Volunteer  Light 
Artillery,  the  remainder  thereof,  if  any,  to  be  disposed  of  as  the  Governor 
may  direct." 

In  accordance  with  the  above  resolution  Brigadier  General 
C.  U.  Gantenbein,  late  Adjutant  General,  instructed  the  State 
Printer  to  proceed  with  the  printing  of  the  "Records,"  and 
when  I  assumed  the  duties  of  Adjutant  General,  by  appoint- 
ment from  His  Excellency,  Governor  Geo.  E.  Chamberlain,  I 
took  up  the  work  where  it  was  left  off  by  my  predecessor,  and 
have  given  the  State  Printer  such  assistance  as  was  possible 
with  the  idea  of  having  these  records  published  in  a  manner 
befitting  the  services  of  the  late  Volunteers. 

The  greatest  care  has  been  exercised  to  avoid  mistakes  in 
copying  the  first  edition.  The  proofs,  after  being  read  in  the 
State  Printer's  office,  were  carefully  read  and  corrected  by  me, 
assisted  by  Captain  L.  H.  Knapp,  Quartermaster,  Third  Infan- 
try, 0.  N.  G. 

This  volume  is  an  exact  copy  of  the  first  edition,  with  the 
exception  of  a  few  minor  corrections  made  by  me,  and  the  sub- 
stituting of  a  more  serviceable  paper  for  the  heavy,  brittle, 
glazed  paper  that  experience  taught  was  very  hard  to  bind  into 


VI  PREFACE. 

a  serviceable  volume.  After  careful  consideration  and  consul- 
tation with  the  Military  Board,  I  decided  to  substitute  a  fancy 
cloth  binding  in  place  of  a  full  sheep,  thereby  making  a  more 
attractive  volume,  less  liable  to  break,  and  withal,  just  as  lasting. 

W.  E.  FINZER, 

Adjutant  General. 
Portland,  Oregon,  December  14,  1903. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

Introduction vii 

Summary  of  Prineipal  Events  Connected  with  Military  Operations  in  the  Philip- 
pine Islands 1 

Summary  of  Principal  events  Connected  with  Operations  of  Second  Oregon  Volun- 
teer Infantry H 

Official  History  of  Operations  of  Second  Oregon  Volunteer  Infantry 15 

ABSTRACTS  OF   MUSTER  ROLLS. 

Field,  Staff,  and  Band 99 

Company  A IO3 

Company  B 128 

Company  C 150 

Company  D 170 

Company  E I97 

Company  F 216 

Company  G 242 

Company  H 269 

Company  I 286 

Companj'  K 303 

Company  L 329 

Company  M 350 

Battery  A 372 

Battery  B 384 

REPORTS  OF  GENERAL  OFFICERS,  WITH  APPENDED  REPORTS  OF  OREGON 
VOLUNTEER  OFFICERS. 

Report  of  Maj.  Gen.  E.  S.  Otis,  U.  S.  V.,  Commanding  Department  of  the  Pacific 

and  Eighth  Army  Corps,  Military  Governor  in  the  Philippine  Islands 397 

Report  of  Brig.  Gen.  Irving  Hale,  U.  S.  V.,  Commanding  Second  Brigade,  Second 
Divi-sion,  Eighth  Army  Corps,  of  Operations  of  his  Brigade  near  Waterworks, 

February  6  to  9, 1899 532 

Report  of  Col.  John  M.  Stotsenburg,  First  Nebraska  U.  S.  Volunteer  Infantry,  of 

Operations  near  Pumping  Station,  dated  February  25,  1899 534 

Report  of  Capt.  R.  H.  Barber,  Second  Oregon  U.  S.  Volunteer  Infantry,  of  Recon- 

noissance  along  Mariquina  Road,  dated  February  25,  1899 535 

Report  of  Second  Lieut.  Charles  A.  Murphy,  Second  Oregon  U.  S.  Volunteer  Infan- 
try, Commanding  Hotchkiss  and  Gatling  Battery,  of  Reconnoissance  along 

Mariquina  Road,  dated  February  24,  1899 537 

Report  of  Brig.  Gen.  R.  P.  Hughes,  U.  S.  V.,  Provost  Marshal  General  in  Manila,  of 

Fires  and  Accompanying  Events  that  Occurred  February  22  and  23,  1899 538 

Report  of  Maj.  G.  A.  Goodale,  Twenty-third  U.  S.  Infantry,  of  Pursuit  of  Insurgents 

in  Tondo,  February  23,  1899 , ^..__ 5J0 


Vlll  TABLE    OF    CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Report  of  Capt.  J.  M.  Poorman,  Second  Oregon  U.  S.  Volunteer  Infantry,  of  Pursuit 

of  Insurgents  in  Tondo,  February  23,  1899 541 

Report  of  Capt.  R.  E.  Davis,  Second  Oregon  U.  S.  Volunteer  Infantry,  of  Pursuit  of 

Insurgents  In  Tondo,  February  23, 1899 542 

Report  of  Maj.  Percy  Willis,  Second  Oregon  U.  S.  Volunteer  Infantry,  of  Pursuit 

of  Insurgents  in  Tondo,  February  23,  1899 543 

Report  of  Brig.  Gen.  Loyd  Wheaton,  U.  S.  V.,  of  Operations  Along  the  Pasig  River, 

March  13  to  19, 1899 546 

Report  of  Brig.  Gen.  Loyd  Wheaton,  U.  S.  V.,  of  Operations  of  His  Brigade,  March 

22  to  31,  1899 518 

Report  of  Col.  O.  Summers,  Second  Oregon  U.  S.  Volunteer  Infantry,  of  Operations 

His  of  Regiment.  March  24  to  31,  1899 552 

Report  of  Maj.  Gen.  H.  W.  Lawton,  U.  S.  V.,  of  San  Isidro  or  Northern  Expedition, 

April  22  to  May  30,  1899 555 

Report  of  Brevet  Maj.  J.  F.  Case,  Second  Oregon  U.  S.  Volunteer  Infantry,  Acting 

Engineer  Officer,  First  Division,  Eighth  Army  Corps,  April  27  to  May  31, 1899—     578 

Report  of  Maj.  Herbert  W.  Card  well,  U.  S.  V.,  Chief  Surgeon,  First  Division,  Eighth 

Army  Corps,  April  21  to  May  30,  1899 581 

Report  of  Brevet  Brig.  Gen.  O.  Summers,  Second  Oregon  U.  S.  Volunteer  Infantry, 
Commanding  Provisional  Brigade,  First  Division,  Eighth  Army  Corps,  April 
22  to  May  25, 1899 585 

Report  of  Maj.  P.  G.  Eastwick,  Jr.,  Second  Oregon  U.  S.  Volunteer  Infantry,  of  Re- 

connoissance  near  Angat,  April  26, 1899 592 

Report  of  Col.  O.  Summers,  Second  Oregon  U.  S.  Volunteer  Infantry,  of  Operation 

of  Provisional  Brigade  near  Marunco,  April  29,  1899 . 593 

Report  of  Col.  O.  Summers,  Second  Oregon  U.  S.  Volunteer  Infantry,  Commanding 

Provisional  Brigade,  of  Capture  of  San  Rafael,  May  1,  1899 594 

Report  of  Lieut.  Col.  George  O.  Yoran,  Commanding  Second  Oregon  U.  S.  Volunteer 

Infantry,  of  Capture  of  San  Antonio,  May  19,  1899 595 

Telegram  of  Maj.  Gen.  H.  W.  Lawton,  U.  S.  V.,  Reporting  Capture  of  San  Antonio, 

dated  May  21, 1899 596 

Report  of  Maj.  Gen.  H.  W.  Lawton,  U.  S.  V.,  of  Expedition  to  the  Province  of 

Morong,  June  2  to  8, 1899 597 

Report  of  Brig.  Gen.  Robert  H.  Hall,  U.  S.  V.,  Commanding  Third  Brigade,  Second 
Division,  Eighth  Army  Corps,  of  Operations  of  his  brigade  on  Morong  Expe- 
dition, June  2  to  8,  1899 600 

Report  of  Brevet  Brig.  Gen.  O.  Summers,  Commanding  Second  Oregon  U.  S.  Vol- 
unteer Infantry,  of  Operations  of  his  Regiment  on  Morong  Expedition,  June 
2  to  7,  1899 : 603 


APPENDIX. 

Orders  for  Mobilization  and  Organization  of  Oregon  Volunteers 607 

Report  of  Col.  O.  Summers,  Second  Oregon  U.  S.  Volunteer  Infantry,  of  Transpor- 
tation of  his  Command  from  San  Francisco  to  Manila,  dated  July  8, 1898 615 

Report  of  Maj.  M.  H.  Ellis,  Surgeon  Second  Oregon  U.  S.  Volunteer  Infantry,  of 
Medical  and  Sanitary  Conditions  Existing  on  Steamship  Australia,  dated 
December  29,  1898 - 616 


TABLE    OK    (M)NTENTS.  IX 

I'AGE 

Report  of  Fir.st  Lieut.  Ralph  IMatt,  Coininissiiry  Second  Oregon  U.  S.  Volunteer 
Infantry,  of  Conditions  in  Reference  to  Subsistence  on  Steamship  Australia, 
dated  December  20,  1.S98 617 

Report  of  Capt.  H.  L.  Wells,  Second  Oregon  U.  S.  Volunteer  Infantry,  of  Conditions 

in  Reference  to  Subsistence  on  Steamship  Australia,  dated  December  '20, 1898—      U18 

Report  of  Col.  O.  Summers,  Second  Oregon  U.  S.  Volunteer  Infantry,  as  Acting 

Provost  Marshal  of  Manila,  August  13  to  17,  1898 620 

Report  of  Capt.  H.  L.  Wells,  Second  Oregon  U.  S.  Volunteer  Infantry,  Containing 
Bills  of  Fare  at  Three  Meals  of  Eleven  Companies  of  Regiment  for  November 
30,  1898 621 

Report  of  Maj.  M.  H.  Ellis,  Surgeon  Second  Oregon  U.  S.  Volunteer  Infantry,  of 
Sanitary  Conditions  on  Steamship  Newport  from  Manila  to  San  Francisco, 
dated  July  18,  1899 622 

Death  Roll  and  List  of  Wounded  of  Oregon  Volunteers  in  Spanish  War  and  Phil- 
ippine Insurrection 624-5-6 

Letters,  Telegrams,  and  Resolutions  Expressing  Appreciation  of  Services  of  Second 

Oregon  U.  S.  Volunteer  Infantry 627 

Order  Publishing  Intention  of  President  McKinley  to  Recommend  Spepial  Medal 
of  Honor  to  be  given  Members  of  Eighth  Army  Corps  for  Performing  Willing 
Service  though  Entitled  to  Discharge  Upon  Ratification  of  Treaty  With 
Spain 630 


TABLE    OF    CONTENTS. 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 

PAGE 


Frontispiece— Brevet  Brig.  Gen.  O.  Summers 

Facsimile  of  Letter  written  by  Maj.  Gen.  H.  W.  Lawton,  U.  S.  V 4 

Officers,  Second  Regiment,  Oregon  U.  S.  Volunteer  Infantry 8 

Field,  Secoud'Regiment,  Oregon  U.  S.  Volunteer  Infantry 20 

Staff,  Second^Regiment,  Oregon  U.  S.  Volunteer  Infantry _ 24 

Squad  Detailed  to  Escort  and  Raise  First  American  Flag  in  Manila 36 

Dress  Parade  of  Second  Oregon  in  Court  of  Cuartel  de  Espaiia 40 

Facsmilie  of  Letter  Written  by  Maj.  Gen.  Wesley  Merritt,  U.  S.  A 44 

Third  Battalion  Resting  on  Mariquina  Road 52 

Headquarters  First  Battalion  on  Ridge  Overlooking  Pasig 56 

Head  of  Column  of  Four  Hundred  Insurgents  Captured  at  Taguig,  near  Pasig 60 

First  Line  of  Trenches  Carried  by  Second  Oregon  at  Malabon fts 

Second  Line  of  Trenches  Carried  by  Second  Oregon  at  Malabon 72 

Third  Line  of  Trenches  Carried  by  Second  Oregon  at  Malabon 76 

Facsimile  of  Letter  Written  by  Brig.  Gen.  Loyd  Wheaton,  U.  S.  V 84 

Return  of  Second  Oregon,  Showing  Second  Battalion  on  Market  Street,  San  Fran- 
cisco    9-1 

Band 100 

Company  A 10^ 

Company  B 1^6 

Companj'  C 153 

Company  D 1^ 

Company  E 200 

Company  F 216 

Company  G 248 

Company  H 280 

Company  I 296 

Company  K 312 

Company  L 344 

Company  M 360 

Battery  A 376 

Battery  B 388 

Map  of  Central  Portion  of  Luzon  Island 391 

Dead  of  Second  Oregon  Lying  in  State  in  Armory  at  Portland,  Oregon 626 

Riverview  Monument 631 


INTRODUCTION. 


These  records  have  been  compiled  under  the  authority  of 
the  legislative  assembly  conferred  in  section  70  of  the  Military 
Code  of  1901,  which  reads  : 

In  addition  to  the  foregoing  duties  and  all  other  duties  prop- 
erly pertaining  to  the  office  of  Adjutant  General  and  chief  of 
staff,  he  shall,  at  the  expense  of  the  State,  cause  five  hundred 
copies  of  the  muster  rolls  of  the  Oregon  Volunteers  for  the 
Spanish-American  war  to  be  printed  by  the  State  Printer,  bound 
in  proper  form  and  distributed  in  such  manner  as  the  Gov- 
ernor may  direct. 

The  records  of  Oregon  Volunteers  in  the  Indian  and  Civil 
wars  are  very  incomplete,  so  that  it  is  always  difficult  and  often 
impossible  to  furnish  desired  information.  The  legislative 
assembly  very  wisely  adopted  the  above  provision  for  perpet- 
uating the  official  records  of  the  late  Volunteers,  in  case  the 
originals,  by  any  accident,  should  be  lost  or  destroyed. 

A  literal  compliance,  however,  with  the  requirements  of  the 
above  section  would  have  resulted  in  a  volume  of  at  least  twelve 
hundred  pages  of  tabulated,  and  therefore  very  expensive  work, 
including  much  matter  of  comparatively  little  importance.  I 
have  for  this  reason  assumed  the  responsibility  of  preparing 
an  abstract  of  the  muster-in  and  muster-out  rolls  of  each  organ- 
ization and  of  adding  official  histories  and  reports  of  great 
value  in  their  bearing  upon  the  services  of  the  State's  volun- 
teers in  the  recent  war  and  insurrection. 

From  the  following  statement  of  the  contents  of  the  original 
rolls  on  file  at  Washington  and  in  the  office  of  the  Adjutant 
General  in  the  State  of  Oregon,  it  may  be  readily  learned 
whether  any  information  not  given  in  the  abstracts  can  be 
furnished  by  the  custodian  of  the  military  records. 


INTRODUCTION. 


MUSTER-IN    ROLL. 


This  roll  shows  the  designation  of  the  organization,  the  name 
of  its  commanding  officer  and  of  the  regimental  commander  at 
the  date  of  muster-in;  the  date  of  the  President's  call  for  vol- 
unteers (April  23,  1898);  the  term  of  enlistment  (two  years, 
unless  sooner  discharged);  the  name  of  each  officer  and  enlisted 
man,  present  and  absent,  his  rank,  description,  place  of  birth, 
including  town  or  county,  as  well  as  State,  occupation,  date,  and 
place  of  enrollment;  the  name  of  his  enrolling  officer  and  the 
period  for  which  enrolled;  the  place  of  rendezvous,  whether 
married  or  single,  if  single,  the  name  and  address  of  his  parent 
or  guardian;  remarks  showing  physical  defects  not  sufficient  to 
reject,  and  finally  the  signature  of  each  member  of  the  organ- 
ization to  the  following  oath  : 

I  do  solemnly  swear  (or  affirm)  that  I  will  bear  true  faith 
and  allegiance  to  the  United  States  of  America,  and  that  I  will 
serve  them  honestly  and  faithfully  against  all  their  enemies 
whomsoever ;  and  that  I  will  obey  the  orders  of  the  President 
of  the  United  States  and  the  orders  of  the  officers  appointed 
over  me,  according  to  the  Rules  and  Articles  of  War. 

A  recapitulation  gives  the  number  of  members  of  each  grade, 
present  or  absent,  and  the  whole  number  belonging  to  the  or- 
ganization. The  company  commander,  mustering  officer  and 
examining  surgeon  or  surgeons  then  sign  certificates  in  the 
following  forms,  respectively  : 

I  certify  that  this  muster-in  roll  exhibits  the  true  state  of 

Captain ,  Company  (or )  for  the  period  mentioned 

herein;  that  each  man  answers  to  his  proper  name  in  person, 
and  that  the  remarks  set  opposite  the  name  of  each  officer  and 
soldier  are  accurate  and  just.  (Signed  b}^  company  comman- 
der, with  rank,  organization,  and  date.) 

I  certify  that  I  have  carefully  examined  the  men  whose 
names  are  borne  on  this  roll,  their  horses  and  equipments; 
that  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  United  States  was  sworn  to 
and  subscribed  before  me,  and  that  I  have  accepted  them  into 
the  service  of  the  United  States  for  the  term  of  two  years  from 

this day  of  ,  1898.     (Signed  by  mustering  officer, 

with  rank,  organization,  station,  and  date.) 

I  certify  that  I  have  carefully  examined  the  officers  and 
enlisted  men  whose  names  are  borne  on  this  roll  agreeably  to 


INTRODUCTION.  Xlll 

the  General  Regulations  of  the  Army,  and  that,  in  my  opinion, 
they  are  free  from  all  bodily  defects  and  mental  intirmity  which 
would  in  any  way  disqualify  them  from  performing  all  duties 
pertaining  to  military  service.  (Signed  by  each  examining 
surgeon  ;  if  more  than  one,  with  rank,  organization,  station, 
and  date.) 

[Note.— All  defects  discovered  in  the  medical  examination,  not  sufficient  to  reject, 
but  which  might  be  exaggerated  by  the  soldier's  duties,  will  be  noted  opposite  his  name 
in  the  column  for  remarks.  If  the  medical  examination  is  made  by  two  or  more  sur- 
geons, the  certificate  on  the  roll  will  be  signed  by  each.] 

MUSTER-OUT    ROLL. 

The  muster-out  roll  shows  the  designation  of  the  organiza- 
tion, the  name  of  its  commanding  officer  at  the  date  of  muster- 
out  and  at  the  date  of  muster-in ;  the  name  of  the  regimental 
commander  ;  the  date  when  called  into  service  by  the  President; 
the  place  of  general  rendezvous  (Portland,  Oregon);  the  term 
of  enlistment  (two  years  from  date  of  enrollment,  unless  sooner 
discharged);  the  place  at  which  the  company  was  organized; 
the  date  of  arrival  at  Portland  and  distance  traveled ;  the  name 
of  each  officer  and  enlisted  man,  present  and  absent,  his  rank, 
when,  where,  and  by  whom  enrolled  and  period  for  which  en- 
rolled ;  when,  where,  and  by  whom  mustered  in  ;  by  whom  and 
to  what  time  last  paid;  his  place  of  residence;  place  of  dis- 
charge ;  the  charge  for  clothing  issued  by  the  State  ;  the  amount 
due  the  United  States  or  due  the  soldier  for  clothing ;  the 
amount  due  the  United  States  for  arms  and  equipage  ;  remarks 
giving  record  of  each  officer  and  soldier,  and  finally  his  pay 
account  in  detail,  with  his  signature  acknowledging  receipt  of 
payment. 

After  being  recapitulated,  the  roll  is  certified  by  the  com- 
pany commander  and  the  mustering-out  officer,  as  follows: 

I  certify  that  this  muster  roll  is  made  out  in  the  manner  re- 
quired by  the  printed  instructions;  that  it  exhibits  the  true 
state  of  the  company  at  date  of  muster-out;  that  each  man  has 
answered  to  his  name  in  person  ;  that  the  remarks  set  opposite 
the  name  of  each  officer  and  enlisted  man  are  accurate  and 
just;  that  the  valuation  of  the  horses  and  horse  equipments 
since  the  muster  into  service  was  made  by  disinterested  and 
competent  judges,  and  at  fair  and  just  rate  ;  and  that  the  non- 
commissioned officers  and  privates  against  whose  names  this 
valuation  is  set  forth  actuallv  owned  the  horses  and  had  them 


XIV  INTRODUCTION. 

in  service  for  the  time  paid  for.  (Signed  by  company  com- 
mander, with  rank,  organization,  and  date.) 

I  certify  that  I  have  at ,  on  this day  of , 

1899,  carefully  examined  this  roll,  and,  as  far  as  practicable, 
caused  the  allowances,  stoppages,  and  remarks  to  be  properly 
stated ;  have  mustered  the  company  for  discharge,  and  it  is 
hereby  discharged  from  the  service  of  the  United  States. 
(Signed  by  the  mustering  officer,  with  rank,  organization,  sta- 
tion, and  date.) 

The  muster-out  roll  concludes  with  a  brief  record  of  events 
which  may  be  necessary  or  useful  for  future  reference. 

ABSTRACTS    OF    MUSTER    ROLLS. 

The  information  contained  in  the  abstracts  published  in  this 
volume  has  been  copied  from  the  muster-out  rolls,  except  the 
description,  place  of  birth,  and  occupation,  which  have  been 
taken  from  the  muster-in  rolls,  and  for  volunteers  of  the  Second 
Oregon  Regiment  responding  to  the  second  call  of  the  Presi- 
dent, from  the  descriptive  cards.  A  few  men  were  mustered 
into  the  regiment  in  San  Francisco,  California,  and  in  Hono- 
lulu, Hawaiian  Islands.  It  has  been  impossible  to  give  the 
description,  place  of  birth,  and  occupation  of  these  men,  as  the 
muster-in  rolls  were  completed  in  Portland  and  no  descriptive 
cards  appear  to  have  been  furnished  for  them. 

The  muster-out  roll  of  Company  D,  Second  Oregon  Volun- 
teers, fails  to  show  the  dates  of  muster-in  of  the  second-call  men. 
Application  was  made  to  the  War  Department  for  this  informa- 
tion, but  it  has  not  yet  been  received.  The  dates  of  enrollment 
being  practically  the  same,  these  have  been  substituted.  With 
the  above  exceptions,  the  information  given  under  each  head  is 
a  full,  true,  and  correct  copy  of  the  original  rolls,  and  will,  it  is 
believed,  be  found  sufficient  to  furnish  any  information  desired. 

OFFICIAL    HISTORY. 

Mr.  Dodson's  history  of  the  operations  of  the  Second  Oregon 
U.  S.  Volunteer  Infantry  was  prepared  at  the  request  of  the 
Hicks-Judd  Company,  of  San  Francisco,  California,  whose  book 
entitled  "Campaigning  in  the  Philippines"  is  a  popular  and  at 
the  same  time  a  reliable  publication  of  events  connected  with 
our  recent  war  and  insurrection.     Mr.  Dodson  was  one  of  the 


INTRODUCTION.  XV 

first  to  respond  to  the  President's  call  for  volunteers.  He  en- 
listed in  the  Second  Oregon  Infantr}^  and  served  with  credit 
until  the  regiment  was  mustered  out,  being  twice  wounded  in 
an  engagement  with  the  insurgents  near  Pasig.  His  narrative 
was  written  while  still  in  the  service,  and  is  an  interesting  and 
accurate  account  of  the  varied  experiences  of  the  Oregon  Vol- 
unteers, particularly  as  the  occurrences  described  were  still 
fresh  in  the  memory  of  the  author  and  were  seen  from  the 
standpoint  of  an  enlisted  man.  Mr.  Dodson,  while  in  the  vol- 
unteer service,  was  correspondent  for  the  Oregoiiian,  and  his 
letters  will  be  remembered  by  the  general  public  for  their  fair 
and  conservative  descriptions  of  persons  and  events  associated 
with  the  regiment. 

REPORTS. 

The  reports  of  Oregon  oflficers  and  of  general  officers  under 
whom  the  Oregon  Regiment  served  contain  valuable  official 
data  conected  with  the  service  of  Oregon  volunteers,  reduced 
to  writing  immediately  after  the  occurrence  of  the  events 
described. 

The  annual  report  of  Major  General  E.  S.  Otis  is  a  compre- 
hensive history  of  military  operations  and  of  the  most  impor- 
tant civil  and  political  conditions  prevailing  in  the  Philippines 
from  June  30.  1898,  to  August  31,  1899,  covering  the  full  term 
of  service  of  the  Second  Oregon  Volunteers.  The  reader  will 
be  surprised  at  the  variety  of  the  problems  presenting  them- 
selves to  the  governor  general  and  at  the  ability,  foresight,  and 
industry  displayed  in  solving  them. 

Mr.  Arthur  Wallace  Dunn,  in  an  article  published  in  the 
Review  of  Reviews  for  November  of  this  year,  and  entitled 
"Government  in  the  Philippines  from  1898  to  1902,"  says  : 

General  Otis  was  a  most  methodical  man  and  knew  every- 
thing connected  with  the  Philippine  Government.  He  brought 
to  bear  upon  the  problems  presented  to  him  not  only  a  mili- 
tary training,  but  a  legal  and  business  education  which  made 
him  invaluable  to  the  government.  Under  the  direction  of 
General  Otis,  tariffs  were  made  and  modified,  revenues  were 
collected,  and  expenditures  made.  The  Chinese  were  excluded 
by  his  order,  and  immigration  and  commercial  laws  made  and 
enforced.  He  dealt  with  all  questions,  whether  military  or 
civil.     He  had  the  power  of  life  and  death  ;  his  orders  were 


Xvi  INTRODUCTION. 

supreme,  whether  in  case  of  murder  or  police  offense,  for  all 
trials  were  regulated  by  the  military,  of  which  General  Otis 
was  the  supreme  head.  ^  His  orders  established  a  department 
of  posts,  provided  an  educational  system,  divided  the  con- 
struction of  public  works  and  improvements  of  various  kinds, 
and,  in  fact,  were  the  law  for  eight  million  people.  I  heard 
Secretary  Root  pay  him  a  high  compliment  during  a  private 
conversation,  when  he  said  that  the  people  of  this  country 
could  never  know  how  much  they  owed  General  Otis.  The 
careful  regard  he  had  for  details,  and  the  attention  he  gave  to 
every  part  of  the  grave  affairs  he  controlled  during  his  admin- 
istration prevented  the  extravagance  that  usually  follows  a  war 
where  so  many  troops  are  engaged.  Not  a  breath  of  scandal 
or  hint  of  corruption  was  ever  heard  in  connection  with  the 
vast  expenditure  for  military  and  governmental  purposes 
during  the  time  when  General  Otis  was  in  command. 

This  estimate  of  the  General's  services  'will  be  cheerfully  in- 
dorsed by  every  member  of  the  Eighth  Army  Corps,  having 
an  opportunity  to  observe  the  countless  difficulties  offered  and 
the  manner  in  which  they  were  met.  General  Otis  as  military 
governor  in  and  of  the  Philippines  was  unquestionably  the 
right  man  in  the  right  place  at  the  right  time.  His  report 
will  be  found  replete  with  interesting  and  instructive  informa- 
tion. 

SECOND    OREGON    U.    S.    VOLUNTEER    INFANTRY. 

In  answer  to  the  call  of  the  President,  the  State  promptly 
furnished  one  regiment  of  infantry,  two  batteries  of  light  artil- 
lery, and  one  company  of  engineers. 

The  Second  Oregon  was  the  only  organization  that  had  an 
opportunity  to  do  a  soldier's  duty  on  the  battlefield.  The 
facsimile  letters  of  Generals  Merritt,  Lawton,  and  Wheaton, 
and  the  testimonials  published  in  the  Appendix  bear  witness 
to  the  discipline,  courage,  and  achievements  of  its  members. 
In  the  words  of  General  Wheaton  —  "Their  gallant  conduct 
during  the  recent  campaign  in  Luzon  has  reflected  credit  upon 
the  State  from  whence  they  came." 

The  regiment  was  the  first  to  land  in  the  Philippines,  the 
first  to  enter  the  walled  city  of  Manila,  and  the  first  to  return 
to  the  United  States.  From  August  13,  1898,  until  March  12, 
1899,  it  was  one  of  the  three  regiments  performing  the  trying. 


INTRODUCTION.  XVll 

ditticiilt,  and  dangerous  duties  of  provost  guard  in  Manila.  It 
took  part  in  forty-two  battles,  engagements,  and  skirmishes, 
marching  live  hundred  and  thirty-eight  miles  in  three  months. 

The  character  of  the  rank  and  file  is  indicated  by  the  follow- 
ing figures  prepared  b}^  Captain  W.  S.  Gilbert,  regimental  chap- 
lain and  historian  :  Average  age,  24.98  years ;  average  height, 
5  feet  7.68  inches  ;  average  weight,  148^  pounds  ;  married,  89  ; 
students,  156;  clerks,  141;  lawyers,  15;  bookkeepers,  15  ;  car- 
penters, 29  ;  farmers,  123 ;  laborers,  175  ;  mechanics,  66  ;  teach- 
ers, 28  ;  merchants,  34;  ministers,  2;  college  graduates,  114; 
employed  when  enlisted,  1190;  members  of  church,  531. 

Of  the  56  officers  and  1296  enlisted  men,  in  all  1352,  accounted 
for  on  its  muster-out  rolls,  13  were  killed  in  action,  3  died  of 
wounds,  3  were  captured  and  killed,  43  died  of  disease  while 
in  the  service,  1  met  his  death  by  accident,  and  1  was  drowned, 
making  a  total  number  of  64  deaths.  The  total  loss  by  death 
of  the  remaining  State  volunteer  regiments  serving  in  the  Phil- 
ippines, as  shown  by  the  statistical  exhibit  issued  from  the  office 
of  the  Adjutant  General  of  the  Army  in  1899,  is  as  follows  :  Twen- 
tieth Kansas,  65;  First  Nebraska,  61 ;  First  South  Dakota,  60; 
First  Washington,  43;  Thirteenth  Minnesota,  42;  Fifty-first 
Iowa,  40  ;  First  California,  36  ;  First  Colorado,  35  ;  First  Mon- 
tana, 35  ;  First  Tennessee,  26  ;  Tenth  Pennsylvania,  21 ;  First 
Idaho,  21 ;  First  North  Dakota,  18. 

BATTERIES  A  AND  B,  OREGON   U.  S.  VOLUNTEER  LIGHT  ARTILLERY. 

Battery  A  was  mustered  into  the  United  States  service  July  1, 
1898,  at  Portland,  Oregon,  and  changed  station  from  Portland 
to  Vancouver  Barracks,  Washington,  July  9,  1898;  Battery  B 
was  mustered  in  July  26,  1898,  at  the  same  place,  and  went 
into  camp  at  Sellwood,  Multnomah  County,  Oregon.  Owing  to 
the  speedy  termination  of  the  war,  their  services  were  rendered 
unnecessary,  and  they  were  mustered  out  October  15,  1898,  at 
Vancouver  Barracks,  and  October  20,  1898,  at  Portland,  re- 
spectively. These  organizations  were  composed  of  fine  material, 
maintained  excellent  discipline,  and  cheerfully  performed  all 
duties  required  of  them  under  the  most  trying  circumstances. 
"They  also  serve  who  only  stand  and  wait." 


XVlll  INTRODUCTION. 

COMPANY    M,   SECOND    U.   S.  VOLUNTEER    ENGINEERS. 

This  company,  though  recruited  in  the  State  of  Oregon,  was 
part  of  a  United  States  volunteer  regiment,  and  there  are  no 
records  on  file  in  the  office  of  the  State  Adjutant  General  re- 
lating thereto.  I  requested  the  Secretary  of  War  to  furnish  me 
with  a  copy  of  its  muster-in  and  muster-out  rolls,  as  inquiries 
are  frequently  made  with  regard  to  it  and  its  members  which 
I  am  unable  to  answer.  I  was  advised,  however,  that  its  records, 
like  those  of  all  other  United  States  troops,  were  in  the  exclu- 
sive custody  of  the  War  Department,  and  that  under  the  long- 
established  rules  of  the  department,  it  was  not  considered 
necessary  or  proper  that  the  officials  of  any  State  should  be 
furnished  with  copies  of  such  records  to  enable  them  to  answer 
inquiries  with  regard  to  these  organizations  or  the  members 
thereof. 

SPANISH    WAR    MEDALS. 

At  the  suggestion  of  His  Excellency,  Governor  T.  T.  Geer, 
the  State  presented  its  volunteers  in  the  Spanish  war  with 
medals  made  of  bronze  taken  from  a  Spanish  cannon  captured 
at  Manila  and  given  to  the  State  by  the  United  States  Govern- 
ment. Substantial,  of  convenient  size  and  artistically  designed, 
with  the  name,  rank,  and  organization  of  the  owner  neatly 
engraved,  they  are  highly  prized  by  the  volunteers  as  invaluable 
reminders  of  the  State's  appreciation  of  their  patriotic  services. 
In  all,  sixteen  hundred  and  seventy-two  were  issued,  of  which 
all  but  about  two  hundred  have  been  delivered  to  the  owners. 

OREGON    EMERGENCY    CORPS. 

On  April  26,  1898,  a  few  days  after  the  call  for  volunteers, 
the  patriotic  women  of  Portland  organized  a  society,  called  the 
Oregon  Emergency  Corps,  and  elected  Mrs.  Henry  E.  Jones, 
president;  Mrs.  W.  A.  Buchanan,  vice-president;  Mrs.  F.  E. 
Lounsbury,  secretary,  and  Mrs.  Martin  Winch,  treasurer. 
Branches  were  established  in  all  the  principal  towns  of  the 
State,  and  July  29,  1898,  a  consolidation  was  effected  with  the 
National  Red  Cross  Society,  under  the  name  of  the  Oregon 
Emergency  Corps  and  Red  Cross  Society,  with  Mrs.  Henry  E. 
Jones,  president;  Mrs.  A.  J.  Meier,  vice-president;  Mrs.  Levi 


INTRODUCTTON.  XIX 

Young,  tirst  assistant  to  president ;  Mrs.  H.  II.  Goddard,  second 
assistant  to  president;  Mrs.  F.  E.  Loiinsbury,  secretary;  Mrs. 
Robert  L.  Taft,  corresponding  secretary  ;  Mrs.  William  Alvord, 
treasurer,  and  Mrs.  William  Patterson,  assistant  to  treasurer. 

Having  fully  and  successfully  performed  its  mission  to  care 
for  the  families  of  volunteers  and  to  provide  something  in  addi- 
tion to  the  bare  ration  for  the  subsistence  of  the  men,  the  Corps 
was  formally  disbanded  October  27,  1900.  The  praise  deserved 
by  its  members  for  their  unselfish,  patriotic  services  was  well 
expressed  in  an  editorial  in  the  Evening  Telegram  on  the  occa- 
sion of  its  disbandment : 

During  the  three  and  one  half  years  of  its  existence  it  has 
done  more  good  in  various  ways  than  can  be  calculated  or  esti- 
mated. It  has  been  a  blessing  to  hundreds  of  volunteer  soldiers, 
and  to  many  others  besides.  The  work  of  these  patriotic  women 
has  been  entirely  unselfish  ;  they  have  labored  diligently,  some- 
times for  days  and  nights  together,  to  benefit  others,  without  a 
thought  of  any  reward  except  the  consciousness  of  performing 
a  duty.  In  many  details  it  was  work  that  none  but  unselfish, 
loving-hearted  women  could  perform,  and  it  was  done  all  the 
more  effectually  because  it  was  entirely  a  labor  of  love.  Many 
a  volunteer,  not  only  from  Oregon,  but  from  neighboring  States, 
will  remember  the  kindness  of  these  devoted  women  with  a 
glow  of  gratitude  as  long  as  they  live  ;  and  many,  too,  who  never 
returned,  blessed  them  along  with  mothers,  sisters,  and  sweet- 
hearts as  life  faded  aw^ay  in  the  dank  fens  of  distant  islands. 
As  a  last  act  of  its  organized  existence,  the  Emergency  Corps 
has  turned  over  $821.95,  the  total  balance  remaining  in  the 
treasury,  to  the  Oregon  Volunteer  Monument  Fund,  an  act 
quite  in  keeping  with  the  useful  and  charitable  deeds  with 
which  the  history  of  the  Corps  is  filled. 

The  Corps  had  a  membership  of  one  thousand  nine  hundred 
and  seventeen,  and  included  auxiliaries  at  Weston,  Astoria, 
Hillsboro,  Pendleton,  Lafayette,  Corvallis,  La  Grande,  Hood 
River,  Hubbard,  Roseburg,  Woodburn,  The  Dalles,  and  Port- 
land. 

CONCLUSION. 

This  book  isjntended  to  be  a  book  of  reference.  Whatever 
merit  it  may  possess  must  therefore  lie  in  its  accuracy.  The 
greatest  care  has  been  exercised  to  avoid  mistakes  in  copying 
the  original  records.     The  proofs  after  being  read  in  the  State 


XX  INTRODUCTION. 

Printer's  office  were  carefully  read  and  corrected  by  me  with 
the  assistance  of  Captain  L.  H.  Knapp,  quartermaster  Third 
Regiment,  Oregon  National  Guard,  and  late  first  lieutenant 
and  quartermaster  Second  Oregon  Volunteers.  While  it  can 
not  be  expected  that  the  volume  will  be  found  entirely  free 
from  errors,  every  effort  has  been  made  to  reduce  them  to  a 
minimum. 

Though  the  preparation  of  a  book  of  this  character  is  neces- 
sarily laborious,  and  at  times  monotonous,  it  has  served  to  recall 
pleasant  associations  that  were  already  beginning  to  fade  from 
memory  and  has  resulted  in  a  familiarity  with  official  military 
records  which  may  prove  useful  in  the  event  of  the  organiza- 
tion of  another  volunteer  regiment  from  this  State. 

In  conclusion,  I  wish  to  express  appreciation  of  the  courtesy 
shown  by  my  colleagues  of  the  Military  Board,  Brigadier  Gen- 
eral C.  F.  Beebe,  and  Colonels  D.  M.  Dunne,  James  Jackson, 
A.  B.  Gillis,  and  S.  C.  Spencer,  in  authorizing  the  publication 
of  these  records  in  a  manner  befitting  the  services  of  the  late 

volunteers. 

C.  U.  GANTENBEIN, 

Adjutant  General. 

Portland,  Oregon,  December  10,  1902. 


SUMMARY  OF    THE   PRINCIPAL  EVENTS    CONNECTED 

WITH  MILITARY  OPERATIONS  IN  THE 

PHILIPPINE  ISLANDS. 


FROM  DECLARATION  OF  SPANISH  WAR  TO  MUSTER  OUT  OF  SECOND 
OREGON  VOLUNTEER  INFANTRY. 


[Extract  from  Report  of  Major  General  Commanding  the  Army.] 

April  21,  1898— Act  of  Congress  declares  a  state  of  war  with  Spain  to  exist. 

April  23,  1898— Pre.siden tissues  proclamation  calling  for  125,000  volunteers.  United  States 
consul  at  Manila  is  given  his  passport  and  leaves  for  Hongkong. 

April  2.5,  1898— Asiatic  squadron  leaves  Hongkong  for  Mirs  Bay,  China. 

April  20,  1898- War  with  Spain  formally  declared.    Regular  army  increased  to  63,106  men. 

April  27,  1898— United  States  consul  reaches  Hongkong  from  Manila  and  joins  the  Asiatic 
squadron  at  Mirs  Bay.   The  American  squadron  sails  for  the  Philippines. 

May  1,  1S98— The  Asiatic  squadron,  U.  S.  N.,  under  command  of  Commodore  Dewey, 
engages  and  destroys  the  Spanish  squadron,  under  command  of  Admiral 
Montojo,  in  the  bay  of  Manila. 

May  2,  1898— Landing  party  of  sailors  and  marines  destroys  several  magazines  in  the 
vicinity  of  Cavite. 

May  3,  1898— The  Cavite  arsenal  is  abandoned  by  the  Spanish  and  occupied  by  the 
forces  from  the  squadron. 

May  16, 1898— Major  General  Wesley  Merritt,  U.  S.  A.,  assigned  to  command  of  the  De- 
partment of  the  Pacific. 

May  25,  1898— President  issues  proclamation  calling  for  an  additional  75,000  volunteers. 
First  expedition  sails  for  Manila  from  San  Francisco,  California,  under 
command  of  Brigadier  General  T.  M.  Anderson,  U.  S.  V.  This  expedition 
comprised  the  First  California  Volunteer  Infantry,  Second  Oregon  Vol- 
unteer Infantry,  five  companies  of  the  Fourteenth  U.  S.  Infantry,  and  a 
detachment  of  California  Volunteer  Artillery. 

May  30, 1898— General  Merritt  arrives  at  San  Francisco  and  assumes  direction  of  the  ex- 
peditionary forces. 

June  15,  1898— Second  expedition  sails  for  Manila  under  command  of  Brigadier  General 
F.  V.  Greene,  U.  S.  V.  This  expedition  comprised  the  First  Colorado 
Volunteer  Infantry,  First  Nebraska  Volunteer  Infantry,  Tenth  Pennsyl. 
vania  Volunteer  Infantry,  four  companies  Eighteenth  and  four  com- 
panies Twenty-third  U.  S.  Infantry,  two  battalions  Utah  Volunteer 
Artillery,  and  detachment  of  U.  S.  Engineer.s. 

June  IS,  1S98— Aguinaldo,  by  proclamation,  establishes  an  interior  civil  government  at 
points  captured  from  or  abandoned  by  Spanish  authority. 

June  21,  1898— Formal  surrender  of  the  Island  of  Guam,  Ladrone  group,  to  the  com- 
manding offlcer  U.  S.  cruiser  Charleston. 

June  23,  1S98— Aguinaldo  proclaims  himself  military  dictator  and  president  of  the  Phil- 
ippine revolution  and  outlines  a  system  of  general  government. 


2  SUMMARY    OF    PRINCIPAL    EVENTS. 

June  27,  1898— Third  expedition  sails  for  Manila  under  cominand  of  Major  General  Wes- 
ley Merritt,  U.  S.  A.,  and  Brigadier  General  Arthur  MacArthur,  U.  S.  V. 
This  expedition  comprised  four  companies  of  the  Eighteenth  and  four 
companies  of  the  Twenty-third  U.  S.  Infantry,  four  batteries  of  the  Third 
U.  S.  Ariillery,  one  company  U.  S.  Engineers,  First  Idaho  Volunteer 
Infantry,  First  V^yoming  Volunteer  Infantry,  Thirteenth  Minnesota 
Volunteer  Infantry,  First  North  Dakota  Volunteer  Infantry,  Astor  Bat- 
tery, and  detachments  of  Hospital  and  Signal  Corps. 

June  30,  1898- First  expedition,  under  command  of  Brigadier  General  T.  M.  Anderson, 
U.  S.  v.,  arrives  off  Manila. 

July  1,  1898— Disembarkation  of  expeditionary  forces  begun  and  landing  made  at 
Cavite. 

July    7,  1898— The  Navy  takes  Isla  Grande  and  garrison  of  1,300  without  resistance. 

July  15, 1898— Fourth  expedition  sails  for  Manila,  under  command  of  Major  General 
E.  S.  Otis,  U.  S.  V.  This  expedition  comprised  six  troops  Fourth  U.  S. 
Cavalry,  two  batteries  Sixth  U.  S.  Artillery,  Ave  companies  Fourteenth 
U.  S.  Infantry,  and  a  detachment  of  recruits.  One  battalion  of  the  First 
California  Volunteer  Infantry  encamps  at  Malate  on  the  outskirts  of 
the  city  of  Manila. 

July  19,  1898-Fifth  expedition  sails  for  Manila  with  First  Montana  Volunteer  Infantry 
and  detachment  of  recruits,  under  command  of  Colonel  H.  C.  Kessler, 
First  Montana  Volunteers. 

July  '23, 1898— Sixth  expedition  sails  for  Manila  with  eight  companies  of  the  First  South 
Dakota  Volunteer  Infantry  and  detachments,  under  command  of  Briga- 
dier General  H.  G.  Otis,  U.  S.  V. 

July  25,  1898— General  Merritt  arrives  at  Manila. 

July  29,  1898— Seventh  expedition  sails  for  Manila  with  four  companies  of  the  First 
South  Dakota  Volunteer  Infantry  and  detachment  of  recruits,  under 
command  of  Lieutenant  Colonel  Lee  Stover,  First  South  Dakota  Volun- 
teers. 

July  31, 1898— Night  attack  on  United  States  forces  by  Spanish  troops  in  trenches  around 
the  city  of  Manila. 

Aug.  1,  1898- Second  Division,  Eighth  Army  Corps,  organized  under  command  of  Brig- 
adier General  T.  M.  Anderson,  and  Brigadier  Generals  MacArthur  and 
Greene  assigned  to  command  brigades  therein.  During  the  night  Span- 
ish field  artillery  shelled  the  trenches  occupied  by  United  States  troops. 

Aug.  2,  1898— Spanish  open  fire  at  5  A.  m.  and  9:15  r.  M.  on  the  trenches  occupied  by 
United  States  troops,  continuing  in  each  instance  for  a  period  of  less 
than  an  hour. 

Aug.  5,  1898— Spanish  open  vigorous  flre  with  artillery  and  infantry  on  the  troops  in 
trenches. 

Aug.  7, 1898— Joint  demand  made  by  General  Merritt  and  Admiral  Dewey  on  the  Cap- 
tain-General for  the  removal  of  noncombatants  from  thecity  of  Manila, 
and  notice  given  of  intention  to  bombard  the  city.  Camp  Dewey  estab- 
lished on  the  outskirts  of  the  city. 

Aug.  9, 1898-In  reply  to  statement  of  inability  on  part  of  Spanish  authorities  to  re- 
move noncombatants  from  city  on  account  of  the  presence  of  insurgent 
troops,  joint  formal  demand  is  made  for  the  surrender  of  the  city  of 
Manila  and  its  defenses.  Foreign  war  vessels  leave  their  anchorage  in 
front  of  the  city  and  American  fleet  clears  for  action. 

Aug.  12,  1898-Protocol  with  Spain  signed  at  Washington,  D.  C,  by  Hon.  William  Day, 
Secretary  of  State,  and  M.  Jules  Cambon,  French  Ambassador  to  the 
United  States. 

Aug.  13,  1898— Spanish  intrenchments  about  the  city  of  Manila  bombarded  by  the  Navy 
and  stormed  and  carried  by  the  troops ;  the  city  entered  and  a  commis- 
sion appointed  to  draw  articles  of  capitulation. 


SUMMARY    OF    PRINCIPAL    EVENTS.  6 

Aug.  14, 1898— General  Merritt  issues  his  first,  proclamation  to  the  Filipino  people. 

Aug.  lo,  1898— Orders  issued  for  the  assumption  of  civil  government  by  the  United  States 
military  authorities  in  the  city  of  Manila  and  district  of  Cavite,  and 
oflicers  assigned  to  duty  thereunder. 

Aug.  10,  1898— General  Merritt  receives  cablegram  from  President  announcing  cessation 
of  hostilities. 

Aug.  21,  1898— Transport  Arizona  sails  for  Manila  with  four  companies  of  the  Eighteenth 
U.  S.  Infantry,  and  detachments  of  First  Nebraska  Volunteer  Infantry, 
Tenth  Pennsylvania  Volunteer  Infantry,  and  First  Colorado  Volunteer 
Infantry,  under  command  of  Brigadier  General  Charles  King,  U.  S.  V. 

Aug.  2:.',  1898— Disembarkation  of  Light  Battery  D,  Sixth  U.  S.  Artillery,  headquarters 
and  five  companies  Fourteenth  U.  S.  Infanti-y,  detachments  of  Twenty- 
third  U.  S.  Infantry,  Third  Artillery,  First  California,  First  Wyoming, 
Thirteenth  Minnesota  Volunteer  Infantry,  and  two  batteries  Utah  Vol- 
unteer Light  Artillery,  from  transports  I>eru,  City  of  Puebla,  and  City  of 
Rio  de  Janeiro,  begins  at  Manila. 

Aug.  25,  1898 — First  division,  Eighth  Army  Corps,  organized,  Brigadier  General  T.  M. 
Anderson,  commanding. 

Aug.  28,  1898— General  Merritt  assumes  duties  as  military  governor  and  transfers  com- 
mand of  the  Eighth  Army  Corps  to  Major  General  E.  S.  Otis,  U.  S.  V. 
Brigadier  General  Arthur  MacArthur  relieves  General  Anderson  in  com- 
mand of  Second  Division.  Disembarkation  of  Light  Battery,  Sixth  U.  S. 
Artillery,  six  troops  Fourth  LT.  S.  Cavalry,  First  Montana  and  First 
South  Dakota,  Volunteer  Infantry  from  transports  Peru,  Pennsylvania, 
and  City  of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  begins  at  Cavite. 

Aug.  29,  1898— Major  General  E.  S.  Otis,  U.  S.  V.,  reUeves  Major  General  Wesley  Merritt. 
U.  S.  A  ,  in  command  of  the  Department  of  the  Pacific  and  as  military 
governor  of  the  Philippine  Islands. 

Aug.  30,  1898— Brigadier  General  H.  G.  Otis,  U.  S.  V.,  assigned  to  command  of  First  Bri- 
gade, First  Division. 

Sept.  2, 1898— First  Battalion  First  South  Dakota  Volunteer  Infantry  disembarks  at 
Manila. 

Sept.  8,  1898- General  Otis  demands  the  withdrawal  of  insurgent  forces  from  the  entire 
city  of  Manila,  its  suburbs  and  defenses. 

Sept.  13,  1898— Commission  appointed  by  Aguinaldo  confers  with  General  Otis  in  regard 
to  his  demand  of  September  8,  1898. 

Sept.  15, 1898- Insurgents  withdraw  from  limits  of  the  city  of  Manila,  as  established  by 
General  Otis,  with  the  exception  of  the  districts  of  Paco  and  Pandacan, 
south  ot  the  Pasig  River. 

Oct.  7,  1898— Civil  courts  as  constituted  by  the  laws  of  Spain  are  allowed  to  resume  their 
jurisdiction  and  regular  functions,  subject  to  supervision  of  the  military 
government  in  its  policy  of  occupation. 

Oct.  9,  1898— General  Anderson  and  staflf"  while  proceeding  up  the  Pasig  River  in  a  steam 
launch  are  ordered  to  return  to  the  city  by  Filipino  guard. 

Oct.  10,  1898- General  Otis  makes  formal  demand  for  the  retirement  of  Filipino  forces 
from  Paco,  Pandacan,  and  other  points  established  by  survey  to  be 
within  the  city  limits. 

Oct.    14,  1898— Eighth  Army  Corps  reorganized. 

Oct.  17,  1898 -Transport  Senator  sails  for  Manila  with  a  battalion  of  Twenty-third  U.  S' 
Infantry,  battery  of  California  Volunteer  Artillery,  and  detachment  of 
recruits  for  Second  Oregon  Volunteer  Infantry,  under  command  of  Major 
G.  A.  Goodale,  Twenty-third  U.  S.  Infantry. 

Oct.  19,  1898— Transport  Valencia  sails  for  Manila  with  Companies  F,  G,  I,  and  L,  First 
Washington  Volunteer  Infantry,  and  detachment  of  battalion  California 
Artillery,  under  command  of  Lieutenant  Colonel  W.  J.  Fife,  First  Wash- 
ington Volunteer  Infantry. 


4  SUMMARY    OF    PRINCIPAL    EVENTS. 

Oct.  25,  1898— Filipino  forces  retire  from  points  indicated  by  General  Otis  in  his  demand 
of  October  10th. 

Oct.  27,  1898— Transport  Indiana  sails  for  Manila  with  headquarters  and  band,  Compa- 
nies C,  D,  E,  G,  H,  I,  K,  and  M,  Twentieth  Kansas  Volunteer  Infantry 
under  command  of  Colonel  F.  Fnnston,  Twentieth  Kansas  Volunteer 
Infantry. 

Oct.  28,  1898— Transport  Ohio  sails  for  Manila  with  Companies  A,  B,  C,  D,  E,  H,  K,  and 
M,  First  Washington  Volunteer  Infantry,  and  detachment  California 
Artillery,  under  command  of  Colonel  J.  H.  Wholley,  First  Washington 
Volunteer  Infantry. 

Oct.  30,  1898— Transport  Zealandia  sails  for  Manila  with  the  headquarters,  Companies 
A,  B,  C,  E,  F,  L,  and  M,  First  Tennessee  Volunteer  Infantry,  under  com- 
mand of  Colonel  W.  C.  Smith,  First  Tennessee  Volunteer  Infantry. 

Nov.  3,  1898— Transport  Pemixylvania  sails  for  Manila  with  the  Fifty-tlrst  Iowa  Volun- 
teer Infantry,  under  command  of  Colonel  J.  C-  I^oper,  Fifty-flrst  Iowa 
Volunteer  Infantry. 

Nov.  6,  1898— Transport  City  of  Pueblo  sails  for  Manila  with  Companies  D,  G,  H,  I,  and 
K,  First  Tennessee  Volunteer  Infantry,  detachment  California  Artillery, 
and  First  Troop  Nevada  Volunteer  Cavalry,  under  command  of  Lieuten- 
ant Colonel  Gracey  Childers,  First  Tennessee  Volunteer  Infantry. 

Nov.  9,  1898— Transport  Newport  sails  for  Manila  with  Companies  A,  B,  F,  and  L,  Twen- 
tieth Kansas,  and  Wyoming  Battery,  under  command  of  Brigadier  Gen- 
eral M.  P.  Miller,  U.  S.  V. 

Nov.  10,  1898— Transport  Arizona  sails  from  Honolulu,  H.  I.,  for  Manila,  with  battalion 
of  Eighteenth  U.  S.  Infantry,  recruits  for  First  Nebraska,  Tenth  Penn- 
sylvania, and  First  Colorado  Volunteer  Infantry,  and  a  detachmentof 
Hospital  Corps  men. 

Nov.  21,  1898— Expedition  under  command  of  Major  G.  A.  Goodale,  Twenty-third  U.  S. 
Infantry,  arrives  at  Manila.    Left  San  Francisco  October  17,  1894. 

Nov.  22,  1898— Expedition  under  command  of  Lieutenant  Colonel  W.  J.  Fife,  First  Wash- 
ington Volunteer  Infantry,  arrives  at  Manila.  Left  San  Francisco  Octo- 
ber 19.  1898. 

Nov.  24,  1898— Expedition  under  command  of  Major  G.  A.  Goodale,  Twenty-third  U.  S. 
Infantry,  disembarks.  Arrived  at  Manila  November  21,  1898.  Expedi- 
tion under  command  of  Lieutenant  Colonel  W.  J.  Fife,  First  Washington 
Volunteer  Infantry,  disembarks.    Arrived  November  22,  1898. 

Nov.  25,  1898— Transport  Arizona  arrives  at  Manila  from  Honolulu  with  battalion  of 
Eighteenth  U.  S.  Infantry  and  detachment  of  recruits  and  Hospital 
Corps  men.    Sailed  November  10,  1898. 

Nov.  26,  1898— Expedition  under  command  of  Colonel  J.  H.  Wholley,  First  Washington 
Volunteer  Infantry,  arrives  at  Manila.  Left  San  Francisco  October  28, 
1898.    Detachment  of  California  Heavy  Artillery  disembarks  at  Manila. 

Nov.  28,  1898— Expedition  under  command  of  Colonel  W.  C.  Smith,  First  Tennessee  Vol- 
unteer Infantry,  arrives  at  Manila.    Left  San  Francisco  October  30, 1898. 
Nov.  30.  1898— Expedition  under  command  of  Colonel  F.  Funston,  Twentieth  Kansas 
Volunteer  Infantry,  arrives  at  Manila.    Left  San  Francisco  October  27, 
1898. 
Nov.  30,  1898— Troops  on  transport  Arizona  arrived  November  25th,  disembark  and  join 
regiments.    Companies  A  and  B,  Tenth  Pennsylvania  Volunteer  Infan- 
try, assigned  to  duty  at  Corregidor  Island. 
Dec.     5,  1898— Troops  of  First  Tennessee  Volunteer  Infantry,  arriving  on  transport  Zeor 
landia  November  28,  1898,  disembark  and  are  assigned  to  duty  with  the 
provost  guard. 

Dec.  6,  1898— Expedition  under  command  of  Lieutenant  Colonel  Gracey  Childers,  First 
Tennessee  Volunteer  Infantry,  arrives  at  Manila.  Left  San  Francisco 
November  6,  1898.  First  Washington  Volunteer  Infantry  disembarks 
from  transports  Valencia  and  Ohio, 


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SUMMARY    OF    PRINCIPAL    EVENTS.  O 

Dec.     7,  1898— Expeditions  under  command  of  Brigadier  General  M.  P.  Miller  and  Colonel 
J.  C.  Loper  arrive  at  Manila.    Sailed  from  San  Francisco  November  9th 
and  3d,  respectively. 
Dec.      9,  1898— Troops  of  Twentieth  Kansas  Volunteer  Infantry,  on  transport  Iniliami, 

arrived  November  30.  1898.  disembark. 
Dec.    10,  1898— Treaty  of  Peace  signed  at  Paris  between  the  United  States  and  Spain.  Light 
Battery,  Wyoming  Volunteer  Artillery,  and  Troop  A,  Nevada  Cavalry, 
disembark  from  transports  Newport  and  City  of  Puebla,  respectively,  and 
join  garrison  at  Cavite. 
Dec.    11,  1898— Battalion  of  Twentieth  Kansas  Volunteer  Infantry,  arriving  on  transport 
Ne^vport  December  7,  1898,  disembark  and  join  regiment.    Detachment 
of  California  Heavy  Artillery  disembarks  from  transport  City  of  Puebla 
and  joins  garrison  at  Cavite. 
Dec.    13,  1898— General  Otis  receives  a  petition  signed  by  business  men  and  firms  on  Iloilo 
asking  for  American  occupation  and  protection.    Troops  of  First  Ten- 
nessee Volunteer  Infantry,  arriving  on  transport  City  of  Puebla  Decem- 
ber 6,  1898,  disembark  and  join  regiment  on  provost  duty. 
Dec.    15,  1898- Astor  Battery  sails  from  Manila  en  route  to  San  Francisco,  California. 
Dec.    23,  1898— President  orders  the  relief  of  the  Spanish  garrison  at  Iloilo  by  United  States 

forces. 
Dec.    24,  1898— Spanish  garrison  at  Iloilo  evacuate  the  city  and  insurgents  take  possession. 
First  separate  brigade  organized  under  command  of  Brigadier  General 
M.  P.  Miller  and  ordered  to  proceed  to  Iloilo. 
Dec.    2(i,  1898— Expedition  sails  for  Iloilo  from  Manila. 

Dec.    28,  1898— Expeditionary  forces  arrive  in  harbor  at  Iloilo  and  open  communication 
with  the  insurgents  in  possession  of  the  city  with  a  view  to  its  occupa- 
tion by  United  States  forces. 
Dec.    29,  1898— Insurgents  ask  for  time  to  receive  instructions  from  revolutionary  govern- 
ment as  to  the  occupation  of  Iloilo. 
Dec.    30,  1898— Insurgent  leaders  at  Iloilo  refuse  consent  to  the  landing  of  United  States 

troops  at  that  place. 
Dec.   31,  1898— Merchants  and  foreign  residents  petition  General  Miller  to  postpone  land- 
ing of  troops  and  avoid  firing  of  the  city  by  the  insurgents  in  occupation. 
Jan.    19,  1899— Transport  Grant  sails  from  New  York  for  Manila  with  the  Fourth  U.  S. 
Infantry  and  Companies  B,  G,  I,  and  M,  Seventeenth  U.  S.  Infantry, 
under  command  of  Major  General  H.  W.  Lawton,  U.  S.  V. 
Jan.    22,  1899— Company  I,  First  Tennessee  Volunteer  Infantry,  under  command  of  Cap. 
tain  Givens,  escorts  a  battalion  of  Spanish  prisoners  to  the  southern 
islands  of  the  Archipelago. 
Jan.    26,  1899— Transports  Scandia  and  Morgan  City  sail  for  Manila  with  Twentieth  U.  S. 
Infantry,  under  command  of  Brigadier  General  Loyd  Wheaton,  U.  S.  V. 
Jan.    29,  1899— Expedition  under  command  of  Captain  N.  N.  Givens  left  Manila  January 
22,  1899,  on  escort  duty,  returns  to  station.    Fifty-first  Iowa  Volunteer 
Infantry  leaves  Iloilo  for  Cavite  in  order  that  troops  may  land  for  exercise. 
Jan.    31,  1899— Transport  Pennsylvania  arrives  at  Manila. 

Feb.     1,  1899— Transports  Ohio  and  Senator  sail  for  Manila  with  the  Twenty-second  U.  S. 
Infantry,  under  command  of  Colonel  H.  C.  Egbert,  Twenty-second  U.  S. 
Infantry. 
Feb.     2,  1899— Astor  Battery  mustered  out  at  New  York  City. 

Feb.  3,  1899— Transport  Sherman  sails  from  New  York  for  Manila  with  Third  U.  S.  In- 
fantry, and  Companies  D,  H,  K,  and  L,  Seventeenth  U.  S.  Infantry,  under 
command  of  Colonel  J.  H.  Page,  Third  U.  S.  Infantry. 
Feb.  4,  1899— Picket  line  opposite  San  Juan  del  Monte  fired  on  by  insurgents,  and  a 
general  engagement  is  precipitated.  Street  disturbances  in  the  city  of 
Manila  controlled  by  provost  guard.  Attack  upon  United  States  troops 
at  Manila  by  insurgent  forces  under  Aguinaldo. 


b  SUMMARY    OF    PRINCIPAL    EVENTS. 

Feb.  5, 1899— Advance  made  against  insurgent  lines  results  in  their  retreat  to  positions 
beyond  the  foothills,  and  the  capture  of  Santa,  Ana,  San  Pedro  Macati, 
Pasig,  and  other  villages  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  city  of  Manila. 
Provost  patrol  disperses  a  party  of  armed  natives  within  the  city. 

Feb.     6, 1899— Earthworks  and  blockhouses  constructed  and  occupied  by  insurgents,  and 
the  city  water  work.s,  on  the  Marlquina  River,  east  of  Deposito,  captured. 
Feb.     7, 1899— Sharp  and  decisive  skirmishes  on  the  Mariquina  Road. 
Feb.     8, 1899— General  Miller  directed  to  take  the  city  of  Iloilo. 

Feb.  10,  1899— A  general  advance  is  made  on  the  enemy's  position  in  and  about  Caloocan. 
First  Tennessee  Volunteer  Infantry  arrives  in  the  harbor  of  Iloilo. 

Feb.  11, 1899— City  of  Iloilo  is  fired  and  abandoned  by  the  insurgents,  being  immediately 
occupied  by  the  United  States  forces. 

Feb.    1-2,  1899- Line  of  First  Separate  Brigade  extended  toward  Jaro  and  Molo,  driving 

the  insurgents  before  it. 
Feb.    13,  1899— Eighteenth  U.  S.  Infantry  encounters  insurgents  at  the  main  bridge  over 
the  Jaro  River. 

Feb.    14,  1899— A  detachment  ofoOO  insurgents  is  defeated  in  the  vicinity  of  Santa  Barbara. 

Feb.    15,  1899— United  States  troops  occupy  Molo. 

Feb.  19,  1899— United  States  troops  occupy  Ar^velo.  Transport5'/*erid«?i  .sails  from  New 
York  for  Manila  with  the  Twelfth  U.  S.  Infantry  and  headquarters  and 
Companies  A,  C,  E,  and  F,  Seventh  U.  S.  Infantry. 

Feb.    20,  1899— East  Paco  is  fired  by  incendiaries. 

Feb.   22, 1899— Incendiary  fires  in  the  city  of  Manila. 

Feb.  23,  1899— Insurgent  outbreak  in  the  Tondo  district.  Tenth  Pennsylvania  and  First 
South  Dakota  Volunteer  Infantry  engaged  by  the  enemy.  Twentieth 
U.  S.  Infantry  arrives  at  Manila  and  is  assigned  to  provost  duty  in  the 
city. 

Feb.  24,  1899— First  Nebraska  Volunteer  Infantry  defeats  a  party  of  insurgents  north  of 
the  Mariquina  Road. 

Feb.  2-5,  1899— Minor  engagements  in  the  vicinity  of  Mandurriao,  in  which  insurgents 
are  driven  off. 

Mar.  1,  1S99— Insurgents  make  an  attack  in  force  on  outposts  of  First  and  Second  Bat- 
talions, Eighteenth  U.  S.  Infantry,  at  Iloilo,  Island  of  Panay.  Insurgents 
shelled  from  trenches  by  Battery  G,  Sixth  U.  S.  Artillery,  and  attacked 
and  routed  by  the  Eighteenth  U.  S.  Infantry.  Visayan  military  district 
established. 

Mar.  2,  1899— Congress  authorizes  the  enlistment  of  35,000  volunteers  and  increase  of  the 
regular  army  to  6.5,000  men. 

Mar.  3,  1899— Tennessee  Volunteer  Infantry  and  Light  Battery  G,  Sixth  U.  S.  Artillery, 
makes  a  reconnoissance  on  the  Savannah,  southeast  of  La  Paz. 

Mar.  4,  1899— Transport  Senator,  with  portion  of  Twenty-second  U.  S.  Infantry,  arrives 
at  Manila.    Sailed  from  San  Francisco  February  1,  1899. 

Mar.  5, 1899— Transport  Ohio,  with  portion  of  Twenty-second  U.  S.  Infantry,  arrives  at 
Manila.  Sailed  from  San  Francisco  February  1,  1899.  Insurgents  in- 
trenched across  Marquina  Road,  northeast  of  Deposito,  are  routed  and 
driven  off.    Cable  communication  with  Iloilo  established. 

Mar.  6, 1899— First  Nebraska  Volunteer  Infantry  engages  the  enemy  on  the  north  and 
south  of  pumping  station  on  the  Mariquina  Road,  driving  them  off". 

Mar.  7, 1899— Entire  district  lying  between  the  Pasig  River,  the  Mariquina  River,  and 
the  Deposito  pumping-station  road,  is  cleared  of  insurgent  forces. 

Mar.  8,  1899— The  Twelfth  U.  S.  Infantry,  en  route  to  Manila,  lands  at  Malta  and  is  re- 
ceived with  courtesies  by  the  British  garrison  at  that  point. 

Mar.  10,  1899— Expedition  under  command  of  Major  General  H.  W.  Lawton  arrives  at 
Sailed  from  New  York  via  Suez  Canal. 


SUMMARY    OF    I'RTNCtPAL    EVENTS.  7 

Mar.  11,  1899— A  provisional  brigade  for  temporary  service,  composed  of  thfi  Twentieth 
and  Twenty-second  U.  S.  Infantry ;  Companies  C,  D,  E,  G,  H,  K,  L,  and 
M.  First  Washington  Volunteer  Infantry ;  Companies  A,  B,  D,  E,  1,  L, 
and  M,  Second  Oregon  Volunteer  Infantry  ;  Troops  E,  I,  and  K,  Fourth 
U.  S.  Cavalry,  and  one  section  of  Light  Battery  D,  Sixth  U.  S.  Artillery, 
under  command  of  Major  General  H.  W.  Lawton,  engage  the  Insurgents 
at  Guadaloupe,  Pasig,  Pateros,  and  Cayenta,  March  11th  to  17th. 

Mar.  16,  1899— First  Separate  Brigade  engages  the  insurgents  at  the  Jaro  bridge  and  at 
Mandurriao.  Two  companies  of  the  First  Colorado  Volunteer  Infantry 
attack  body  of  insurgents  retreating  from  Caintaand  drive  them  through 
the  town  of  Mariquina. 

Mar.  17,  1899— General  H.  W.  Lawton  relieves  General  T.  M.  Anderson  in  command  of  the 
First  Division. 

Mar.  21,  1899-Companies  F,  G,  L,  and  M,  First  California  Volunteer  Infantry,  sail  from 
Manila  cii  route  to  Bacolod,  Island  of  Negros. 

Mar.  22,  1S99— Expedition  under  command  of  Colonel  J.  H.  Page,  Third  U.  S.  Infantry, 
arrives  at  Manila.  Sailed  from  New  York  February  3, 1899,  via  Suez  Canal. 

Mar.  21,  1899— Transport  City  of  Pueblo  sails  for  Manila  with  headquarters  and  Companies 
A,  F,  G,  I,  L,  and  M,  Ninth  U.  S.  Infantry,  under  command  of  Captain 
James  Regan,  Ninth  U.  S.  Infantry. 

Mar.  25,  1899— General  engagement  at  Caloocan  participated  in  by  Twenty-second  U.S. 
Infantry,  Second  Oregon  Volunteer  Infantry,  and  the  Second  Battalion 
Third  U.  S.  Infantry  ;  enemy  driven  across  the  river  in  front  of  Malinta. 

Mar.  2(),  1899— Second  Oregon  Volunteer  Infantry  cross  the  Tuliahan  River  east  of  Mala- 
bon  and  drive  the  insurgents  by  successive  charges  from  trenches  occu- 
pied by  them  along  the  line  of  road  leading  to  Bulacan.  Twenty-second 
U.  S.  Infantry  captures  Malinta  under  heavy  insurgent  fire. 

Mar.  27,  1899— Brigadier  General  M.  P.  Miller  retires  and  is  succeeded  in  command  of  the 
Visayan  military  district  by  Colonel  Van  Valzah,  U.  S.  A. 

Mar.  28,  1899— Transport  Zealandia  sails  for  Manila  with  six  companies  of  the  Ninth 
U.  S.  Infantry,  under  command  of  Captain  C.  M.  Rockefeller,  Ninth  U.  S. 
Infantry. 

Mar.  31,  1899— The  insurgent  capital  at  Malolos  stormed  and  occupied  by  United  States 
troops.  Battalion  Twenty-third  Infantry  engages  insurgents  about  four 
miles  from  Marquina. 

April  8,  1899— Expedition  comprising  Troops  C,  G,  and  L,  Fourth  Cavalry ;  Companies 
A,  C,  D,  E,  G,  I,  K,  and  L,  Fourteenth  U.  S.  Infantry ;  Companies  A,  C, 
D,  and  F,  First  Idaho  Volunteer  Infantry ;  Companies  C,  D,  I,  and  K, 
First  North  Dakota  Volunteer  Infantry;  two  mountain  guns  from  the 
Separate  Mountain  Battery,  and  four  companies  of  sharpshooters  con- 
centrate at  San  Pedro  Macati  and  embark  on  cascoes  up  the  Pasig  River 
for  Laguna  de  Bay. 

April  9,  1899— Attack  on  and  occupation  of  the  city  of  Santa  Cruz  by  the  Laguna  de  Bay 
expedition. 

April  10, 1899— Towns  of  Pagsanjan,  Longos,  and  Paete  occupied  by  the  expeditionary 
forces. 

April  12,  1899— Treaty  of  Peace  signed  by  the  President. 

April  13,  1899— Outposts  at  Malolos  attacked  by  insurgents,  who  are  driven  off". 
April  14, 1899— Expedition  under  command  of  Lieutenant  Colonel  J.  H.  Smith,  Twelfth 
U.  S.  Infantry,  arrives  at  Manila.    Sailed  from  New  York  via  Suez  Canal 
February  19,  1899. 
April  15,  1899— Engagement  with  insurgents  near  Quingua. 
April  17, 1899— Expeditionary  forces  return  to  San  Pedro  Macati. 

April  18, 1899— Transport  Hancock  sails  for  Manila  with  Tvventy-flrst  U.  S.  Infantry  and 
Light  Battery  E,  First  U.  S.  Artillery,  under  command  of  Colonel  J. 
Kline,  Twenty-first  U.  S.  Infantry. 


»  SUMMARY    OF    PRINCIPAL    EVENTS. 

April  20,  1899— Transport  Newport,  sails  for  Manila  with  Light  Battery  F,  Fourth,  and 
Light  Battery  F,  Fifth  U.  S.  Artillery,  under  command  of  Major  J.  L. 
Tiernon,  First  U.  S.  Artillery.  Transport  Warren  sails  for  Manila  with 
headquarters  and  eight  batteries  of  the  Sixth  U.  S.  Artillery  and  detach- 
ment of  recruits,  under  command  of  Brigadier  General  E.  B.  Williston. 
April  21,  1899— First  North  Dakota  Volunteer  Infantry ;  Twenty-second  U.  S.  Infantry ; 
Companies  A,  C,  F,  G,  K,  L,  and  M,  Third  U.  S.  Infantry;  Troops  C,  G, 
and  L,  Fourth  U.  S.  Cavalry  ;  Hawthorne's  Separate  Mountain  Battery  ; 
Second  Platoon  Light  Artillery  D,  Sixth  U.  S.  Artillery  ;  section  of  Utah 
Light  Artillery,  and  detachment  Nineteenth  Company  Volunteer  Signal 
Corps,  concentrate  at  La  Loma  church  and  move  northward. 
April  22,  1899— Troops  of  the  northern  expedition   successfully  assault  and  occupy  the 

city  of  Novaliches. 
April  213,  1899— Expedition   under  command  of  Captain  James  Regan,  Ninth  U.  S.  In- 
fantry, arrives  at  Manila.    Sailed  from  San  Francisco  March  24,  1899. 
April  24,  1899— San  Jos6  occupied  by  the  main  column  of  the  northern  expedition,  and 
the  city  of  Norzagaray  is  assaulted  and  captured  by  the  Bocaue  column 
of  the  expedition.    Troops  of  the  Second  Division  force  passage  of  the 
Quingua  River  and  advance  on  Pulilan. 
April  a"),  1899— The  main  column  of  the  northern  expedition  joins  the  Bocaue  column  at 
Norzagaray. 

April  25,  1899— Troops  of  the  Second  Division  advance  along  the  north  bank  of  the  Quingua 
River  toward  Calumpit,  where  they  ford  the  Calumpit  River  and  clear 
the  town  of  insurgents.  First  Montana  Volunteer  Infantry  and  Twen- 
tieth Kansas  Volunteer  Infantry  move  against  insurgents  on  Bagbag 
River,  and  capture  their  position  on  the  banks  of  that  river. 

April 26,  1899— The  northern  expedition  encamps  at  Angat  and  ?.Iarunco. 

April  27,  1899— Expedition  under  command  of  Captain  C.  M.  Rockefeller,  Ninth  U.  S.  In- 
fantry, arrive  at  Manila.    Sailed  from  San  Francisco  March  28,  1899. 

April  28,  1899— Transport  Ohio  sails  for  Manila  with  six  companies  of  Thirteenth  U.  S. 
Infantry,  under  command  of  Captain  J.  H.  H.  Peshine,  Thirteenth  U.  S. 
Infantry.  Transport  Senator  sails  for  Manila  with  headquarters  and  six 
companies  Thirteenth  Infantry,  under  command  of  Colonel  A.  T.  Smith, 
Thirteenth  U.  S.  Infantry.  Troops  of  the  Second  Division  force  the  pas- 
sage of  the  Calumpit  River  and  defeat  the  insurgent  forces  under  the 
personal  command  of  General  Luna. 

April  29,  1899— The  northern  expedition  moves  along  both  banks  of  the  Rio  Grande  de  la 
Bulacan,  and  after  engaging  the  enemy  and  driving  them  down  the  river, 
take  the  town  of  Sau  Rafael  and  then  return  to  Angat. 

May  3,  1899— Brigadier  General  J.  F.  Smith  assumes  command  of  the  Visayan  military 
district. 

May  4,  1899— A  brigade  of  the  northern  expedition  engages  the  insurgents  near  Maasin 
and  occupies  that  town.    Sharp  engagements  at  the  Santo  Tomas  River. 

May  7,  1899— River  gunboats,  under  command  of  Captain  Grant,  Utah  Volunteer  Artil- 
lery, shell  insurgents  from  their  trenches  along  the  Guagua  River. 

May   10,  1899— Gunboats  engage  the  enemy  at  San  Luis. 

May   11,  1899— Insurgents  driven  out  of  San  Udefonso. 

May  13,  1899— Commissioners  from  the  insurgents  ask  for  conference  with  General  Law- 
ton  at  Baliuag.  Northern  expedition  takes  the  city  of  San  Miguel  de 
Mayumo. 

May  15,  1899— General  Lawton  routes  the  enemy  near  San  Isidro  and  marches  from 
thence  to  San  Miguel. 

May  16,  1899— San  Isidro,  the  third  city  occupied  by  the  insurgents  as  a  capital,  is  seized 
by  forces  under  General  Lawton. 

May  17,  1899— Aguinalda  and  hi.s  revolutionary  government  retire  to  Cabanatuan. 

May  19, 1899— Spanish  garrison  at  Jolo  relieved  by  United  States  troops. 


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SUMMARY    OF    PRTNCTPAL    EVENTS.  \) 

May  22,  \ii99— Transport  Sherman  sailsfor  iManila  with  Sixth  U.S.  Infantry  and  recruits, 
under  command  of  Brigadier  General  J.  C.  Bates. 

May  ;J4,  1899— Insurgents  engaged  in  harassing  outposts  at  San  Fernando  are  driven  off 
with  heavy  loss. 

May    27,  1899— Northern  expedition  returns  to  Manila. 

May  30,  1899— Transport  Grant  sails  for  Manila  with  Sixteenth  U.  S.  Infantry  and  re- 
cruits, under  command  of  Uieutenant  Colonel  W.  F.  Spurgin,  Sixteenth 
U.  S.  Infantry.  A  detachment  Twenty-third  U.  S.  Infantry  engages  and 
defeats  outlaw  band  on  the  Island  of  Negros. 

June  3,  1899— Advance  is  made  upon  Antipolo  against  insurgent  forces  under  General 
Pilar. 

June  4,  1899— Brigadier  General  R.  P.  Hughes  assumes  command  of  the  Visayan  mili- 
tary district 

June    5,  1899— Morong  occupied  by  United  States  troops  after  a  decisive  engagement. 

June  10,  1899— Generals  Ovenshine  and  Wheaton's  columns  defeat  insurgents  at  Par- 
afiaque  and  Las  Piiias. 

June  13,  1899— Insurgents  intrenched  along  the  Zapote  in  the  vicinity  of  Las  Piiias  and 
defeated  with  considerable  loss. 

June  U,  1S99— Transports  OJrio  and  Newport  sail  from  Manila  with  Second  Oregon  Vol- 
unteer Infantry,  under  command  of  Colonel  Owen  Summers. 

June  15,  1899— Imus  voluntarily  surrenders  to  General  Lawton  and  invites  occupation 
of  the  city  by  his  command 

June  16,  1899— Town  of  San  Nicolas  occupied  by  United  States  troops.  Demonstration 
made  against  San  Fernando  by  the  insurgents. 

June  19,  1899— Insurgents  ambush  reconnoitering  party  on  the  Dasmarinas  Road  and  are 
routed  by  the  main  column. 

June  22,  1899— Transport  Zealandia  sails  for  Manila  with  Companies  C,  E,  G,  and  I, 
Twenty-fourth  U.  S.  Infantry,  under  command  of  Major  J.  M.  Thomp- 
son, Twenty-fourth  U.  S.  Infantry. 

June  24,  1899— Transport  ASTiw-tdffH  sails  for  Manila  with  Troops  A  and  F,  Fourth  U.  S. 
Cavalry ;  Companies  B  and  H,  Fourteenth  U.  S.  Infantry,  and  detach- 
ment of  recruits,  under  command  of  Brigadier  General  S.  B.  M.  Young. 

June  2(i,  1899— Town  of  El  Pardo  occupied  by  United  States  troops. 

June  28,  1899— Transport  Valencia  sails  for  Manila  with  headquarters  and  Troops  B  and 
M,  Fourth  U.  S.  Cavalry,  and  Companies  E  and  H,  Twenty-fifth  U.  S. 
Infantry,  under  command  of  Major  Charles  Morton,  Fourth  U.  S.  Cav- 
alry. 

July  1,  1899— Transport  Pennsylvania  sails  for  Manila  with  headquarters  and  six  com- 
panies Twenty-fifth  U.  S.  Infantry,  under  command  of  Colonel  A.  S. 
Burt,  Twenty-fifth  U.  S.  Infantry.  Transport  Hancock  sails  from  Manila 
with  First  Nebraska  Volunteer  Infantry  and  Batteries  A  and  B,  Utah 
Volunteer  Artillery,  under  command  of  Colonel  H.  B.  Mulford.  Trans- 
port Senator  sails  from  Manila  with  Tenth  Pennsylvania  Volunteer  In- 
fantry, under  command  of  Lieutenant  Colonel  J.  E.  Barnett.  Mayors 
for  the  cities  of  Paraiiaque,  Las  Piiias,  Bacoor,  and  Imus  elected  by  na- 
tives under  military  protection. 

July    2, 1899— Transport  Sherman  arrives  at  Bacolod  with  Sixth  U.  S.  Infantry. 

July  5,  1899— The  President  authorizes  organization  of  ten  volunteer  regiments  author- 
ized under  act  of  March  2,  1899  (Twenty-sixth  to  Thirtj^-flfth,  inclusive). 

July  11,  1899— Transport  Connemaugh  sails  for  Manila  with  detachment  of  Fourth  U.  S. 
Cavalry  and  275  horses,  under  command  of  First  Lieutenant  E.  B. 
Winans,  Jr.,  Fourth  U.  S.  Cavalry. 

July  18,  1899— Transport  Cfity  of  Para  sails  for  Manila  with  Troops  D  and  H,  Fourth  U.  S. 
Cavalry,  headquarters,  and  Companies  A,  F,  H,  and  K,  Twenty-fourth 
U.  S.  Infantry,  and  Company  B,  Engineer  Battalion,  under  command  of 
Brigadier  General  Theodore  Schwan,  U.  S.  V. 


10  SUMMARY    OF    PRINCIPAL    EVENTS. 

July  17,  1899— Transport  Warren  sails  for  Manila  with  First  Colorado  Volunteer  In- 
fantry, under  command  of  Colonel  H.  B.  McCoy. 

July  18,  1899— President  authorizes  organization  of  two  additional  regiments  of  volun- 
teers (Thirty-sixth  and  Thirty-seventh),  to  be  recruited  in  the  Philippine 
Islands. 

July  19,  1899— Captain  B.  A.  Byrne  and  Lieutenant  Ncsbitt,  with  a  force  of  70  men,  sur- 
prised a  superior  force  of  the  enemy,  and  in  a  hand-to-hand  engagement 
killed  150  insurgents,  with  a  loss  of  1  killed  and  1  wounded. 

July  20, 1899— Detachment  of  Sixth  U.  S.  Infantry  defeats  a  robber  band  near  Tolon. 

July  22,  1899— Civil  government  established  at  Negros. 

July  24,  1899— Company  K,  Twenty-third  Infantry,  defeats  insurgents  in  the  Acan  Val- 
ley, Cebu. 

July  25,  1899— Transport  Tartar  sails  for  Manila  with  headquarters  and  Companies  B, 
D,  F,  G,  H,  I,  K,  and  M,  Nineteenth  U.  S.  Infantry,  under  command  of 
Colonel  S.  Snyder,  Nineteenth  U.  S.  Infantry. 

July  26,  1899— Transport  Ohio  sails  for  Manila  with  two  companies  Nineteenth  U.  S.  In- 
fantry and  detachment  of  recruits,  under  command  of  Major  O.  J. 
Sweet,  Twenty-third  U.  S.  Infantry.  Transport  Newport  sails  for  Manila 
with  two  companies  Nineteenth  L'.  S.  Infantry  and  detachment  of  re- 
cruits, under  command  of  Captain  F.  H.  French,  Nineteenth  U.  S.  In- 
fauti-y.  Transport  Tacoma  sails  for  Manila  with  detachment  of  Fourth 
U.  S.  Cavalry  and  200  horses,  under  command  of  Captain  G.  O.  Cress, 
Fourth  U.  S.  Cavalry.  Transport  Sheridan  sails  from  Manila  with  First 
California  Volunteer  Infantry  and  Batteries  A  and  D,  California  Volun- 
teer Light  Artillery,  under  command  of  Colonel  V.  D.  Duboce.  Calamba 
captured  after  a  sharp  skirmish. 

July  28,  1899— Detachment  Sixth  Infantry  encounters  insurgent  force  near  Valdez,  in 
the  Visayan  district. 

July  29,  1899— Company  L,  Twenty-third  Infantry,  takes  station  at  Kolo,  P.  I. 

July  31,  1899— Transport  Grant  sails  from  Manila  with  First  Wyoming  Volunteer  Infan- 
try, First  North  Dakota  Volunteer  Infantry,  First  Idaho  Volunteer 
Infantry,  and  Wyoming  Battei-y  Volunteer  Light  Artillery,  under  com- 
mand of  Lieutenant  Colonel  M.  C.  Trenmann.  Los  Bafios  occupied  by 
United  States  troops. 

Aug.  2,  1899— Transport  Indiana  sails  for  Manila  with  detachment  of  recruits  and 
casuals,  under  command  of  Colonel  C.  C.  Hood,  Sixteenth  U.  S.  Infantry, 
Company  H,  Twenty-flrst  Infantry,  and  platoon  of  Battery  E,  First  U.  S. 
Artillery,  proceed  in  cascoes  from  Calamba  to  Los  Bafios.  Insui-gents 
make  feint  on  Calamba  during  night. 

Aug.  7, 1899— Second  Oregon  Volunteer  Infantry  mustered  out  in  San  Francisco,  Cali- 
fornia. 


SUMMARY    OF    PRINCIPAL    EVENTS.  11 


SUMMARY   OF   THE  PRINCIPAL   EVENTS   CONNECTED   WITH 

THE  OPERATIONS   OF   THE  SECOND   OREGON 

VOLUNTEER  INFANTRY. 

Prepared  by  Capt.  W.  S.  Gilbert,  Regimental  Chaplain  and  Historian. 

Apr.  25,  1898— The  President  made  a  call  upon  the  Governor  of  Oregon  for  a  regiment  of 
volunteers. 

Apr.  30,  1898— Officers,  Second  Regiment,  Oregon  United  States  Volunteers,  appointed 
by  Governor  Lord. 

May     7, 1898— Field,  staff",  and  noncommissioned  staff"  mustered  in. 

May     9, 1898— Company  A  mustered  in. 

May    10,  1898— Companies  B,  C,  and  D  mustered  in. 

May    12, 1898— Company  E  mustered  in. 

May    13,  1898— Companies  F,  G,  and  H  mustered  in. 

May    14, 1898— Companies  I  and  K  mustered  in. 

May    15,  189S— Companies  L  and  M  mustered  in. 

May  11, 1898— At  6:15  p.  m.  Companies  A,  B,  C,  and  D,  under  command  of  Major  Ganten- 
bein,  left  for  San  Francisco,  arriving  May  13th,  at  7  a.  m. 

May  IG,  1898- The  remaining  eight  companies,  under  command  of  Colonel  Summers, 
boarded  train  at  8  p.  m.  for  San  Francisco,  arriving  May  18th,  at  2  p.  m. 

May  21,  1898- Regiment  marched  to  docks  at  8  a.  m.;  Companies  A,  B,  C,  D,  E,  F,  G,  H, 
K,  and  L,  under  Colonel  Summers,  embarked  on  United  States  transport 
Australia:  Companies  F,  I,  and  M,  under  Major  Eastwick,  on  the  United 
States  transport  City  of  Sydney:  anchored  in  bay  at  5:30  p.  m. 

May  25,  IS9S— Australia,  City  of  Sydney,  and  Peking  weighed  anchor  at  4  P.  M.  with  the 
first  expedition  to  leave  the  United  States  for  war  in  a  foreign  country. 

May   30,  1898— Memorial  services. 

June     1,  1898— Arrived  at  Honolulu  at  7  p.  m. 

June  4,  1898— Sailed  from  Honolulu  at  9:45  A.  m.  convoyed  by  United  States  cruiser 
Charleston. 

June  5,  1898— Changed  direction,  and  headed  for  Ladrone  Islands  in  accordance  with 
sealed  orders. 

June  10,  1898— Crossed  the  one  hundred  and  eightieth  meridian  at  3:10  a.  m. 

June  20,  1898— Arrived  at  Guam  at  7:20  a.  m.;  entered  port  of  San  Luis  d'Apra. 

June  21,  1898— At  10:30  A.  m.  Companies  A  and  D  disembarked  to  efl"ect  surrender  of  the 
islands.  At  6  P.  M.  Elias  Hutchinson,  Company  M,  buried  at  sea  from 
United  States  transport  City  of  Sydney.  At  0:30  p.  m.  Senor  Jose  Marina 
y  Vega,  Governor  of  Guam,  with  four  officers  and  flfty-four  enlisted  men, 
taken  as  prisioners  on  board  City  of  Sydney. 

June  22, 1898— Left  port  at  2  p.  m. 

June  28,  1898— Sighted  Luzon  at  10  a.  m.;  met  by  United  States  cvuiser  Baltimore  at  4  p.  m. 

June  30,  1898— Anchored  in  Manila  Bay,  ott"Cavite,  at  5  p.  m. 

July  1,  1898— Nine  companies  on  Australia  landed  ;  first  military  force  to  land  in  Philip- 
pines. 

July    2,  1898— Companies  F,  I,  and  M  landed. 

Aug.  12,  1898— Ordered  to  Manila. 

Aug.  13,  1898— At  7:30  A.  M.,  headquarters,  band,  First  and  Second  Battalions,  left  Cavite 
on  steamer  Kwonchoi  for  Manila ;  Company  F  embarked  on  steamer 
Zafiro  as  bodyguard  to  Major  General  Merrltt;  Oregon  troops  disem- 
barked at  Manila  at  4  p.  m.,  being  first  to  enter  Walled  City ;  received 
surrender  of  Spanish  army  of  13,000  officers  and  men  ;  troops  quartered 
in  palace. 


12  SUMMARY    OF    PRINCIPAL    EVENTS. 

Aug.  14,  1898— At  5:30  A.  Ji.  removed  toCuartel  de  Espana  ;  Company  F  in  palace  as  palace 
guard;  Colonel  Summers,  acting  provost  marshal  of  Manila;  Major 
Gantenbeiu  in  command  of  regiment. 

Aug.    22,  1899— Companies  C,  I,  and  M  arrived  from  Cavite. 

Nov.  24, 1898— Detachment  of  recruits  from  San  Francisco  reported  for  duty. 

Dec.      1, 1898— Company  H  detailed  on  special  duty  at  customhouse. 

Jan.  3, 1899— Company  B  stationed  at  Cuartel  Arroceros.  Major  General  Otis'  proclama- 
tion to  Filipinos. 

Jan.     9,  1899— Order  holding  all  troops  in  quarters. 

Jan.  11,  1899— Call  to  arms  at  2:30  p.  m.;  regiment  began  to  leave  curatel  in  seven  minutes 
from  time  of  call. 

Feb.     1,  1899— Company  B  reported  back  for  duty. 

Feb.  4, 1899— Battle  of  Manila  commenced  at  8:30  p.  m.  and  continued  until  5  o'clock 
the  next  morning. 

Feb.  5,  1899— Advance  all  along  the  line ;  insurgents  driven  from  their  trenches.  Com- 
panies C,  G,  and  K,  Major  Eastwick,  and  Companies  D  and  L,  Major 
Gantenbein,  ordered  to  Paco.  Company  D  captured  49  insurgents. 
Company  A  stationed  at  Malate  Bridge. 

Feb.  6,  1899— Water  works  captured.  Companies  C,  G,  and  K,  Major  Eastwick,  left  for 
the  front  at  1:25  p.  ji.,  ordered  to  San  Juan  del  Monte. 

Feb.    15,  1899— Company  A  captured  103  prisoners  in  Binondo. 

Feb.    18,  1899— Companies  E,  I,  and  M,  Major  Willis,  ordered  to  Paco  at  9  p.  m. 

Feb.  22,  1899— Companies  H,  I,  and  L,  Major  Gantenbein,  engaged  all  night  in  Tondo 
during  insurgent  attempt  to  burn  Manila. 

Feb.  23,  1899— Companies  E  and  M,  Major  Willis,  with  Companies  C  and  M,  Thirteenth 
Minnesota,  engaged  insurgents  in  Tondo  district  at  11  a.  m.,  driving 
enemy  seven  miles  to  Caloocan.    Engagement  lasted  until  5  p.  m. 

Feb.  24,  1899— Third  Battalion,  Major  Eastwick,  engaged  at  San  Juan  del  Monte  from 
3:20  P.  M.  to  7  P.  M. 

Mar.  5,  1899— Company  C  engaged  on  Mariquina  Road,  Company  K  engaged  near  San 
Juan  del  Monte. 

Mar.  6,  1899— Company  G  and  Hotchkiss  Battery,  Lieutenant  Murphy,  with  Company 
K  engaged  insurgents  on  Mariquina  Road  for  eight  hours. 

Mar.  7,  1899— Companies  G  and  K  engaged  enemy  near  Mariquina  and  dispersed  them. 
Burned  the  town. 

Mar.  10,  1899— First  and  Second  Battalions  ordered  to  join  General  Wheaton's  flying 
column  for  the  Pasig  campaign. 

Mar.  12,  1899— Marched  from  Manila  to  San  Pedro  de  Macati  at  3:15  p.  m. 

Mar.  13, 1899— Advanced  upon  Guadaloupe  at  5  A.  m.  with  Fourth  Cavalry,  Twentieth  and 
Twenty-second  Infantry,  and  First  Washington;  enemy  repulsed; 
camped  at  Malapai-na-Bato. 

Mar.  14,  1899— Companies  E  and  I,  Major  Willis,  crossed  river  and  engaged  enemy  oppo- 
site Pasig,  returning  at  3  p.  m.;  Companies  B,  D,  and  L,  Major  Ganten- 
bein, engaged  all  day  from  bluff  overlooking  Pasig. 

Mar.  15, 1899— Companies  D  and  M,  Lieutenant  Colonel  Yoran,  advanced  with  wagon 
train  two  miles;  Companies  E  and  I,  Major  Willis,  crossed  river  again 
and  engaged  enemy  opposite  Pasig,  a  mile  in  advance  of  former  position  ; 
First  Battalion  still  engaged  from  bluff  near  Pasig. 

Mar.  17,  1899— Treaty  signed  by  Queen  Regent  of  Spain. 

Mar.  18,  1899— Company  D  sent  to  relief  of  company  of  Washington  regiment  at  Taguig  ; 
town  captured  and  burned. 

Mar.  19, 1899— First  and  Second  Battalions,  except  Company  M,  under  command  of 
Colonel  Summers,  with  Tsventy-second  Infantry  and  First  Washington, 
engaged  in  battle  of  Laguna  de  Bay ;  forced  march  of  twenty-five  miles 
across  country— hardest  day's  work  In  the  Philippines ;  insurgents 
routed  and  driven  fifteen  miles  down  the  shore  of  the  lake;  Company  A 
joined  regiment. 


SUMMARY    OF    PRINCIPAL    EVENTS.  13 

Mar.  20,  1899— Regiment  returned  to  Manila. 

Mar.  22,  1899— Company  F  relieved  from  duty  at  palace  and  joined  regiment. 

Mar.  24,  1899— Marched  to  Caloocan  at  7:30  A.  M.;  entered  trenches  at  nightfall,  relieving 
Twentieth  Kansas. 

Mar.  25,  1899— Battle  of  Malabon ;  left  trenches  at  8:30  A.  m.;  captured  two  lines  of  en- 
trenchments; drove  enemy  beyond  Tuliahan  River,  opposite  Tinajeros. 

Mar.  2G,  1899— Entered  village  of  Sila ;  advanced  on  Polo  road  at  11  a.  m.;  Prince  Loewen- 
stein  found  mortally  wounded  within  insurgents'  lines;  entered  Manila 
at  4:30  r.  m.;  Companies  A  and  M  stationed  at  Caloocan  until  April  5th  ; 
Company  L  at  Tondo  and  Blockhouse  No.  2  until  April  4th  ;  Companies 
D  and  B  at  Malabon  until  April  6th,  and  Company  F  at  Meycauayan. 

April   5,  IS99— Companies  A,  L,  and.M  moved  to  Marilao. 

April   7,  1899— Companies  D  and  E  moved  to  Bocaue. 

April  11,  1899— At  3:30  A.  M.  enemy  attacked  Marilao  and  Bocaue  camps.  A  miracle  that 
troops  were  not  annihilated. 

April  12,  1899— Nine  companies  under  command  of  Colonel  Summers,  left  Bocaue  at 5:45 
A.  M.  and  entered  Santa  Maria  at  8:10 ;  town  burned. 

April  16,  1899— Attack  on  outposts  east  of  Malinta. 

April  18,  1899— Company  C  at  Meycauayan. 

April  21, 1899— Provisional  Brigade  under  Colonel  Summers,  encamped  at  5:30  p.  m..  Major 
Willis  in  command  of  regiment. 

April  23,  1899— Cavalry  at  3:40  P.  M.  engaged  enemy  north  of  Santa  Maria.  Brigade  en- 
gaged at  4:30  p.  M.,  and  advanced  to  hill  at  Norzagaray. 

April  24,  1899— Town  captured  at  7:30  A.  M. 

April  25,  1899— Capture  of  Augat;  town  burned. 

April  26,  1899— Companies  B,  F,  G,  and  K,  Major  Eastwick,  made  reconnoissance  east  of 
river. 
-Brigade  entered  Marunco  at  10:45  a.  m.    Cloudburst. 
-Forded  river  and  entered  San  Rafael  at  noon.    Returned  to  Marunco. 
-Lieutenant  Colonel  in  command  of  regiment  left  camp  at  noon.    Forded 
river  and  engaged  enemy  at  San  Rafael  at  1:45  p.  m.    Captured  town  at 
6  p.  m. 
-Captured  iJaliuag  at  1:15  p.  m. 
4, 1899— Maasin  taken  at  noon. 

-Companies  A,  B,  L,  and  I,  Major  Willis,  advanced  to  reconnoiter. 
-Scouts,  supported  by  two  companies,  attacked  enemy  on  flank  at  San 
Ildefonso.    Companies  B,  G,  K,  and  F,  Major  Eastwick,  occupied  the 
town  at  5  p.  M. 

May  13,  1899— Entered  San  Ildefonso.  Captured  San  Miguel  at  4  p.  m.  Honor  to  the 
twenty-five  scouts  under  Lieutenant  Thornton. 

May    15,  1899— Left  San  Miguel  at  3  p.  m.    Enemy  engaged  at  Salacat  at  5:15  p.  m. 

May  16,  1899— Entered  San  Roque  at  9:30  A.  M.;  scouts  captured  bridge  and  enemy's  posi- 
tion at  Balac. 

May  17,  1899— Captured  San  Isidro,  entering  town  at  9:30  a.m.;  Third  Battalion,  Major 
Eastwick,  entered  Gapan  ;  farthest  north. 

May  20,  1899— Left  San  Isidro  at  5  A.  M.;  engaged  enemy  near  San  Antonio  ;  entered  the 
town  at  9  A.  M.,  and  Cabaio  at  4:10  p.  m.;  forded  the  Pampanga  twice. 

May   21,  1899— Advanced  at  5:30  A.  M.;  forded  river. 

May  22,  1899— Entered  Arayat  at  5:30  A.  M.,  and  Pasig  at  9  A.  M.;  telegram  received  at  9 
A.  M.  ordering  Oregon  Regiment  to  Manila,  preparatory  to  going  home. 

May   23, 1899— Homeward  bound  ;  camped  for  the  night  atSan  Simeon  ;  joy  inexpressible. 

May   24,  1899— Entered  Calumpit  at  9  a.  m. 

May  25, 1899— Seven  companies.  Colonel  Summers,  left  Calumpi^  on  train  for  Manila  at 
10:30  A.  M.;  quartered  in  Cuartel  de  Espaiia;  Company  F  detailed  as 
Palace  Guard. 


April 

'^, 

April  29, 

May 

1, 

May 

'■^, 

May 

4, 

May 

5, 

May 

12, 

14  SUMMARY    OF    PRINCIPAL    EVENTS. 

May   27, 1899— Companies  C,  D,  E,  and  M  return  to  Manila  and  rejoin  regiment. 

May   30,  1899— Graves  decorated. 

May   31,  1899— Company  H  reported  back  to  duty. 

June    2,  1899— Regiment  ordered  to  the  front  at  7:25  p.  m.;   camped  one  mile  west  of 

pumping  station. 
June    3,  1899— Broke  camp  at  4  a.  m.;  engaged  theenemy  in  the  foothills  eastof  pumping 

station  and  east  of  Taytay. 
June    5,  1899— Entered  Morong. 

June    6,  1899— Embarked  in  cascoes  at  noon  for  Manila. 
June  12, 1899— Second  Battalion  embarked  on  transport  Ohio. 
June  13, 1899— Headquarters  and  First  Battalion  embarked  on  transport  Newpari :  Third 

Battalion  embarked  on  Ohio. 
June  14,  1899— Weighed  anchor  at  10:25  a.  m.  homeward  bound. 
June  18,  1899— Arrived  at  Nagasaki,  Japan,  at  11  p.  m. 
June  22, 1899— Left  port  5  P.  M.,  through  the  Inland  Sea. 
July     2, 1899— Two  Sundays  one  hundred  and  eightieth  meridian. 
July    4,  1899— Celebration. 
July  13, 1899— Reached  San  Francisco. 
Aug.    7, 1899— Mustered  out. 


OFFICIAL  HISTORY  OF  THE  OPERATIONS 


SECOND  OREGON  U.  S.  V.  INFANTRY 

As  Published  in  "  Campaigning  in  the  Philippines,"  by  the 
HicKS-JuDD  Co.,  San  Francisco,  California, 


W.  D.  B.  DODSON, 

Who  was  Appointed  by  General  Summers  to  Write  this  History  and 

WAS  Permitted  to  Use  the  Official  Records  of  the 

Regiment  in  Compiling  the  Same. 

There  came  from  no  State  of  the  great  American  Repnblic  a 
more  complete  regiment  than  that  sent  out  by  Oregon  for  the 
nation's  service  in  obedience  to  the  call  of  President  McKinley 
April  25,  1898.  In  personnel  of  officers  and  enlisted  men,  in 
clothing,  in  arms,  in  equipment,  the  Second  Regiment,  Oregon 
U.  S.  Volunteer  Infantry,  had  no  superior  among  the  gallant 
volunteer  commands  that  took  part  in  the  Spanish-American 
War,  or  the  harassing  troubles  incident  to  the  acquisition  of 
Spanish  territory.  In  every  part  of  the  service  the  regiment 
was  tried ;  the  heat  of  the  crucible  was  intense,  but  never  the 
verdict,  "Found  wanting."  Patience  is  not  the  least  virtue  of 
the  soldier ;  in  this  quality  the  stout  men  from  Oregon  shone 
with  conspicuous  effect.  Perseverance  is  inseparable  from  the 
military;  Oregon's,  perseverance  was  never  questioned.  Valor 
in  the  popular  mind,  is  the  sum  and  substance  of  the  warrior, 
and  is  emphasized  most  of  all  requirements  by  the  esoteric  ;  one 
day  alone  needs  to  be  cited  to  establish  beyond  cavil  or  doubt  that 
the  sturdy  sons  from  the  Emerald  State  would  never  falter  in 
the  path  of  duty,  and,  in  fact,  possessed  the  American  weakness 
of  leaning  toward  brilliant  recklessness.    "I  take  off  my  hat  to 


16  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

the  American  volunteer,"  said  the  German  Consul  at  Manila 
when  he  looked  at  the  field  of  Malabon,  charged  over  by  the 
Second  Oregon,  Saturday,  March  25,  1899. 

Citizen  soldiers,  skilled  alike  in  the  destructiveness  of  war 
and  the  arts  of  peace,  havelongbeen  the  nation's  pride.  Fondly 
nurturing  this  system  of  national  defense,  even  though  against 
the  much-feared  standing  armies  of  the  Old  World,  America 
may  have  come  to  overestimate  the  availability  of  her  forces 
for  a  sudden  call.  It  could  have  been  a  mistake  in  time  only, 
for  all  the  world  acknowledges  the  genius,  devotion,  and  courage 
of  the  American  spirit,  which  is  so  easily  whipped  into  the 
approved  fighting  machine  of  military  operations.  However, 
there  are  volumes  to  be  written  on  the  success  of  America's 
plan,  and  these  volumes  will  be  simply  the  history  of  the  Na- 
tional Guard  organizations  that  were  converted  into  the  volun- 
teer army  of  1898. 

THE    OREGON    NATIONAL    GUARD. 

In  Oregon  the  State  National  Guard  consisted  of  the  First 
Regiment,  Oregon  National  Guard,  located  in  Portland,  seven 
companies ;  the  Second  Regiment,  Oregon  National  Guard, 
located  in  the  Willamette  Valley  and  Southern  Oregon,  eight 
companies  ;  Third  Battalion,  three  companies,  located  in  East- 
ern Oregon  ;  and  three  separate  companies.  Brigadier  General 
Beebe  commanded  the  brigade,  His  Excellency,  William  P. 
Lord,  being  Commander-in-Chief  by  virtue  of  his  office  as 
Governor.  Each  company  had  between  forty-five  and  sixty 
members,  the  maximum  being  the  more  often  pressed.  Colonel 
Summers,  of  Portland,  was  at  the  head  of  the  First  Regiment, 
and  Colonel  Yoran,  of  Eugene,  commanded  the  Second  Regi- 
ment. A  full  staff  trained  in  their  military  capacities,  so  far 
as  drills  and  military  encampments  could  accomplish,  was 
under  each  colonel.  Every  officer  of  the  Oregon  National 
Guard,  after  being  chosen  in  the  usual  manner,  was  subjected 
to  a  rigid  examination  to  test  his  capacity  for  the  position. 
The  experience  of  all  the  officers  in  that  capacity  covered 
periods  from  one  to  sixteen  years,  and  many  of  these,  especially 
of  the  shorter  terms,  had  arisen  from  the  ranks.  All  had 
drilled  the  men  of  their  commands  in  close  and  extended  order, 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  17 

and  wherever  it  had  been  practicable,  field  officers  had  drilled 
in  battalion  and  regimental  formation. 

Who  can  say  this  school  was  valueless  ?  Who  can  say  this 
mastery  of  military  movements  in  peace  was  not  as  helpful  in 
battle  as  the  same  degree  of  instruction  would  have  been,  had 
the  proficiency  been  acquired  as  an  object  of  life  and  under 
salary  ?  Garrison  and  the  battlefield  are  two  things.  Dis- 
cipline in  the  former  is  a  maze  of  red  tape  and  technicalities, 
to  which  a  man  must  offer  his  life  if  he  would  aspire  to  supe- 
riority ;  discipline  on  the  latter  is  rugged  in  its  demands,  and 
has  but  passing  difficulties  for  the  brave  and  ardent. 

Throughout  a  major  portion  of  Oregon  the  militia  was  a 
popular  institution.  Owing  to  the  intervening  distances  be- 
tween commands,  competitive  drills  never  became  the  incentive 
to  military  training  that  they  did  in  the  more  populous  com- 
monwealths. Yet  a  sense  of  duty  and  the  social  dignity  of  its 
supf)orters  made  the  militia  a  much-sought  means  of  recrea- 
tion and  entertainment.  Twenty-two  campanies  were  already 
in  prosperous  condition,  and  in  the  territory  of  the  Second 
Regiment  alone  five  or  six  more  could  have  been  organized  at 
any  time  the  State  saw  fit  to  modify  existing  laws  fixing  the 
number  of  the  militia.  Young  men  of  the  best  character  filled 
the  ranks,  some  of  whom  worked  up  to  commissions.  Weekly 
drills  were  well  attended,  notwithstanding  the  members  of 
some  of  the  country  companies  lived  miles  from  the  drill  hall. 
All  papers  requisite  in  the  organization  were  kept  up  to  date, 
arms  and  equipments  in  good  condition,  armories  orderly,  and 
clothes  uniform  and  neat.  Without  previous  warning  General 
Beebe  called  at  Ashland  one  day  about  noon,  with  Colonel 
Yoran  of  the  Second  Regiment,  to  inspect  Company  D,  Captain 
May.  He  asked  the  captain  if  his  company  would  be  ready 
by  7  p.  M.  that  day,  and  was  answered  in  the  affirmative.  A 
note  to  the  first  sergeant  was  all  the  work  performed  by  the 
captain.  A  note  from  the  former  to  each  of  his  corporals  was  his 
part.  A  few  notes  and  a  few  visits  was  the  work  of  each  cor- 
poral. Although  some  of  the  members  of  the  company  lived 
between  one  and  fifteen  miles  from  the  city,  all  but  one  were 
ready  in  first-class  condition  by  7  p.  m.,  and  that  one  was  met 
hurrying  from  his  home  to  the  city  early  next  morning,  a 
2 


18  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

distance  of  fifteen  miles.  He  received  notice  late  at  night. 
Although  without  special  preparation,  the  armory  was  found 
exact,  clothes  properly  hung,  equipments  arranged,  and  pieces 
cleaned.  This  is  an  example  of  the  faithfulness  to  duty  of  the 
Oregon  National  Guard.  The  large,  fine  armory  of  the  First 
Regiment,  in  Portland,  with  its  thoroughly  military  arrange- 
ments and  care,  always  attracted  the  eye  of  the  regular  army 
officers. 

THE    REGIMENT    ORGANIZED. 

When  the  President  issued  his  first  call  for  volunteers  to 
fight  against  Spain,  and  apportioned  the  number  among  the 
States,  Oregon  found  that  she  had  been  granted  the  privilege 
of  raising  only  one  regiment.  This  forced  upon  the  Governor 
an  embarrassing  duty  —  selection.  Two  regiments  and  a  bat- 
talion were  already  organized,  and  each  struggling  to  keep 
down  the  recruiting  pace.  Ex-members  of  the  guard  tried  to 
get  back,  besides  the  hordes  of  untried  men  offering  themselves 
in  view  of  pending  trouble.  At  the  time  the  Governor  issued 
the  order  for  the  guard  to  assemble  in  Portland,  April  2oth,  a 
company  up  to  the  war  footing  could  have  been  brought  from 
the  locality  of  each  already  existing.  A  few  hours  after  the 
order  to  assemble  was  issued  by  Colonel  Summers,  the  seven 
companies  of  the  First  were  in  the  armory,  ready  to  march. 
Colonel  Yoran  issued  in  the  morning  the  order  for  his  regi- 
ment to  assemble.  By  noon  the  companies  were  in  their  re- 
spective armories,  fitted  for  their  journey  to  Portland,  and 
thence  to  the  field. 

In  the  Oregon  National  Guard  there  was  no  room  for  selec- 
tion, so  the  Governor  decided  to  consolidate  the  guard,  as 
nearly  as  he  could,  into  one  regiment  of  the  required  number 
for  war.  Bitter  disappointments  were  thus  caused  to  some, 
but  no  charge  of  local  favoritism  could  be  made,  and  all  ad- 
mitted that  the  policy  adopted  put  into  the  new  regiment  the 
picked  material  of  the  entire  guard.  In  consolidating  two  com- 
panies the  senior  captain  was  given  the  command,  while  the 
junior  was  given  the  first  lieutenancy  in  the  new  company. 
The  same  rule  applied  in  choosing  the  regimental  commander, 
Colonel  Summers  being  given  first  place  and  Colonel  Yoran 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  19 

the  second.  Lieutenant  Colonel  Gantenbein  of  the  First  Regi- 
ment was  chosen  senior  major;  Major  Willis  of  the  Second 
Regiment  was  chosen  second  major,  and  Major  Eastwick  of 
the  First  Regiment  third  major.  Captain  Ellis,  surgeon  of 
the  Second  Regiment,  was  chosen  surgeon,  his  assistants 
being  Colonel  Cardwell  and  Major  Whiting,  both  of  Portland. 
Colonel  Cardwell  was  surgeon  general  on  the  Governor's  staff, 
with  rank  of  colonel,  previous  to  his  appointment.  Major  Whit- 
ing was  surgeon  on  General  Beebe's  staff.  Captain  Macrum  of 
Portland,  surgeon  of  the  First  Regiment,  was  first  appointed 
assistant  surgeon,  but  resigned.  Captain  Cardwell  was  pro- 
moted to  tiie  rank  of  major  soon  after  arriving  in  Luzon,  and 
was  attached  to  the  staff  of  Major  General  Anderson  as  chief 
surgeon  of  volunteers.  Hospital  Steward  Brosius  was  the 
assistant  surgeon  of  the  Third  Battalion,  and  was  given  rank 
of  captain  after  reaching  Manila,  to  fill  the  vacancy  made  by 
Captain  Cardwell's  promotion. 

Captain  Gilbert  of  Eugene,  chaplain  of  the  Second  Regi- 
ment, Oregon  National  Guard,  was  appointed  chaplain  of  the 
volunteers.  Captain  Rutenic  of  Portland  was  appointed  regi- 
mental adjutant,  with  rank  of  first  lieutenant,  but  resigned, 
Lieutenant  Crowe,  adjutant  of  the  first  regiment,  then  being 
appointed  to  take  the  position.  Lieutenant  Knapp,  quarter- 
master of  the  First  Regiment,  was  appointed  quartermaster  of 
volunteers.  H.  A.  Littlefield  of  Portland  and  J.  A.  Byars  of 
Roseburg  were  appointed  assistant  stewards  to  Steward  Brosius. 
James  Rintoul,  Jr.,  sergeant  major  of  the  First  Regiment,  was 
given  the  same  position  in  the  new  regiment.  Carl  Ritter- 
spacher  was  made  quartermaster  sergeant,  Charles  Dillon,  com- 
missary sergeant,  G.  A.  Mueller,  chief  musician,  and  Henry 
Hockenyos  and  Samuel  McGowan,  principal  musicians. 

Consolidation  of  companies  was  accomplished  on  no  fixed 
principle.  Separate  companies  and  those  of  the  Third  Bat- 
talion and  two  regiments  were  put  together  according  to  the 
Governor's  ideas  of  efficiency.  Officers  were  selected  from 
members  or  veterans  of  the  Oregon  National  Guard.  The  com- 
mendable purpose  of  the  Oregon  officers  was  made  manifest  in 
the  eagerness  of  several  to  accept  commissions  much  inferior 
to  their  rank,  and  even  in  more  than  one  case  guard  officers  ex- 


20  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

pressed  the  intention  of  enlisting  should  they  not  be  chosen 
for  commissions.  Colonel  Telfer,  inspector  general  on  the 
Governor's  staff,  resigned  his  position,  asked  to  be  recognized 
on  the  veteran  list,  accepted  the  captaincy  of  Company  C,  First 
Regiment,  and,  upon  consolidation  of  that  company,  being 
junior  captain,  cheerfully  took  the  first  lieutenancy  of  Company 
L,  into  which  his  company  merged.  Captain  Whiting  re- 
signed from  his  position  as  surgeon  on  the  general's  staff,  and 
had  made  arrangements  to  enlist  in  Company  H,  when  he 
received  the  appointment  as  assistant  surgeon  of  the  new 
regiment.  Hope  for  rank  and  liberal  salary  did  not  animate 
Oregon  ;  love  for  country  was  the  motive  for  going  to  war. 

No  troops  were  earlier  to  prepare  for  the  field  than  Oregon's. 
Within  a  few  hours  after  receiving  the  order,  the  entire  bri- 
gade, save  one  company  (separate  Company  K  at  Bandon), 
were  in  waiting.  The  First  Regiment  could  have  gone  before 
the  examining  surgeon  the  day  orders  w^ere  issued,  and  the 
troops  from  other  portions  of  the  State  within  periods  ranging 
from  two  hours  to  that  many  days.  General  Beebe  instructed 
Major  Mitchell,  quartermaster  of  his  staff,  to  establish  a  camp 
at  Irvington  Park,  in  Portland,  to  be  named  "Camp  McKinley," 
which,  with  the  aid  of  Captain  Case  of  Company  I,  First  Regi- 
ment, and  the  Engineer  Corps,  under  Lieutenant  Povey,  and 
the  Signal  Corps,  under  Lieutenant  Humphrey,  was  completed 
April  29th.  The  First  Regiment  was  held  in  the  Portland 
Armory  May  2d  and  3d,  under  command  of  Major  Eastwick. 
April  30th  troops  began  to  arrive  from  the  Willamette  Valley 
and  Eastern  Oregon,  all  being  comfortably  cared  for  at  the 
camp,  which  had  been  placed  under  the  command  of  Lieuten- 
ant Colonel  Gantenbein,  pending  the  official  advent  of  Colonel 
Summers.  By  May  4th  all  were  in  camp  ready  for  examina- 
tion. Captain  Morris,  assistant  surgeon  in  the  regular  army, 
had  been  selected  by  the  War  Department  for  this  work.  From 
May  4th  to  May  16th  the  troops  spent  the  time  in  camp,  wait- 
ing and  faithfully  drilling,  most  of  each  day  being  devoted  to 
drills  and  military  instruction.  May  3d  the  First  Regiment 
joined  the  other  troops  in  camp.  May  5th  Captain  Morris  ar- 
rived. A  board  of  three  officers  was  appointed  by  the  Governor 
to  aid  him  in  examining  the  surgeon  and  assistant  surgeons  of 


FIELD,  SECOND    RECilMENT,  ()lti:G(  ..\    T.  S.  VoLUNTEKH    INFANTRY. 


Lieut.  Col.  George  O.  Yoran. 

Maj.  Percy  Willis. 


Maj.  C.  U.  Gantenbein. 

Maj.  P.  G.  Kastwick.  Jr 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  21 

the  new  regiment,  Dr.  A.  J.  Giesy  and  Dr.  A.  S.  Nichols  being 
the  members.  Captain  Kendall,  Eighth  U.  S.  Cavalry,  was 
appointed  by  the  War  Department  mnstering  officer  for  Oregon. 
Captain  Morris  began  the  medical  examination  of  troops  May 
7th  and  as  soon  as  the  medical  board  had  passed  on  the  merits 
of  the  applicants  for  positions  as  surgeon  and  assistant  sur- 
geons, the  successful  aspirants  came  to  his  assistance.  This 
work  was  completed  May  15th  and  the  last  company  to  be 
mustered  in,  took  the  oath  on  that  day. 

PREPARATION  FOR  DEPARTURE. 

Life  at  Camp  McKinley,  although  filled  with  the  bustle  of 
preparatory  work,  was  yet  attended  by  that  restless  longing  to 
get  into  the  field  which  invariably  possesses  a  new  soldier. 
Drills  in  squad  and  companies  were  had  twice  a  day,  besides 
the  frequent  battalion  and  regimental  drills  had  for  instruc- 
tion of  field  officers.  Governor  Lord  was  a  frequent  visitor  at 
the  camp,  and  either  in  person  or  through  Adjutant  General 
Tuttle,  gave  potent  assistance.  The  Governor  held  a  farewell 
review  a  few  days  before  the  departure  of  the  First  Battalion  to 
San  Francisco,  when  he  touchingly  bade  the  soldiers  remember 
the  honor  of  their  State  and  Nation  in  whatever  adversity  the 
fortunes  of  war  might  bring.  General  Beebe  also  reviewed  the 
troops  shortly  prior  to  their  departure,  and  expressed  his  con- 
fidence in  the  Oregon  regiment.  Camp  life  was  made  as  pleas- 
ant as  possible  for  the  boys  by  hundreds  of  sympathetic  friends. 
The  Emergency  Corps  was  organized  by  patriotic  ladies  to  pro- 
vide for  the  exigencies  of  the  regiment,  and  provide  the  soldiers 
with  such  necessaries  as  the  Government  did  not  supply.  Mrs. 
Dr.  Henry  E.  Jones  was  elected  president,  and  Mrs.  Fannie 
Lounsbury,  secretary.  The  members  of  the  corps  organized 
themselves  into  as  many  committees  as  there  were  companies, 
each  committee  with  a  chairman  who  was  ex  officio  member  of 
the  general  executive  committee.  Through  subscriptions  and 
from  other  sources,  the  corps,  afterwards  known  as  the  Red 
Cross  Society,  was  able  to  furnish  each  company  $100  in  cash, 
besides  a  good  sum  for  the  hospital  and  countless  useful  arti- 
cles for  every  member  of  the  regiment.  After  the  command 
reached  the  Philippines,  the  society  sent  two  nurses  for  its  use, 


22  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

namely,  Miss  Lena  Killain  and  Miss  Frances  Wood.  Three 
sums  of  money,  aggregating  something  less  than  $1,000,  were 
also  remitted,  and  again,  just  before  the  final  return,  $500  more. 

THE    REGIMENT    MOVES    TO    SAN    FRANCISCO. 

It  being  impracticable  to  send  the  entire  regiment  to  San 
Francisco,  the  Pacific  coast  rendezvous  for  the  Philippine 
troops,  one  battalion  was  started  as  soon  as  four  companies  had 
been  sworn  in,  with  Major  Gantenbein  in  command.  They 
arrived  there  May  13th.  By  May  16th  the  two  remaining  bat- 
talions and  regimental  headquarters  were  prepared  for  the 
start.  To  every  member  of  the  departing  regiment  there  will 
always  remain  a  vivid  memory  of  the  patriotic  outpour  of  the 
loyal  residents  of  Portland  and  the  adjacent  country  on  that 
occasion.  Streets  were  crowded  all  along  the  line  of  march  to 
the  depot,  and  by  the  time  that  was  reached,  the  mass  of  hu- 
manity occupied  all  available  space. 

With  difficulty  a  narrow  lane  was  formed  through  the  shout- 
ing, weeping  people,  along  which  the  column  moved  with  its 
burdens  of  dainties  and  flowers  heaped  upon  the  soldiers  from 
both  sides.  Night  or  day,  the  trip  through  Oregon  was  a  con- 
tinuous ovation.  Each  depot  had  its  waiting  throng,  with 
their  baskets  of  food  and  flowers.  May  18th  the  two  battalions 
reached  the  pier  at  Oakland.  The  first  battalion  to  arrive  was 
waiting  on  the  San  Francisco  side  of  the  bay  to  join  in  the 
march  to  the  Presidio.  A  delegation  of  the  San  Francisco  Red 
Cross  ladies  had  prepared  in  the  waiting  room  of  the  ferry 
landing  a  refreshing  luncheon,  which  the  tired  soldiers  fully 
appreciated.  Many  laudatory  remarks  were  made  by  the  citi- 
zens of  California,  as  the  stalwart  sons  from  the  sister  State 
marched  in  columns  of  fours  through  the  streets  of  San  Fran- 
cisco to  the  site  of  their  camp.  The  San  Francisco  papers 
stated  the  following  morning  that  the  regiment  was  the  finest 
appearing  that  had  entered  the  city  and  was  also  more  fully 
equipped  and  armed.  To  demonstrate  how  thoroughly  had 
been  the  State's  work  in  maintaining  its  militia,  it  is  but  nec- 
essary to  call  attention  to  the  few  articles  furnished  the  volun- 
teer regiment  by  the  Government  before  it  was  started  on  a 
voyage  of  7,500  miles  to  commence  a  campaign  in  the  tropics. 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  23 

Practically  nothing  was  added.  A  few  rifles  were  replaced, 
mainly  owing  to  the  inability  of  the  Government  to  make  the 
needed  repair  in  the  limited  time.  The  number,  however,  was 
very  small,  which  well  shows  the  care  of  the  Oregon  National 
Guard  for  their  pieces.  The  regiment  was  plentifully  supplied 
by  the  State  with  headquarters'  tents,  cook  tents,  and  wall 
tents.  Until  the  command  arrived  in  Cavite  no  cooking  uten- 
sils, other  than  those  brought  from  the  State,  were  used,  and 
even  during  the  entire  campaign  in  the  Philippines  some  of 
these  were  still  in  service.  More  could  be  said  of  the  surgeons' 
instruments,  for  they  were  thoroughly  modern,  new  and  com- 
plete. Each  of  the  guard  regiments  had  kits,  which  gave  an 
abundance  for  the  volunteers.  When  the  regiment  left  Port- 
land, it  took  for  each  man  a  complete  latigue  blue  uniform, 
with  campaign  hat,  blue  overcoat  and  blanket.  It  also  had  as 
much  heavy  underwear  as  was  allowed,  and  the  State  would 
have  purchased  new  shoes  and  light  underwear  for  each  man 
had  not  the  military  board  been  assured  that  all  such  things 
would  be  plentifully  supplied  by  the  Government  upon  arrival 
in  San  Francisco. 

WITH    THE    FIRST    EXPEDITION    TO    MANILA. 

Camp  life  at  the  Presido  had  but  few  variations.  At  first, 
there  was  intense  eagerness  to  become  a  part  of  the  first  expe- 
dition, hope  for  the  realization  of  which  grew  each  day  the 
commanders  saw  more  of  the  regiment.  Measles  broke  out 
immediately  after  arrival,  but  in  a  mild  form,  that  did  not  more 
than  cause  temporary  inconveniences  from  quarantine  restric- 
tions. May  22d  General  Merriam  informed  Colonel  Summers 
that  the  Second  Oregon  had  been  selected  as  one  of  the  com- 
mands for  the  first  expedition  to  the  Philippines,  the  sailing 
date  then  not  being  far  distant.  Naturally,  the  news  caused 
much  joy  and  excitement.  On  the  night  of  its  receipt  a  royal 
celebration,  more  rough  and  informal  than  stately,  took  place 
in  camp,  terminating  in  a  demand  for  a  speech  from  the  colonel. 
The  shadow  of  death  from  a  service  in  a  torrid  zone  and  on  the 
battlefield  did  not  darken  the  joy  of  realizing  that  the  regiment 
had  been  summoned  to  its  work.  Both  General  Merriam  and 
General  Otis  had  complimented  the  colonel  on  the  splendid 


24  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

physique  of  his  men,  their  equipment  and  drilling.  Any  one 
who  has  left  home  and  friends  with  such  a  command  at  the 
gruesome  bidding  of  war,  can  well  comprehend  the  difference 
to  soldiers  between  being  chosen  coast  guard,  far  from  danger, 
and  in  being  a  part  of  the  army  in  the  field.  "The  Webfooters 
are  loose,"  growled  a  regular,  two  blocks  away,  when  the  tide 
of  joy  broke  forth.  The  colonel's  speech,  admonishing  the  men 
of  the  grave  work  foreshadowed  and  exhorting  all  to  the  utmost, 
effort  when  called  upon,  closed  the  event. 

A  new  future  opened  to  all  after  learning  positively  that 
Manila  was  the  destination.  All  worked  then  with  untiring 
zeal.  Drills,  though  long  and  irksome,  were  taken  up  with 
redoubled  interest.  Health  was  guarded  for  the  ordeal  in  store. 
A  passing  fear  was  caused  by  the  light  epidemic  of  measles, 
which  the  vigorous  preventive  work  of  the  surgeons  soon  dis- 
sipated.    Nothing  else  arose  to  hinder  embarkation. 

Quartermaster  Knapp  was  requested  to  make  requisition  for 
needed  shoes,  socks,  and  underwear,  which  was  duly  done.  At 
every  point  this  officer  found  a  deficiency  of  stores,  and  such  a 
crush  and  haste  in  the  general  department  that  his  regiment 
could  command  but  little  attention.  Colonel  Summers  received 
orders  to  be  ready  to  embark,  with  nine  companies,  on  the 
United  States  transport  Australia,  May  25th,  the  other  three  to 
sail  on  the  United  States  transport  City  of  Sydney  at  the  same 
time.  But  little  opportunity  was  given  for  preparation.  The 
regiment  had  reached  the  Presidio  on  the  18th  of  the  month. 
The  First  California  Volunteers  had  preceded  the  Oregonians 
two  or  three  days  and  were  said  to  have  exhausted,  in  fitting 
out,  the  stores  intended  for  putting  the  finishing  touches  on 
the  latter.  The  result  was  that  the  Second  Oregon  left  San 
Francisco  with  barely  any  additions  to  its  equipment  furnished 
by  the  State.  How  unjust  and  unappreciative  was  the  criticism 
emanating  from  the  War  Department  later,  that  the  Oregon 
regiment  itself  was  at  fault  for  the  situation  it  was  placed  in  as 
to  clothing.  At  that  date  time  was  valuable,  which  the  War 
Department  culpably  overlooked  in  getting  the  medical  exam- 
iner and  mustering  officer  at  work  on  the  Oregon  Volunteers, 
and  then  endeavored  to  shift  the  responsibility  for  the  delay  to 
the  shoulders  of  the  Governor  and  State  officers.     But  for  the 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  ZO 

weakness  and  flighty  purposes  of  the  enemy,  such  delays  and 
sluggishness  would  have  deprived  America  of  the  fruit  of 
Dewey's  great  victory  at  Manila  Bay,  May  1st. 

Early  on  the  morning  of  May  24th  the  Oregon  regiment 
broke  camp  at  the  Presidio.  As  it  formed  for  the  march  to  the 
wharf,  Colonel  Jackson,  then  inspector  general  of  the  Oregon 
National  Guard,  formally  presented  to  the  regiment  a  beautiful 
stand  of  colors,  the  gift  of  the  people  of  Portland.  In  a  voice 
softened  by  emotion,  ColonelJackson  bade  officers  and  men  god- 
speed, never  doubting  that  the  proud  colors  would  be  brought 
back  home,  perhaps  scarred,  but  without  a  stain.  His  farewell 
was  verv  touching,  and  moved  many  to  tears.  For  five  years 
he  had  taken  a  paternal  interest  in  the  National  Guard,  as 
official  instructor. 

By  8  A.  M.  the  regiment  was  alongside  the  steamer,  ready  to 
embark.  Owing  to  the  failure  to  have  supplies  and  stores 
loaded  on  the  Australia  the  day  previous  it  was  night  before 
the  troops  could  be  put  on.  The  other  three  companies  of  the 
regiment  for  the  City  of  Sydney,  F,  I,  and  M,  with  two  battalions 
of  the  Fourteenth  Infantry,  occupied  their  quarters  on  the  vessel 
in  due  time.  Major  Eastman  as  senior  officer  on  the  City  of 
Sydney  was  in  command  of  all  the  troops  on  board  the  transport. 
Both  transports  pulled  out  into  the  bay,  near  the  anchorage  of 
the  City  of  Peking  with  the  First  California,  which  regiment 
had  boarded  the  day  previous.  One  case  of  mumps  was  dis- 
covered on  the  Australia  next  morning.  The  patient  was  sent 
ashore  immediately. 

San  Francisco  turned  out  to  wave  the  three  transports  good- 
by  on  the  morning  of  May  25th.  Docks,  streets,  and  shore 
were  covered  with  gesticulating  humanity.  All  the  tugs  and 
steamers  in  the  harbor  followed  in  the  wake  of  the  three  trans- 
ports until  they  had  turned  through  the  Golden  Gate.  Sailing 
orders  had  been  issued,  and  home,  country,  and  friends  were 
being  left,  perhaps  forever.  Two  thousand  six  hundred  souls 
were  starting  forth  to  kill  or  die.  Bad  enough  was  the  prospect 
on  the  distant  shore,  where  brave  Dewey  had  plunged  into  the 
gloom  and  fought  out  a  spot  where  he  could  raise  the  flag. 
But  would  that  be  reached.  The  Spanish  navy  was  then  an 
unknown  quantity.     Those  formidable  armored  cruisers  had 


26  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

defied  American  vigilance  and  were  cruising  somewhere  for  vic- 
tims. Furnished  with  secret  information  and  familiar  with  the 
physical  possibilities  of  distances,  the  War  Department  might 
have  possessed  knowledge  that  the  expedition,  protected  by  the 
Charleston  from  Honolulu,  was  in  no  danger  from  Spanish  men- 
of-war.  No  such  assurance  reached  the  men  or  lower  officers. 
Discipline  says  enlisted  men  shall  know  nothing  but  obedience. 
They  know,  however,  that  all  human  beings  are  fallible,  and 
many  of  those  composing  the  first  Philippine  expedition  started 
on  that  long  voyage  with  grave  apprehensions  that  the  story  of 
some  unnamable  tragedy  at  sea  might  be  the  only  history  of 
their  end. 

Leaving  your  country  or  state  for  another  is  nothing.  Your 
countrymen  greet  you,  yet  customs  do  not  change,  and  you  are 
not  a  foreign  atom  each  community  entered  fain  would  throw 
off.  Leave  your  nation.  See  the  home  of  your  father's  vanish 
in  mist.  See  your  native  city  fade  from  a  jumble  of  houses 
into  nothingness;  the  peaceful  valleys  and  green  hills  sink, 
blend,  vanish;  the  bold  headlands  and  stretch  of  coast  line  die 
over  a  too-fast  growing  stretch  of  water.  When  the  eye  fails, 
realize  the  embodiment  of  your  country's  spirit  vanish  —  mod- 
ern inventions,  conveniences,  cities,  railways,  institutions  — 
and  for  all  this  take  the  environments  of  semibarbarism.  Man 
can  love  home  only  after  leaving  it.  What  must  be  the  emo- 
tions of  the  soldier  leaving  home  for  foreign  war?  His  soul 
pours  out  upon  the  rocks  that  mark  the  furthest  confines,  even 
as  too  often  does  his  blood  on  foreign  wastes. 

A    HEARTY    SEND-OFF    FROM    SAN    FRANCISCO. 

More  enthusing  farewell  could  not  have  been  given  than  the 
touching  conduct  of  the  people  of  San  Francisco  when  the 
first  expedition  sailed  away  for  the  Far  East.  The  bay  was 
crowded  with  gail}'  decorated  boats,  steamers,  and  tugs,  some  of 
which  followed  closely  until  the  three  transports  passed  through 
the  Golden  Gate.  Great  throngs  waved  farewell  from  along 
the  wharves  and  water  front.  So  the  Oregon  troops  sailed  from 
the  United  States  on  the  longest  voyage  American  soldiers  had 
then  ever  taken  for  war.  They  were  the  pioneers  for  their 
country  in  a  great  movement.     Dewey  was  not  a  pioneer.     He 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  Zi 

was  a  comet  that  struck  amidst  the  enemy  and  there  burned. 
A  path  between  him  and  America  was  necessary. 

"Support  Dewey"  were  the  words  when  the  troops  were  first 
talked  of  for  the  Philippines.  However,  the  more  deliberate 
members  of  the  Oregon  regiment  thought,  as  they  moved  away 
to  the  Orient,  of  the  westward  march  of  empire,  of  the  expand- 
ing nation  that  had  absorbed  a  continent,  and  were  vaguely 
conscious  of  being  associated  with  a  movement  forming  an 
epoch  of  history.  They  knew  how  hard  it  was  to  tear  the  Stars 
and  Stripes  from  a  helpless  land.  There  are  so  many  affilia- 
tions, so  many  entanglements,  increasing  the  longer  it  floats, 
that  but  few  hands  dare  take  it  down.  When,  in  ages  to  come, 
the  power  of  the  great  American  Republic  is  the  irresistible 
element  standing  for  peace  and  justice  in  every  part  of  the 
world,  and  the  establishment  of  a  mighty  nation's  policy  has 
necessitated  planting  the  Stars  and  Stripes  in  every  quarter  of 
the  globe,  the  Second  Oregon  asks  to  be  remembered  as  one  of 
the  humble  agents  that  took  up  the  burden  cheerfully  May  25, 
1898,  the  dawn  of  the  great  era. 

BAD    COOKING    FACILITIES    ON    THE    TRANSPORT. 

Immediately  after  getting  to  sea  it  became  apparent  that 
poor  cooking  facilities  had  been  provided  on  the  Australia  for 
such  a  body  of  men.  The  owners  of  the  steamer,  the  Spreckels 
Brothers,  asked  to  be  given  the  contract  of  feeding  the  men 
while  on  board  at  so  much  per  capita.  This  was  refused,  and 
wretched  facilities  provided  instead.  Conspicuous  among  other 
errors  w^as  the  ration  intended  for  soldiers  in  the  torrid  zone. 
The  usual  seasickness  affected  all  during  the  first  few  days, 
and  the  fare  of  half-boiled  bacon,  potatoes  the  same,  worse 
coffee  and  hardtack,  was  not  relished.  Changes  for  the  better 
were  made  in  the  cooking  utensils  at  Honolulu,  and  more  vege- 
tables, found  to  be  of  great  value,  were  added  to  the  commis- 
sary stores.  Before  Guam  Island  was  reached  a  large  cj^uantity 
of  fresh  beef  in  the  improvised  refrigerator  spoiled  and  was  cast 
overboard,  the  drinking  water  in  the  tanks  was  exhausted,  and 
the  condenser  proved  of  limited  capacity.  These  circumstances 
added  much  to  the  discomforts  of  an  overcrowded  ship  in  a 
tropical  climate,  and  the  voyage  became  very  wearisome.     Mea- 


28  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

sles  also  appeared  again  a  few  days  out  from  San  Francisco. 
Each  case  was  isolated  as  well  as  space  would  permit,  and  the 
total  number  afflicted  during  the  voyage  of  thirty-six  days  was 
thus  kept  down  to  thirty-nine. 

ENTERTAINED    AT    HONOLULU. 

Honolulu  was  reached  by  the  three  transports  June  2d. 
Perhaps  nothing  more  cordial  will  ever  be  experienced  by 
American  soldiers  on  foreign  soil  than  the  welcome  of  beauti- 
ful Honolulu  to  the  first  Philippine  expedition.  It  was  hospi- 
table, lavish  and  of  grand  proportions.  Two  reasons  impelled 
the  people  of  the  Paradise  of  the  Pacific,  either  of  which  was 
most  potent:  first,  was  the  pure  spirit  of  generosity,  and  the 
American  patriotism  of  so  many  residents  of  Honolulu  who 
were  born  in  the  great  republic,  and  some  still  owed  it  alle- 
giance; second,  those  annexationists  who  maintained  their 
little  republic,  waiting  for  union  with  the  United  States,  saw 
that  if  they  became  involved  in  foreign  difficulties,  no  matter 
how,  the  United  States  had  no  alternative  but  annexation. 
Honolulu  eagerly  sought  opportunity  to  violate  neutrality  laws, 
courted  the  anger  of  other  nations,  and  was  gratified  to  see 
their  great  patron  acknowledge  openly  what  she  had  long  con- 
ceded. 

The  soldiers  of  the  first  expedition  found  themselves  the  ob- 
ject of  extremely  flattering  attention.  The  first  day  ashore 
revealed  to  them  that  a  blue  uniform  was  a  license  to  enter 
any  house  or  part  of  the  city,  a  privilege  that  was  not  violated 
in  such  shocking  manner  as  occurred  when  United  States 
troops  arrived  in  the  same  city  later.  The  friendly  people 
greeted  the  passer-by,  invited  him  to  partake  of  fruit,  food,  or 
delicacies.  If  small  purchases  were  made  by  soldiers  in  stores, 
pay  would  not  be  accepted.  Refreshment  stands,  barber  shops, 
livery  stables,  fruit  stores,  C3^cleries,  street  cars,  baths,  and 
restaurants  were  all  free.  Generous  hands  had  worked  before 
for  the  departing  soldiers;  a  proud,  rich  people  had  cheered 
them  on,  but  nothing  so  lavish  or  complete  in  the  way  of  hos- 
pitality had  ever  exceeded  the  gift  of  the  inhabitants  of  Hono- 
lulu. The  second  day  was  the  climax.  A  splendid  feast  was 
spread  in  the  grounds  of  the  executive  building  (the  queen's 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  29 

palace  before  the  republic).  To  it  was  invited  every  Ameri- 
can soldier  in  the  harbor,  including  the  crews  and  marines  of 
the  Charleston  and  Bennington,  then  in  Honolulu.  President 
Dole,  his  cabinet  and  army  officers,  aided  Honolulu's  promi- 
nent citizens  and  fair  women  to  serve  and  entertain  the  guests. 
A  fine  spread,  made  more  memorable  by  the  profusion  of 
tropical  fruits,  was  partaken  of  by  the  hungry  soldiers.  They 
left  their  tireless  hosts  next  morning,  bearing  "leis"  (wreaths) 
of  beautiful  flowers  on  their  hats  and  around  their  necks,  the 
pretty  Hawaiian  greeting,  "Aloha"  in  their  minds,  and  they 
will  never  be  so  ungrateful  as  to  forget  their  Honolulu  recep- 
tion. 

GUAM    VISITED    AND    TAKEN. 

The  cruiser  Charleston  led  the  little  fleet  out  of  the  harbor 
June  4th,  and  before  Oahu  Island  had  been  lost  to  view  news 
was  signaled  from  the  man-of-war  to  the  transport  that  the 
expedition  should  steam  for  the  Ladrone  Islands.  Sealed  or- 
ders had  been  opened,  directing  Captain  Glass  of  the  Charles- 
ton to  proceed  to  Guam,  the  largest  of  the  group,  capture  it 
and  raise  the  American  flag.  A  thrill  of  animation  passed 
through  the  men  as  they  learned  that  an  encounter  of  indefi- 
nite severity  was  possible  at  Guam.  Rumor  had  it  that  at 
least  two  Spanish  gunboats  would  be  met  at  the  islands,  which 
would  give  the  Charleston  a  warm  reception.  How  many  of 
the  enemy's  soldiers  would  be  found  there  was  a  subject  of 
controversy;  enough,  anyhow,  for  a  fight. 

Speculation  was  rife  by  the  morning  of  June  20tli,  when  the 
fleet  began  steaming  around  the  northern  headland  of  Guam. 
In  the  mist  of  morning  the  Charleston  reminded  one  of  some 
inexorable  hound  of  vengeance  as  she  silently  slid  through  the 
waters  of  the  small  bays  along  the  coast  searching  for  the  gun- 
boats. The  harbor  of  San  Luis  d'Apra,  near  which  Aguana, 
the  capital,  is  situated,  was  neared  while  the  morning  was  yet 
young.  An  elevated  reef  of  very  old  coral  formation,  partly 
covered  with  tropical  vegetation,  constituted  the  southern 
boundary.  This  projected  full  two  miles  into  the  sea,  termi- 
nating in  a  bold  headland  fifty  to  eighty  feet  high.  Starting 
from  another  part  of  the  concave  shore  line,  probably  five 


30  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

miles  from  the  base  of  the  southern  reef,  was  another  reef, 
mostly  submerged,  extending  in  a  southwestern  direction  to 
within  two  hundred  yards  of  the  outer  extremity  of  the  first, 
forming  a  fairly  protected  harbor.  The  narrow  channel  for 
entrance  was  deep,  as  was  one  half  of  the  bay,  the  other  por- 
tion being  an  expanse  of  shoals  from  one  to  four  feet  deep, 
with  as  fantastical  and  beautiful  a  coral  bottom  as  was  ever 
given  a  body  of  water. 

Straight  for  this  narrow  channel  steered  the  plucky  little 
Charleston,  with  the  Australia,  City  of  Peking,  and  City  of  Syd- 
ney formed  on  the  outside.  It  was  an  intense  moment  for  the 
soldiers.  All  thought  a  sea  fight  imminent,  with  the  stimu- 
lated interest  of  personal  safety  involved.  They  clambered 
as  high  into  the  rigging  as  regulations  would  permit  to  watch 
the  fray.  From  the  outside,  the  masts  of  what  looked  like  a 
brig  were  visible,  and  also  another  object  thought  to  be  a  fort 
or  ironclad  in  the  middle  of  the  bay.  The  Charleston  was 
overshadowed  by  the  high  reef  close  to  which  she  hugged  in 
entering.  As  the  cruiser  reached  the  free  water  inside  the 
channel,  smoke  began  to  belch  from  her  sides,  and  the  regular 
detonations  told  the  anxious  spectators  that  her  challenge  was 
being  followed  by  onus  of  serious  intentions.  Shells  were  seen 
to  ricochet  from  what  had  been  discovered  to  be  a  fort,  falling 
in  the  bay  beyond.  After  several  shots,  without  answering, 
firing  ceased,  and  a  small  boat  containing  two  officers  was  seen 
to  put  out  from  Paete,  the  Aguana  end  of  the  harbor,  towards 
the  Charleston.  The  boat  got  alongside  and  the  two  officers 
boarded,  who  were  the  officer  of  the  port  and  the  health  officer. 
Surprise  and  incredulity  mingled  with  equal  portions  on  the 
part  of  the  American  officers  as  the  Spaniards  began  an  apology 
for  not  returning  the  Charleston's  salute.  It  was  explained  by 
the  two  affable  and  ceremonious  gentlemen  that  there  Avas 
not  enough  powder  in  the  port  to  discharge  the  old  muzzle- 
loading  smoothbore  the  requisite  number  of  times,  but  it  had 
been  sent  for.  When  told  by  Captain  Glass  in  answer  that  he 
had  come  on  a  hostile  errand,  obedient  to  orders  to  seize  the 
islands,  the  two  officers  seemed  overcome  with  astonishment. 
Had  their  wishes  been  fulfilled,  they  would  have  sunk  through 
the  deck.     It  had  been  three  months  since  the  last  island  mail 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  31 

was  received  from  Manila,  the  last  news  merely  telling  of  the 
destruction  of  the  Maine,  but  war  on  the  heels  of  the  apology 
offered  by  Spain  was  the  furthest  possible  result  contemplated, 
the  officers  thought.  Be  their  surprise  real  or  feigned,  Cap- 
tain Glass  introduced  new  complications  by  informing  the 
officers  that  they  were  his  prisoners.  They  expostulated  that 
they  came  on  an  errand  of  peace  and  were  wrongfully  detained, 
but  to  no  avail.  They  came,  not  under  a  flag  of  truce,  although 
ignorant,  through  neglect  or  inability  of  their  nation,  and  it 
mattered  little  what  other  considerations  were  offered.  Both 
were  later  given  the  privilege  of  returning  to  the  shore,  pro- 
vided they  would  bear  a  message  commanding  the  governor  at 
Aguana  to  surrender,  which  they  did. 

In  reply  to  the  request  to  the  governor  to  come  aboard  the 
cruiser  to  arrange  terms,  he  stated  that  it  was  against  Spanish 
laAv  for  the  governor  of  a  province  to  board  a  foreign  man-of- 
war.  He  was  then  ordered  to  meet  the  captain  in  Paete  next 
day  at  9  a.  m.  In  the  mean  time  the  Peking  and  Australia  had 
steamed  through  the  narrow  channel  and  found  anchorage 
near  the  Charleston,  the  captain  of  the  City  of  Sydney  still 
standing  off  Point  Oratic,  as  he  hesitated  to  enter  with  his 
vessel.  On  the  morning  of  June  21st,  as  the  hour  of  9  o'clock 
neared,  preparations  began  on  the  Charleston  and  Australia  for 
landing  troops  in  case  the  delay  was  taken  advantage  of  by  the 
governor  for  resistance.  Forty  marines  were  put  in  small 
boats  from  the  cruiser,  and  Company  A,  Captain  Heath,  Com- 
pany D,  Captain  Prescott,  from  the  Second  Oregon.  Only  one 
launch  being  available,  two  trips  were  necessary  to  tow  the 
boats  across  the  bay.  About  the  same  time  that  Lieutenant 
Braunersreuther,  representing  Captain  Glass,  set  out  in  a  small 
boat  for  the  shore,  where  the  governor  was  expected,  the  first 
tow  of  soldiers  and  marines  started  from  the  Australia,  the 
portion  aboard  from  the  Second  Oregon  being  one  platoon  of 
Company  A.  These  were  taken  to  the  Japanese  brig  in  the 
harbor,  which  was  first  suspected  of  being  a  Spanish  gunboat, 
and  moored  to  the  stern  of  the  vessel,  while  the  launch  returned 
to  tow  the  remainder  of  Companies  A  and  D.  Shortly  before 
the  second  tow  reached  the  brig,  Lieutenant  Braunersreuther 
returned  with  the  captive  governor  and  his  officers.     Nothing 


32  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

remained  for  the  eager  troops  but  to  quietly  return.  They 
had  received  their  baptism,  but  not  of  fire.  A  furious  little 
tropical  shower  passed  over  while  they  were  waiting,  thoroughly 
soaking  everything  that  would  absorb  water. 

When  Lieutenant  Braunersreuther  got  to  the  shore  he  had 
found  the  governor  and  his  officers.  His  excellency  was  sum- 
moned to  surrender,  and,  after  meditating  for  a  few  minutes, 
handed  the  lieutenant  a  sealed  note  to  Captain  Glass,  which 
Avas  at  once  torn  open  and  read,  a  right  claimed  as  the  fully 
empowered  representative  of  the  captain.  To  this  proceeding 
the  governor  protested  lightly.  The  note  was  an  uncondi- 
tional surrender,  in  view  of  the  overwhelming  force  in  the 
harbor.  The  governor  was  then  informed  that  both  himself 
and  officers  would  be  held  as  prisoners,  and  was  required  to  go 
aboard  the  Charleston  immediately.  A  stronger  protest  was 
entered  to  such  summary  proceedings.  The  governor  explained 
that  neither  himself  nor  officers  had  made  arrangements  for 
departure,  and  urgently  insisted  that  they  be  permitted  to  re- 
turn to  their  homes  for  this  purpose.  He  was  quite  overcome 
when  refused  and  signed  an  order  for  all  the  soldiers  to  come 
to  the  landing  that  afternoon  with  their  arms  and  ammunition, 
in  a  resigned  though  objecting  mood.  His  order  was  obeyed 
by  the  soldiers  without  protest.  Promptly  at  4  p.  m.  fifty  Spanish 
soldiers  carrying  Mauser  rifles,  fifty  native  soldiers  with  Kem- 
ington  rifles,  and  fifty  without  guns,  appeared  on  the  beach. 
A  small  force  of  marines  with  boats  for  the  prisoners  were 
present  and  commenced  the  disarming.  Care  was  taken  to 
prevent  treachery  of  any  kind.  When  the  rifles  were  all  stored 
in  a  small  boat,  the  natives  were  told  they  were  free,  and  the 
Spaniards  were  ordered  to  embark.  The  former  tore  from  their 
clothes  the  Spanish  military  buttons  witfi  manifest  joy,  casting 
them  to  the  ground  with  an  emphasis  that  bespoke  their  state 
of  mind  over  the  fall  of  the  Spanish  yoke.  The  fifty  Spanish 
soldiers  were  put  aboard  the  City  of  Sydney  and  transported  to 
Cavite,  where  they  were  held  until  peace  was  arranged.  The 
Spanish  officers,  six  in  number,  including  the  officers  of  the 
port,  health  officer,  and  governor  above-named,  were  placed  on 
the  Charleston.  The}^  evinced  unmistakable  signs  of  fear  at 
leaving  their  families  on  Guam  Island  without  military  protec- 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  33 

tioii.  That  they  misjudged  the  spirit  of  the  natives  is  proven 
by  the  safety  of  the  women's  sojourn  in  the  lonely  Pacific.  So 
ended  the  "Battle  of  Guam." 

A  few  moments  before  noon  of  the  same  day,  June  21st,  a 
small  boat  put  out  from  the  Charleston  for  Fort  Santa  Cruz,  the 
little  dismantled  fortress  in  the  center  of  the  bay  that  had  at 
first  attracted  the  Charleston'' s  fire.  A  few  minutes  later  the 
Stars  and  Stripes  were  seen  to  rise  to  the  top  of  the  flag  pole 
on  the  fort.  Great  shouts  went  up  from  the  transports  and 
cruiser.  The  Charleston  fired  the  national  salute,  the  bands 
struck  up  the  "  Star  Spangled  Banner,"  and  a  cordial  welcome 
was  given  to  the  stranger  in  the  western  part  of  the  Pacific. 
The  City  of  Sydney  had  ventured  into  the  harbor  a  little  while 
before. 

THE    FIRST    DEATH    IN    THE    REGIMENT. 

On  board  the  City  of  Sydney,  June  20th,  while  lying  off  the 
point,  occurred  the  first  death  in  the  Oregon  regiment.  Elias 
Hutchinson,  Company  M,  was  operated  on  for  appendicitis  a 
few  days  prior  and  died  from  the  effects.  His  body  was  buried 
at  sea,  with  ceremonies  more  impressive  than  any  witnessed 
by  the  boys  any  time  during  their  campaign  in  the  Philippines. 

June  22d  the  fleet  steamed  out  of  San  Luis  d'Apra  harbor 
and  shaped  its  course  for  the  northern  point  of  Luzon.  Until 
the  rough  outline  of  that  coast  rose  up  through  the  mist  on  the 
morning  of  June  28th  nothing  occurred  aboard  of  interest. 
Schools  of  officers,  noncommissioned  officers  and  privates  were 
given  new  interest  by  the  approach  of  service.  Brown  duck 
clothing  was  issued  to  the  sweltering  soldiers  on  the  Australia, 
those  on  the  other  boats  having  received  theirs  before.  Shoddy 
underwear  for  the  volunteers  was  also  distributed  again,  as  it 
would  only  stand  about  one  or  two  washings,  and  the  first  re- 
ceived near  Honolulu  had  mostly  become  useless.  It  began  to 
dawn  upon  all  how  little  prepared  the  expedition  was  for  the 
tropics,  and  particularly  the  Oregon  regiment.  Because  that 
regiment  had  arrived  in  San  Francisco  with  the  most  complete 
outfits  for  campaigning  in  the  United  States,  it  had  been 
launched  into  the  tropics  with  scarcely  any  additional  cloth- 
ing. At  Honolulu  General  Anderson's  quartermaster,  Major 
3 


34  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

Jones,  purchased  some  more  underwear  for  the  Oregon  men, 
which  was  a  grateful  duty  to  the  humble  command,  which  was 
now  having  the  first  experience  of  being  made  sufferers  as  well 
as  scapegoats  for  the  incompetence  or  negligence  of  the  gen- 
eral departments.  While  the  men  were  trying  to  adjust  their 
feet  to  a  collection  of  the  worst  misfit  shoes  ever  thrust  upon 
a  confiding  body  of  humanity,  the  reproach  came  from  the 
worthy  staff  of  the  general  that  the  Oregonians  were  themselves 
to  blaiiie ;  their  quartermaster  had  been  told  to  make  requisi- 
tion at  San  Francisco.  Lieutenant  Knapp  is  still  unable  to 
draw  any  lucid  conclusion  of  his  own  blame  from  the  chaos  of 
"noes,"  "noes,"  and  "don't  knows,"  that  greeted  him  on  every 
hand  in  San  Francisco  while  he  was  trying  to  get  his  requisi- 
tion filled  in  the  general  quartermaster  department. 

.\RRIVAL    AT    MANILA. 

A  little  uneasiness  was  created  on  the  transports  by  the 
sight,  off  the  northern  point  of  Luzon,  of  a  column  of  smoke 
arising  from  some  vessel  evidently  approaching.  The  fleet  had 
been  a  month  cut  off  from  communication  with  the  world,  the 
last  reports  being  of  possible  interference  by  Germany  and 
France,  and  what  aspect  the  war  might  now  have  was  a  sub- 
ject for  many  conjectures.  As  the  stranger  neared,  her  two 
funnels  and  fighting  tops  told  she  was  a  man-of-war,  but  the 
resemblance  to  the  Baltimore  of  Dewey's  fleet  allayed  suspicion. 
Such  she  proved  to  be.  For  nine  days  the  cruiser  had  stood 
off  the  northern  head  waiting.  Her  gallant  crew  were  given 
a  taste  of  good  old  American  enthusiasm,  bottled  for  a  month, 
as  the  cruiser  came  alongside  the  transports.  Courtesies  were 
exchanged,  and  the  soldiers  told  of  the  penned  Spanish  fleet 
at  Santiago  de  Cuba.  All  steamed  around  the  island,  the  two 
cruisers  skirting  along  the  shore  for  any  vessel  with  the  Span- 
ish flag.  From  the  glassy  sea  on  the  north  the  fleet  swung 
toward  the  south  in  the  teeth  of  a  stiff  monsoon  from  the 
turbulent  China  Sea.  The  afternoon  and  night  passed  with 
a  steady  increase  of  the  wind.  Another  spell  of  seasickness 
passed  through  the  ranks,  and  the  following  afternoon  all  hailed 
with  redoubled  delight  the  appearance  of  Corregidor  Island. 
Single  file  the  fleet  went  up  the  bay  after  the  Baltimore.     A 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  35 

German  cruiser,  the  Kaiserin  Agusta,  impudently  steamed  close 
to  the  transports,  as  if  to  inspect  the  troops  arriving,  and  passed 
on  to  her  anchorage  with  the  foreign  fleet.  Late  in  the  after- 
noon the  three  transports  dropped  anchor  off  Cavite  inside  the 
circle  maintained  by  the  cruisers — the  last  of  a  voyage  never 
more  devoutly  wished  finished  than  by  the  soldiers. 

First  to  impress  the  soldiers  was  the  siege  of  the  Spanish 
forces  in  Manila,  where  they  had  withdrawn  and  fortified 
themselves  to  meet  the  Americans.  It  was  certainly  gratifying 
to  the  most  bellicose  to  learn  that  the  Filipinos  were  overrun- 
ning the  whole  island,  save  Manila  and  a  few  fortified  outposts. 
The  swelling  natives  celebrated  the  appearance  of  the  Ameri- 
can troops  in  the  harbor  by  a  characteristic  attack  on  the 
Spanish  works,  commencing  before  dark,  contrary  to  their 
custom.  Small  arms  crackled,  punctuated  by  the  deeper  roar 
of  cannon,  and  from  appearances  a  furious  assault  was  in 
progress.  A  thrill  of  gratitude  and  affection  animated  the  sol- 
diers' breasts  for  the  Filipinos.  It  was  not  then  understood 
that  Filipino  treacher}^  not  valor,  had  aided  the  American 
fleet  in  penning  up  the  Spanish  in  Manila.  The  Spaniards 
found  it  necessary  to  withdraw  their  limited  forces  from  the 
surrounding  country  to  protect  their  capital,  depot,  arsenals, 
homes  —  all  expressed  in  a  word,  "Manila."  At  first  they 
established  lines  far  beyond  the  city  limits,  and  were  erecting 
fortifications  around  the  bay  to  contest  the  ground  with  the 
Americans  as  they  marched  from  Cavite  around  to  Manila,  as 
was  the  supposed  method  contemplated.  Filipino  soldiers  in 
the  Spanish  service  betrayed  their  masters,  thus  forcing  a  with- 
drawal of  the  lines  to  Malate,  on  the  south,  as  a  more  easily 
held  position.  Here  breastworks  of  a  substantial  character 
were  thrown  up,  to  oppose  which  the  Filipinos  dug  trenches,  and 
here  for  nearly  a  month  prior  to  the  arrival  of  the  first  troops 
at  Cavite  and  a  month  following  that  time  was  enacted  a  lurid 
farce  of  the  lighter  order,  styled  "war,"  by  the  egotistic  Filipinos. 
Their  play  at  fighting  mostly  took  place  at  night.  A  Filipino 
would  shoot  from  a  secure  trench,  with  little  or  no  aim.  If  the 
Spanish  reply  was  warm,  the  valiant  Filipino  would  hide  com- 
pletely, thrust  his  rifle  sufficiently  above  his  head  to  reach 
above  his  ditch  and  discharge  it.     The  bullet  might  strike  in 


36  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

the  mud  fifty  yards  distant,  or  encroach  on  the  domain  of  the 
moon  by  the  time  it  passed  over  the  Spanish  trenches.  Fatali- 
ties on  either  side  were  naturally  rare.  A  few  small  posts  held 
by  loyal  Spanish  soldiers,  such  as  monasteries  and  churches, 
in  the  territory  betrayed  were  left  isolated  by  that  deed  and 
fell  to  the  swarming  besiegers  before  starvation  made  corpses 
of  the  garrison. 

THE    FIRST    REGIMENT    TO    DISEMBARK. 

The  first  of  the  expedition  to  disembark  were  the  nine  com- 
panies of  the  Second  Oregon  on  the  Australia.  Early  on  the 
morning  of  July  1st,  orders  were  issued  by  General  Anderson 
for  Colonel  Summers  to  have  his  men  prepare  to  go  ashore  at 
once.  It  was  rather  late  in  the  afternoon  before  the  necessary 
cascoes  had  been  towed  alongside,  but  all  the  troops  on  the 
Australia  were  in  their  quarters  at  Cavite  by  dusk.  The  follow- 
ing day,  July  2d,  Companies  F,  I,  and  M  came  ashore,  and  were 
followed  by  the  First  California  Volunteers  and  the  Fourteenth 
Infantry.  The  first  person  of  the  regiment  to  touch  Luzon  soil 
was  Colonel  Summers,  who,  with  his  staff,  went  to  inspect  his 
quarters  the  morning  of  July  1st.  The  first  battalion  of  the 
American  army  to  land  in  the  Philippines  was  the  First  Bat- 
talion, Second  Oregon  Infantry,  Major  Gantenbein,  the  first 
company  was  K,  Captain  Worrick,  the  first  enlisted  man  Pri- 
vate McKenna,  Compan}'  L. 

General  Anderson  reserved  the  palatial  building  formerly  used 
as  the  mayor  and  marine  ofiicers'  quarters  for  the  Fourteenth 
Infantry,  leaving  the  marine  and  old  infantry  barracks  for  the 
volunteers.  Colonel  Smith,  First  California,  being  Colonel  Sum- 
mers' senior,  selected  the  Marine  Barracks,  and  Oregon  was 
quartered  in  the  foul,  slimy  structures  that  had  not  been  used 
by  even  the  Spanish  for  years.  When  Admiral  Dewey  saw 
the  condition  of  the  quarters  next  day  he  said  it  was  a  shame 
and  an  outrage  to  quarter  Americans  in  such  a  place,  and 
suggested  to  the  Colonel  that  he  take  other  buildings  adja- 
cent. The  Colonel  moved  one  battalion  to  neat  quarters  inside 
the  fort.  General  Anderson  became  highly  indignant  over 
the  affair  and  immediately  ordered  the  Colonel  back,  so  the 
old  quarters  were  packed  to  the  limit  with  human  chattels, 
"soldiers." 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  87 

MUCH    SICKNESS    IN    THE    REGIMENT. 

Lectures  had  been  given  the  men  on  board  the  vessels  per- 
taining to  health  in  the  tropics.  Partaking  of  water,  fruit,  or 
liquor,  or  any  indulgence,  had  been  emphasized  as  sure  of  fatal 
consequences,  unless  strictly  regulated.  Yet  there  was  at  first 
an  alarming  number  of  petty  ailments,  some  growing  into  more 
serious  complications.  The  boys  were  fruit  hungry  and  ate 
freel}'  of  the  great  quantities  offered  for  sale  by  the  natives  at 
trifling  prices.  Water  was  not  regularly  boiled.  The  "  Klon- 
dike" rations  of  the  army  became  nauseating  in  the  hot  climate. 
To  save  expenses  General  Anderson  empowered  his  quarter- 
master to  draw  from  the  command  details  for  unloading  the 
supplies  carried  by  the  transports  and  packing  them  in  store- 
houses. The  Fourth  of  July,  ordinarily  observed  by  Americans 
in  a  splendid  manner,  will  be  remembered  by  the  Oregon  boys 
as  a  suffocating  day  of  hard  labor.  All  these  conditions  coop- 
erating produced  much  sickness.  By  the  third  day  after  land- 
ing Major  Ellis  and  Captains  Cardwell  and  Whiting  found 
sick-call  responded  to  by  more  than  a  hundred  men.  Rather 
acute  cramps,  diarrhoea,  and  fevers  were  the  usual  symptoms. 
Most  of  the  men  remained  in  quarters,  merely  receiving  medi- 
cines, but  some  were  taken  to  the  improvised  hospital  —  an  old 
building  wholly  unfit  for  such  use.  A  week  after  the  troops 
landed,  the  Oregon  sick-list  had  swelled  to  approximately  three 
hundred,  and  it  seemed  that  half  the  regiment  was  unfit  for 
duty.  The  longshore  work  was  discontinued.  Strict  measures 
were  adopted  concerning  drinking  water  and  fruit.  More  care 
was  taken  in  preparing  food.  It  was  some  time,  however,  be- 
fore there  was  much  decrease  in  the  number  of  sick.  The 
regiment,  as  compared  with  the  Fourteenth  Infantry  and  Cali- 
fornia regiments,  seemingly,  was  suffering  most.  This  was  due 
to  difference  in  methods  of  the  surgeons.  The  two  former 
regiments  treated  most  of  their  sick  in  quarters,  so  there  was 
no  display  of  the  number  nor  any  record  made.  The  Oregon 
surgeons  at  first  caused  the  sick  to  appear  at  the  hospital  when 
sick-call  was  sounded.  Here  they  presented  an  alarming  aspect, 
well  adapted  to  the  use  of  prying  press  correspondents,  whose 
ambition  was  to  show  that  volunteers  were  unfit  to  control 
themselves. 


38  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

TROUBLE    BEGINS    WITH    THE    FILIPINOS. 

Contact  with  the  friendly  Filipinos,  although  devoid  at  first 
of  anything  of  a  portentous  nature,  never  promised  much  but 
discord.  On  the  part  of  the  soldiers  there  came  a  feeling  of 
admiration,  produced  by  the  vague  reports  of  Filipino  success 
around  Manila.  The  secret  of  that  success  being  unknown, 
newly  arrived  soldiers  readily  attributed  it  to  valor  and  skill 
in  the  field.  How  much  their  liigh  opinions  were  shaken  by 
the  appearance  of  the  rabble  Aguinaldo  termed  soldiers,  is 
difficult  to  estimate.  A  sentiment  of  the  utmost  cordiality  ex- 
isted for  several  days,  but  events  of  a  deteriorating  character 
soon  began  to  operate.  Probably  these  were  quickened  by  the 
attitude  of  the  commanding  generals  on  both  sides,  for  soon 
the  aspirations  of  Aguinaldo  had  taken  such  shape  that  the 
American  General  was  known  to  entertain  them  with  suspicion. 
The  removal  of  Aguinaldo's  headquarters  to  Paraiiaque  did 
not  improve  matters.  American  soldiers  had  petty  conflicts 
with  Filipino  citizens  and  soldiers.  In  some  instances  it  could 
not  be  denied  that  excesses  of  the  "big  white  brethren"  were 
at  the  bottom  of  difficulties.  Contrary  to  all  admonitions,  the 
American  soldiers  indulged  in  liquors,  especially  a  native  brew 
called  anisad,  which  was  a  violent  intoxicant  and  also  very 
cheap.  A  very  few  drinks  of  this  would  fire  the  Anglo-Saxon 
blood  until  a  battle  royal  only  could  appease.  It  was  not  rare 
to  see  some  burly  soldier  pass  through  the  streets  of  Gavite 
hurling  off  a  pack  of  Filipino  citizens  and  soldiers  who  were 
trying  to  apprehend  him,  and,  incidentally,  wrecking  a  few  of 
the  various  fruit  stands  encountered.  The  American  officers 
were  always  prompt  to  punish  any  offense  against  the  Filipinos 
where  satisfactory  evidence  could  be  had,  of  which  the  Filipino 
authorities  were  informed.  The  petty  character  of  the  swarm- 
ing natives  began  to  appear  in  the  numerous  commercial  trans- 
actions. If  an  American  soldier  could  be  cheated  in  any  man- 
ner, it  was  held  proper  by  them  to  do  so. 

Their  rapacity  became  intense  after  the  first  pay  day  of  the 
Americans.  In  their  experience  with  the  Spaniards,  private 
soldiers  never  received  such  fabulous  sums  as  the  careless 
Americans  exhibited.  Some  of  the  first  soldiers  to  show  them 
pieces  of  gold  were  thought  to  be  officers,  as  they  could  not 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  89 

believe  a  soldier  possessed  such  wealth.  Then  the  hucksters, 
peddlers,  fruit  stands  and  stores  multiplied,  and  from  the  prov- 
ince of  Cavite  were  brought  loads  of  everything  that  an  Amer- 
ican soldier  would  buy.  Nothing  but  contempt  was  excited  in 
the  minds  of  Americans  as  a  result  of  every  increase  of  their 
knowledge  of  Filipinos  and  their  ways.  Before  the  siege  of 
Manila  commenced,  soldiers  were  heard  to  say  they  would  re- 
ceive with  joy  the  news  that  the  conceited  Filipinos  were  to  be 
disciplined  by  force.  The  savage  pleasure  they  exhibited  in 
showing  how  at  times  the  throats  of  Spaniards  were  cut  added 
only  repulsiveness  to  a  multitude  of  other  repellant  conditions. 
Drills  and  schools  were  commenced  with  vigor  by  Colonel 
Summers  as  soon  as  his  men  were  quartered  at  Cavite.  Ex- 
tended order  exercises  in  particular  were  given  often.  Much 
benefit  was  derived  from  the  knowledge  imparted  to  ofhcers 
and  noncommissioned  ofhcers  in  the  schools  held  on  board  the 
transports.  As  exertion  in  the  heat  of  the  day  was  prohibited 
during  July,  the  early  morning  hours  and  evening  were  chosen 
for  drills.  At  these  times  the  work  was  taken  up  faithfully,  by 
companies,  battalions,  and  in  regimental  formation.  In  view 
of  the  need  of  drilled  men  in  the  struggle  anticipated  before 
Manila,  ofhcers  and  men  entered  into  their  work  with  enthu- 
siasm, a  friendly  rivalry  also  giving  life  to  the  drills.  Thorough 
inspection  by  both  the  General  and  the  Colonel  told  that  full 
equipments  would  count  in  the  selection  of  forces.  Small 
amounts  of  clothing  were  again  issued,  arms  repaired  where 
necessar}^  ammunition  distributed,  and  shelter  tents  furnished. 
Until  the  second  expedition  arrived,  the  Oregon  men  were  so 
poorly  shod  that  the  command  was  unht  to  take  the  field. 

ROUTINE    WORK    AT    CAVITE. 

Thus  July  dragged  along  with  a  routine  of  preparatory  work. 
During  the  latter  part  of  the  month  the  Fourteenth  Infantry 
and  the  California  Volunteers  were  shipped  across  the  neck  of 
the  bay  from  Cavite  to  Paraiiaque,  where  Camp  Dewey  was 
formed.  The  Oregon  men  packed  their  belongings  with  the 
expectation  that  they  would  soon  follow.  Other  expeditions, 
composed  of  unseasoned  volunteers  and  regulars,  arrived  and 
were  put  into  the  field.     Sickness  had  nearly  disappeared  from 


40  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

the  ranks  of  the  Oregonians ;  they  had  drilled  hard  and  well, 
were  somewhat  acclmiated,  and  they  felt  keenly  the  arrange- 
ment that  left  them  in  Cavite. 

On  three  different  occasions  officers  of  the  regiment  were 
able  to  render  General  Anderson  excellent  service  in  the  pre- 
liminary arrangements  for  the  attack.  Captains  Heath,  Com- 
pany A,  Wells,  Company  L,  and  Prescott,  Company  D,  and 
Lieutenant  Telfer,  Company  L,  were  invited  by  Captain  Are- 
valo,  a  Filipino  officer  on  Aguinaldo's  staff,  to  visit  with  him 
his  home  in  Pasig,  above  Manila.  The  officers  accepted,  mak- 
ing the  journe}'  across  the  foothills  from  Penada  to  Pasig. 
They  were  delayed  by  muddy  roads  and  reached  the  shores  of 
the  bay  at  Paraiiaque  one  afternoon  when  the  surf  prevented 
crossing.  Considerable  uneasiness  was  felt  over  their  absence, 
and  all  were  ordered  before  General  Anderson  when  they  re- 
turned for  staying  away  over  time.  The  explanation  given 
was  satisfactory  to  him,  and  the  information  gathered  about 
Filipinos  during  the  trip  was  appreciated  and  thankfully  re- 
ceived. Some  correspondents  magnified  the  affair  into  another 
example  of  volunteer  stupidity  and  incompetence.  Lieutenant 
Bryan  of  E,  and  Lieutenant  Moore  of  F,  aided  by  Private 
Green  of  E,  spent  several  days  around  the  Manila  fortifications 
sketching  and  mapping  the  whole  country  for  the  General. 
Their  work  was  very  complete  and  efficient.  A  perfect  map 
with  sketches  of  the  whole  line  of  breastworks  placed  in  the 
General's  hands  knowledge  of  the  enemy's  works  that  was  in- 
valuable in  the  subsequent  operations.  Captain  Case  of  Com- 
pany F,  performed  some  excellent  work  in  the  same  interest  as 
an  engineer  officer.  His  scouting  along  all  the  roads  from 
Paraiiaque  and  adjacent  country  to  Manila  and  report  on  their 
availability  for  marching  over  and  use  in  transportation  proved 
of  useful  service. 

Great  excitement  prevailed  in  the  Oregon  regiment  when 
news  of  the  commencement  of  fighting  July  31st  was  received. 
General  Merritt  had  then  arrived  and  had  said  that  the  regi- 
ment would  be  left  in  Cavite  as  a  guard  for  the  base  of  sup- 
plies. He  further  intimated,  however,  that  should  it  be  nec- 
essary to  make  an  assault  on  the  walls  of  Manila  before  the 
city  surrendered  the  regiment  would   be  given  a  prominent 


'I 


fitliiiiitBiiit«t 


DRESS  PARADE  OF  SECOND  OREGON  IN  COURT  OF  CtTARTEL  de  ESPASA. 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  41 

part.  Trouble  with  the  natives  then  seemed  imminent,  and 
Cavite  was  the  most  likely  point  for  an  attack,  should  they  be- 
come hostile  over  any  arrangement  found  expedient  during 
the  siege.  General  Anderson  told  the  Colonel  that  the  regi- 
ment had  been  selected  for  duty  at  Cavite  because  of  the  con- 
fidence reposed  in  it.  A  change  of  quarters  was  all  that  broke 
the  monotony  of  the  early  days  of  August.  Friday,  August 
12th,  Colonel  Summers  was  ordered  to  have  nine  companies 
of  his  regiment  ready  to  embark  on  vessels  before  daylight  on 
the  morning  of  the  13th,  the  day  finally  agreed  upon  for  the 
assault.  This  most  dehghtful  information  ran  through  the 
camp  with  electric  speed,  notwithstanding  it  might  foretell  ter- 
rible carnage  under  the  grim  old  walls  facing  the  sea,  where  it 
was  understood  the  Oregon  men  were  to  land.  The  soldiers 
took  up  the  shout  until  wherever  there  was  an  Oregon  man  in 
Cavite  a  series  of  wild  caperings  told  something  was  to  happen. 
The  natives  could  poorly  understand  that  all  the  gayety  was 
caused  by  the  prospect  of  facing  the  Spaniards  behind  the 
walls  of  Manila. 

Adding  more  to  the  enthusiasm  of  the  Oregon  men  was  the 
report  that  one  company  from  the  regiment  would  be  selected 
as  bodyguard  for  General  Merritt.  Company  F,  commanded 
by  Captain  Case,  was  named  for  the  work,  and  was  to  go  aboard 
the  Zafiro  on  the  morning  named,  which  vessel  the  General 
and  staff  were  to  occupy  during  the  bombardment.  Taking 
300  rounds  of  ammunition  per  man  and  only  such  equipment 
as  was  necessary  in  the  field,  all  other  articles  were  packed. 
A  more  forlorn  command  was  never  seen  in  the  Philippines 
than  that  left  in  Cavite  under  Lieutenant  Colonel  Yoran  and 
Major  Eastwick,  consisting  of  Companies  C,  I,  and  M.  Not 
from  a  sense  of  danger,  for  the  soldiers  would  welcome  a  fight 
with  superior  numbers,  but  because  they  were  being  left  when 
the  regiment  went  into  action. 

THE    CAPTURE    OF    MANILA. 

Before  the  appointed  hour,  August  13th,  Colonel  Summers 
had  his  men  aboard  the  Kwonchoi  and  Zajiro.  These  two  ves- 
sels took  positions  amidst  the  fleet  until  the  vessels  of  Admiral 
Dewey,  preceded  by  the  Monterey,  slowly  steamed  for  Manila 


42         •  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

and  then  followed  at  a  reasonable  distance  from  the  Olympia, 
so  that  communication  between  General  Merritt  and  the  Ad- 
miral was  maintained.  A  sense  of  awe  overcame  the  soldiers 
as  they  felt  themselves  moved  along  with  the  majestic  proces- 
sion, most  of  which  had  taken  part  in  the  naval  battle  of  May 
1st,  at  the  same  spot.  As  the  monitor  steamed  directly  for  the 
much-talked-of  batteries  of  Manila  and  gradually  worked  her 
way  inward  until  within  easy  range,  every  eye  was  strained 
through  the  slight  mist  to  catch  the  first  glimpse  of  smoke  from 
her  turrets  or  a  similar  challenge  from  the  fortifications  on  the 
shore.  All  looked  in  vain.  The  monitor  never  took  the  offen- 
sive, and  the  big  Krupp  guns  on  shore  did  not  care  to  rouse  her 
to  action. 

At  9:15  o'clock  a.  m.  the  Olympia  was  off  for  Fort  San  An- 
tonio Adad,  in  Malate,  at  which  she  fired  the  opening  gun.  It 
was  a  6-inch  gun  on  the  starboard  side. 

The  shell  struck  the  water  and  ricochetted  until  it  struck  the 
land.  The  Petrel  and  Raleigh  followed  shortly,  with  more  suc- 
cess. For  about  an  hour  the  three  cruisers  kept  up  a  deliber- 
ate fire,  which  was  quickened  whenever  a  puff  of  smoke  along 
the  right  wing  of  the  Spanisii  trenches  indicated  the  position 
of  the  enemy.  The  vessels  slackened  at  last,  and  the  charge 
of  the  land  forces  commenced.  A  part  of  the  Colorado  regi- 
ment could  be  seen  by  the  Oregon  boys  rushing  along  the 
beach  toward  the  stone  fort.  Their  progress  was  visible  until 
they  plunged  into  the  Cingalon  River  and  clambered  up  the 
sides  of  the  old  stone  structure  which  had  been  partly  demol- 
ished by  the  heavy  shells  from  the  fleet.  When  it  was  seen 
that  opposition  had  ceased  in  this  quarter,  the  cruisers,  fol- 
lowed by  the  Zajiro  and  Kivonchoi,  steamed  up  directly  oppo- 
site the  mouth  of  the  Pasig.  The  vessels  did  not  open  fire  on 
the  city,  nor  was  there  any  shooting  at  them  from  the  shore. 
An  undisturbed  calm  reigned  for  quite  a  period,  which  was 
relieved  by  the  arrival  of  a  launch  from  shore  bearing  at  the 
prow  a  flag  of  truce  and  the  Belgian  flag  astern.  Through  the 
fleet  word  quickly  circulated  that  negotiations  for  surrender 
were  in  progress.  The  Admiral's  flag  lieutenant  and  a  repre- 
sentative of  General  Merritt  returned  on  the  launch  to  the  city. 
After  a  brief  interval,  the  officers  came  back  to  the  ship  with 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  43 

,word  that  the  Spanish  General  agreed  to  surrender,  and  asked 
to  have  six  hundred  men  put  inside  the  Walled  City  at  once  to 
maintain  order.  The  nine  companies  of  the  Oregon  regiment 
were  just  the  numher  required,  and  the  Kwonchoi  and  the 
Zafiro  were  immediately  headed  for  the  shore.  General  Merritt 
and  staff  took  a  launch,  preceding  the  troops  by  over  an  hour, 
and  when  they  reached  the  Ayuntamiento,  where  the  Spanish 
General  had  offices,  were  in  possession.  The  Kivonchoi  ran 
ao-round  trying  to  reach  the  sea  wall,  and  her  troops  were  trans- 
fered  to  the  shore  in  launches.  Company  F  reached  the  wall 
in  the  same  manner,  being  the  first  of  the  troops  to  land. 
Colonel  Summers  landed  from  the  London  Times  and  Neiu  York 
Herald  launch,  reaching  the  shore  of  Manila  ahead  of  any  of 
his  command. 

As  fast  as  each  of  the  two  battalions  could  be  landed,  it 
formed  in  the  square  terminating  the  Reina  Christina  drive 
around  the  monument  of  Don  Simon  de  Anda.  From  there 
Company  F  and  the  First  Battalion,  Major  Gantenbein,  marched 
up  the  Reina  Christina  drive  and  entered  the  Walled  City, 
marching  directly  to  the  Ayuntamiento  building,  followed  a 
half  hour  later  by  the  Second  Battalion  and  band.  Major  Willis. 
On  the  high  walls  as  the  soldiers  passed  were  numerous  Span- 
iards, some  still  holding  their  arms,  and  the  looks  with  which 
they  greeted  the  uncouth-appearing  conquerors  were  anything 
but  pleasant.  The  way  from  the  gate  of  the  wall  to  the  palace 
was  crowded  with  soldiers  and  citizens  of  the  fallen  power. 
There  were  approximately  five  thousand  armed  men  concen- 
trated inside  the  walls.  As  the  little  band  of  five  companies 
marched  through  the  dense  throng,  bright  with  the  splendid 
uniforms  of  Spanish  officers  and  soldiers,  some  of  the  Ore- 
gonians  could  not  help  but  remember  vividly  tales  of  Spanish 
treachery.  There  was  never  any  reason  to  doubt  Spanish  sin- 
cerity, for  if  no  other  cause  was  oppressive,  Dewey  was 
anchored  just  beyond  the  walls,  and  the  advancing  American 
forces  occupied  the  city  all  around. 

The  Oregon  men  were  lined  up  in  front  of  the  palace  be- 
tween rows  of  Spanish  soldiers.  The  Spanish  General's  flag 
had  been  hauled  down,  and  in  its  stead  the  blue  emblem  of 
General  Merritt's   authority   was  run  up   over  the   building. 


44  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

Lieutenant  Young,  Company  A,  took  a  platoon  of  his  company^ 
to  escort  the  Admiral's  flag  lieutenant  and  Lieutenant  Povey, 
Company  L,  during  the  pulling  down  of  the  big  flag  over  the 
jmrapets  of  the  western  wall.  A  large  crowd  of  Spanish  men 
and  women  were  in  the  vicinity  when  their  national  colors 
were  lowered  and  the  Stars  and  Stripes  took  their  place.  Some 
of  the  women  wept  aloud  and  nearly  all  stood  with  averted 
faces.  One  lady  pleaded  with  the  Spanish  officer  nearest  to 
die  rather  than  see  the  flag  lowered.  Lieutenant  Povey,  aided 
by  two  privates,  managed  the  halyards  in  both  cases.  As  the 
Stars  and  Stripes  were  run  up,  the  Second  Battalion  marching 
up  the  Reina  Christina  drive  toward  the  Walled  City  cheered, 
and  the  band  struck  up  the  Star  Spangled  Banner.  The  effect 
was  very  dramatic. 

GUARD    DUTY    IN    THE    CITY. 

Squads  from  different  companies  were  detailed  for  guard 
duty  at  the  six  entrances  to  the  Walled  City,  over  the  treasury 
and  palace  buildings,  and  the  two  large  magazines  found  under 
the  walls.  Company  A  was  placed  in  charge  of  the  arsenal. 
Four  companies  slept  in  the  palace.  Details  were  made  to 
receive  the  arms  of  the  surrendering  soldiers.  One  crew 
worked  in  the  vestibule  of  the  palace  until  early  next  morn- 
ing, and  another  in  the  arsenal.  For  two  days  commands 
from  the  trenches  were  coming  in  to  surrender,  keeping  the 
Americans  quite  busy  receiving  and  storing  the  arms  and 
ammunition.  Colonel  Summers  was  made  acting  provost 
marshal  and  was  placed  in  charge  of  everything  inside  the 
walls  for  about  a  week,  leaving  the  immediate  command  of  the 
troops  to  Major  Gantenbein.  The  second  day  all  the  troops, 
except  Companies  A  and  F,  were  quartered  in  the  Cuartel  de 
Espana.  For  the  first  three  days  hardly  any  of  the  soldiers 
were  able  to  sleep,  duties  were  so  heavy.  After  that  the  arse- 
nal was  placed  in  charge  of  the  Twenty-third  Infantry,  which 
regiment  also  assumed  control  of  the  lower  third  of  the  Walled 
City.  Four  companies  of  the  Minnesota  regiment  were  given 
a  belt  in  the  center,  and  the  Oregon  regiment  took  charge  of 
the  southern  half,  besides  the  palace,  where  Company  F  was 
quartered. 


^^^-'     Headoxjarters    Department  of  the  Pacific 

1 

'     .      •                                                                                   _..... ..-.'iL-iAi ,  Phdipfiint  liianiii. 

^-., 

itu;:,ust:.    3Jth,    lti?8. 

',    ■                                    ...I...     1  .    .,^       ■      1       r"^     _             l„:,l^er    tnfii'Cry. 

.r^:- 

f'                                                    --•:,■          ....■.,           .    .  ,             .   .r,      ,  ^^.  ■         '  ■..  r;n.  , 

1                                     ,                                                                         .  .■    duties    of   Acuir-t; 

[•                                                                                                            -         ;  .e    I,  i-vj    i  TTned  lately 

1 

i:-3 

'                   •          ■                .                                                                 ,..       ^  .,,,^,                                    .j,_ 

,. 

f                                                                                                 .    ■-:    e';ia:-ed   t;.2    ;,ards;:i;;     :,f 

y                                                                                    Ver>'    respectfally. 

ymjor- General,    0.    S.   Army. 

"li^lfw/iL^IU^^.H). 


FACSIMILE   OF   LETTEK   WRITTEN    BY    MAJ.  GEN.  WESLEY    MERRITT, 
U.  S.  ARMY, 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  45 

The  work  of  the  Second  Oregon  inside  the  walls  during  the 
early  days  of  American  occupation  was  equal  to  the  best  services 
performed  in  the  Eighth  Army  Corps  during  the  same  time. 
It  was  bloodless,  but  exacting.  Spaniards  have  always  asserted 
that  the  surrender  of  Manila  on  August  13th  was  pursuant 
to  a  prearranged  plan  agreed  upon  by  their  General  and  Gen- 
eral Merritt.  Everybody  realized  how  fruitless  of  everything 
but  havoc  would  be  resistance  by  them.  Food  scarce,  health- 
ful water  controlled  by  the  enemy,  the  city  invested  by  a  strong 
force  of  disciplined  troops  and  a  swarm  of  blacks,  an  overpow- 
ering fleet  standing  within  easy  range,  final  defeat  was  inevit- 
able. Reliable  authorities  repeated  before  the  surrender  that 
all  that  deterred  the  Spanish  officers  from  immediate  sur- 
render was  the  unreasonable  attitude  of  their  home  govern- 
ment should  not  a  show  of  resistance  be  made,  and  also  the  fear 
of  occupation  of  the  city  by  the  Filipino  armed  rabble.  As 
soon  as  their  ungrateful  people  could  be  appeased  and  there 
was  assurance  that  civilized  troops  would  assume  control  of  the 
city,  there  seemed  no  further  disposition  to  prolong  a  destruc- 
tive, useless  conflict.  There  was  ample  evidence  during  the 
bombardment  that  the  American  commanders  appreciated  the 
situation,  if,  indeed,  they  were  not  acting  according  to  mutual 
plans,  and,  although  the  inherent  efficiency  of  the  American 
soldiers  was  partly  demonstrated,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that 
the  enemy  retired  from  their  outworks  far  more  readily  than 
they  would  have  under  other  circumstances.  It  has  been 
hinted  that  the  ambition  of  certain  American  commanders 
actually  precipitated  most  of  the  fighting  of  the  day.  Certainly 
the  indiscreetness  of  the  commanders  at  one  time  came  near 
causing  a  renewal  of  the  fight,  after  negotiations  for  absolute 
surrender  were  well  under  way.  Nothing  of  the  kind  can  be 
charged  to  the  Oregon  regiment  or  its  commander.  All  work 
assigned  to  Colonel  Summers  and  his  men  was  dispatched  with 
promptness,  firmness,  and  consideration. 

Six  long  weary  months  for  the  Oregon  men  passed  between 
August  13th  and  the  outbreak  of  the  struggle  with  the  Fili- 
pinos— months  filled  with  doubtful  issues,  trying  experiences 
and  disappointments.  News  of  peace  between  the  United 
States  and  Spain  followed  closely  upon  the  fall  of  Manila.     No 


46  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

policy  had  then  been  outlined  by  the  McKinley  administration 
regarding  the  future  of  the  Philippines.  There  seemed  to  the 
soldiers  on  duty  there,  although  personally  weary  of  the  service 
in  the  tropics,  no  reasonable  alternative  for  the  Government  in 
the  matter.  However,  no  declaration  was  ever  made  during 
the  period  intervening  the  date  of  the  peace  protocol  and  the 
announcement  of  the  Peace  Commissioners'  work,  so  the  sol- 
diers never  knew  until  then  whether  their  sacrifices  were  for 
American  possessions  or  in  furtherance  of  a  chance  adventure. 
They  believed  a  reasonable  interpretation  of  their  contract  of 
enlistment  would  grant  their  discharge  soon  after  the  expira- 
tion of  hostilities.  The  desire  to  get  back  to  the  United  States 
was  aggravated  by  the  act  of  favoritism  perpetrated  by  the  War 
Department  in  returning  the  Astor  Battery  shortly  after  the 
Spanish  war  ceased. 

THE    UNHEALTHY    CITY. 

Sickness  proved  during  this  waiting  period  more  fatal  than 
human  enemies.  Exceedingly  unsanitary  sewers  in  old  Manila 
aided  the  disease-breeding  cesspools  and  filthy  moats  in  dissemi- 
nating typhoid,  malaria,  and  fevers.  Several  deaths  occurred, 
and  but  few  members  of  the  regiment  escaped  an  attack  of  some 
form.  In  some  instances  a  soldier  would  recover  from  one  dis- 
ease to  become  the  victim  of  another  equally  or  more  severe. 
Smallpox  appeared  shortly  after  the  troops  reached  the  city. 
When  it  was  first  discovered  in  the  city,  there  was  a  feeling 
bordering  on  consternation.  Dire  conjectures  were  made  of 
the  limits  which  it  seemed  probable  smallpox  would  reach  in 
a  city  so  filthy,  densely  populated,  and  hot.  Strict  measures 
were  planned  and  executed  to  restrict  its  course.  A  few  deaths 
resulted  from  this  disease,  but  a  mere  fraction  of  the  number  at 
first  apprehended.  Americans  failed  to  consider  that  smallpox 
in  Manila  is  nearly  always  prevalent,  has  a  relatively  small 
number  of  untouched  cases  among  the  natives,  and,  therefore, 
with  scientific  care  of  the  soldiers,  but  little  danger  was  to  be 
apprehended  from  it. 

Preparation  of  the  food  furnished  soldiers  soon  demanded 
more  attention  than  it  had  ever  received.  Owing  to  the  fact 
that  much  of  the  ration  was  improper  food  for  a  hot  climate, 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  47 

this  subject  became  especially  important.  In  the  Cuartel  de 
Espaiia  the  soldiers  built  large  ovens  and  heaters  that  enabled 
them  to  bake  breadstuffs  and  cook  their  meals  in  the  most  ap- 
proved manner.  Gradually,  also,  the  subsistence  department 
altered  the  ration  as  consumption  pointed  out  the  required 
articles.  One  feature  of  the  regiment's  conduct  during  this 
period  that  will  be  remembered  with  pride,  was  the  splendid 
discipline  maintained  and  the  soldierly  appearance  of  the  men. 
While  in  the  Filipino  war  it  was  found,  as  elsewhere,  that  the 
fastidiously  exact  in  attire  do  not  always  make  the  best  fighters, 
there  were  many  good  results  from  the  wholesome  discipline 
of  the  Oregon  regiment.  The  regiment  gained  the  name  of 
being  the  most  military  in  appearance  and  performance  of 
duty  of  any  volunteers  in  Manila.  No  licentious  excesses  could 
flourish  under  such  restraints,  and,  consequently,  the  names  of 
the  Oregon  soldiers  were  not  so  often  associated  with  high- 
handed and  unlawful  practices  as  were  some  others  engaged  in 
provost  guard  duty.  When  trouble  commenced  the  discipline 
of  the  regiment  also  assured  it  places  of  the  greatest  responsi- 
bility. A  work  of  no  small  importance  was  done  by  the  regi- 
ment in  forcing  residents  in  the  district  guarded  to  keep  their 
premises  clean  of  all  filth  and  rubbish.  Captain  Heath  was  ap- 
pointed by  the  Colonel  sanitary  officer,  and  regularly  inspected 
the  beats  patroled  by  the  soldiers  for  any  lapse  in  enforcement 
of  orders  in  this  respect. 

MARKED    ABILITY    OF    THE    OFFICERS    RECOGNIZED. 

As  a  mark  of  the  individual  ability  of  the  officers  of  the 
regiment,  may  be  cited  their  employment  in  positions  of  im- 
portance in  the  Military  Government.  Their  judicial  ability 
was  above  the  average.  Major  Gantenbein  was  early  appointed 
president  of  two  general  courts-martial,  one  of  the  senior  mem- 
bers of  the  military  commission,  the  highest  tribunal  of  the 
administration,  a  member  of  the  board  of  claims  against  the 
Spanish  Government  and  of  the  board  of  claims  against  the 
United  States  Government.  Though  detailed  on  these  various 
boards  he  continued  to  perform  all  the  duties  of  battalion  com- 
mander with  his  regiment  until  March  22,  1899.  Upon  the 
establishment  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  Philippine  Islands 


48  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

a  feAV  days  before  the  departure  of  the  regiment  for  the  United 
States,  he  was  tendered  a  position  as  Associate  Justice  of  the 
Supreme  Court,  but  preferred  to  return  with  his  regiment. 
Major  Eastwick  was  appointed  president  of  a  general  court- 
martial  composed  of  Oregon  and  Tennessee  officers.  Lieuten- 
ants Dunbar  and  Telfer  were  chosen  judge-advocates  of  general 
courts-martial.  Lieutenant  Colonel  Yoran  alwa.vs  acted  as  field 
and  summar}^  court  officer  of  the  regiment.  Lieutenant  Piatt 
was  appointed  acting  assistant  judge-advocate  on  General 
Hughes'  staff,  a  position  requiring  much  work  during  the  early 
occupation  by  the  Americans,  owing  to  the  involved  nature  of 
real  estate  and  contracts.  Captain  Wells  was  appointed  on  a 
board  of  examiners  for  the  Eighth  Army  Corps.  Captain 
Whiting  was  given  full  charge  of  the  smallpox  hospital,  where 
his  tireless  and  efficient  work  won  the  praise  of  every  patient 
cared  for,  as  well  as  his  superiors.  Lieutenant  Bryan  had 
charge  of  the  sales' department  of  the  general  commissary  until 
his  resignation  from  the  service  on  account  of  poor  health. 
Lieutenant  Povey  was  detailed  as  depot  quartermaster  of  Cavite 
until  that  depot  was  abandoned.  He  was  then  brevetted  cap- 
tain and  made  assistant  depot  quartermaster  to  Major  Jones, 
depot  quartermaster  at  Manila.  Lieutenant  Wolfe  was  detailed 
to  act  as  third  in  rank  at  the  Presidio  de  Manila,  the  island 
penitentiary,  where  Captain  Case  also  acted  for  a  period  on  a 
commission  inspecting  the  books  of  the  institution  as  left  by 
the  Spaniards. 

Oregon  privates  were  on  duty  in  every  department  of  the- 
corps.  In  the  Adjutant  General's  office  there  were  more  Oregon 
men  than  from  all  other  commands  combined.  The  quarter- 
master's department  had  also  a  large  percentage  of  Oregon  men, 
and  in  most  of  the  undertakings  of  the  government  requiring 
especial  skill  or  training,  Oregon  men  were  to  be  found. 

Company  H  of  the  regiment  was  selected  by  General  Hughes 
for  the  customhouse,  where  the  general  capacity  of  the  mem- 
bers for  all  branches  of  work  in  that  institution  was  often 
commented  upon.  General  Hughes  himself  stated  that  it  was 
unlikely  that  in  the  entire  army  corps  another  company  could 
be  found  in  which  there  were  so  many  men  competent  to  man- 
age  such  affairs.     Lieutenant  McKinnon   acted  as   boarding 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  49 

officer  of  the  port  from  the  time  the  company  entered  upon 
customhouse  duties  until  relieved.  Captain  McDonell  had  a 
supervising  position,  and  Lieutenant  Gritzmacher  commanded 
the  customhouse  guards. 

RECRUITS    FOR    THE    RECilMENT. 

When  President  McKinley  issued  the  second  call  for  troops 
all  the  State  was  allowed  to  raise  was  a  sufficient  number  to  fill 
the  Second  Oregon  companies  up  to  the  full  war  footing.  This 
number  was  ready  before  the  mustering  officer  could  attend  to 
the  physical  examinations.  It  was  deemed  inexpedient  to 
assemble  all  at  a  central  point,  so  the  mustering  and  medical 
officers  visited  different  cities  of  the  State  where  the  recruits 
were  enlisted.  The  call  was  issued  May  25th,  and  the  last  of 
the  recruits  left  the  State  July  7th.  They  could  have  gone  far 
earlier  had  they  been  accepted  as  fit  for  service  sooner.  At 
first  the  recruits  were  placed  under  the  command  of  Major 
Diggles  as  detachment  commander,  and  under  the  immediate 
control  of  a  sergeant  of  the  Thirteenth  Minnesota,  as  drill- 
master.  The  total  of  313  men  were  separated  into  provisional 
companies  for  convenience  in  drills  and  mess,  but  were  mus- 
tered as  one  company.  Up  to  the  time  of  departure  for  Manila 
the  recruits  were  under  many  different  commanders  from  dif- 
ferent regiments.  They  were  not  uniformed  with  system  or 
method.  A  campaign  hat  would  be  issued  one  day,  a  pair  of 
leggings  another,  a  blouse  still  another,  and  so  on  until  the  men 
presented  a  semimilitary  aspect.  Some  of  the  clothing  issued 
was  of  the  worst  quality. 

At  first  the  recruits  were  encamped  at  what  was  known  as 
Camp  Merritt,  part  of  the  time  in  an  old  barn,  without  bedding, 
shelter,  or  adequate  clothing.  They  were  then  moved  into 
tents,  and  made  to  sleep  in  the  wet,  cold  sand,  where  many  of 
them  contracted  pneumonia,  and  several  died.  The  Oregon 
men  were  later  removed  from  cold,  disagreeable  Camp  Merritt 
and  camped  in  the  Presidio,  where  their  condition  was  vastly 
improved.  After  repeatedly  preparing  for  the  voyage  across 
the  Pacific  to  join  their  regiment,  the  tired  men  were  finally, 
on  October  17th,  put  aboard  the  trans|)ort  Senator  for  Manila, 
where  they  arrived  the  day  before  Thanksgiving.  On  Thanks- 
3 


50  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

giving  day  the}^  disembarked,  after  being  thoroughly  vaccinated, 
and  partook  of  a  pleasant  repast  that  had  been  prepared  for 
them  by  the  members  of  the  respective  companies  to  which 
they  were  assigned.  One  member  of  the  recruits,  who  had 
acted  as  sergeant  major  of  the  detachment,  John  W.  Marshall, 
was  afterwards  appointed  sergeant  major  of  the  regiment  upon 
the  discharge  of  Sergeant  Major  Rintoul. 

With  the  commencement  of  the  "siege  of  Manila"  on  the 
nio-ht  of  February  4th,  the  work  of  the  provost  guard  became 
arduous  and  critical.  Throughout  the  time  that  the  regiment 
remained  on  such  duty  until  relieved  to  take  the  field,  it  certainly 
is  favorable  to  notice  that  no  hostile  demonstration  ever  oc- 
curred in  the  district  patroled.  Oregon  men  were  as  eager  as 
any  in  the  corps  to  inflict  punishment  on  the  contemptuous 
Filipinos,  for  they,  equally  with  all  Americans  in  Luzon,  had 
suffered  from  their  insolence.  Yet  they  performed  duty  with- 
out venting  revengeful  feeling,  performed  it  so  thoroughly  and 
well  that  it  was  only  after  strong  efforts  that  Colonel  Summers 
was  finally  able  to  get  his  command  relieved  from  provost 
guard  duty. 

THE    OUTBREAK    OF    THE    FILIPINO    REBELLION. 

On  the  night  of  February  4th,  when  fighting  commenced,  all 
of  the  Oregon  regiment  took  its  assigned  posts.  A  false  alarm, 
previously,  when  the  soldiers  were  all  called  out,  demonstrated 
that  the  Oregonians  were  equal  if  not  superior  to  the  best  in 
point  of  speed.  Then  the  regiment  was  marching  out  of  the 
cuartel  in  fighting  array  seven  minutes  after  the  alarm.  Better 
time  than  that  was  made  February  4th.  The  positions  were 
occupied  long  before  the  residents  were  fully  aware  that  hos- 
tilities had  commenced.  The  First  Battalion,  Major  Ganten- 
bein,  held  the  southern  gate,  the  portion  of  the  wall  west  of  it, 
and  the  outer  bridge  of  the  causeway  leading  over  the  water 
to  the  southern  gate.  Major  Eastwick  conducted  three  com- 
panies of  his  battalion  to  the  southeast  corner  of  the  wall  and 
the  more  southerly  of  the  eastern  gates. 

The  Second  Battalion  was  held  by  Major  Willis  on  Victoria 
Street,  immediately  in  front  of  the  cuartel,  as  a  force  to  operate 
anywhere  inside  the  walls  should  trouble  commence.     At  dif- 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  51 

ferent  times  on  that  memorable  night  the  Oregon  soldiers  took 
the  same  positions,  after  trying  to  secure  temporary  rests. 
Every  man  was  at  his  post,  including  a  score  who  had  been 
receiving  treatment  in  the  regimental  hospital.  When  Gen- 
eral Hughes  made  his  rounds  to  ascertain  the  arrangement  of 
the  provost  guard  force,  he  found  nothing  to  do  in  the  Oregon 
district.  All  were  in  perfect  position,  anxiously  waiting  for 
the  visage  of  strife  to  emerge  from  the  jumble  of  old  buildings. 
Company  H,  at  the  customhouse,  guarded  a  district  adjacent 
to  that  building.  Company  F  kept  a  strong  guard  over  the 
palace,  besides  reinforcing  the  guards  of  the  Twenty-third 
Infantry  at  two  of  the  city  entrances.  Nothing  of  moment 
happened  to  any  of  the  Oregon  soldiers  that  night.  The  long 
firing  line,  circling  fourteen  miles  around  the  great  city,  was 
within  easy  hearing  distance,  and  awakened  within  the  breasts 
of  idle  guards  within  the  walls  a  spirit  of  intense  eagerness. 

At  daybreak,  when  the  American  advance  commenced,  in- 
creased vigilance  was  demanded  of  the  Walled  City  guards. 
Nothing  more.  Opportunity  was  had  to  observe  the  decadence 
of  Filipino  egotism.  The  most  intolerable  insolence  was  nigh 
the  bursting  mark  when  firing  commenced.  The  immediate 
occupation  of  every  street  by  determined  soldiers  was  a  slight 
depression.  Fast  accumulating  reports  of  Filipino  reverses 
rapidly  added  to  their  discouragement.  By  noon,  when  the 
audacious  followers  of  Aguinaldo  had  but  one  purpose  in  life  — 
shelter  from  the  white  man's  fury  —  Filipinos  in  Manila  were 
the  most  forlorn,  abject  bipeds  inhabiting  the  earth. 

The  savage  work  of  skulking  blacks  in  the  Paco  district, 
hiding  in  pretendedly  friendly  houses  and  firing  at  the  soldiers 
from  the  rear,  or  the  ambulances  with  wounded  soldiers  and 
Red  Cross  attendants,  brought  upon  them  in  the  early  morning 
severe  punishment.  As  troops  could  not  be  spared  from  the 
front,  one  battalion  of  the  Oregon  regiment  was  asked  to  take 
charge  of  the  district.  Major  Eastwick,  with  Companies  C, 
G,  and  K,  patroled  all  between  Paco  church  and  the  hospital. 
Several  times  the  men  were  fired  upon  from  the  huts  and  also 
from  the  Paco  church  before  it  was  destroyed  by  the  Wash- 
ington, Oregon,  and  Idaho  soldiers.  No  fatalities  occurred, 
nor  were  the  soldiers  able  to  locate  their  sneaking  enemy.     In 


52  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

the  afternoon  the  three  companies  were  sent  to  quarters  for  a 
little  rest,  and  Companies  D  and  L,  under  Major  Gantenbein, 
took  the  patrol.  Natives  became  unusually  troublesome  in  a 
remote  quarter  of  the  district,  to  which  Major  Gantenbein 
directed  his  attention.  Forming  a  long  skirmish  line  he  con- 
ducted his  men  through  the  zone,  driving  from  it  all  bearing 
arms  and  capturing  forty-tive  men  who  were  strongly  suspected 
of  being  the  guilty  parties,  as  some  of  them  were  discovered 
while  in  the  act  of  casting  tirearms  into  sloughs.  Four  or  five 
of  these  natives,  while  attempting  to  escape,  were  shot. 

THE  CAPTURE  OF  THE  WATER  WORKS. 

Monday  morning  following  the  third  battalions  of  the  Ore- 
gon, Tennessee,  and  Twenty-third  Infantry  regiments  were 
ordered  to  be  ready  to  march  to  the  support  of  the  Nebraska 
regiment  in  the  contemplated  assault  on  the  water  system,  still 
held  by  the  Filipinos.  F,  the  fourth  company  of  the  battalion, 
being  at  the  palace,  was  not  taken.  Companies  C,  G,  and  K 
were  under  way  promptly  at  noon,  thickly  interspersed  with 
numerous  men  from  the  other  companies  of  the  regiment,  who 
were  trying  to  get  on  the  firing  line  by  this  means.  All  strag- 
glers were  sent  back  despite  protests.  Company  G  was  com- 
manded by  Captain  Barber,  promoted  to  the  captaincy  shortly 
before,  owing  to  the  resignation  of  Captain  Gadsby.  Compa- 
nies C  and  K  were  commanded  by  their  original  captains, 
Moon  and  Worrick,  respectively.  Major  Eastwick  was  assigned 
to  the  reserve  in  the  fight  that  resulted  in  the  capture  of  the 
entire  water  system.  Lieutenant  Sutton,  Company  G,  who  had 
just  been  promoted  to  the  position,  was  ordered  to  take  one 
platoon  of  his  company  to  the  firing  line  of  the  Twenty-third 
and  Tennessee  men,  out  on  the  Mariquina  Road,  reaching  the 
position  just  in  time  to  form  in  the  final  charge  over  the  breast- 
works of  the  Filipinos.  Next  morning,  Captain  Barber,  with 
the  remainder  of  the  company,  joined  him,  after  which  the 
long  march  around  through  the  Mariquina  Valley  was  taken 
up.  Light  skirmishes  continued  until  the  command  reached 
and  destroyed  Mariquina,  a  town  of  fifteen  thousand  inhabitants. 
Company  G  rejoined  Major  Eastwick  on  the  pipe  line  that 
night.     The  three  companies  for  four  days  guarded  the  district 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  53 

between  the  pumping  station  and  the  Deposito,  a  distance  of 
four  miles.  Several  exciting  incidents  occurred  in  the  light 
skirmishing  and  lonely  picket  duty,  but  without  serious  results. 
Following  the  installment  of  the  Nebraska  regiment  at  the 
pumping  station  and  along  the  adjacent  portion  of  the  pipe 
line,  Major  Eastwick's  battalion  was  assigned  to  the  district 
between  the  Deposito  and  Manila,  covering  a  distance  of  two 
and  a  half  miles.  Captain  Barber  held  half  of  Company  G  in 
the  old  stone  powder  magazine  on  the  north  bank  of  the  San 
Juan  River,  and  the  other  half  in  stone  Blockhouse  No.  5,  just 
across  on  the  other  bank.  Captain  Worrick  divided  Company 
K  between  a  good  position  immediately  south  of  the  Mariquina 
Road  and  an  eminence  nearer  the  magazine.  Captain  Moon 
held  Company  C  on  a  ridge  between  the  Mariquina  Road  and 
the  position  of  the  Wyoming  battalion,  a  half  mile  to  the  north. 
Substantial  breastworks  were  thrown  up  by  each  of  the  com- 
panies, and  daily  drills  had  in  the  work  of  defending  them. 
Lieutenant  Murphy  of  Company  K  was  assigned  to  the  com- 
mand of  a  Hotchkiss  and  Gattling  battery,  consisting  of  two 
guns  of  each  make,  which  was  directed  to  operate  with  any 
part  of  the  line  in  that  vicinity  needing  its  services.  The  men 
to  work  the  guns  were  drawn  from  the  Utah  battery  and  the 
three  Oregon  companies. 

THE    UPRISING    IN    MANILA. 

Not  until  the  night  of  February  22d  was  there  anything  of 
a  hostile  effort  inside  the  city  to  engage  the  provost  guard. 
About  9  o'clock  that  evening  fire,  plainly  of  incendiary  origin, 
broke  out  in  the  Santa  Cruz  district,  first  appearing  in  a  house 
of  ill  repute  in  the  Chinese  quarter  there.  Spreading  rapidly 
in  the  face  of  the  ludicrous  and  half-hearted  work  of  the  na- 
tive firemen,  a  section  three  blocks  in  width  was  burned  towards 
the  center  of  the  city.  A  variety  of  Chinese  structures,  besides 
five  or  six  rather  imposing  Spanish  residences,  were  in  the 
path ;  also  one  cigar  factory.  The  arrival  of  the  English  and 
German  fire  brigades  and  the  energetic  work  of  the  soldiers 
were  the  means  of  confining  the  fire  to  this  district,  which  was 
bordered,  leeward,  by  one  of  the  numerous  canals  in  Manila. 
None  of  the  Oregon  men  were  called  upon  then. 


54  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

Shortly  after  the  first  fire  had  subsided,  flames  began  to  leap 
from  the  nipa  huts  in  the  Tondo  district,  near  where  Company 
C  of  the  Thirteenth  Minnesota  regiment  was  quartered.  It  was 
while  making  an  effort  to  reach  the  scene  of  this  fire  so  as  to 
extinguish  it,  that  shooting  commenced.  Soon  the  whole  Tondo 
district  was  infested  with  Filipinos  carrying  arms.  Shots  were 
fired  at  passing  soldiers  from  windows  in  the  San  Nicolas  and 
Binondo  districts.  A  strong  body  seemed  to  have  organized  in 
the  vicinity  of  Paseo  de  Excarraga,  where  an  effort  was  made 
to  cut  off  the  Minnesota  boys.  Company  H  of  the  Oregon  regi- 
ment went  to  the  rescue,  after  which  the  two  formed  along  the 
circular  boulevard,  cutting  off  communication  between  the 
large  force  in  Tondo  and  the  scattering  sharpshooters  through- 
out the  more  central  portion.  Company  A,  Second  Oregon, 
had  been  doing  police  duty  in  the  Binondo  district  for  more 
than  a  week  preceding  the  fire.  The  district  patrolled  by  it  lay 
along  the  canal  dividing  Binondo  and  San  Nicolas.  One  squad, 
under  the  immediate  command  of  Sergeant  Deich,  was  sta- 
tioned at  the  rear  of  the  old  market  building,  where  the  third 
and  most  menacing  fire  originated,  when  flames  started  up. 
Several  Filipinos  running  from  one  housetop  to  another  near 
the  market  were  shot.  Captain  McDonell  of  Company  H,  see- 
ing the  conflagration  starting  at  the  rear,  sent  several  squads 
back  to  fight  fire  there  and  to  aid  in  guarding  the  firemen  from 
the  treacherous  attempts  of  the  Filipino  sharpshooters  scattered 
thereabout.  About  the  same  time  Companies  I  and  L  of  the 
Second  Oregon,  the  remaining  two  companies  of  the  First  Bat- 
talion, under  Major  Gantenbein,  were  also  called  by  General 
Hughes  to  the  scene.  Half  of  each  guarded  the  arms,  while  the 
other  halves  were  organized  into  small  squads  to  use  the  fire  ap- 
paratus, which  was  worse  than  useless  in  the  hands  of  natives. 
It  was  absolutely  apparent  by  that  time  that  the  pretended 
amigos  were  either  in  hearty  sympathy  with  the  dastardly 
attempts  of  the  insurgents  to  fire  the  city,  or  were  so  terrorized  by 
threats  of  the  insurgents  that  they  were  useless.  In  three  in- 
stances Filipinos  were  discovered  cutting  the  hose.  Orders 
were  issued  to  shoot  any  person  found  in  such  work.  The 
Oregon  boys,  aided  by  some  of  the  Minnesota  guards,  seized  the 
fire  apparatus,  placed  it  where  it  would  be  effective,  and  worked 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  OO 

like  Trojans  until  well  into  the  following  day.  The  English 
fire  engine  and  another  steamer  of  fair  proportions  were  taken 
in  hand,  with  splendid  results.  Had  it  not  been  for  this  and 
the  heroic  labor  of  Captain  Wells,  with  some  of  his  men,  and 
squads  from  H  and  also  I,  under  Lieutenant  Campbell,  the  tire 
could  not  have  been  checked  on  the  southwest  before  reaching 
the  valuable  warehouses  and  storerooms  along  the  water  front, 
among  which  were  the  government  buildings  containing  sup- 
plies and  clothing.  A  slight  breeze-  had  sprung  up  from  the 
northeast.  In  the  path  of  the  flames  starting  from  the  old 
market  were  swarms  of  Chinese  and  Filipinos,  housed  with 
true  Oriental  economy  of  space.  As  fast  as  their  quarters 
ignited  they  were  forced  out  on  to  the  streets,  from  which  they 
had  been  ordered  under  severe  penalties.  General  Hughes  had 
issued  orders  for  everybody,  save  the  soldiers  and  firemen,  to 
be  kept  inside.  The  terror-stricken  inhabitants  gradually  ven- 
tured from  the  burning  buildings,  apparently  less  in  awe  of  the 
sweeping  conflagration  wrapping  their  homes  than  the  white 
soldiers,  whom  they  had  been  taught  to  fear  as  the  most  atro- 
cious of  mankind.  As  the  frightened  people  realized  that  the 
Americans  were  governed  by  reason  they  became  more  mol)ile 
and  were  easily  conducted  in  an  orderly  manner  to  safe  locali- 
ties and  kept  within  prescribed  bounds.  Many  sights  of  de- 
pressing distress  were  placed  before  the  eyes  of  the  soldiers  that 
night  which  will  never  be  effaced. 

General  Hughes  warmly  complimented  more  than  one  of  the 
Oregon  men  for  efficient  service.  When  he  called  upon  Lieu- 
tenant Telfer  to  man  the  English  fire  engine,  that  officer  in  a 
few  moments  selected  from  the  half  of  Company  L  under  his 
command  an  engineer,  a  driver  and  hoseman,  who  quickly  had 
in  operation  practically  the  only  engine  used  that  night.  Light 
pressure  was  noticed  in  all  the  hydrants,  thus  reducing  the  effi- 
ciency of  the  ordinary  hose.  Several  squads  of  Oregon  men, 
under  the  immediate  direction  of  General  Hughes,  Major  Gan- 
tenbein,  Captain  Wells,  and  Lieutenant  Campbell,  however,  did 
good  work  with  these  weak  streams.  In  the  morning  all  the 
Oregon  men  were  relieved  for  much-needed  rest.  The  com- 
panies remaining  in  the  Cuartel  de  Espafia,  as  guard  inside 
the   walls,  experienced   no   appreciable   difficulties.     Once   or 


56  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

twice  little  attempts  at  arson  were  forestalled  in  time  to  pre- 
vent damage,  and  extra  guards  vigilantly  patrolled  the  streets. 

General  Hughes  decided  to  drive  the  insurgents,  who  had 
fortified  in  Tondo,  out  of  the  city  or  capture  them.  He  asked 
Colonel  Summers  to  send  two  companies  that  were  rested,  under 
the  command  of  a  major,  who  should  operate  with  two  compa- 
nies from  the  Thirteenth  Minnesota,  in  doing  this  work. 

Major  Willis  was  ordered  to  take  Companies  E  and  M,  Cap- 
tains Davis  and  Poorman,  respectively,  and  proceed  to  the 
Tondo  church.  There  he  was  joined  by  Companies  C  and  M, 
Thirteenth  Minnesota.  Each  of  the  four  companies  had  in 
ranks  only  half  their  men,  as  the  other  half  were  on  guard 
duty.  Insurgent  sharpshooters,  posted  through  the  ruins  of 
the  demolished  buildings  in  the  vicinity  of  the  church,  had 
kept  up  from  daybreak  an  accurate  fire  on  everybody  approach- 
ing their  position.  Major  Willis  marched  the  four  companies 
out  into  the  fire  zone  until  the  column  was  fired  upon.  Then 
he  deployed  in  extended  order,  placing  Company  E  on  the  left, 
Company  M  in  the  center,  and  Company  C,  Thirteenth  Minne- 
sota, on  the  right.  Company  M  of  the  Minnesotas  was  com- 
manded by  Captain  McKelvy,  and  Company  C  by  Lieutenant 
Snow.  Lieutenant  Dunbar  was  with  Company  E,  and  Lieu- 
tenant Platts  with  Company  M  of  the  Oregon  companies.  With 
Captain  McKelvy's  company  in  reserve,  the  advance  com- 
menced. Across  the  two  streets  extending  almost  parallel 
through  Tondo  were  built  stone  barricades,  a  small  stone  en- 
closure one  hundred  feet  square  being  between  the  two  barri- 
cades. As  soon  as  the  line  started  forward  a  pretty  hot  fire 
was  opened  by  the  enemy,  scattered  advantageously  in  front 
of  the  main  positions.  Steadily  these  were  borne  backward 
until  the  full  force  was  encountered  behind  the  fortifications. 
Here  the  firing  was  hot  for  the  number  engaged.  Major  Willis 
kept  a  position  near  the  center  of  the  line  and  kept  in  touch 
through  his  adjutant.  Lieutenant  Brazee.  By  checking  the 
center  slightly  and  forging  his  two  wings  ahead,  the  major  was 
able  to  catch  the  two  barricades  and  stone  enclosure  in  some- 
what of  a  flank  fire,  which  proved  too  deadly  for  the  enemy. 
As  the  Filipinos  broke  from  their  cover  and  commenced  to 
retreat  to  the  tramway  station  they  offered  excellent  targets  for 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  5/ 

the  American  soldiers,  who  utilized  the  opportunity  with  deadly 
accuracy.  A  line  of  eight,  running  alongside  the  little  fort, 
were  mowed  down  almost  instantly  hy  the  left  wing,  which  had 
advanced  so  as  to  fully  command  the  space  retreated  over. 
Those  in  the  center  also  advanced  rapidly  about  the  same 
instant,  adding  to  the  discomfiture  of  the  demoralized  blacks. 
They  fied  rapidly  toward  a  series  of  barricades  beyond  the 
tramway  station,  barely  checking  there  to  give  a  few  parting 
shots. 

"Major  Goodale,  Twenty-third  Infantry,  with  two  companies 
from  that  regiment,  arrived  on  the  scene  just  as  the  first  bar- 
ricades and  little  fort  were  being  carried.  They  were  able  to 
bring  down  a  few  of  the  enemy  on  the  extreme  right  that  had 
taken  refuge  in  the  brush.  Being  the  senior  officer,  he  was 
tendered  command  of  the  whole  force  by  Major  Willis.  After 
a  brief  halt  the  line  was  reformed,  the  fresh  troops  being  placed 
on  the  left  this  time,  and  the  four  companies  of  the  volunteers 
on  the  right.  The  latter  spread  over  all  the  ground  adjacent 
to  the  railroad,  and  moved  forward  until  Caloocan  was  reached, 
but  had  no  more  fighting.  Major  Goodale,  with  his  two  com- 
panies, gave  the  remaining  Filipinos  a  finishing  touchdown 
in  the  swamp  near  the  shore  of  the  bay.  It  was  evident  that 
all  were  retreating  in  this  direction,  but  the  land  forces  relied 
upon  the  cooperation  of  some  small  launches  under  the  com- 
mand of  naval  officers  to  intercept  any  fugitives  trying  to  reach 
Malabon. 

The  Tondo  fight  was  one  of  the  most  successful  from  a  stra- 
tegic point  that  had  occurred.  For  the  number  of  Americans 
engaged,  it  was  a  splendid  success.  Major  Willis  commanded 
approximately  200,  and  it  was  estimated  that  the  insurgents 
had  between  250  and  300.  Sixty  were  killed  on  the  field,  fifty 
were  taken  prisoners,  and  the  remainder  succeeded  in  again 
reaching  Malabon.  Eighty  well-armed  soldiers  in  one  band 
were  counted  while  crossing  the  shallow  lagoon  between  the 
mainland  and  a  narrow  strip  of  land  leading  to  that  city.  Sev- 
eral others  escaped  in  the  same  way.  The  American  loss  was 
trifling.  Up  to  the  arrival  of  the  companies  of  the  Twenty- 
third,  no  one  had  been  mortally  wounded.  Two  Minnesota 
soldiers  had  been  lightly  hit,  and  Private  Hildebrand  of  Com- 


58  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

pany  E,  Second  Oregon,  received  a  scratch  on  one  finger.  In 
the  fight  by  Major  Goodale  one  soldier  was  killed  and  another 
badly  wounded.  A  distressing  scene  was  revealed  when  the 
soldiers  entered  the  stone  enclosure  used  as  a  fort.  Inside  of 
this  there  were  twenty  dead  bodies,  all  well  armed,  besides 
thirty  adult  men,  probably  in  the  ranks  of  the  insurgents  be- 
fore they  discovered  that  escape  was  impossible,  and  about  one 
hundred  and  fifty  women  and  children.  The  fright  of  these 
abject  creatures,  made  more  heartrending  by  severities  follow- 
ing an  attempt  of  some  of  the  men  to  murder  one  of  our  soldiers 
while  engaged  in  caring  for  the  Filipino  wounded,  was  extreme. 
They  fell  upon  their  knees  with  wild  lamentations,  nearly  smoth- 
ering with  caresses  and  fondling  those  who  approached.  While 
a  member  of  Company  M  was  in  the  act  of  scaling  the  wall, 
Captain  Poorman  discovered  a  Filipino  making  ready  to  stab 
the  soldier  with  a  large  knife.  The  captain  quickly  shot  the 
Malay  with  his  pistol.  All  of  the  Tondo  district  from  the  church 
north  was  fired  as  the  fighting  line  advanced.  The  work  was 
also  pushed  on  through  the  district  until  Caloocan  was  reached, 
as  all  the  residents  thereabouts  had  been  harboring  the  hostiles 
for  several  days  while  the  plans  for  murder  and  arson  were  per- 
fected. 

A    FIGHT    ON    THE    FOURTH    OF    MARCH. 

Companies  C,  K,  and  G  had  an  engagement  with  insurgents 
near  San  Juan  del  Monte  March  4th,  in  which  Corporal  Ponath 
of  Company  G  was  shot  through  the  right  lobe  of  the  lung. 
Sharpshooters  along  the  water  line  had  grown  audacious,  and 
were  bothering  nightly  the  outposts.  General  Hale,  command- 
ing the  brigade  doing  duty  along  the  line,  requested  Major  East- 
wick  to  make  an  excursion  with  whatever  number  of  his  men 
seemed  necessary  to  clear  the  country.  Taking  the  three  com- 
panies, he  marched  out  through  the  country  east  of  the  line 
until  Cruznalis,  three  miles  from  San  Juan  del  Monte,  was 
reached.  Here  the  enemy  was  met  in  force.  Arranging  his 
men  for  the  attack  and  taking  advantage  of  all  available  shelter, 
the  major  opened  the  fight  with  several  volleys.  Gradually  his 
men  worked  forward  until  the  position  of  the  enemy  became 
untenable.  The  fighting  lasted  until  evening,  covering  a  period 
of  five  hours.     Considerable  loss  was  sustained  by  the  Filipinos, 


orf:gon  volunteers  in  Spanish  war.  59 

the  exact  number  being  unknown.  The  Oregon  men  escaped 
with  rare  good  .fortune,  as  their  onh'  wounded  man,  Cor})oral 
Ponath,  recovered. 

Quiet  reigned  along  the  water  line  then  until  March  5th. 
Again  sharpshooters  became  so  harassing  that  aggressive 
movements  were  planned  against  them.  Company  B,  First 
Nebraska,  had  an  outpost  on  the  Mariquina  Road  about  three 
miles  from  the  junction  defended  by  the  Oregon  men.  Cap- 
tain Moon  was  sent  out  there  March  5th  with  twenty-four  men 
to  clear  the  woods.  The  captain  at  the  outposts  directed  him 
to  the  village  where  the  most  activity  had  been  noticed  during 
the  past  week.  Captain  Moon  advanced  against  it  in  skirmish 
order.  Suspecting  an  ambush,  if  he  entered  along  the  ordi- 
nary route,  he  wheeled  before  reaching  it  and  took  the  village 
at  right  angles  to  the  road.  Everything  within  was  quiet  as 
the  dead,  so  still,  in  fact,  that,  in  view  of  the  presence  of  inhab- 
itants so  shortly  before,  it  was  suspicious.  Just  as  the  little 
line  was  emerging  from  a  thin  fringe  of  trees  into  the  road,  a 
terrible  fire  was  opened  on  it.  The  Filipinos  had  a  strong  bar- 
ricade across  the  street  farther  down  and  had  dispersed  troops 
back  along  either  side,  so  that  when  this  was  encountered,  a 
heavy  ambush  fire  from  both  fianks  could  be  directed  upon 
troops  occupying  the  road.  The  direction  of  the  Americans' 
entrance  had  driven  them  from  one  side  and  from  the  barri- 
cade, but  they  still  held  the  line  of  trenches  on  the  other  side. 
Taking  advantage  of  trees  and  a  hedge,  the  men  under  Captain 
Moon  returned  the  overpowering  fire  with  vigor.  For  over  an 
hour  this  exchange  continued  until  the  Filipinos  undertook  a 
flank  movement.  The  captain  then  hurriedly  retreated  over 
a  little  ridge,  where  he  remained  until  reenforced  by  Company 
B  of  the  Nebraska  regiment  and  two  other  companies  taken  to 
the  rescue  by  Major  Eastwick.  Captain  Moon's  men  again 
advanced  to  their  former  position,  engaging  the  enemy  until 
two  of  the  Nebraska  companies  had  worked  around  behind  the 
entrenched  Filipinos.  The  enemy  was  then  quickly  routed 
with  rather  heavy  loss.  Captain  Worrick  with  Company  K  had 
also  been  sent  out  to  help,  and  fortunately  came  in  a  direction 
that  brought  him  upon  the  rear  of  the  Filipinos  just  as  they 
had  made  another  stand.     When  fired  upon  the  second  time 


60  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

from  the  rear  they  fled  panic-stricken.  Captain  Worrick  later 
took  twenty  men  and  dislodged  a  lot  of  sharpshooters  that  had 
gathered  a  little  over  a  mile  north  of  the  Deposito.  He  had  a 
brief  engagement,  in  which  his  men  saw  several  victims  of 
their  excellent  shooting,  which  terminated  in  the  rout  of  the 
enemy  again. 

Another  move  on  the  Mariquina  Road  was  made  March  6th 
by  Captain  Barber,  aided  by  Lieutenant  Murphy  commanding 
one  Hotchkiss  gun.  The  captain's  men  did  not  discover  the 
enemy  until  close  upon  an  outpost  in  light  trenches.  The 
greeting  was  a  few  Mauser  volleys  at  very  close  range,  which 
were  fortunately  without  serious  results  to  the  Americans. 
After  arranging  his  men  to  meet  these  sharpshooters,  a  rapid 
advance  was  commenced  that  bore  the  outpost  back  on  the 
main  body.  The  Filipinos  had, a  commanding  position  on  a 
ridge  beyond  the  range  of  the  Springfields.  Company  K, 
under  Captain  Worrick,  was  sent  to  the  aid  of  Company  G. 
Lieutenant  Murphy  got  his  Hotchkiss  in  play,  with  apparent 
effect  on  the  Filipinos.  They  had  begun  to  shrink  from  the 
accurate  fire,  when  the  Hotchkiss  broke  down,  so  that  it  had  to 
be  taken  from  the  field  as  useless.  The  two  companies  then 
made  a  general  forward  movement  that  culminated  in  defeat 
for  their  foes  after  eight  hours  of  successive  fighting.  Privates 
Eide  and  Stanton  of  Company  G,  who  had  been  detailed  with 
one  of  the  Catling  guns,  tried  to  join  the  command  during  the 
fighting  and  were  both  wounded. 

After  resting  a  day  Companies  G  and  K  moved  against  Mari- 
quina Village,  dispersing  all  opposition  in  that  vicinity  and 
burning  what  remained  of  that  populous  place.  Mariquina  is 
situated  in  the  Mariquina  Valley,  two  miles  above  where  the 
pumping  station  marks  the  beginning  of  the  water  system  of 
Manila.  It  had  been  in  the  hands  of  the  American  soldiers 
before,  but  not  destroyed,  as  several  natives  working  on  the 
water  system  lived  there,  and  it  had  become  such  a  refuge  for 
the  hostile  bands  that  its  destruction  was  decided  upon. 

WITH    WHEATON's    flying    COLUMN. 

Provost  guard  duty  for  the  Second  Oregon  Regiment  ended 
March  12th,  a  day  of  rejoicing  for  the  tired,  impatient  men,  who 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  61 

had  been  hard  at  work  since  August  13,  1898.  When  the  news 
was  brought  that  the  regiment,  as  a  whole,  had  been  ordered 
out,  and  the  Cuartel  de  Espana  was  to  be  left  forever,  men  went 
about  their  duties  with  sprightly  step.  Colonel  Summers  sup- 
posed when  he  first  received  information  that  he  was  to  take  the 
field  that  all  of  his  companies  would  be  relieved  from  other 
duties  and  assembled.  When  the  order  was  issued  it  only 
provided  that  seven  should  act  with  him  in  the  flying  brigade, 
organized  under  General  Wheaton,  to  operate  upthe  Pasig.  At 
the  last  moment  this  number  was  cut  down  by  one  by  General 
Hughes  ordering  that  Company  A  should  not  leave  patrol  duty 
in  the  Binondo.  Colonel  Summers,  therefore,  marched  out  to 
San  Pedro  Macati  on  the  afternoon  of  March  12th  with  Com- 
panies B,  D,  E,  I,  L,  and  M.  After  such  a  long  period  in 
quarters  it  was  expected  that  the  Oregon  men  would  be  slow 
to  get  started.  The  contrary  was  evident.  The  command  was 
under  way  at  precisely  the  appointed  hour,  receiving  quite  an 
ovation  from  the  battalion  of  the  Seventeenth  Infantry  that 
had  been  sent  to  occupy  the  old  quarters. 

General  Wheaton 's  brigade  camped  a  short  distance  beyond 
the  church  at  San  Pedro  Macati,  taking  advantage  of  an  ele- 
vated turnpike  running  almost  parallel  with  the  trenches  that 
had  been  erected  by  the  American  troops  during  the  lull  in 
fighting.  A  heavy  shower  that  made  camping  disagreeable 
did  not  dampen  the  ardor  of  the  fighting  men.  By  daylight 
the  following  morning  the  long  line  was  forming  behind  the 
American  trenches,  which  they  were  soon  to  leave  to  the  rear 
in  the  charge.  Insurgents  were  strongly  fortified  near  the 
river  at  the  old  Guadalupe  church  and  in  the  rough  country 
thereabout.  The  plan  of  battle  was  to  hold  the  left  of  the  line 
facing  this  district  stationary  until  the  right  swung  around  on 
the  flank  of  this  position,  when  the  pivot  should  charge.  The 
Washington  Volunteers  were  assigned  to  the  extreme  left, 
which  was  supported  by  the  Laguna  de  Bay  on  the  Pasig;  the 
Oregon  men  joined  the  right,  and  were  joined  on  the  right  by 
the  Twentieth  Infantry,  while  the  Twenty-second  Infantry  was 
given  the  right  wing,  supported  by  two  troops  of  the  Fourth 
Cavalry.  Washington  and  Oregon,  holding  the  pivot  of  the 
movement,  and  being  confronted  by  the  very  formidable  works 


62  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

in  the  rough  district  around  Guadalupe,  were  expected  to 
experience  the  hard  fighting.  Shortly  after  the  break  of  day 
the  advancing  right  met  resistance  of  a  light  order.  The  Krag 
volleys  were  distinct  to  both  sides  at  Guadalupe.  Then  the 
Laguna  de  Bay  and  two  guns  of  the  Sixth  Artillery  opened  on 
the  trenches  in  front  of  the  left.  Between  the  rattle  of  the 
rapid-fire  and  machine  guns  on  the  boat  and  the  heavier  ord- 
nance, the  neighboring  hills  reverberated  with  a  startling  roar. 
The  bombardment  was  too  much  for  the  native  soldiers.  Their 
fire,  that  commenced  rather  briskly  as  the  Oregon  regiment 
passed  over  the  intrenchments  into  the  open  field,  slackened 
quickly. 

Colonel  Summers  had  formed  his  line  behind  the  old  ceme- 
tery, through  which  ran  the  line  of  trenches,  terminating  at 
the  river  in  San  Pedro  Macati.  Major  Gantenbein  commanded 
the  First  Battalion  on  the  right,  and  Major  Willis  the  Second 
Battalion  on  the  left.  Not  a  shot  had  been  fired  as  the  troops 
passed  over  the  Washington  entrenchments  into  the  open  that 
had  been  swept  by  bullets  for  many  m onths.  The  line  had  barely 
straightened  out  after  winding  over  the  wall  before  Mausers 
began  to  pelt  through  it.  Quickly  getting  all  into  position,  the 
men  were  ordered  to  lie  down,  which  position  the}'  retained 
during  the  brief  bombardment  immediately  following.  The 
Colonel's  orders  were  to  join  the  left  of  the  Twentieth,  which 
was  supposed  to  move  but  little,  pursuant  to  the  flanking  plan 
of  the  day.  It  soon  became  evident  that  a  miscalculation  had 
been  made  as  to  the  space  to  be  covered,  and  also  that  the  com- 
mander of  the  Twentieth  was  little  observing  the  generally 
understood  purposes.  The  left  of  that  regiment  extended  across 
the  ground  intended  for  the  Oregon  men,  reaching  nearly  as 
far  as  should  the  left  of  the  latter,  and  as  soon  as  the  Filipinos 
weakened  under  the  bombardment,  the  Twentieth  moved 
promptly  forward,  bearing  all  in  front  of  the  left  as  fast,  if  not 
faster,  than  the  right  of  the  line  could  move.  Then  Colonel 
WhoUey,  of  the  First  Washington,  decided  to  charge.  He 
passed  over  the  Oregon's  right,  which  was  endeavoring  to  keep 
in  touch  with  the  Twentieth's  left,  and  charged  up  a  hill  in 
front  of  Guadalupe,  only  to  find  when  he  reached  the  top  that 
the  encroaching  left  of  the  Twentieth  was  squarely  in  the  front 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  63 

of  his  right.  Owing  to  the  jam  caused  by  these  conditions, 
Colonel  Summers  had  taken  Major  Willis'  battalion  off  the  line, 
holding  it  in  reserve,  and  later  reported  to  General  Wheaton 
that  his  command  had  been  crowded  out  altogether.  The 
General  complimented  the  Colonel  for  the  faithfulness  with 
which  his  instructions  had  been  carried  out,  and  ordered  him 
to  march  down  to  the  river  road,  where  he  should  await  instruc- 
tions before  advancing.  Later  in  the  afternoon  the  brigade 
proceeded  up  the  Pasig,  with  but  trifling  resistance,  in  the  order 
of  the  day's  formation  —  the  Twenty-second  covering  the  foot- 
hills and  in  front,  followed  by  the  Twentieth,  Oregon,  and 
Washington.  That  night  the  Oregon  companies  camped  at  a 
village  called  Malapat  na  Bato,  about  three  miles  east  of  Guada- 
lupe. 

Next  morning,  March  14th,  the  whole  column  got  under  way 
again,  the  wagon  trains  being  between  the  Oregon  and  Washing- 
ton regiments.  As  the  heavily  laden  bull-carts  started  around 
a  small  point  in  the  river  just  above  the  Oregon  camp,  a  num- 
ber of  insurgent  sharpshooters  posted  across  the  Pasig  both  on 
the  mainland  and  the  first  island  of  the  Pasig  delta  directed  an 
accurate  Mauser  fire  into  the  column  at  long  range.  One  bull 
was  struck  in  the  neck  and  two  or  three  men  were  grazed,  but 
none  seriously  wounded.  Sharpshooters  were  thrown  out  along 
the  river  bank,  and  also  formed  on  the  crest  of  a  little  hill, 
from  which  positions  the  fire  was  returned  for  several  minutes 
with  spirit.  The  members  of  the  Twentieth  were  soon  called 
forward  to  a  point  above  where  they  could  reach  the  sharp- 
shooters menacing  the  wagon-train,  leaving  only  Springfields 
to  drive  them  out.  The  range  varied  from  1,000  to  2000  yards, 
an  effective  distance  for  Mausers,  but  beyond  the  reach  of 
the  old,  large-calibre  Springfield.  However,  a  skirmish  line 
returned  the  fire.  Colonel  Summers  asked  the  General  that 
he  be  given  transportation  for  a  couple  of  companies  to  cross 
the  Pasig  so  they  could  advance  to  the  shore  of  the  narrow 
branch  on  the  other  side  of  the  island,  thus  driving  all  from 
the  mainland  and  enabling  the  men  to  approach  those  on  the 
island  to  within  easy  range.  After  much  delay  a  launch  was 
placed  at  his  disposal  for  this  purpose,  and  Companies  E  and  I 


64  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

were  taken  over  to  the  north  bank,  under  command  of  Major 
Willis,  and  accompanied  b}^  the  Colonel  and  his  staff. 

Forming  in  the  brush  covering  the  rough  hillside,  the  two 
companies  pushed  forward  without  resistance  until  they  came 
to  the  edge  of  a  low,  level  bottom  bordering  the  narrow  branch 
of  the  river.  From  the  brow  of  the  hill  an  effective  fire  was 
opened  on  the  remaining  sharpshooters  in  the  flat.  These 
were  quickly  driven  out.  Under  the  fire  of  half  of  Company 
I,  left  on  the  hill,  Company  E  and  the  remainder  of  I,  charged 
down  through  the  cornfields  of  the  flats  right  to  the  edge  of 
the  water.  As  soon  as  the  line  emerged  from  the  foliage  the 
insurgents  in  trenches  across  the  river  opened  a  heavy  fire. 
This  was  replied  to  with  such  spirit  that  the  Filipinos  left  that 
part  of  their  position  moving  up  stream.  The  other  half  of 
Company  I  having  joined,  the  command  was  given  "by  the  left 
flank,"  until  opposite  the  Filipinos  again,  when  the  first  ex- 
perience was  repeated.  By  this  method  the  Colonel  pushed  the 
insurgents  back  until  he  thought  there  would  be  no  difficulty 
encountered  by  the  wagon-train  and  then  withdrew  down  the 
river  to  the  point  where  the  companies  had  crossed  that  morn- 
ing, taking  Private  Olsen  of  Company  E  and  Private  Dodson 
of  Company  F,  both  wounded  in  the  feet. 

While  this  attack  was  in  progress,  Lieutenant  Colonel  Yoran 
and  Major  Gantenbein  attempted  to  move  the  train  past  the 
danger  point.  More  of  the  insurgents  got  into  position  on  the 
island  at  places  where  they  were  not  exposed  to  the  fire  of  the 
two  companies  on  the  other  mainland,  and  gave  the  train  sev- 
eral heavy  volleys.  Private  Carden  of  Company  D  was  shot 
through  the  body.  A  considerable  distance  fully  commanded 
by  the  enemy  was  in  front,  and  it  was  not  deemed  advisable  to 
make  further  attempts  to  pass  the  wagon-train  until  the  danger 
had  been  reduced.  The  command  occupied  again  the  camp 
of  the  night  previous. 

Companies  D  and  M,  under  command  of  Lieutenant  Colonel 
Yoran,  relieved  three  companies  of  the  Washington  Volunteers 
as  wagon-train  guard  next  morning.  Major  Gantenbein,  com- 
manding B  and  L,  took  a  position  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Pasig  at  such  an  elevation  that  a  fire  could  be  directed  into  the 
town  of  Pasig,  which  was  to  be  assaulted  that  day.     Companies 


OREGON    V0LUNTEF:RS    in    SPANISH    WAR.  65 

E  and  I,  under  Major  Willis,  again  crossed  the  river  to  the 
position  they  fought  on  the  day  previous.  When  the  Twen/- 
tieth  and  Twenty-second  charged  into  Pasig  the  four  companies 
under  Major  Gantenbein  and  Major  Willis  opened  fire.  Major 
Willis  pushed  his  command  up  the  branch  of  the  river  until 
he  was  one  and  one  half  miles  above  Pasig  City,  and  in  a  posi- 
tion for  an  effective  flank  fire  on  the  insurgents  fighting  the 
two  regiments  in  their  front.  Excellent  work  was  accom- 
plished. Just  how  many  Filipinos  were  killed  could  not  be 
ascertained,  but  evidence  existed  that  the  number  was  large. 
Private  Oesch  of  Company  E  was  slightly  wounded  in  the  thigh, 
that  being  the  only  casualty  in  the  Oregon  regiment.  March 
18th,  the  camp  of  the  regiment  was  shifted  a  mile  and  a  half 
farther  up  the  river,  from  which  Companies  B,  D,  E,  I,  and  L, 
under  command  of  Colonel  Summers  and  Majors  Gantenbein 
and  Willis,  started  early  the  following  morning  on  the  longest 
march  of  the  Philippine  campaign.  General  Wheaton  decided 
to  sweep  the  whole  country  through  to  the  shore  of  the  lake. 
The  five  Oregon  companies  formed  the  center,  with  the  Wash- 
ington regiment  on  the  left  and  the  Twenty-second  on  the 
right.  From  6  a.  m.  to  11  a.  m.  this  line  swept  steadily  for- 
ward, clearing  every  district  where  any  opposition  was  found. 
The  Filipinos  fought  from  vantage  points,  only  to  feel  them- 
selves borne  back  in  every  quarter.  Until  the  line  halted  at 
11  A.  M.  there  had  been  almost  constant  fighting,  increasing  to 
much  severity  in  some  positions.  Private  Page,  Company  D, 
was  killed,  and  Corporal  Bowne  was  wounded  in  the  left  thigh. 
Tired,  footsore,  and  hungry,  the  members  of  the  Second  Ore- 
gon reached  their  old  camp  at  Malapat  na  Bato  late  that  after- 
noon, completing  a  march  of  at  least  twenty  miles,  and  by 
some  said  to  be  thirty.  With  the  usual  fighting  ammunition, 
a  day's  rations  and  ordinary  equipage,  including  a  haversack 
heavily  bobbing  against  the  legs,  and  the  long  Springfield 
bayonet,  diversifying  the  time  by  tripping  the  bearer,  a  march 
of  twenty-five  miles  in  the  hot  season  of  Luzon  is  no  small 
achievement. 

On  the  evening  of  the  19th  Company  A,  Captain  Heath,  joined 
the  regiment  at  its  camp.  The  company  had  been  ordered 
to  start  when  the  regiment  first  joined  the  flying  brigade,  but 


bb  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

was  held,  to  the  bitter  disappointment  of  its  members,  until 
the  19th.  The  same  sentiment  of  disappointment,  unsweet- 
ened by  any  argument  that  could  be  produced,  weighed  heavily 
on  every  Oregon  man  left  on  provost  guard  duty  Avhen  his 
regiment  took  the  field.  Besides  Company  A  in  Binondo, 
Company  F  was  at  the  palace  and  Company  H  at  the  custom- 
house. No  event  in  the  regiment's  history  produced  thoughts 
so  much  akin  to  insubordination  as  did  this  apparently  unjust 
course  of  still  holding  a  part  of  the  regiment  to  the  nagging 
guard  duty  faithfully  performed  for  six  months.  To  the  credit 
of  the  Oregon  regiment,  however,  it  may  be  said  that  duty  with 
the  disappointed  was  never  slighted,  for  they  had  confidence 
that  their  company  commanders,  as  well  as  the  Colonel,  would 
wrench  them  from  the  iron  grasp  of  the  provost  marshal  gen- 
eral as  soon  as  possible. 

THE    MALOLOS    CAMPAIGN. 

In  view  of  the  Malolos  campaign,  then  being  planned,  all 
troops  were  eager  to  get  into  one  of  the  brigades  intended  for 
that  work.  Oregon  was  ordered  from  the  Pasig  March  20th, 
and  camped  on  the  Reina  Christina  drive,  between  the  Walled 
City  and  the  bay.  There  the  command  was  joined  by  Major 
Eastwick,  with  Companies  C,  G,  and  K  from  the  water  system, 
and  Company  F  from  the  palace,  March  22d.  Great  comfort 
was  taken  from  the  fact  that  the  regiment  was  again  to  be  in 
General  Wheaton's  brigade.  It  at  least  insured  a  fighting  posi- 
tion, for  that  general  had  demonstrated  his  fighting  capacity. 

Orders  were  received  to  march  out  to  Caloocan  on  the  24th, 
where  General  Wheaton's  brigade  was  to  rendezvous.  The  old 
churoli  was  reached  by  the  regiment  before  noon.  From  that 
hour  until  after  twilight  the  men  rested  and  prepared  for  what 
they  were  told  would  be  a  hard  day's  work  on  the  morrow. 
When  night  had  settled  down  so  that  the  movement  of  men 
was  discernible  by  the  watchful  enemy  only  a  short  distance 
beyond  the  trenches,  held  by  the  Twentieth  Kansas,  the  work 
of  moving  that  command  out  and  putting  the  Oregons  in  com- 
menced. Silently  one  section  filed  from  the  high  breastworks, 
and  as  silently  a  corresponding  section  would  march  in.  So 
accurately  did  the  Filipinos  shoot  over  the  range  where  they 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  67 

had  practiced  for  more  than  a  month,  and  so  close  had  they 
pushed  their  lines,  that  this  change  would  have  been  accom- 
plished with  much  difficulty  had  it  not  been  done  without  cre- 
ating any  suspicion.  As  it  was  there  were  occasional  shots  to 
give  the  dusky  figures  flitting  through  the  gloom  an  admoni- 
tion that  danger  lurked  near.  When  the  Oregon  regiment 
had  securely  settled  down  the  officers  exhorted  the  men  to  get 
as  much  sleep  and  rest  as  possible.  The  outposts,  sent  a  few 
yards  beyond  the  trenches  on  ground  the  boys  had  never  seen 
before,  found  the  well  calculated  volleys  fired  occasionally  by 
the  Filipinos  for  their  benefit  rather  terrifying.  The  Filipinos 
had  studied  the  exact  locations  where  outposts  were  stationed, 
and  had  placed  their  guns  in  daylight  so  they  could  sweep  the 
ground.  Beyond  these  stirring  little  incidents  the  regiment 
destined  to  fight  the  hardest  battle  of  the  Filipino  campaign 
rested  fairly  well  the  night  before  the  great  day. 

At  Malabon,  another  flank  movement  on  the  Filipinos  had 
been  planned,  largely  of  the  same  character  of  that  attempted 
at  San  Pedro  Macati.  General  Wheaton's  brigade,  consisting 
of  the  Second  Oregon,  Twenty-second  Infantry,  and  Third 
Infantry,  was  to  constitute  the  pivot,  resting  on  the  shallow 
channel  separating  Malabon  from  the  mainland.  The  right  of 
the  long  line  rested  on  the  water  system,  ten  miles  distant,  the 
First  Colorado  Regiment  being  the  extreme  wing.  Between 
that  command  and  the  Second  Oregon  at  Malabon  were  the 
Thirteenth  Minnesota,  First  Nebraska,  Fifty-first  Iowa,  Twen- 
tieth Kansas,  Third  Heavy  Artillery,  First  South  Dakota, 
Twenty-second  Infantry,  and  Third  Infantry.  It  had  been  cal- 
culated that  the  rough  territory  covered  by  the  extreme  right 
and  center  would  require  nearly  a  day,  at  the  end  of  which 
time  some  of  the  above  regiments  at  least  would  be  on  the 
flank  and  well  to  the  rear  of  Malabon.  Accordingly  the  officers 
of  the  Second  Oregon  understood  that  the  left  would  not  move 
forward  until  late  in  the  afternoon  of  March  25th,  or  even 
possibly  until  the  following  morning.  The  soldiers  had  not 
filled  their  canteens  in  the  morning,  thinking  it  better  to  wait 
until  the  afternoon,  so  that  water  would  be  cooler  and  fresher. 
They  were  idly  lounging  in  the  secure  trenches,  about  8:30 
A.  M.,  when  word  was  passed  down  the  line  that  a  charge  was 


68  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

to  be  made  immediately.  Hastily  strapping  on  their  equip- 
ments and  arranging  for  such  an  event,  the  men  of  the  Second 
Oregon  commenced  their  part  of  the  Malabon  fight  a  few  min- 
utes later  b}^  firing  a  couple  of  volleys  at  the  enemy's  trenches 
in  front.     Then  came  the  command,  "Over  the  trenches  !" 

The  regiment  at  that  moment  was  arrayed  in  the  usual  order. 
The  First  Battalion  on  the  right  was  commanded  by  Major 
Willis,  in  the  absence  of  Major  Gantenbein,  who  had  been  ap- 
pointed by  General  Otis  a  member  of  the  Claims  Commission 
then  in  session,  and  from  which  he  could  not  be  relieved  for 
the  Malolos  campaign.  Company  B,  Captain  May,  held  the 
right  of  the  battalion,  Company  E,  Captain  Davis,  the  left, 
Company  I,  Lieutenant  Phillips,  the  right  center,  and  Com- 
pany M,  Captain  Poorman,  the  left  center.  In  command  of 
the  Second  Battalion,  stationed  in  the  center,  was  Major  East- 
wick,  Company  C,  Captain  Moon,  held  the  right  of  the  battalion, 
Company  F,  Captain  Case,  the  left.  Company  K,  Captain  Wor- 
rick,  the  right  center,  and  Company  G,  Captain  Barber,  the  left 
center.  The  Third  Battalion,  on  the  extreme  left,  was  com- 
manded by  Captain  Heath,  acting  major,  he  being  senior  cap- 
tain of  the  regiment.  Company  D,  Captain  Prescott,  held  the 
right  of  the  battalion.  Company  L,  Captain  Wells,  the  left,  and 
Company  A,  Lieutenant  Kelly,  the  center. 

All  knew  that  the  country  in  front  of  the  trenches  held  by 
the  Oregon  men  was  strongly  fortified.  During  the  long  period 
of  the  Twentieth  Kansas  there  the  Filipinos  had  been  dili- 
gently digging  trenches,  taking  advantage  of  every  elevation, 
every  hedge  or  covering.  Some  of  the  trenches,  particularly 
what  appeared  to  be  the  main  line,  supported  by  a  blockhouse, 
were  seen  to  be  unusually  large  and  formidable,  and  it  seemed 
a  waste  to  throw  troops  against  them  from  the  front  until  the 
place  had  been  well  shelled.  However,  the  movement  on  the 
right,  if  carried  forward  as  planned,  would  have  brought  sol- 
diers up  on  the  flank  and  to  the  rear  of  these  elaborate  fortifi- 
cations, making  them  absolutely  untenable  without  the  neces- 
sity of  more  than  a  light  struggle.  In  addition  to  the  tangle 
of  difficulties  immediately  in  front  there  were  numerous  posi- 
tions over  on  the  island  where  Malabon  was  situated,   just  a 


OREGON    V0LUNTP:ERS    in    SPANISH    WAR.  69 

convenient  range  for  Mausers,  but  beyond  the  range  of  Spring- 
fields,  from  which  a  deadly  flank  fire  could  be  directed. 

Sharpshooters  on  the  other  side  of  this  narrow  neck  of  water 
could  deliver  a  flank  fire  before  the  Kansas  trenches  were  left, 
and  each  step  forward  brought  the  line  into  greater  disad- 
vantages until  it  was  not  only  enfiladed  but  shot  at  almost 
from  the  rear.  One  or  two  pieces  of  artillery,  properly  placed, 
could  have  easily  driven  these  sharpshooters  from  their  posi- 
tions and  saved  the  Oregon  men  from  the  fiercest  of  all  fires. 

-Shortly  before  8:30  o'clock  a.  m.  a  couple  of  guns  on  the  hill 
back  of  the  trenches  opened  fire  on  the  Filipino  ditches  in  front. 
The  wooden  blockhouse  was  the  first  target,  from  which  the 
insurgents  fled  as  soon  as  they  realized  that  it  was  being  fired 
upon.  The  soldiers  could  be  seen  to  scatter  to  the  right  and 
left  into  the  deep  ditches  near  by.  As  these  localities  were 
shelled  lightly,  they  would  scamper  back  towards  the  block- 
house, or  some  other  seemingly  safe  position.  As  soon  as  the 
Oregon  line  showed  over  its  trenches  for  the  charge,  the  Fili- 
pinos could  be  seen  running  from  several  directions  to  get  back 
into  their  positions,  safe  then,  as  the  artillery  ceased. 

Such  were  the  foreboding  conditions.  No  time  was  given 
for  the  right  to  swing  around,  no  effort  was  made  to  use  artil- 
lery. At  8:30  o'clock  a.  m.  Colonel  Summers  received  his 
orders  to  charge  the  enemy.  He  did.  not  hesitate  a  moment. 
His  men  were  ready  in  less  time  that  it  takes  to  tell  it.  They 
fired  two  volleys  and  clambered  over  into  the  open  field.  About 
fifty  yards  from  the  trench  the  line  knelt  and  fired  a  few  mo- 
ments at  will.  The  fire  of  the  enemy  by  this  time  had  begun 
with  full  force.  From  Malabon  and  from  the  inscrutable  for- 
tifications in  front  Mauser  and  Remington  bullets  poured  into 
the  advancing  line.  A  few  of  the  boys  fell  in  this  space.  But 
little  time  was  lost  in  halts.  Advancing  by  rushes  and  then 
stopping  to  shoot  only  long  enough  for  the  men  to  regain  their 
breath,  was  the  order.  The  first  Filipino  trenches  were  not  over 
two  hundred  yards  distant  when  the  charge  commenced.  These 
were  soon  approached  so  closely  that  the  blacks  tumbled  out 
and  sneaked  into  the  next.  But  few  of  the  enemy  were  caught 
there,  as  their  retreat  was  well  protected  and  but  little  stand 
was  made,  probably  due  to  the  knowledge  that  a  more   des- 


70  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

perate  stand  of  greater  numbers  would  be  made  a  little  farther 
back.  With  these  difficulties  the  right  of  the  line  grappled 
quite  successfully,  hardly  halting  in  the  onward  movement. 
Down  on  the  left  greater  obstacles,  multiplied  by  the  lack  of 
knowledge  of  the  situation,  were  to  be  overcome.  There  the 
Malabon  fire  told  most  heavily,  and  marshy  land  with  few  ac- 
cessible roads,  completed  a  tangle  that  only  the  most  deter- 
mined American  spirit  was  equal  to.  A  short  distance  from 
the  starting  point  Captain  Wells,  commanding  the  extreme 
wing,  found  his  way  led  through  a  tremendous  bog.  Through 
this,  obliquely  to  the  line  of  advance,  lay  the  road  to  Malabon. 
By  the  time  his  men  reached  the  road,  footing  on  either  side 
was  nearly  impossible  to  find.  Taking  one  section  he  got  on 
the  road  and  started  forward,  but  was  met  with  such  a  deadly 
fire  that  the  attempt  was  abandoned.  Five  of  his  men  fell 
almost  at  the  same  instant.  Only  four  or  five  remained  unin- 
jured out  of  the  entire  platoon  when  he  finally  succeeded  in 
getting  the  wounded  back  again  where  he  could  rejoin  the  line, 
the  captain  himself  bearing  a  bullet  mark  across  the  abdomen. 
The  left  had  also  by  this  time  become  exposed  to  a  heavy  fire 
from  a  trench  constructed  in  the  marsh  on  the  mainland.  The 
line  was  passing  it,  which  enabled  the  occupants  to  enfilade 
the  Oregons  at  close  range.  A  stubborn  charge  carried  this 
with  light  loss.  The  center  of  the  line  was  exposed  about  as 
much  as  the  left,  but  had  better  ground  to  walk  on.  Once  a 
slough  that  reached  to  the  middle  of  the  men  had  to  be  forded, 
which  left  their  feet  and  legs  wet,  foul,  and  heavy.  Closely 
following  the  first  line  of  trenches  came  a  second,- about  equal 
in  strength  and  well  shielded  by  bushes  and  trees.  Over  this 
the  boys  went  without  pausing  to  observe  the  extent  of  their 
conquest.  Besides  these  more  distant  lines  were  numerous 
rifle-pits  and  fortifications  of  a  minor  order,  each  well  stocked 
with  Filipino  soldiers  and  each  equally  difficult  to  discover 
and  capture.  Along  in  the  late  morning  the  outlines  of  the 
massive  entrenchments,  which  surpassed  all  others  and  which 
marked  the  end  of  organized  opposition  to  the  regiment  that 
day,  hove  in  sight.  This  line  was  near  the  banks  of  the  Tulia- 
han  River,  east  of  Malabon.  Engineering  skill  far  in  advance 
of  any  ever  possessed  by  the  Filipinos  had  directed  the  con- 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  71 

struction,  both  for  the  resistance  of  infantry  and  as  a  protection 
against  shrapnel  or  round  shot.  A  massive  bank  from  fifteen 
to  forty  feet  thick  had  been  thrown  up  in  front,  an  abrupt  edge 
on  the  side  used  by  the  Filipinos  being  secured  by  the  use  of 
bamboo  wickerwork.  Through  the  bank  at  regular  intervals 
had  been  cut  portholes,  held  in  shape  by  bamboo  and  protected 
at  the  outer  end  by  stones,  arranged  to  give  assailants'  bullets  a 
turn  into  the  bank  unless  they  struck  exactly  the  center  of  the 
little  opening.  These  portholes  and  the  ditch  had  been  covered 
over  with  bamboo  structures,  on  which  had  been  heaped  from 
one  to  three  feet  of  earth,  making  them  shrapnel  proof.  Artil- 
lery could  have  made  poor  headway  there.  As  soon  as  the 
Oregon  soldiers  rushed  on  to  this  veritable  tunnel  no  one  was 
visible.  Bullets  came  whistling  from  it  with  terrible  frequency, 
and  if  the  little  portholes  were  closely  examined,  there  could 
be  seen  thin  puffs  of  vapor.  The  soldiers  never  faltered  in  front 
of  this  new  form  of  danger.  They  were  accustomed  to  push 
steadily  forward  wherever  there  were  Filipinos  to  be  faced. 
A  rousing  American  cheer  soon  announced  that  the  boys  had 
climbed  to  the  top  and  were  digging  the  moles  out  from  be- 
neath. Many  of  the  Americans  fell  while  crossing  the  space 
immediately  in  front  of  the  ditch.  When  the  top  had  been 
gained,  it  was  their  time  to  reverse  the  destructive  weapon. 
The  Filipinos  stood  their  ground  so  tenaciously  that  when  at 
last  the  soldiers  were  upon  them,  and  death  must  result  from 
any  further  delay,  they  could  not  make  an  exit  with  the  same 
sly  deftness  that  protected  them  while  leaving  the  other  ditches. 
The  soldiers  shot  many  of  them,  either  as  they  were  getting  out 
of  the  fortifications  or  endeavoring  to  find  shelter  in  the  brush 
and  ruins  in  the  narrow  strip  between  there  and  the  river. 
But  the  pursuit  did  not  stop  there.  A  pretty  fair  protection 
for  the  enemy  was  found  in  the  ruins  of  an  old  church  a  short 
distance  on.  Through  these  the  soldiers  hurried,  knocking 
over  every  Filipino  that  was  seen  dodging  around  the  great 
blocks  of  stone  and  concrete.  Often  the  pursued  would  rise 
only  a  few  feet  distant  from  the  Americans,  fire  his  gun  squarely 
in  their  faces,  and  coolly  meet  the  swift  death  that  followed.  A 
few  of  the  boys  had  exceedingly  narrow  escapes  in  experiences 
of  this  character.     The  soldiers  never  checked  until  the  river 


rl  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

had  been  reached.  Here  the  Colonel  was  hastily  approached 
by  an  orderly  from  General  Wheaton  with  orders  to  halt.  The 
General  had  watched  the  advance  closely  throughout  the  day. 
His  spirits  rose  higher  as  he  saw  the  line  plunge  on  and  on. 
When  the  required  ground  had  been  covered  he  turned  to  his 
aides  with  a  request  for  an  orderly.  Not  finding  one  at  hand, 
he  became  impatient  and  called,  "Get  an  orderly  here,  quick, 
to  catch  those  Oregonians,  or  they  will  be  out  of  the  country 
before  we  can  stop  them." 

STUBBORN    FIGHTING    AT    MALABON. 

Malabon  field  presented  difficulties  found  on  no  other  field 
during  this  campaign.  The  Twenty-second  Infantry,  on  Ore- 
gon's right,  had  comparatively  light  work.  The  long  fighting 
line  of  that  day  met  stubborn  resistance,  particularly  at  San 
Francisco  del  Monte  and  in  the  vicinity  of  La  Loma  church, 
but  nowhere  was  there  such  a  union  of  resistance  with  artificial 
and  natural  difficulties  as  in  front  of  the  Oregon  soldiers  on 
the  left.  That  regiment,  in  number  killed  and  wounded,  forti- 
fications captured,  speed  of  work  and  fearlessness  of  execution, 
made  the  most  remarkable  fight  of  the  campaign. 

The  German  Consul  in  Manila  visited  the  field  two  days 
later,  investigating  the  cause  of  the  accidental  death  of  Prince 
Loewenstein.  When  he  looked  at  the  formidable  works  from 
which  the  Filipinos  had  been  driven  by  infantry,  he  asked 
what  troops  did  the  work.  Being  informed  that  it  was  the 
Second  Oregon  Volunteers,  he  simply  said,  "I  take  off  my  hat 
to  the  American  volunteer."  That  is  the  tribute  of  a  skeptical, 
prejudiced  authority.  The  Second  Oregon  does  not  need  to 
refer  to  the  volume  of  praise,  welling  from  all  quarters,  to  estab- 
lish its  title  to  the  noble  qualities  of  American  soldiers. 

On  the  field  of  Malabon  there  was  not  the  opportunity  for 
individual  daring.  The  whole  line  swept  steadily  onward, 
needing  only  command  to  go  slower,  halt  and  fight  from  cover. 
No  one  could  distance  his  comrades,  because  these  comrades 
strove  with  all  human  energy  to  keep  in  the  front.  The 
Colonel  remained  largely  with  the  right  and  center,  from  which 
positions  he  commanded  the  entire  line.  Lieutenant  Colonel 
Yoran  was  more  with  the  left  of  the  line.     Each  of  the  majors 


"^^. 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  78 

vied  with  the  other  in  keeping  the  battalions  fully  abreast. 
With  rare  exceptions  captains  led  the  way  into  difficulties,  not 
because  the  men  hesitated,  but  because  they  were  told  to  follow. 
Particular  mention  was  often  made  by  the  American  papers 
published  in  Manila  of  the  hospital  work  of  the  Oregon  detach- 
ment at  Malabon.  Major  Ellis  established  his  field  hospital  in 
the  Caloocan  railroad  station,  with  an  additional  receiving  tent 
immediately  behind  the  Kansas  trenches,  which,  though  dan- 
gerous to  the  major,  his  assistants  and  the  attendants,  was  easily 
reached.  When  the  line  moved  forward  temporary  stations 
were  established  closely  behind,  where  Captain  Brosius,  Lieu- 
tenant Anderson,  and  Steward  Byars  gave  hasty  dressing  be- 
fore the  wounded  were  taken  back  to  the  receiving  tent.  In 
all  portions  there  was  much  danger.  Filipino  sharpshooters, 
stationed  with  the  willful  purpose  of  shooting  the  wounded  and 
hospital  workers,  kept  up  a  constant  fire  wherever  there  was 
the  sign  of  a  Red  Cross.  Private  Clark  of  Company  A  was 
taken  to  the  tent  with  a  slight  wound  in  the  arm,  and  was  mor- 
tally wounded  again  while  being  lifted  from  the  stretcher  by 
Attendant  Bollam  to  be  dressed.  Others  receiving  attention 
or  working  there  had  close  calls  for  life.  Contract  Surgeon  De 
Mays,  attached  to  the  regiment,  and  one  of  the  surgeons  from 
Admiral  Dewey's  flagship  Olympia,  who  kindly  volunteered, 
aided  in  the  Oregons  receiving  a  tent,  where  several  wounded 
and  exhausted  regulars  from  the  Twenty-second  Infantry  and 
the  Third  Infantry  were  also  treated. 

CASUALTIES    IN    THE    REGIMENT. 

Five  Oregonians  were  killed  outright  on  the  field,  and  four 
died  later  in  the  hospital,  two  of  the  number  expiring  before 
midnight  on  the  day  of  the  battle.  Those  killed  on  the  field 
were:  Bert  J.  Clark,  Company  A,  shot  in  the  arm  and  back; 
William  A.  Cook,  Company  D,  shot  through  the  neck ;  Guy 
Millard,  Company  L,  shot  in  the  abdomen  ;  L.  V.  Strawder- 
man.  Company  L,  shot  in  the  stomach;  H.  B.  Taylor,  Com- 
pany L,  shot  in  the  chest;  Herman  P.  Adams,  Company  B, 
wounded  below  the  heart,  died  that  night;  Charles  R.  Rupart, 
Company  L,  wounded  in  the  right  leg,  and  died  late  that  after- 
noon from  hemorrhage.     He  was  too  weak  for  an  operation 


74  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

when  carried  to  the  surgery,  and  received  only  temporary  aid. 
Bert  B.  Chandler,  Company  C,  wounded  in  the  head,  lived  until 
April  15th,  when  he  died.  George  Eichhamer,  Company  G, 
was  wounded  in  the  abdomen,  the  ball  passing  through  the 
liver.  He  died  April  20th  from  an  abscess  on  the  liver,  caused 
by  the  wound. 

The  wounded  were  as  follows : 

Company  A  —  George  C.  Snyder,  upper  right  chest ;  Frank  H. 

Thompson,  head;  William  B.  Ungerman,  scrotum  and  thigh. 

Company  B — William  J.  Armitage,  arm. 

Company  C — Elvin  J.  Crawford,  head;  Earl  Mount,  right 

arm  ;  Elmer  0.  Roberts,  right  side  ;  James  E.  Snodgrass,  right 

knee. 

Company  D — First  Sergeant  James  West,  right  hand  and 
left  leg;  Sergeant  A.  Lee  Morelock,  left  foot;  J.  C.  Headlee, 
right  arm  and  upper  chest ;  W.  E.  Searcy,  through  both  but- 
tocks ;  Asa  L.  Roberts,  left  ankle. 

Compariy  E  —  Lieutenant  A.  J.  Brazee,  adjutant  First  Bat- 
talion, left  arm  ;  John  E.  Davis,  left  shoulder  ;  Jacob  N.  Smith, 
head. 

Company  F — Charles  Buedy,  head. 

Company  G — Sergeant  Charles  A.  Marcy,  right  side  ;  Albert 
H.  Jordon,  both  legs;  Eugene  Sampson,  right  arm;  George 
W.  Spicer,  upper  jaw. 

Company  I — Corporal  Rudolph  Gantenbein,  right  knee. 
Company  K — Ray  L.  Antrim,  left  leg;  Emmet  L.  Jones, 
back;  John  Janzen,back;  William  P.  Schwartz,  left  shoulder. 
Company  L  —  Captain  Harry  L.  Wells,  abdomen;  Sergeant 
W.  W.  Wilson,  right  hand;  Guy  N.  Sanders,  right  arm  and 
neck;  C.  E.  Sanders,  left  leg;  W.  T.  Allen,  thigh;  B.  F.  Dun- 
seth,  right  foot;  John  A.  Bailey,  right  arm  and  hand;  Frank 
E.  Adams,  right  side. 

Company  M — Corporal  Brady  F.Burnett,  right  shoulder; 
Corporal  L.  G.  Holland,  left  shoulder  and  arm  ;  John  H.  Blosser, 
face;  Emmet  Casper,  right  foot;  A.  J.  Califf,  right  arm. 

Edward  Colgan,  quartermaster  sergeant  of  Company  K,  was 
wounded  in  the  right  leg  by  a  piece  of  bursting  shell.  Edward 
Jaques,  Company  M,  was  wounded  in  the  left  hand  by  a  rifle 
exploding.     Gordon  A.  Peel,  orginally  a  private  in  the  Oregon 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  75 

regiment,  and  then  a  member  of  the  Hospital  Corps,  U.  S.  A., 
attached  to  the  regiment,  was  wounded  in  the  left  hand  and 
left  cheek.  Peter  West,  also  an  Oregon  man,  but  then  a  mem- 
ber of  the  regular  Hospital  Corps,  was  shot  through  the  head 
while  driving  an  ambulance  wagon  to  receive  the  Oregon 
wounded. 

When  the  Oregon  line  reached  the  bank  of  the  Tuliahan 
River,  on  the  afternoon  of  March  25th,  it  was  discovered  that 
the  Filipinos  had  earthworks  on  the  opposite  side,  where  they 
could  command  the  bridge  and  crossings.  It  was  the  opinion 
of  many  that  the  bridge  could  be  passed  without  much  loss, 
but  orders  were  to  hold  the  south  bank  for  the  night.  A  pretty 
strong  fire  was  still  coming  from  Malabon  and  the  brush  gen- 
erally. Wherever  possible  to  reach  the  enemy  with  Spring- 
fields,  companies  were  placed  in  position  to  return  the  fire, 
and  some  effect  was  noticed  at  1,000-yard  ranges.  The  sol- 
diers, with  bayonets  and  other  improvised  tools,  commenced 
to  erect  earthworks  for  the  night.  Behind  these  the  tired  men 
found  no  trouble  in  sleeping,  despite  the  intermittent  hostilities 
of  the  enemy.  A  small  squad  from  Company  E  advanced 
across  the  broken  span  of  the  stone  bridge  manifesting  much 
coolness  in  the  venture.  They  had  barely  secured  a  position, 
to  be  held  as  an  outpost,  when  they  heard  the  stealthy  tread  of 
a  Filipino  outpost  approaching  for  the  same  purpose.  The 
last  arrivals  were  given  a  volley  that  killed  four  of  their  num- 
ber and  sent  the  remainder  back  in  hasty  retreat. 

With  the  dawn  of  morning  the  regiment  was  again  under 
way.  As  the  advance  of  the  previous  day  brought  the  line 
more  and  more  under  the  deadly  fire  from  the  left,  the  Colonel 
disposed  the  troops  so  as  to  partly  face  that  direction  to  reply, 
and  when  the  halt  was  made  at  night  the  entire  regiment 
occupied  positions  opposing  Malabon,  the  First  Battalion  on 
the  right,  reaching  the  stone  bridge  opposite  Tinajeros,  and  the 
left  occupying  advantageous  points  nearer  the  point  started 
from  on  the  morning  of  the  25th.  During  the  night  of  the 
25th  the  Filipinos  all  along  this  front  withdrew,  so  that  the 
Oregon  men  had  to  develop  their  foe  again  before  beginning 
the  fight.  A  scouting  party  of  eight  men  from  Company  A, 
under  Sergeant  Deich,  and  three  men  under  Sergeant  Bartell 


76  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

of  Company  L,  crossed  the  stretch  of  shallow  water  in  front  of 
the  left  into  Malabon  proper.  These  men  pushed  forward  until 
they  had  penetrated  the  center  of  the  city,  passing  in  the  mean 
time  evidence  of  hasty  entrenchments  thrown  up  during  the 
night.  B}^  the  time  the  big  stone  church  was  reached  flames 
had  burst  forth  from  various  quarters,  particularly  about  the 
business  section,  and  the  church  itself  had  begun  to  smoke. 
The  two  squads  tried  to  extinguish  these  at  the  risk  of  being 
surrounded  by  insurgents,  who  they  knew  could  not  be  distant. 
Sergeant  Deich,  becoming  separated  from  the  other  men,  en- 
countered an  insurgent  officer  and  two  soldiers,  apparently 
engaged  in  plying  the  torch.  One  of  these  was  shot  and  the 
other  two  fled.  An  Englishman  named  Bates,  interested  in  a 
large  sugar  refinery  in  Malabon,  who  had  been  inside  the  city 
during  the  whole  trouble,  informed  the  soldiers  that  three 
thousand  insurgents  had  hastily  retreated  from  the  city  when 
the  scouting  party  approached,  believing  it  was  the  vanguard 
of  the  regiment  entering  the  city.  These  troops  fled  across  to 
the  mainland  on  the  north  side,  being  slightly  exposed  to  the 
shells  of  the  fleet  then  firing  into  such  positions  as  seemed  to 
be  occupied  by  the  armed  Filipinos.  The  scouting  parties 
finally  withdrew  and  joined  the  regiment  at  Malinta. 

The  regiment  crossed  the  Tuliahan  in  front  of  the  village  of 
Tinajeros,  the  broken  span  of  the  stone  bridge  being  supplanted 
by  a  wooden  structure.  Slight  opposition  was  found  soon  after 
reaching  the  other  bank.  At  11  a.  m.  the  First  and  Second 
Battalions,  under  Majors  Willis  and  Eastwick,  respectively, 
with  the  Third  Battalion,  under  Captain  Heath,  in  support, 
advanced  in  skirmish  order  against  a  district  a  short  distance 
south  of  Polo,  which  was  known  to  be  entrenched.  The  road 
leading  from  Polo  forked  at  the  point  where  the  regiment 
deployed.  The  First  Battalion,  composed  of  Companies  B,  M, 
E,  and  I,  advanced  straight  ahead,  and  directed  their  attention 
to  a  fire  from  the  right  front  coming  across  a  slough.  Major 
Eastwick,  with  Companies  C,  F,  G,  and  K,  was  ordered  to  oppose 
the  fire  from  a  marsh  and  the  bushes  on  the  left.  He  deployed 
his  men  and  started  forward,  but  found  the  marsh  impassable 
for  a  line  of  infantry  and  assembled  again  into  column  of  fours, 
in  order  to  pass  through  the  wet  land  where  he  could  reach  the 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  i i 

enemy.  While  marching  up  an  open  glade,  ridged  as  usual 
with  rice  fields,  a  furious  fire  from  the  front  and  left  was  poured 
into  the  column.  Everybody  lay  down  instantly,  and  then  by 
rushes,  Companies  C,  G,  and  K  were  deployed  to  respond,  while 
Company  F  was  held  in  support.  Getting  into  position  on  this 
bullet-swept  space  tested  the  nerve  of  the  officers  and  soldiers 
most  thoroughly,  but  was  accomplished  without  more  than  two 
men  being  wounded.  Advances  by  rushes  against  the  trenches 
in  front  and  heavy  volley  firing  by  the  Second  Battalion,  and 
also  by  Companies  A,  D,  and  L,  under  Captain  Heath,  which 
came  up,  quieted  the  enemy. 

Companies  B  and  M  had  great  difficulties  to  overcome,  par- 
ticularly B,  which  was  advancing  in  an  open  sjjace,  absolutely 
without  protection,  against  most  formidable  blind  entrench- 
ments. Company  M  had  the  shelter  of  low  bushes  that  made 
its  work  less  hazardous.  At  no  time  during  the  war,  probably, 
Avas  there  a  heavier  fire  than  Company  B,  under  Captain  May, 
faced  before  it  rushed  the  Filipinos  from  their  position.  A 
circular  trench,  rather  to  the  left,  a  longer  straight  ditch  imme- 
diately in  front,  and  the  bushes  off  to  the  right,  where  com- 
panies E  and  I  were  engaged,  all  had  their  deadly  fire,  and  in 
the  half-hour  required  for  Company  B  to  gain  the  position  it 
was  certainly  most  marvelous  that  not  a  man  was  killed.  A 
few  of  the  boys  had  holes  through  their  clothing  and  hats,  and 
some  of  those  in  support  at  the  rear  were  wounded.  One 
Hotchkiss  gun,  in  charge  of  a  corporal  from  the  Utah  Light 
Artillery  and  manned  by  eight  Oregon  men,  was  an  especial 
object  for  insurgent  bullets.  The  gun  came  up  for  position, 
but  could  not  be  used,  owing  to  the  line  in  front.  Leo  B. 
Grace  of  Company  A  was  wounded  while  attending  it. 

MORE    MEN    W^OUNDED. 

The  Oregon  wounded  were:  Leo  B.  Grace,  Company  A, 
wounded  in  the  neck  ;  Frank  Woodruff,  Company  C,  wounded 
in  the  left  heel ;  Richard  E.  Brickdale,  Company  F,  wounded 
in  the  left  leg;  E.  C.  Thornton,  Company  G,  wounded  in  left 
hand ;  Corporal  Frank  E.  Edwards,  Company  M,  wounded 
through  both  legs,  and  Daniel  C.  Bowman,  Company  D,  injured 
in  hand  by  accidental  discharge  of  rifle. 


78  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

When  these  trenches  were  captured  Polo  was  in  sight,  and 
off  to  the  right  could  be  seen  the  North  Dakota  and  Montana 
regiments  charging  the  insurgent  lines.  If  the  Oregon  men 
had  been  permitted  to  go  on  they  would  have  been  able  to 
capture  Polo  long  before  any  other  troops  arrived,  and  the 
regiment's  position  where  it  was,  which  was  practically  behind 
Malinta,  was  sufficient  to  enforce  the  evacuation  of  that  city, 
then  being  attacked  from  the  other  side.  Colonel  Summers 
received  orders  to  retire  to  Malinta,  which  were  obeyed.  Then 
there  was  no  resistance  in  front  of  the  command. 

A    SAD    ACCIDENT. 

A  most  unfortunate  incident  of  the  day  was  the  death  of  the 
German  Prince,  Loewenstein  Wertheim,  in  a  small  hut  in  the 
course  of  Company  M's  charge.  The  Prince  had  been  repeat- 
edly warned  that  day,  by  both  Colonel  Summers  and  Lieuten- 
ant Colonel  Yoran,  not  to  venture  beyond  the  firing  line,  and 
also  that  if  he  did  so  it  would  be  at  his  own  risk.  Contrary  to 
these  instructions  he  and  a  comrade  named  Niggle  had  gone 
ahead  and  were  in  this  little  hut  in  the  brush  when  a  squad 
of  Company  M,  during  the  charge,  approached.  Instead  of 
making  his  presence  known  in  the  ordinary  way  he  called  out 
in  Filipino.  The  boys,  thinking  some  of  the  treacherous  enemy 
occupied  the  hut,  riddled  it  with  bullets,  one  of  which  pierced 
Loewenstein's  abdomen,  and  the  other  the  arm  of  Niggle. 
Despite  all  prompt  medical  attention  the  Prince  died  soon 
after. 

At  Malinta  the  regiment  remained  for  some  time.  On  the 
27th  of  March  the  Third  Battalion,  consisting  of  Companies 
A,  D,  and  L,  went  back  to  Caloocan  to  guard  that  district  and 
furnish  guards  for  the  train  being  operated  on  the  Manila  and 
Dagupan  track.  The  following  day.  Companies  D  and  E  were 
sent  into  Malabon  to  act  as  a  provost  guard  of  that  city,  and 
Company  M  took  Company  D's  place  at  Caloocan.  A  portion 
of  Company  L  was  stationed  in  Tondo,  and  the  remainder  at 
La  Loma  church — Blockhouse  No.  2. 

AN    EXCURSION    TO    OBANDO. 

On  the  28th  Major  Willis,  commanding  Company  I,  under 
Captain  Phillips,  and  a  platoon  of  Company  B,  under  Captain 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  79 

May,  made  a  long  excursion  to  the  north  and  east,  passing 
through  Polo  and  on  to  Obando,  near  the  shore  of  the  bay. 
Returning  the  command  came  through  Malabon,  entering  from 
the  north  and  found  some  large  buildings  there  still  burning. 
On  the  same  day  Major  Eastwick,  commanding  Company  C, 
Captain  Moon,  and  a  platoon  of  Company  G,  Lieutenant  Sutton, 
made  an  excursion  to  the  east,  a  distance  of  two  or  three  miles, 
and  returned  through  Polo,  capturing  during  the  nuirch  three 
natives  armed  with  knives.  Again  on  the  29th  Major  Willis, 
commanding  Companies  B  and  I,  penetrated  five  miles  to  the 
northeast  without  discovering  the  enemy  in  an  organized  body, 
but  succeeded  in  capturing  eleven  prisoners.  April  1st  Major 
Eastwick,  in  command  of  one  hundred  men,  selected  from  Com- 
panies C,  G,  and  K,  went  out  east  over  five  miles  scouting,  when 
the  flankers  were  opened  on  by  about  forty  insurgents.  After 
a  brief  skirmish  the  Filipinos  were  dispersed,  with  slight  loss. 
There  was  no  loss  in  the  major's  command.  April  4th  Com- 
pany L  returned  to  Caloocan,  and  on  the  5th  Companies  A,  L, 
and  M  moved  on  the  train  to  Marilao.  Company  F  had  been 
placed  at  Meycauayan  on  the  railroad  track.  On  the  6th  Com- 
panies D  and  E  left  Malabon  and  joined  the  regiment  at  Ma- 
linta,  the  next. day  moving  further  north  to  Bocaue.  Major 
Willis  on  the  7th,  with  Companies  B  and  I,  marched  northeast 
until  Novaliches  was  reached.  During  the  trip  insurgent  bugle 
calls  and  shots  were  heard,  but  no  enemy  developed.  On  the 
same  day  Captain  Wells  left  Marilao  with  fifty  men  and  ad- 
vanced to  within  a  short  distance  of  Santa  Maria,  where  a  few 
shots  were  exchanged  with  the  insurgent  outposts  in  front  of 
that  city.  The  little  command  withdrew  without  casualties. 
Major  Eastwick  again  on  the  8th  marched  to  the  northwest 
with  seventy-five  men  from  Companies  C,  G,  and  K,  as  far  as 
Obando  without  finding  the  enemy.  Four  men  under  Sergeant 
Deich  of  Company  A  scouted  clear  around  Santa  Maria,  on  the 
10th,  for  the  purpose  of  discovering  the  nature  of  the  fortifica- 
tions there.  They  approached  near  from  behind,  but  were 
driven  back  by  the  insurgents.  The  same  day.  Lieutenant 
Telfer,  with  twelve  men  of  Company  L,  made  a  scout  three 
miles  to  the  east  and  encountered  the  enemy. 

The  Oregon  men  had  during  this  period  been  simj)ly  guard- 


80  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

ing  the  railroad  track  from  Malinta  as  far  north  as  Bocaue. 
The  American  line  on  the  north  had,  in  the  mean  time,  been 
pushed  on  to  Malolos,  which  was  taken  by  General  McArthur's 
division,  and  the  railroad  had  been  operated  that  far.  Patrols 
were  kept  up  nightl}''  between  the  various  camps  to  prevent 
insurgents  from  destroying  the  track,  and  where  the  camps 
were  quite  distant,  strong  outposts  were  placed  between  them  to 
support  the  patrols.  By  instructions  from  General  Wheaton, 
the  troops  had  treated  the  Filipinos,  claiming  to  be  friendly 
disposed,  with  the  utmost  consideration,  and  aided  them  to 
reach  the  rice  stacks  and  bins  in  the  neighborhood.  There 
was  occasional  firing  on  outposts  or  scouting  parties,  but  in  the 
main  it  was  believed  the  district  had  been  fairly  pacified  until 
the  night  of  April  10th. 

AN    ATTACK    BY    THE    FILIPINOS. 

About  11:30  that  night,  the  usual  quiet  of  darkness  was 
transformed  into  a  hell  for  the  lightly  protected  troops  along 
the  track.  A  command  of  Filipinos,  variously  estimated  at 
from  1,000  upwards,  stole  in  from  the  direction  of  Santa  Maria 
on  the  right  and  first  assaulted  two  Minnesota  camps  above 
the  Oregon  district.  At  11:30  they  began  to  envelop  the  camp 
of  Companies  D  and  E  at  Bocaue.  These  companies  main- 
tained a  guard  of  six  men  at  the  station  on  the  track,  three 
quarters  of  a  mile  from  the  city,  where  the  remainder  of  the 
troops  were  quartered.  Minnesota  camps  on  both  sides  volley- 
ing down  the  track,  and  the  insurgents  from  the  east  made  it 
necessary  to  withdraw  these  towards  the  city.  Insurgents  took 
the  station  and  moved  down  to  the  opposite  bank  of  the  river 
from  Bocaue.  A  pontoon  bridge  connected  with  the  city.  The 
stone  church  was  manned  by  Captains  Prescott  and  Davis,  and 
a  platoon  took  a  position  along  the  river  to  prevent  insurgents 
from  crossing.  A  mess-cart  and  two  buffaloes,  owned  by  the 
companies,  and  left  on  the  side  next  to  the  station,  were  cap- 
tured. The  troops  fired  across  the  river  with  good  effect,  as 
the  insurgents  withdrew  back  to  the  station,  carrying  their 
wounded  and  dead.  The  Minnesota  camp  on  the  north  called 
for  assistance,  and  Lieutenant  Dunbar  of  Company  E  with 
twenty  men   from   each  company,  E  and  D,  wound   his  way 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  81 

through  the  darkness  to  assist  the  l)eleaguered  Minnesotans. 
He  passed  the  camp  and  fell  upon  a  number  of  insurgents 
a  little  beyond,  whom  he  routed.  His  presence  caused  the 
others  to  hastily  withdraw  to  avoid  a  flank  movement.  At 
dawn  the  lieutenant  moved  off  toward  Santa  Maria,  reaching 
the  road  leadmg  to  that  city,  while  there  were  about  one  hun- 
dred and  flfty  of  the  insurgents  withdrawing  from  Bocaue. 
Opportunity  seemed  most  favorable  for  cutting  off  the  entire 
number,  but  Lieutenant  Dunbar  was  ordered  by  the  senior 
Minnesota  officer  to  desist,  as  the  latter  thought  the  insurgents 
were  American  troops.  Notwithstanding  that  they  were  not 
allowed  to  charge,  the  forty  men  fired  at  from  six  to  eight  hun- 
dred yards  with  such  effect  that  nineteen  of  the  fleeing  insur- 
gents were  killed. 

At  Marilao  a  fiercer  contest  raged  with  worse  results  to  the 
Americans.  Captain  Heath,  in  command  of  Companies  A,  L, 
and  M,  had,  in  obedience  to  instructions,  posted  an  outpost  of 
twelve  men  and  one  corporal,  one  mile  from  the  camp  at  both 
the  north  and  south  ends  of  the  track.  These  were  General 
Wheaton's  orders  to  protect  outposts  so  distant,  the  two  placed 
on  each  side  of  the  track,  had  to  be  well  out  and  were  nearly 
three  quarters  of  a  mile  away.  The  two  side  outposts  on  the 
north  consisted  of  twelve  men  each,  while  the  two  in  the  cor- 
responding positions  on  the  south  were  only  six  each.  Lieu- 
tenant Kelly  was  the  officer  of  the  day.  The  outposts  toward 
the  north  reported  two  or  three  times  during  the  hours  imme- 
diately after  midnight  that  there  were  suspicious  circumstances 
in  their  vicinity.  These  the  lieutenant  ordered  to  fire  upon 
whatever  assumed  sufficiently  suspicious  proportions  and  to 
continue  firing  until  they  could  ascertain  if  there  was  an  enemy. 
Sergeant  Deich  of  Company  A  being  sergeant  of  the  guard  was 
sent  up  to  the  north  track  outpost  about  3  o'clock  to  investigate 
reports  received  from  there,  but  found  nothing  to  justify  state- 
ments. Immediately  after  returning  a  more  ominous  report 
was  received  from  the  same  post,  and  Lieutenant  Kelly  order- 
ing Sergeant  Deich  to  awaken  a  guard  and  follow  started  up 
the  track.  About  a  half-mile  out  the  party  was  confronted  by 
a  long  skirmish  line  of  Filipinos  across  the  track,  who  rose 
from   the  ground  and   fired   not  one  hundred   yards  distant. 


82  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

The  volley  was  terrific,  but  no  one  was  hurt,  and  the  lieuten- 
ant, finding  the  Filipinos  in  force  between  him  and  his  outpost, 
returned  hastily  to  camp.  Firing  was  then  general,  as  the 
troops,  half-clad,  had  rushed  from  their  tents  as  soon  as  the 
lieutenant  was  fired  upon.  To  the  newly  awakened  soldiers 
the  constant  flashes  through  the  darkness  and  the  buzz  and 
whiz  of  bullets  through  their  camp  appeared  terrible.  Every 
one  stood  determined,  however,  with  the  ultimate  result  that 
the  attack  from  the  north  was  repulsed.  The  experiences  of 
the  north  track  outpost  under  Corporals  Lipes  and  Collard  of 
Company  A  Avere  thrilling.  They  found  themselves  enveloped 
by  the  enemy  before  they  could  open  fire,  and  retreat  to  camp 
was  cut  off  by  a  solid  line  that  joined  across  the  track  below 
them.  Then  they  noticed  that  there  was  another  line  of  Fili- 
pinos back  of  them,  who  were  apparently  bolo  men  in  reserve. 
Nothing  but  quiet  seemed  hopeful  to  these  men,  and  the  two 
corporals  conducted  the  squad  into  a  depression  fairly  well 
screened  from  the  Filipinos.  In  this  they  remained  until  the 
Filipinos  changed  their  line  an  hour  or  so  later,  having  the 
uncomfortable  experience  of  hearing  the  volleys  of  Springfield 
slugs  fired  from  camp  whiz  over  their  heads  while  the  fight 
was  in  progress. 

The  two  side  outposts  on  the  north  of  twelve  men  each 
worked  their  way  in  earlier,  one  of  them  being  fired  upon  as 
they  came,  and  hearing  the  shouts  from  the  Filipinos  at  the 

rear,  "Run,  you  Americano ;  got  enough  of  it  now?" 

Corporals  Lipes  and  Collard,  during  a  lull  in  the  firing,  finally 
worked  their  men  in  under  a  renewed  fire  from  the  enemy  who 
discovered  them  when  they  started  down  the  track.  Private 
Myers  shot  one  Filipino  under  a  culvert  passed  over  and  another 
near  by  who  shot  at  him  when  he  killed  the  first. 

One  of  the  side  outposts  on  the  south  concealed  themselves  in 
trenches  when  the  Filipinos  began  to  work  between  them  and 
the  camp.  All  the  others  got  in,  save  the  one  at  the  south  end 
on  the  track,  consisting  of  ten  men,  commanded  by  Corporal 
Rich  of  Company  A.  The  corporal  and  five  men  secreted  them- 
selves when  they  found  the  enemy  between  them  and  the  camp, 
and  remained  until  nearh^  morning.  Four  men — Henry  Payne, 
Joseph  Berry,  Everett  Millard,  and  Arthur  Pullen  of  Company 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  83 

M, —  started  in  immediately.  A  short  distance  nearer  the 
cam})  they  met  K.  B.  Hoffman  and  a  member  of  another  regi- 
ment, the  hitter  of  whom  had  tied  from  the  construction  car 
in  Marilao  when  the  firing  commenced.  Hoffman  belonged 
to  Company  M  and  was  guard  at  a  bridge  near  the  edge  of  the 
camp,  when  informed  by  the  fleeing  man  from  the  construc- 
tion train  that  the  camp  was  captured.  The  six  men  then 
started  along  the  track  in  the  opposite  direction  to  the  camp 
and  ran  .into  a  large  body  of  Filipinos  concealed  on  both  sides 
of  the  track.  Payne  and  Hoffman  were  killed.  Millard  and 
Berry  were  badly  wounded.  Pullen  and  the  stranger  got  away, 
the  former  with  a  bullet  hole  through  his  hat,  fired  almost 
under  his  nose.  Millard  and  Berry  were  still  alive  when  found 
next  morning,  but  both  had  been  fearfully  mutilated  by  their 
savage  foes  and  left  for  dead.  Berry  died  shortly,  but  Millard 
recovered. 

Before  break  of  day  the  vigorous  fire  poured  into  the  Fili- 
pinos from  the  camp  had  changed  their  apparent  purpose  of 
capturing  it.  Lieutenant  Kelly,  with  a  platoon,  discerned  a 
line  approaching  his  station  at  the  south  end.  He  permitted 
it  to  come  fairly  close,  and  then  called  out  if  the}"  were  Amer- 
icans. Receiving  no  reply,  the  platoon  gave  the  advancing 
line  a  few  volleys  that  sent  them  back  in  confusion.  In  the 
morning  there  was  considerable  evidence  that  the  Filipinos 
had  suffered,  but  in  most  instances  they  carried  away  their 
dead  and  wounded.  In  addition  to  those  mentioned,  Private 
Rommel  of  Company  A  was  the  only  one  of  the  Oregonians 
wounded,  his  wound  being  very  slight. 

It  was  evident  the  insurgents  making  the  night  attack  came 
from  Santa  Maria  and  were  probably  guided  by  some  of  the 
friendly  Filipinos  who  had  been  coming  daily  to  the  camp  for 
food.  General  Wheaton  planned  to  destroy  the  latter  city,  and 
the  Second  Oregon,  with  the  exception  of  Company  M,  left 
Marilao,  and  Company  F,at  Meycauayan,  was  massed  at  Bocaue 
on  the  11th,  together  with  the  Thirteenth  Minnesota  and  some 
artillery,  for  the  attack.  This  column  moved  against  Santa 
Maria  early  in  the  morning  of  the  12th  with  slight  opposition. 
A  pretty  strong  skirmish  took  place  in  front  of  the  city.  The 
First  and   Second   Battalions,  with  the  Third  Battalion  in  re- 


84  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

serve,  formed  on  the  left  of  the  Minnesota  troops.  Colonel 
Summers  took  Companies  B,  I,  and  E  of  Major  Willis'  bat- 
talion and  Companies  A  and  L  of  Captain  Heath's  and  pro- 
ceeded through  a  village  near  by  named  Pandi.  The  two  places 
were  destroyed,  and  all  armed  natives  were  put  to  flight.  In 
a  bureau  in  Santa  Maria  was  found  an  article  taken  from  the 
body  of  one  of  the  murdered  men  of  Company  M.  That  night 
the  entire  command  returned  to  their  former  camps  on  the  rail- 
road track.  From  that  time  on  the  insurgents  did  not  bother 
the  Oregon  outposts  much,  and  a  much  friendlier  spirit  was 
shown  by  those  pretending  to  be  '"amigos." 

Lieutenant  Young  of  Company  A  was  wounded  in  the  foot  by 
an  insurgent  scout  while  reclining  on  the  ground  only  one  hun- 
dred yards  from  camp  April  15th.  Private  Walker  of  Company 
A  accidentally  shot  himself  in  the  foot  on  the  17th,  thew^ound 
proving  slight.  An  attack  was  made  on  the  outposts  at  Malinta 
on  the  17th  by  a  few  insurgents,  who  were  easily  driven  back. 
That  day  Major  Eastwick  with  fifty  men  made  a  trip  through 
the  northeastern  country  without  locating  any  more  of  the 
enemy.  Captain  Moon  with  Company  C  left  Malinta  April 
18th  to  take  a  position  at  Meycauayan  with  Company  F.  Major 
Willis  on  the  same  day,  in  command  of  Companies  B  and  I, 
made  a  long  trip  to  the  north  and  east  without  meeting  oppo- 
sition. 

CAMPAIGNING    WITH    LA\VTON. 

General  Lawton's  campaign  up  the  Rio  Grande  de  Pam- 
panga  was  being  planned  at  this  time,  and  Colonel  Summers 
was  chosen  to  command  the  Provisional  Brigade  to  form  his 
advance.  The  brigade  was  composed  of  seven  companies  of 
the  Second  Oregon — A,  B,  F,  G,  I,  K,  and  L,  eight  companies 
of  the  Thirteenth  Minnesota,  Troop  I,  mounted.  Fourth  Cavalry, 
and  one  fieldpiece  from  the  Utah  Light  Artillery.  The  brigade 
assembled  at  Bocaue,w^here  General  Lawton  with  a  larger  force 
was  to  move  from  La  Loma  church  near  Caloocan  to  meet  it. 
Lieutenant  Colonel  Yoran  then  being  in  the  hospital  with  acute 
dysentery.  Major  Willis  commanded  the  regiment.  Major  East- 
wick the  First  Battalion  and  Captain  Heath  the  Second  Bat- 
talion. 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  85 

An  early  start  of  the  Provisional  Brigade  on  the  2od  enabled 
it  to  pass  through  Santa  Maria  unopposed  by  8  o'clock  a.  m. 
No  enemy  was  found  until  the  column  was  approaching  Nor- 
zagaray  at  4:20  p.  m.  The  cavalry  troop  in  advance  under  Lieu- 
tenant Boyd  succeeded  in  dispersing  the  small  body  that  first 
opened  fire,  but  at  6:30  o'clock  a  larger  force  was  encountered. 
Major  Eastwick's  battalion  was  deployed  and  bore  the  enemy 
back  to  the.  brow  of  the  hill  overlooking  Norzagaray  after  a 
spirited  engagement  that  lasted  about  half  an  hour.  The  field- 
piece  shelled  the  city  briefly  from  the  hill,  but  darkness  pre- 
vented further  operation.  That  night  the  command  retired 
a  mile  to  a  favorable  camping  place  on  a  small  stream.  Early 
the  following  morning  the  attack  was  renewed,  with  the  cavalry 
in  advance,  followed  by  a  battalion  of  the  Thirteenth  Minnesota 
deployed,  the  First  Battalion  of  the  Second  Oregon  being  in 
support.  Off  10  the  left  of  the  line  of  advance  were  a  number 
of  sharpshooters,  who  kept  up  an  annoying  fire  at  long  range. 
Companies  B  and  F  of  the  Oregons  moved  against  them,  and 
were  later  supported  by  two  Minnesota  companies,  further  along 
the  road.  After  a  sharper  fight  than  that  of  the  previous  even- 
ing the  Filipinos  withdrew,  leaving  the  city  of  Norzagaray  in  the 
hands  of  the  Americans.  Three  Minnesota  men  were  slightly 
wounded.  The  same  day  Captain  Heath,  commanding  Compa- 
nies A,  I,  and  L  of  the  Second  Oregon  and  a  troop  of  cavalry, 
was  sent  down  the  road  toward  San  Jose  to  see  if  General  Law- 
ton's  command  was  approaching.  After  a  most  exhausting 
march  the  infantry  halted,  and  the  cavalry  proceeded  until 
Lawton's  men  were  met,  when  the  battalion  returned  to  Nor- 
zagaray. The  effects  of  this  little  march  were  felt  by  the  men 
for  several  days. 

Major  Eastwick's  battalion  and  the  Third  Battalion,  Thir- 
teenth Minnesota,  left  Norzagaray  at  5:50  a.  m.  of  the  25th, 
with  the  fieldpiece,  and  moved  southwest  over  a  plateau  until 
it  overlooked  the  village  of  Angat.  The  fieldpiece  under  Ser- 
geant Anderson  opened  on  Angat,  and  soon  drew  upon  itself 
a  hot  fire  from  the  city.  To  flank  the  enemy  Company  F  was 
sent  to  the  right  and  soon  had  a  telling  fire  directed  into  the 
Filipinos.  Under  cover  of  this.  Companies  G,  K,  and  B,  of 
the  Second  Oregon,  deployed  to  the  left,  followed  by  the  Third 


86  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

Battalion  of  the  Minnesotas,  who  took  position  between  the 
last  three  companies  and  Company  F.  As  the  line  advanced 
upon  Angat  a  hot  fire  was  opened  upon  it,  which  soon  ceased 
and  the  place  was  occupied.  The  Filipinos  retreated  across 
the  river  to  a  very  desirable  position  on  a  bluff,  from  which 
they  renewed  the  fight  at  longer  range.  Owing  to  the  eleva- 
tion and  the  peculiar  position  occupied  the  artillery  could  not 
shake  them.  Company  G  was  sent  five  hundred  yards  to  the 
left  and  front  on  the  river  bank,  from  which  place  a  flank  fire 
was  delivered  that  silenced  the  enemy.  One  man  of  the  Thir- 
teenth Minnesota  was  slightly  wounded  in  the  arm. 

While  the  engagement  was  in  progress  at  Angat  a  few  insur- 
gents opened  fire  at  the  men  in  Norzagaray.  A  number  of  the 
boys  were  in  the  river  bathing  when  the  bullets  commenced  to 
drop  around,  leaving  them  little  time  for  dressing.  A  man 
would  be  seen  running  through  the  streets  with  no  other  uni- 
form than  a  belt  well  filled  with  cartridges,  yet  diligently  using 
his  Springfield  or  Krag  rifle.  The  number  of  insurgents  were 
estimated  at  about  fifty  and  were  easily  dislodged.  General 
Lawton  and  his  staff  arrived  in  Norzagaray  while  the  little 
fight  was  in  progress. 

Another  excursion  was  made  to  Angat  by  Major  Eastwick, 
commanding  Companies  B,  K,  G,  and  F,  on  the  26th.  The 
battalion  was  fired  upon  by  numerous  insurgent  outposts  and 
squads  during  the  day,  and  in  each  instance  returned  the  fire, 
with  the  result  of  killing  eight  of  the  enemy  and  capturing  ten 
prisoners.     None  were  lost  on  the  American  side. 

April  27th  General  Lawton,  whose  command  had  reached 
Norzagaray,  instructed  Colonel  Summers  to  march  on  Marunco 
with  his  brigade.  Major  Eastwick  with  his  battalion  was  sent 
over  the  first  range  of  hills  to  the  left,  and  met  no  resistance 
during  the  day.  Captain  Heath's  battalion,  with  one  battalion 
of  the  Thirteenth  Minnesota  under  Major  Diggles,  crossed  the 
river  to  reconnoiter  the  east  bank.  A  few  insurgents  were 
engaged  by  this  command  under  Major  Diggles,  but  shooting 
was  at  long  range,  and  did  not  continue  more  than  a  few 
minutes.  Angat  was  passed  and  Marunco  reached  without 
further  opposition.  Two  daj^s  later  the  brigade  pushed  for- 
w^ard  to  San  Rafael,  a  city  of  some  importance,  but  which  was 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  87 

evacuated  by  the  enemy  without  a  tight.  The  Filipinos  were 
then  making  overtures  for  peace  at  Manila,  and  General  Lawton 
was  ordered  to  stay  his  march  until  the  conclusion  of  the  nego- 
tiations and  withdrew  the  Provisional  Brigade  from  San  Rafael 
back  to  Marunco. 

Campaigning  during  the  rainy  season  was  partly  illustrated 
to  the  members  of  the  brigade  during  their  sojourn  in  and 
about  Marunco.  Rain  fell  in  greater  or  less  quantities  almost 
daily,  although  the  season  proper  was  not  supposed  to  com- 
mence until  about  the  lirst  of  June.  The  first  night  in  Marunco 
the  command  camped  in  rice  fields.  A  heavy  shower  during 
the  night  flooded  the  tract,  many  of  the  soldiers  awakening  to 
find  two  inches  of  water  around  their  beds.  A  hasty  scramble 
to  vacant  huts  near  followed,  the  troops  being  allowed  to  occupy 
them  in  view  of  the  excessive  weather. 

During  the  marches  and  countermarches,  beginning  with 
Angat,  the  soldiers  also  had  their  first  experience  in  wading 
rivers,  a  feature  of  the  Pampanga  campaign  that  told  heavily 
on  the  health  of  the  men.  Foraging  was  forbidden,  but  the 
"government  straight"  provided  for  the  American  soldiers  in 
Luzon  was  found  a  very  short  as  well  as  undesirable  article  of 
subsistence,  and  the  boys  slyly  bereft  neighboring  poultry 
yards  of  their  products,  and  further  enlivened  their  scant  mess 
by  procuring  quantities  of  mangoes  and  such  other  fruit  as 
could  be  obtained. 

An  organization  that  later  came  into  conspicuous  prominence 
was  perfected  while  the  column  rested  at  Marunco,  generally 
known  as  Young's  Scouts.  This  body  of  men  was  brought 
together  and  led  by  a  civilian  named  W.  H.  Young,  who  had 
attracted  the  attention  of  General  Lawton  by  his  exceptional 
courage  and  skill  as  a  scout.  Young  was  given  permission  to 
ask  for  volunteers  from  the  regiment  in  General  Lawton's  com- 
mand, and  had  under  him  as  many  as  twenty,  all  told,  six  of 
whom  went  from  the  Second  Oregon.  These  six  were  James 
Harrington  of  Company  G,  E.  E.  Lyons  and  M.  \V.  Robertson  of 
Company  B,  Frank  High  of  Company  G,  Scott  of  Company 
— ,  and  James  B.  O'Neal  and  M.  B.  Huntley  of  Company  L. 
Some  of  the  scouts  were  in  every  engagement,  while  others 
took  part  in   only  a  iew.     This  corps,  led  by  Young  until  he 


88  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

was  wounded,  and  Lieutenant  Thornton,  Company  B,  Second 
Oregon,  afterwards,  performed  some  of  the  most  daring  work 
recorded  in  the  Philippines,  often  meeting  face  to  face  far 
superior  numhers  with  such  intrepid  courage  and  firm  front 
as  to  rout  all  opposition. 

Lieutenant  Colonel  Yoran  rejoined  the  command  at  Marunco, 
having  made  the  journey  across  the  country  from  Malolos  with 
a  few  of  the  other  Oregon  men  reporting  for  duty  from  the 
hospital.  Major  Willis  then  took  command  of  the  First  Bat- 
talion, composed  of  Companies  A,  B,  I,  and  L,  as  the  lieutenant 
colonel  took  charge  of  the  regiment,  and  Major  Eastwick's  bat- 
talion was  composed  of  Companies  F,  G,  and  K.  Peace  nego- 
tiations failing,  the  advance  was  resumed  May  1st.  Colonel  Sum- 
mer's brigade  forded  the  stream  near  Marunco  and  was  near 
San  Rafael  when  a  body  of  insurgents,  estimated  at  from  four  to 
five  hundred  posted  along  the  crest  of  a  ridge  to  the  right  of  the 
city,  and  the  line  of  march  opened  fire.  Company  A  was 
advance  guard,  and  as  soon  as  the  fire  developed.  Company  L 
was  sent  forward  to  support  it.  The  remaining  two  companies 
of  Major  Willis'  command,  Companies  I  and  B,  deployed  on 
the  same  line  immediately  following  and  commenced  the  fight. 
Major  Eastwick's  battalion  deploying  on  the  right  of  the  First. 
The  insurgents  withdrew  back  over  the  hills  to  the  right,  when 
the  line  advanced,  and  the  two  battalions  made  two  half-left 
turns,  until  San  Rafael  had  been  rounded,  and  then  assembled 
and  marched  into  the  city.  Before  the  enemy  finally  broke 
they  opened  a  heavy  fire  upon  the  two  Oregon  battalions  from 
a  hill  covered  with  brush.  It  required  a  lively  charge  to  drive 
them  from  their  position,  and  three  men  were  wounded  while  it 
was  being  made.  These  were  Corporal  Chamberlain  and  Private 
Smith  of  Company  K  and  Private  Reeves  of  Company  A.  Cham- 
berlain was  wounded  in  the  leg,  Reeves  in  the  knee,  and  Smith 
in  the  arm.  This  was  the  first  engagement  for  the  scouts,  and 
they  quickly  demonstrated  their  value.  One  private  in  the 
Thirteenth  Minnesota  was  killed.  As  this  city  had  been  occu- 
pied a  few  days  prior  without  bloodshed,  and  was  evacuated  by 
the  Americans  merely  to  give  the  Filipinos  time  to  talk,  the 
men  felt  that  the  loss  the  second  time  was  useless. 

At  the  capture  of  Baliuag  the  regiment  had  its  turn  as  train- 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  89 

guard,  and  did  not  participate  in  the  fighting.  The  heavy  firing 
ahead  was  so  distant  that  there  were  no  casualties  among  the 
Oregon  men.  It  witnessed  the  escape  of  the  Filipinos'  bull- 
cart  train,  upon  which  Colonel  Summers  was  directing  a  de- 
structive artillery  fire  when  ordered  to  cease  by  General  Lawton, 
whose  staff  officers  claimed  they  saw  a  flag  of  truce  in  the 
column.  Upon  the  General  calling  for  a  volunteer  to  meet  the 
supposed  flag,  Captain  Case  of  the-  Oregons,  accompanied  by 
Sergeant  Major  Marshall  and  Private  Poindexter,  went  toward 
the  Filipino  column  with  another  white  flag.  They  had  ap- 
proached within  four  or  five  hundred  yards  when  the  Filipinos 
gave  them  a  fusillade  that  came  near  killing  the  whole  party. 
By  quickly  covering  themselves  behind  rice  ridges  the  party 
finally  succeeded  in  getting  back.  The  train  had  by  this  time 
passed  oat  of  reach.  At  1  p.  m.  Lieutenant  Colonel  Yoran  was 
ordered  to  occupy  Baliuag  with  his  regiment  and  patrol  the 
city,  which  was  done.  In  this  engagement  the  scouts  also  did 
excellent  work. 

Two  days  later.  May  4th,  the  Provisional  Brigade  captured 
Maasin,  a  village  eight  miles  beyond  Baliuag.  The  Thirteenth 
Minnesota  Regiment  was  on  the  firing  line  that  day,  with  the 
Oregon  regiment  in  support.  Companies  A  and  L  were  de- 
ployed, but  did  not  become  engaged.  Captain  Heath  was  struck 
on  the  leg  by  a  spent  bullet  that  caused  a  contused  wound.  The 
Filipinos  were  driven  from  Maasin  with  comparatively  light 
losses,  only  three  of  the  Minnesota  men  being  wounded. 

On  both  the  6th  and  7th  Major  Willis  conducted  his  bat- 
talion on  reconnoitering  expeditions  near  San  Ildefonso,  which 
lay  two  or  three  miles  from  Maasin  in  the  direction  of  San 
Miguel.  Numbers  of  the  enemy  were  sighted,  and  they  would, 
upon  seeing  the  Americans,  apparently  form  in  battle,  but  no 
engagement  was  brought  on  either  side.  Sergeant  Godfrey  of 
Company  B  was  out  one  day  with  three  men  digging  sweet 
potatoes  when  a  body  of  insurgents  nearly  surrounded  them. 
Two  of  the  men  escaped  to  'the  camp  and  told  an  alarming 
story.  Lieutenant  Hamlin  took  about  forty  men  out  to  rescue 
the  other  two,  but  they  showed  up  a  little  later  unharmed. 
Insurgent  outposts  going  off  duty  in  the  morning  would  often 
creep  as  close  to  the  American  lines  as  possible,  fire  a  few  vol- 


90  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

leys,  and  then  retreat.  May  8th  Colonel  Summers,  Majors 
Willis  and  Eastwick  of  the  Second  Oregon,  Major  Diggles  of 
the  Thirteenth  Minnesota,  and  Captain  Case  with  Company  F, 
Second  Oregon,  commanded  by  Lieutenant  Grimm,  and  Com- 
pany K,  Thirteenth  Minnesota,  commanded  by  Lieutenant 
Walsh,  advanced  to  within  a  short  distance  of  San  Ildefonso, 
when  the}^  were  fired  upon  while  making  observations.  Major 
Diggles  was  struck  in  the  -head,  from  which  he  died  several 
days  later.  Corporal  Miller  of  Company  F  received  a  slight 
wound  in  the  arm  and  leg.  After  a  few  return  volleys  the  two 
companies  were  withdrawn. 

•  San  Ildefonso  was  captured  May  12th  by  the  scouts,  aided  by 
Major  Eastwick  in  command  of  Company  B,  Second  Oregon,  and 
Company  H,  Thirteenth  ^linnesota.  The  scouts  commenced 
the  attack  and  were  given  some  heavy  volleys  by  the  insur- 
gents. Major  Eastwick's  two  companies  then  opened  on  the 
center  of  the  enemy,  whereupon  they  retreated  and  the  attack- 
ing party  entered  the  city.  Companies  G,  K,  and  F  of  the 
Second  Oregon  were  sent  up  to  the  city  that  night  to  help 
them  hold  San  Ildefonso  should  an  attempt  by  made  to  recap- 
ture it. 

On  the  following  day  the  formidable  city  of  San  Miguel, 
of  which  there  had  been  so  maii}^  reports,  was  captured  by 
eighteen  of  Young's  scouts,  supported  by  Company  A,  Second 
Oregon,  and  one  company  of  the  Thirteenth  Minnesota,  com- 
manded by  Captain  Heath.  This  was  a  most  daring  piece  of 
work.  San  Miguel  had  been  reputed  to  be  the  Filipino  strong- 
hold of  that  section  of  the  country.  Reports  had  it  that  the 
insurgents  had  artilleiy  there  and  would  make  a  desperate  fight 
to  hold  the  city.  Young  led  his  men  straight  against  a  line  of 
entrenchments  in  which  were  from  three  hundred  to  six  hun- 
dred insurgent  soldiers,  one  wing  of  the  works  being  protected 
by  a  river  and  the  other  by  a  dense  growth  of  timber  and 
brush.  He  disposed  his  men  about  fifty  feet  apart,  and  had 
one  half  advance  at  a  time,  so  that  the  other  half,  concealed, 
could  have  opportunity  to  shoot  the  Filipinos  exposing  them- 
selves to  shoot  at  the  first.  Alternating  in  this  manner  he 
pushed  so  close  to  the  entrenchments  that  the  enemy  aban- 
doned them  and  retreated  into  the  city  from  which  they  were 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  91 

also  driven.  Young  was  wounded  while  at  the  approach  of 
the  bridge  leading  into  the  city,  yet  continued  to  fire  while 
there  were  Filipinos  in  range.  Harrington  pushed  across  the 
bridge  and  drove  a  few  sharpshooters  from  the  tower  of  the 
stone  church,  where  they  had  been  doing  effective  work.  Tak- 
ing the  same  position,  he  turned  his  weapon  on  the  enemy  with 
deadly  execution.  Captain  Heath  with  his  command  was  close 
to  the  rear  of  the  scouts  during  the  advance.  He  sent  Sergeant 
Deich  with  eleven  men  to  the  right  to  approach  the  city  from 
another  quarter.  This  squad  encountered  three  bodies  of 
the  retreating  Filipinos  and  threw  them  into  further  confu- 
sion with  a  few  well  directed  volleys.  There  were  about  one 
thousand  Filipinos  in  the  city  when  the  attack  commenced. 
Lieutenant  Colonel  Yoran  with  Companies  K  and  I,  Second 
Oregon,  and  two  Minnesota  companies  came  up  that  night 
from  the  brigade  to  help  hold  the  city,  and  the  remainder  fol- 
lowed the  next  day.  Young  died  of  lockjaw,  caused  by  blood 
poisoning,  three  days  later  in  the  hospital  at  Manila  while  an 
attempt  was  being  made  to  amputate  his  leg.  He  had  been 
struck  in  the  knee  by  a  brass-coated  Remington  bullet. 

Salacat,  a  small  village  on  a  fork  of  the  Rio  Grande,  was 
captured  on  the  15th  without  much  opposition.  The  scouts 
advanced  toward  San  Isidro  May  17th  and  found  the  enemy 
strongly  entrenched  at  Tarbon  bridge,  a  wooden  structure  of 
much  importance,  owing  to  the  difficulties  in  crossing  the 
stream  without  it.  Lieutenant  Thornton  commanded  them 
when  they  made  this  fight,  which  in  daring  and  surprising 
achievement  was  barely  second  to  San  Miguel.  Over  two  hun- 
dred Filipinos  occupied  a  string  of  trenches  admirably  situated 
along  the  river  bank  fully  commanding  the  bridge  and  its  ap- 
proach. The  brush  had  been  cut  for  quite  a  distance  on  the 
opposite  side  to  give  the  sharpshooters  full  view  of  the  advan- 
cing foe.  Tall  grass  nearly  as  high  as  a  man's  head  covered 
most  of  the  land  adjacent  to  the  river,  and  into  this  the  scouts 
crept  until  they  were  upon  the  edge  of  the  river.  Here  they  took 
such  protection  as  the  few  remaining  bushes  afforded  and  drove 
the  Filipinos  from  the  splendid  works  across  the  stream.  As  the 
enemy  retreated  they  set  fire  to  the  wooden  bridge.  The  sec- 
tion of  the  scouts  under  Lieutenant  Thornton  rushed  upon  the 


92  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

bridge  under  cover  of  the  fire  of  the  other  section  and  checked 
the  flames  in  time  to  save  the  structure.  Taking  possession  of 
the  trenches  captured  the  scouts  soon  drove  the  Filipinos  from 
the  field.  Several  Filipinos  were  killed,  seven  taken  prisoners, 
and  fourteen  rifles  captured.  Private  Harrington  of  Company 
G,  who  ranked  as  one  of  the  bravest  and  most  daring  members 
of  the  band,  was  found  after  the  engagement  shot  through  the 
neck.  He  had  apparently  been  killed  instantly.  When  Gen- 
eral Lawton  heard  of  Harrington's  death  and  that  of  Young, 
which  soon  followed,  he  said  that  he  had  lost  the  equal  of  two 
regiments.  The  dead  Filipinos  were  members  of  the  well- 
known  Manila  First,  which  bore  the  name  of  being  the  finest 
regiment  in  Aguinaldo's  army.  Each  had  an  "amigo"  or  peace 
suit  in  his  haversack. 

Companies  A,  L,  I,  and  B,  commanded  by  Major  Willis,  went 
to  the  scene  of  the  fight,  arriving  in  time  to  lend  a  hand  in  sav- 
ing the  bridge.  A  detail  under  Captain  May  soon  repaired  it 
so  the  column  could  cross.  It  was  later  named  "Harrington's 
Bridge,"  in  honor  of  the  hero  who  gave  up  his  life  there. 

CAPTURE    OF    SAN    ISIDRO. 

San  Isidro  was  attacked  on  the  morning  of  May  17th.  Colonel 
Summers  brought  his  brigade  up  in  front  of  the  city  early  that 
morning,  the  First  Battalion,  Second  Oregon,  composed  of 
Companies  A,  B,  I,  and  L,  under  Major  Willis,  forming  with 
their  right  resting  on  the  road.  One  battalion  of  the  North 
Dakota  formed  on  their  right,  and  the  Twenty-second  Infantry 
on  the  left.  The  scouts  were  sent  to  feel  around  the  cemetery 
on  the  left,  which  was  supposed  to  be  heavily  fortified.  It  de- 
veloped that  the  heaviest  fire  came  from  the  center  and  right. 
The  battalions  of  the  Oregon  and  the  North  Dakota  troops 
steadily  moved  closer,  until  the  enemy  gave  way  on  all  sides. 
Just  before  the  fight  commenced  General  Lawton  arrived,  and 
upon  seeing  the  excellent  arrangement  of  the  forces  by  Colonel 
Summers,  graciously  permitted  the  latter  to  command  during 
the  entire  engagement,  that  he  might  have  the  credit  of  cap- 
turing the  objective  point  of  the  campaign.  Private  Butts, 
Company  L,  was  wounded  in  the  thigh.  After  the  first  break 
in  the  lines,  the  Filipinos  made  no  further  effort  to  hold  the 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  93 

city.  The  same  day  Major  Eastwick  was  sent  to  Gapan  with 
his  battalion,  which  was  entered  without  resistance.  While 
the  battalion  was  still  in  the  city  the  Third  Infantry  was  seen 
approaching  in  line  of  battle  for  the  purpose  of  capturing  the 
same  place.  An  orderly  was  sent  out  to  inform  the  commander 
that  the  city  was  occupied,  and  his  profane  remark  upon  being 
told  that  he  might  enter  was  a  standing  by-word  with  the  reg- 
iment for  months. 

In  San  Isidro  was  found  the  prison  where  the  sixteen  Amer- 
ican prisoners  captured  by  the  Filipinos  had  been  confined. 
Private  Humphrey  of  Company  A  found  a  letter  written  by 
Lieutenant  Gilmore  of  the  Yor/ctown,  who,  with  his  boat's  crew, 
had  been  captured  some  weeks  previously.  In  this  the  Amer- 
icans learned  that  their  comrades  in  the  hands  of  the  Malays 
were  receiving  severe  treatment,  as  were  the  Spanish  prisoners 
also  in  custod3^ 

THE    REGIMENT    ORDERED    HOME. 

The  First  and  Second  Battalions  crossed  the  river  under 
command  of  Lieutenant  Colonel  Yoran  and  had  two  fights,  the 
First  Battalion,  Companies  A,  I,  and  L,  being  on  the  firing 
line.  The  column  started  back  May  20th,  taking  the  road  on 
the  north  side  of  the  Candaba  swamp  instead  of  that  on  the 
south,  which  they  had  come  on.  The  scouts  went  ahead  and 
became  involved  in  a  fierce  little  engagement  at  San  Antonio. 
As  soon  as  the  troops  advanced  the  enemy  gave  way,  retreating 
beyond  the  range  toward  Tarlac.  In  the  course  of  the  march 
down  the  river  to  Calumpit  the  river  was  often  crossed  under 
grave  difficulties  at  times.  No  further  hostilities  of  note  were 
offered  by  the  Filipinos.  At  Candaba  May  22d  the  Oregon 
regiment  received  word  that  it  was  to  immediately  return  to 
Manila  to  be  transported  to  the  United  States.  The  men  had 
all  through  the  day  been  under  the  impression  that  another 
long,  fatiguing  campaign  was  being  planned  for  them.  When 
the  telegram  was  communicated  to  them  their  joy  assumed  a 
most  boisterous  character.  It  was  much  like  the  expressions 
of  joy  a  year  previous,  when  on  the  22d  day  of  May,  1898,  the 
Second  Oregon  was  informed  that  it  would  be  part  of  the  first 
expedition  to  sail  to  the  Philippines  May  25,  1898. 

Calumpit  was  reached  on  the  24th,  where  the  regiment  took 


94  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

the  train  for  Manila  arriving  in  the  afternoon  of  that  day,  and 
taking  up  quarters  in  the  old  Cuartel  de  Espaiia.  On  the  fol- 
lowing day  Companies  D,  E,  C,  and  M  returned  to  the  city 
from  their  guard  duty  along  the  track.  Company  F  was  tem- 
porarily quartered  in  the  palace  again. 

LAWTON    COMPLIMENTS    THE    REGIMENT. 

General  Lawton  spoke  in  the  highest  terms  of  the  regiment, 
both  officers  and  men,  while  under  him.  He  urgently  recom- 
mended that  Colonel  Summers  be  promoted  to  be  a  brigadier 
general,  and  Captain  Case  a  major.  General  Otis  recommended 
that  each  be  given  a  brevet,  which  was  done  by  the  President. 
The  position  of  advance  guard  threw  upon  the  Oregon  and 
Minnesota  regiments  a  vast  amount  of  work  and  danger.  So 
splendidly  did  Colonel  Summers  perform  this  work  with  his 
brigade,  however,  that  General  Lawton  continuously  kept  him 
there  all  through  the  campaign.  When  the  regiment  reached 
the  city  all  of  the  men  were  much  reduced,  and  fifty  per  cent 
of  them  so  weak  that  they  would  have  been  unable  to  remain 
in  the  field  much  longer.  Nearly  all  were  suffering  from  some 
kind  of  stomach  or  bowel  complaint,  due  to  the  water,  food, 
and  heat,  and  from  sore'  feet  and  ringworms. 

DETAINED    FOR    MORE    FIGHTING. 

Preparations  for  embarkation  was  commenced  at  once.  The 
command  was  disappointed  in  the  time  of  sailing  and  seemingly 
was  not  likely  to  leave  the  island  for  some  time,  as  orders  were 
soon  issued  for  it  to  prepare  to  take  the  field  in  a  movement 
under  General  Lawton  against  Morong.  The  men  veiled  their 
disappointment,  and  those  able  by  June  2d  to  march  were  ready 
for  more  fighting.  The  medical  officers'  investigation  called 
out  over  half  of  the  regiment  as  unfit  for  duty. 

Companies  A,  B,  C,  D,  E,  G,  H,  I,  K,  L,  and  M,  under  com- 
mand of  Colonel  Summers,  marched  from  Manila  to  within  a 
mile  of  the  pumping  station  of  the  water  system  the  afternoon 
of  June  2d.  General  Hall's  brigade  rendezvoused  there  that 
night  preparatory  to  the  march  down  into  the  Mariquina  Valley 
June  3d.  General  Litwton  with  another  brigade  was  advancing 
on  Taytay  from  the  direction  of  the  source  of  the  Pasig,  and 
General  Hall  was  to  fall  upon  the  rear  of  that  city  about  the 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  95 

time  it  was  attacked  from  the  front.  Before  dawn,  June  3d, 
General  Hall's  brigade,  consisting  of  the  First  Colorado,  Fourth 
Cavaliy,  Second  Oregon,  one  battalion  of  the  First  Wyoming, 
and  the  Fourth  Infantry,  marched  from  the  plateau  back  of 
the  pumping  station  down  into  the  Mariquina  Valley  and  up 
in  front  of  the  destroyed  village  of  Mariquina.  The  column 
then  turned  down  the  valley,  the  cavalry  leading,  and  followed 
by  the  Second  Oregon,  until  the  foothills  on  the  opposite  side 
were  approached.  Filipino  sharpshooters  off  to  the  left  opened 
fire  while  the  cavalry  was  crossing  a  small  stream,  and  both 
the  dismounted  and  mounted  troops  of  the  Fourth  Cavalry 
were  deployed.  Then  Captain  Heath,  commanding  the  Third 
Battalion,  consisting  of  Companies  A,  H,  and  L,  was  ordered 
to  proceed  against  the  small  village  in  the  foothills  ahead. 
Shortly  after  deploying  the  line  was  fired  upon  by  a  pretty 
strong  force  of  Filipinos  posted  on  the  ridges  above.  The  hot 
reply  soon  quieted  the  enemy,  who  were  driven  still  farther  back 
by  the  mountain  battery,  commanded  by  Lieutenant  Haw- 
thorne, which  had  taken  position  in  the  valley  below.  Both 
of  the  Oregon  battalions  were  brought  up  to  support  the  Third, 
under  the  belief  that  a  hot  engagement  would  follow. 

As  soon  as  the  Filipinos  withdrew  back  over  the  hills,  the 
column  proceeded  down  the  valley  skirting  the  hills  and  finally 
taking  a  road  bearing  off  towards  Antipolo  in  a  direction  to 
pass  two  miles  behind  Taytay.  The  severe  firing  could  then 
be  heard  where  Lawtoij's  men  were  engaged.  While  the  column 
was  passing  through  a  depression,  flanked  on  both  sides  by  a 
ridge  and  small  peaks,  the  Filipinos  laid  an  ambush  that  was 
rather  formidable  for  a  few  moments.  The  cavalry  companies 
were  in  advance,  closely  followed  by  the  Second  Oregon.  A 
hot  fire  was  directed  at  these  two  regiments  from  two  small 
peaks  on  the  left,  a  higher  butte  in  front,  and  a  low  ridge  on 
the  right.  Fired  at  from  the  front  and  both  sides,  it  appeared 
that  serious  loss  would  be  sustained  before  the  ambush  could 
be  broken.  Colonel  Summers  ordered  the  First  Battalion,  under 
Major  Willis,  and  composed  of  Companies  B,  E,  I,  and  M,  to 
wheel  to  the  right  and  attack  the  ridge ;  Major  Eastwick's  bat- 
talion, composed  of  Companies  C,  D,  G,  and  K,  to  the  left, 
against  the  two  peaks  on  that  side,  and  Captain  Heath,  with 


96  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

Companies  A,  H,  and  L,  straight  ahead  to  fall  in  with  the 
cavalry  firing  line  in  front.  All  three  battalions  charged  fear- 
lessly up  until  the  enemy  was  forced  to  give  way.  Major  East- 
wick's  men  got  so  close  to  their  opponents  that  a  few  prisoners 
were  taken. 

William  McElwain  of  Company  H  was  killed  instantly,  a 
bullet  striking  him  in  the  neck.  A.  J.  Salisbury  of  Company  H 
was  shot  through  the  left  arm  and  rear  portion  of  the  chest. 
H.  M.  Wagner  of  Company  B  was  shot  through  the  abdomen. 
E.  L.  Doolittle  of  Company  C  was  shot  through  the  arm.  Clay- 
ton L.  Ransom  of  Company  L  was  wounded  slightly  on  the 
head.  Two  of  the  cavalrymen  were  killed  and  four  or  five 
wounded. 

No  effort  was  made  to  get  down  behind  Taytay  after  the  fight- 
ing ceased.  Major  Willis'  battalion  moved  up  over  a  hill  in 
the  rear  of  the  city,  but  the  commanding  general  did  not  deem 
it  advisable  to  go  down,  so  all  the  troops  were  recalled  to  the 
vicinity  of  the  ambush  and  camped  for  the  night.  Next  morn- 
ing there  was  a  little  scattering  fighting  as  the  Americans 
cleared  the  adjoining  peaks  and  ridges  of  Filipinos,  but  with- 
out casualties.  Major  Eastwick's  battalion  was  subjected  to  a 
rather  hot  fire  for  a  few  minutes,  while  on  top  of  Lookout  Peak, 
which  was  soon  silenced. 

That  afternoon  the  brigade  proceeded  along  the  military 
highway,  called  Calle  Real,  through  Antipolo,  and  on  down  into 
the  basin  of  Morong,  camping  for  the  night  in  a  village  named 
Teresa.  On  the  following  day,  June  4th,  the  brigade  marched 
into  Morong,  finding  upon  its  arrival  that  the  First  Washington 
had  preceded  it  by  a  day,  having  entered  the  city  from  the  lake 
by  the  aid  of  the  gunboats.  On  the  last  two  days  of  the  march 
the  heat  was  quite  oppressive,  and  many  of  the  men  succumbed. 

From  Morong  the  Second  Oregon  was  returned  to  Manila, 
June  5th,  on  cascoes,  towed  by  launches.  All  reached  the 
Cuartel  de  Espafio  that  night,  except  Companies  C  and  G,  whose 
cascoes  got  fast  in  the  mud  and  were  detained  until  the  next 
morning. 

FINALLY    ORDERED    TO    EMBARK. 

A  few  days  later  the  regiment  received  orders  to  embark  on 
the  transports  Ohio  and  Newport  for  the  United  States.     A  vote 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  97 

was  granted  the  members  as  to  their  destination,  San  Francisco 
or  Portland,  which  was  decided  in  favor  of  the  former  city, 
OAving  to  the  fact  that  travel-pay  would  be  allowed  the  men  from 
the  place  where  they  are  mustered  out  to  their  homes.  Seventy- 
live  men  asked  for  their  discharges  in  Manila,  which  were 
granted,  with  the  privilege  of  those  doing  so  receiving  free 
transportation  back  to  the  United  States  any  time  within  a 
year  on  a  Government  transport. 

The  Second  Battalion  embarked  on  the  Ohio  June  12th  and 
was  followed  by  the  Third  Battalion  next  day,  the  First  Bat- 
talion and  headquarters  taking  the  Newport  at  the  same  time. 
Lieutenant  Colonel  Yoran  was  placed  in  command  of  the  troops 
on  the  Ohio,  and  Major  Gantenbein  commanded  the  troops  on 
the  Newport.  Both  vessels  sailed  out  of  Manila  Bay  June  14th, 
bearing  the  first  regiment  of  volunteers  to  leave  the  Phil- 
ippines. On  June  18th  Nagasaki  was  reached,  where  the 
transports  lay  for  four  days  taking  coal  and  meat.  Great 
enthusiasm  prevailed  among  the  social  Japanese  over  the 
arrival  of  some  of  the  United  States  fighting  men.  The  offi- 
cers of  the  regiment  were  tendered  a  reception  by  local  clubs. 
June  22d  the  transports  sailed  out  of  the  harbor  and  steered 
through  the  Inland  Sea  along  the  southern  coast  of  Yeddo 
Island.  Two  days  later  the  steamers  emerged  from  this  archi- 
pelago at  Kobe,  and  shaped  for  San  Francisco,  which  they 
reached  July  12th. 

MUSTERED    OUT    AT    SAN    FRANCISCO. 

A  splendid  welcome  was  given  the  regiment  by  the  people 
of  San  Francisco  and  a  very  strong  delegation  from  Oregon 
headed  by  Governor  T.  T.  Geer.  Next  day  the  command 
marched  ashore  and  through  the  city  to  the  Presidio,  amidst 
a  bewilderment  of  greetings  and  demonstrations  of  joy.  It 
remained  camped  at  the  Presidio  until  August  7,  1899,  when 
it  was  finally  mustered  out  of  the  service  of  the  United  States, 
the  majority  of  men  returning  to  the  State,  Tuesday,  August 
8th,  on  two  special  trains  provided  for  the  soldiers. 

Governor  T.  T.  Geer  with  his  staff  met  the  special  trains  at 
the  State  line  August  9th,  and  thence  conducted  them  to  Port- 
land. Splendid  ovations  greeted  the  returning  troops  at  each 
town  where  the  train  stopped.     Portland  was  reached  August 


98  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

10th  and  the  same  afternoon  those  remaining  with  the  colors 
marched  to  Multnomah  Field,  where, amidst  thousands  of  spec- 
tators, General  Summers  formally  turned  the  regimental  colors 
over  to  the  Governor.  This  impressive  scene  brought  tears  to 
man}^  eyes  and  was  the  last  act  of  the  regiment  in  a  body. 

Beyond  the  seas  they  went  down  to  battle.  Beyond  the 
bounds  of  country,  beyond  precedent,  beyond  national  tradi- 
tion, they  sailed  in  obedience  to  duty's  call.  They  fought  their 
country's  enemies,  and  the  fiercer  elements  by  which  Nature 
marks  races  and  gives  them  homes.  Many  of  them  lie  upon 
the  distant  shore,  their  erstwhile  proud  frames  dissolving  in 
decay,  their  white  bones  studding  the  soil  with  those  of  the  foe. 

Honor  the  dauntless  spirit  that  leaves  luxuriant  home  only 
to  expire  in  the  agonies  of  death.  Treasure  with  loving  gen- 
tleness the  memories  that  now  alone  connect  the  fallen  with 
this  earth.  Give  unto  them  the  affectionate  praise,  so  sweet  to 
contemplate  when  stern  fate  was  cutting  away  life's  buoyant 
wings,  when  existence  was  narrowed  to  cycles  of  minutes  rather 
than  years.  Grateful  recollection  by  fellow-man  is  the  sweet- 
ness of  patriotism.  To  those  who  offered  in  vain  the  great- 
sacrifice,  but  who  stood  by  the  altar  while  the  incense  of  their 
comrades'  souls  floated  to  the  Unknown,  accord  the  tribute  of 
"  Duty  Done."  They  ask  no  more.  In  behalf  of  the  members 
of  the  Second  Regiment  Oregon  United  States  Volunteers  In- 
fantry, as  well  as  to  leave  an  authentic  record  of  their  achieve- 
ments, this  history  is  written. 

HONORS    TO    THE    BRAPE. 

Seven  members  of  the  regiment  were  recommended  for 
medals  of  honor  at  the  close  of  service  in  the  Philippines. 
Five  of  these  —  Lieutenant  Thornton  of  Company  B,  and  Pri- 
vates Lyons  and  Robertson  of  Company  B,  Frank  (,'.  High  of 
Company  G,  and  M.  B.  Huntley  of  Company  L  —  were  members 
of  the  scouts,  and  were  recommended  by  Captain  Birkheimer, 
staff  officer,  to  General  Lawton,  for  the  gallant  work  at  San 
Miguel  and  Tarbon  Bridge.  Sergeant  Major  Marshall  and  Pri- 
vate Smith  of  Company  F  were  recommended  by  General 
Summers  for  gallant  conduct  on  the  field. 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 


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OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 


1 

i 

Enrolled  and  mastered  in  as  principal  musician;  ap- 
pointed chief  musician  from  principal  musician  Nov. 
30,  '98,  per  Reg.  S.  0.  No.  191.  hdqrs.  2d  Or.  Inf.,  U.  S. 
Vols.,  dated  Nov.  30,  '98. 

Enrolled  and  mustered  in  as  principal  musician;  en- 
titled to  reenlisted  pay;  enlisted  in  Troop  E,  4th 
U.  S.  Cav.,  Aug.  23,  '89;  discharged  Aug.  24,  '91;  reen- 
listed in  Co.  C,  14th  U.  S.  Inf.,  Nov.  1,  '94;  discharged 
Oct.  31,  '97;  sick  in  quarters  Oct.  15  to  Nov.  2,  '98,  inc.; 
in  line  of  duty. 

Joined  regiment  by  enli.stment  at  San  Francisco,  Cal., 
May  23,  '98;  appointed  principal  musician  from  pri- 
vate (unas.signed)  Jan.  1,  '99,  per  Reg.  S.  O.  No.  210, 
hdqrs.  2d  Or.  Inf.,  U.  S.  Vols.,  dated  Jan.  .5,  '99;  sick  in 
quarters  July  I,'<-23,  '98,  inc.;  Aug.  22-26,  '98,  inc.;  Sept. 
24  to  Oct.  .5,  '9S,inc.:  all  in  line  of  duty.  "No  clothing 
was  issued  to  him  by  the  State.' 

Joined  regiment  by  enlistment  at  San  Francisco.  Cal., 
unassigned  recruit  attached  to  N.  C.  staff  and  band; 
sick  in  quarters  J  uly  16-19,  '98,  inc.;  Sept.  24-29,  '98,  inc.; 
June  12  to  July  1.5,  '99.  inc.;  sick  in  general  hospital, 
Presidio  of  San  Francisco,  since  July  16,  '98;  all  in  line 
of  duty.    "No  clothing  was  issued  him  by  the  State." 

Mustered  out  of  .service  2d  Or.  Inf.,  U.  S.  Vols.,  to  take 
effect  May  25,  '98,  by  reason  of  acceptance  of  commis- 
sion as  chief  surgeon  U.  S.  Vols.,  per  S.  O.  No.  269, 
A.  (4.  O.,  dated  Nov.  14,  '98. 

Discharged  and  final  statements  given  at  Manila,  P.  I., 
Feb.  25,  '99,  per  S.  O.  No.  12,  A.  G.  O.,  dated  Jan.  16,  '99. 
Due  soldier  for  clothing  not  drawn  in  kind,  .f.39.45. 
Due  United  States  for  ordnance  lost,  »12.  Service, 
"honest  and  faithful."    Character,  "excellent." 

Discharged  and  final  statements  given  at  Manila,  P.  I., 
Mar.  5,  '99,  per  S.  0.  No.  57,  hdqrs.  dept.  of  the  Pacific 
and  8th  A.  C,  dated  Feb.  28,  '99.  Due  soldier  for  cloth- 
ing not  drawn  in  kind,  S55.;32.  Service,  "honest  and 
faithful."    Character,  "excellent." 

Enrolled  and  mustered  in  as  chict  mu.sician;  reduced 
from  chief  musician  to  private  Nov.  oO,  '98,  and  trans- 
ferred to  Co.  D,  2d  Or.  Inf.,  U.  S.  \nl.-;.,  per  Reg  S.  0. 
No.  191,  hdqrs.  2d  Or.  Inf.,  U.  S.  \'.  .Is.,  dated  Nov.  80,  '98. 
Duesoldierforclothingnotdrawii  at  settlement,i42.31. 
Due  United  States,  quartermasti  i  s  supplies,  $1.27. 

s 

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1 

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1 
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Portland - 
Portland- 

S.  F.,  Cal. 

S.  F.,  Cal. 

Portland - 
Portland 

Portland 

Portland - 

1 

May    9. 
May    7 

May  23. 

May  23- 

May    8- 
May    7. 

May  11- 

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Soldier— 

Physician 
Clerk  .... 

Physician 

Musician 

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Henry  Hockenyos — 

Chief  Musician. 
Samuel  McGownn 

Principal  Musician. 
Thomas  Cwrlton 

Principal  Musician. 
Alex   Rine-strom 

Private. 

H.  W.  Cardwell 

Captain  and 

Assistant  Surgeon. 

James  Rintoul,  Jr 

Sergeant  Major. 

Harry  A.  Littlefield- 

Hospital  Stewart. 

Gustav  Mueller 

Private. 

OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 


103 


104 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 


1 

as 

Tried  by  summary  court  Jan.  19,  '99,  for  violation  of 
the  62d  art.  of  war;  sentenced  to  forfeit  one  (|1)  dollar 
of  his  pay;  fine  deducted  on  Jan.  and  Feb.,  '99,  pay 
roll;  sick  in  quarters  Oct.  19-27,  '98,  inc.;  June  2-4,  '99, 
inc.;  June  30  to  July  2,  '99,  inc.;  all  in  line  of  duty. 

Tried  by  summary  court  Feb.  20,  '99,  for  violation  of 
the  33d  art.  of  war;  sentenced  to  forfeit  fifty  (.50)  cents 
of  his  pay;  fine  deducted  on  Jan.  and  Feb.,  '99,  pay 
roll- sick  in  quarters  Sept.  20  to  Oct.  6,  '98,  inc.;  Oct.  16 
to  Nov.  10,  '9S,  inc.;  not  in  line  of  duty;  sick  in  quar- 
ters Nov.  lO-IJ.  '98,  inc.;  in  line  of  duty. 

On  special  duty  as  acting  regimental  commissary  ser- 
geant since  May  9, '98;  Reg.  S.  0.  No.  27,  same  date. 
Tried  by  field  olttcers'  court  Aug.  3,  '98,  for  violation 
of  the  33d  art.  of  war;  sentenced  to  forfeit  three  ($3) 
dollars  of  his  pay;  fine  deducted  on  July  and  Aug., 
'98,  pay  roll. 

Enrolled  as  corporal;  promoted  sergeant  Sept.  — ,  '98; 
Reg.  S  O.  No  H3,  .same  date;  sick  in  regimental  hos- 
pital pee.  29,  '98,  to  Jan.  3,  '99,  inc.;  in  line  of  duty. 

Sick  in  1st  reserve  hospital,  Manila,  P.  I.,  Sept.  1-2.5,  '98, 
inc.:  >^iel<  in  quarters  June5-13,  '98,  inc.;  Aug.  20-31,  '98, 
inc.;  Seiii .  26  to  Oct.  3,  '98,  inc.;  Oct.  7-10,  '98,  inc.;  all  in 
line  tif  duty. 

Tried  by  summary  court  Jan.  17,  '99,  for  violation  of 
the  112(1  alt.  of  war;  sentenced  to  forfeit  one  (Ifl)  dollar 
of  his  |ia\':  fine  deducted  on  Jan.  and  Feb. '99,  pay  roll; 
onsp(cial  (Inly  In  Reg.  <i.:M.  1  lei-t.  July  1 1-19,'98,  inc.; 
Reg.  S.  <>.  No  117.  dated  Cavii.  Ars^.nal.  P.  1.,  July  11, 
'98;  relieved  from  special  dutv  in  Ken.  ii.  M.  Dept.  by 
Reg.  S.  o.  No.  101,  dated  ('a  vile  Arsenal,  P.  I.,  July  19, 
'98;  on  s|„cial  duty  in  Pri-.  ('.  M.  Dept.  July  19  to 
Aug.  !•,  'iis,  inc..  i>er  S.  O.  No.  Hi;  lidcirs.  1st  brig.,  l-st 
div.,  stli  A.  < '..  dated  Cavite  Arsenal.  P.  I.,  July  19, '98; 
relievxl  lioni  special  duty  by  S.  O.  No.  8;  hdqrs.  1st 
brig.,  Isi  (11  v..  sth  A.  C,  dated  Cavite  Arsenal,  P.  I., 
Aug.  II,  liv  siek  111  quarters  June  5-29,  '98,  inc  ;  Sept.  3 
to  Oct.  27,  'lis,  inc.;  sick  in  regimental  hospital  Feb.  13 
to  JNIar.  12,  '99,  inc.:  sick  in  1st  reserve  hospital,  Ma- 
nila. P.  I.,  Mar.  13  to  Apr.  18,'99,  inc.;  all  in  line  of  duty. 

i 

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Portland- 

Portland- 

Portland- 
Portland 

Portland- 

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Arthur  P.  Harris 

3d  Sergeant. 

Frank  T.  Hayes 

4th  Sergeant. 

Charles  I    Dillon 

Omar  M.DeWitt 

Quartermaster  Sergeant. 

James  J.  Wel.sh 

Corporal. 

Harvey  L.McAlister. 

Corporal. 

OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 


105 


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OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 


1 

1 

... 

Enrolled  as  private;  promoted  corporal  Apr.  1,  '99,  Reg. 
S.  O.  No.  5;  field  service,  dated  Manila,  P.  I.,  Apr.  20, 
'99;  tried  by  summary  court  Jan.  2,  '99,  for  violation 
of  the62d  art.  of  war;  sentenced  to  fmfeit  three  (S3) 
dollars  of  Ids  pay;  line  deducted  on  Jan.  and  Feb., '99, 
pay  roll:  in  coniiuemenl   .Ian.  9-H,  'li'.i;  leleased   on 
being  tried  by  suiumary  court  for  violation  of  the 
62d  art.  of  war,  and  found  not  guilty,  and  acquitted; 
absent  without  leave  Sept.  7,  '98,  less  than  24  hours. 

Enlisted  .-It  Portland,  Or.,. June  17, '98;  assi^Mied  to  com- 
pany by  lUii.  s  o.  No.  IS7,  dated  Manila,  P.  I.,  Nov. 
'26,  '98;  Joined  company  at  Manila,  P.  1.,  same  date. 
No  cloihiuK  was   issued    lo   him  by  the  State.    Ap- 
pointed artificer  .lau.  21,  'll!!,  Reg.  S.  o.  No.  7,  same 
date;  tried  hy  summary  court  Feb.  .'i, '9H,  for  violation 
of  the  :;:;d  art.  of  war;  sentenced  to  forfeit  one  month's 
pay;  nine  and  (i(i-loo  (Sli.dO)  dollars  of  ti  ne  deducted  on 
.Tan.  and  iMb.,  '.lii,  pay  roll;  ciKhtand  10-100  («f8.40)  dol- 
lars of  line  d.'ductcd  on  .Mar.  and  Apr.,  '9lt,  pay  roll; 
sick  In  (|nariers.Iuiie2-.5,  '99,  inc.;  sick  in  l.st  reserve 
hospital,  Manila,  P.  1.,  Mar.  22  to  Apr.  11,  'ii9,  inc.;all 
in  line  of  duiv. 

Tried  by  sum  ma  ly  .•ou  it  Jan.  17, '99,  for  violation  of  the 
6'2d  an.  of  w.ii;  Miiienced  to  forfeit  fifty  I'lO)  cents  of 
his  pay;  line  deducled  on  Jan.  and  I'eb., '!t!t,  payroll; 
sick  in  i|u:iil<is  M.iv  20,  '98;  July  16-lS,  'lis,  inc.;  .sick 
in  Presidio  lio^piial,  Presidio,  Cal.,  since  July  19,  '99; 
all  in  line  of  dulv. 

Sick  in  ipiarleis  oci.  1:!-17, '98,  inc.;  not  in  line  of  duty; 
appoluled  c.impauy  artificer  Oct.  21,  'lis,  to  rank  as 
such  from  <  ><-l.  1,  'lis,  !{(••;.  S.  O.  No.  195,  dated  Manila, 
P.  I.,  Ocl.  2,  "IIS:  relieved  from  duty  as  conipauv  ar- 
tificer .Ian.  21,  ■'.ID,  Ke-.  S.  o.  No.  7,   sai late;  'tried 

bysmnmary  court  Sept.  li», -98,  for  viol.alion  of  the 
62d  an.  of  wai-;  sentenced  to  be  .■oufiued  at  bard  labor 
for  two  weeks,  and    lo  forfeit   five   (-:,)   dollars  of  his 
pay;  line  deducled  on  Sept.  and  1  icl.,  'lis,  pa\-  roll;  in 
ConfineiiH-ntSept,  li)  to  Oct.  5,  'lis.  ii,.-.;  tried'by  sum. 
mary  court  Nov.  10,  'iis,  for  violaiion  of  the  ,Slst  art 
of  war;  sentenced  to  forfeit  thn  e  !?f:i)  dollars  of  hi' 

.l 

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Portia  nd- 

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Darwin  Bockes 

'   Corporal. 
Don   C.  Butler 

Artificer. 

Thos.  J.  Warren 

Fremont  H.  Chase... 

Afusician. 

OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  10' 


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OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 


i 

as 

Sick  in  quarters  July  11-13,  '98,  inc.;  Oct.  26-31,  '98,  inc.; 
Nov.  2-10,  '98,  inc.;  May  29-31.  '99,  inc.;  sick  in  regi- 
mental hospital  Feb.  9-13,  '99,  inc.;  all  in  line  of  duty. 

No  remarks. 

Tried  by  summary  court  Sept.  20,  '98,  for  violation  of 
the  H2d  art.  of  war;  sentenced  to  forfeit  four  f|4)  dol- 
lars of  his  pay;  fine  deducted  on  Sept.  and  Oct.,  '98, 
pay  roll;  in  confinement  Aug.  15-23,  '98,  inc.;  released 
without  trial;  in  confinement  Sept.  18-21,  '98,  inc., 
released  with  trial  resulting  in  conviction;  sick  in 
.quarters  Sept.  30  to  Oct  1,  '9h,  inc.;  Nov.  8,  '98,  to  Jan. 
5,  '99,  inc.;  all  not  in  line  of  duty;  June  8-15,  '99,  inc.; 
June  16-19,  '99,  inc.;  in  line  of  dutv;  sick  in  Presido 
hospital,  Pre-sidio,  Cal.,  since  July  19,  '99;  in  Hue  of 
duty. 

Enlisted  at  Portland,  Or.,  June  21,  '99:  assigned  to  com- 
pany by  Reg.  S.  O.  No.  187,  dated  Manila,  P.  I.,  Nov. 
26,  '98;  joined  company  at  Manila,  P.  I.,  same  date. 
No  clothing  was  issued  to  him  by  the  State.  Tried 
by  suinin.uy  court  <  »ct  11,  •9S,  for  violation  of  the  :Kd 
art.  of  war;  sentenced  to  forfeit  one  («•!)  dollar  of  his 
pay;  line  dednc-ted  on  Oct.  'US,  payroll,  in  confine- 
ment .Tan.  '.)-lL',  ■'.•'.I,  inc.;  released  with  trial  from  sum- 
mary c(.ni-t  for  violalini;-  the  (L'd  art.  of  war;  found 
not  giiiliv  and  acc|  uiied;  sick  in  regimental  hospital 
Dec.  Is-L'i;,  'us.  inc.;  sick  in  (luarters  Dec.  26, '98,  to  Jan. 
3,  '99,  inc.:  all  in  line  of  duty;  sick  in  1st  reserve  hos- 
pital, .Manila,  1'.  I.,  A  pi'.  15  to  May  11. '99,  inc.;  not  in 
line  of  duty. 

Enlisted  at  McMinnville,  Or.,  June  20,  '98;  as.signed  to 
company  by  Keg.  s.  ( ).  Xo.  187,  dated  iManila,  P.  I., 
Nov.  26, '98;  Joined  company  at  Manila,  P.  I.,  same 
date.  No  clothing  was  issued  to  him  by  the  State. 
Tried  by  sununarv  court  Jan.  17,  '99,  for  violation  of 
the  62d  art.  of  war;  .sentenced  to  forfeit  fifty  (.50)  cents 
of  his  pay;  fine  deducted  from  Jan.  and  Feb.,  '99,  pay 
roll. 

Enlisted  at  McMinnville,  Or.  June  17,  '98;  assigned  to 
company  by  Keg.  S.  O.  No.  187,  dated  Manila,  P.  I., 
Nov.  26,  '98;  joined  company  at  Manila,  P.  I.,  .same 

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OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 


Sick  in  quarters  Aug.  21-23,  '98,  inc.;  Oct.  3-7,  '98,  inc.; 
May  10-17,  '99,  inc.;  June  2-8,  '99,  inc.;  sick  in  field 
brigade  hospital  May  19-27,  '99,  inc.;  all  in  line  of  duty. 

Enhsted  at  Portland,  Or.,  June '20, '98;  assigned  to  com- 
pany per  Reg.  S.  0.  No.  1S7,  dated  Manila,  P.  I.,  Nov. 
'26,  '98;  joined  com  pan  v  at  Manila,  P.  I.,  same  date. 
No  clothing  was  issued  to  him  by  the  State.  Tried  by 
summary  court  Feb.  ir.,  '!»ii,  for  violation  of  the  32d  art. 
of  war  (absent  withcj'ii  leave  from  7  a.  m.  Feb.  12  to 
2  p.  M.  Feb.  13,  '99,  inc.;  sentenced  to  one  mouth  of  his 
pay;  eight  and  32-10(J  ( Ss  :!2)  dollars  of  fine  and  pay  for 
time  absent  deducted  on  Jan.  and  Feb.,  '99,  pay  roll; 
seven  and  28-100  ($7.2.s)  dc  .liars  of  fine  deducted  on  Mar. 
and  Apr.,  '99,  pay  roll;  iri(.'d  by  summary  court  Feb. 
20,  '99,  for  violation  of  the  33d  art.  of  war;  sentenced 
to  forfeit  fifty  (50)  cents  ol  his  pay,  fine  to  be  deducted 
on  this  roll;  sick  in  rtKhnental  hospital  Dec.  '28,  '98,  to 
Jan.  17,  '99,  inc  ;  in  line  of  duty. 

Wounded  in  action  at  Malabon,  P.  I.,  Mar.  2,5,  '99;  sick 
in  quarters  June  12-1  f.  "its,  inc.;  July  19-21,  '98,  inc.; 
Aug.  30  to  Sept.  4,  '!)s,  inc.;  Sept.  8-10,  '98,  inc.;  Sept. 
26-29,  '98,  inc.:  June  1.)  to  July  18,  '99,  inc.;  sick  in 
regimental  hospital  Feb.  26  to  Mar.  3,  '99,  inc.;  sick  in 
1st  reserve  hospital,  INIanila,  P.  I.,  Mar.  26  to  June  14, 
'99,  inc.;  sick  in  Presidio  hospital,  Presidio,  Cal.,  since 
July  19,  '99;  all  in  line  of  d.uty. 

Sick  in  quarters  June  17-19,  '98,  inc.;  Oct.  26-30,  '98, inc  ; 
Nov.  1-3,  '9S,  inc.;  all  in  line  of  duty. 

Sick  in  1st  reserve  hospital,  Manila,  P.  I.,  Aug.  27  to 
Sept.  25,  '98,  inc.;  sick  in  (luarters  Sept.  26  to  Oct  7, 
'98,  inc.;  Oct.  13  to  Nov.  2,  '98,  inc  ;  June  9-11,  '99,  inc.; 
June  24-'27,  '99,  inc.;  Nov.  17,  '98,  to  July  1,  '99;  all  in 
line  of  duty. 

Tried  by  summary  court  Jan.  17,  '99,  for  violation  of 
the  62d  art.  of  war;  sentenced  to  forfeit  fifty  (50)  cents 
of  his  pay;  fine  deducted  on  Jan  and  Feb.,  '99,  pay 
roll.  Wounded  in  action  at  Malabon,  P.  I  ,  Mar.  25, 
'99.  Sick  in  Fort  Mason  hospital,  San  Francisco, 
Cal.,  May  19-22,  '98,  inc.;  sick  in  quarters  July  2:3-26, 
'98,  inc  ;  June  15  to  July  18,  '99,  inc  ;  sick  in  1st  reserve 

1 

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Teatz,  Charles 

Thompson,  Frank  H. 

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Tillman,  George 

Ungerman,  Wm.  B— 

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Originally  mustered  in  with  company  as  captain;  ap- 
pointed and  accepted  commission  May  10,  '98. 

Originally  mustered  in  witli  company  as  1st  lieutenant; 
On  special  duty  as  acting  regimental  adjutant  per 
S.  O.  No.  1,  hdqrs.  2d  Or.  Vol.  Inf.,  dated  Apr.  22,  '99; 
returned  to  duty  with  company  per  verbal  orders  on 
July  1 1,  "J'.i;  sick  in  quarters  June  17-18,  '98,  inc.;  Nov. 
28-i9,  ".IS,  inc.;  all  in  line  of  duty;  appointed  and  ac- 
ceiited  commission  May  10,  '9S. 

Orifiinallv  mustered  in  with  ccuiipa  ny  as  2d  lieutenant; 
on  si.ecial  duty  as  chief  of  sc.uts  May  18-22,  '99,  inc., 
per  Held  s.  ().  No.  4,  hdqrs.  Kl  div.,8th  A.  C,  dated 
Mav  I:;,  ".lit;  sick  in  ipuirters  .1  iiue  17-18,  98,  inc.;  Nov 
27,  'lis,  P>  .Ian.  1,  '99,  inc.;  all  iii  lino  of  duty;  absent 
with  leave  .luh'  iii-19,  '99,  inc.,  jier  order  regimental 
coniuianiler;  ;ipp(.iuted  and  accepted  commission 
Mav  1(1,  'Its. 

Enrolled  as  lirst  sei',^>ant  and  mustered  in  as  1st  ser- 
geant; sick  ill  ipiarli'i-s  Dec.  S-IO.  '98,  inc.;  in  line  of 
dulv.  In  llie  sett  lenient  for  clothing  is  included  the 
sum  of  (hirieeii  and  99-100  (IKV.ili)  dollars,  total  value 
of  article,  issued  hv  State.  Deposited  on  Aug.  8, '98, 
forty  (*10i  dollars  with  Major  Killimirne;  Nov.  5, '98, 
tweiitv-iive  i-ri^i;  dollars  with  Ma.jor  Sears. 

Enrolled  and  luusteredln  as  (piaiienuaster  sergeant; 
sick  in  ipiaiiers  July  30  to  Au},M', '9S,  inc.;  Sept.  (i-9, 
'98,  inc.;  1  >ee.  Jiuil, '!is,  inc.;  all  in  lineof  duty.  In  the 
settlement forelolhingisiiicliidedtliesuniof  tliirteen 
and  99-100  (ii:i.99)  dollars,  total  value  of  articles  issued 
by  State. 

1 

.2 

£ 

1 
1 

1 

Portland- 
Portland. 

Portland. 

Portland- 
Portland- 

When. 

May  10. 
May  10. 

May  10. 

May  10- 
May  10- 

Occupation. 

Telegra'er 
Teacher— 

Millman- 

Butter- 
maker. 

Banker  — 

Where 
born. 

N.  Y.- 

lowa- 

Or.  — 

Or.  — 
Mich. 

i     . 
■    1 

Hair. 

Br. ... 
Br. ... 

Br.-.. 

Br.  — 
Br. ... 

1 

Blue- 
Br.  — 

Blue.. 

Blue- 
Blue- 

Com- 
plexion. 

Dark. 
Dark- 

Dark- 

Dark- 
Dark. 

1 

4|     "^              .                 ^"              . 

^u=         .o 

1 

§       g                  S                     5!                  ^ 

i 
1 

> 

i 

Captain. 

Frank  B.  Hamlin 

1st  Lieutenant. 

James  E.  Thornton.. 

2d  Lieutenant. 

Wm.  C.  Grubb 

)at  Sergeant. 

Franks.  Godfrey.— 

quartermaster  Sergeant. 

OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 


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OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANtSH    WAR. 


1 

i 

Joined  company  by  enlistment  at  Manila,  P.  I.,  Nov. 
24,  '98;  assigned  to  company  per  S.  O.  No.  187,  hdqrs. 
2d  Or.  Inf.,  dated  Manila,  P.  I.,  Nov.  26,  '98.  Tried  by 
summary  court  Mar.  9,  '99,  for  violation  of  32d  art. 
of  war  (absent  without  leave  less  than  24  hours  on 
Mar.  7.  '99);  sentenced  to  forfeit  one  month's  pay; 
fine  deducted  on  Mar.  and  Apr.,  '99,  pay  roll;  absent 
without  leave  July  16,  '99;  not  tried;  pay  for  time  ab- 
sent to  be  deducted  on  this  roll.  Sick  in  hospital 
Nov.  27  to  Dec.  3,  '98,  inc.;  sick  in  quarters  Dec.  30,  '98, 
to  Jan.  2,  '99,  inc.;  sick  in  hospital  Apr.  22  to  May  29, 
'99,  inc.;  sick  in  quarters  May  30  to  June  4,  '99,  inc.; 
all  in  hne  of  duty.    No  clothing  issued  by  State. 

On  special  duty  in  quartermaster's  department  per 
S.  0.  No.  170,  hdqrs.  2d  Or.  Inf.,  dated  Manila,  P.  I.,  Oct. 
14,  '98;  on  special  duty  in  depot  quartermaster's  de- 
partment, per  S.  0.  No.  87,  hdqrs.  dept.  of  the  Pacific 
and  8th  A.  C,  dated  Manila,  P.  I.,  Oct.  25,  '98;  returned 
to  duty  in  company  per  S.  O.  No.  154,  hdqrs.  dept.  of 
thePaciflcand8thA.C.,datedManila,P.I.,June8,'99; 
on  special  duty  in  regimental  quartermaster's  de- 
partment per  S.  0.  No.  26,  hdqrs.  2d  Or.  Inf.,  dated  Ma- 
nila, P. I  .  June  10,  '99.  Sick  in  quarters  Sept. 5-9,  '98, 
inc.;  in  line  of  duty.  No  clothing  issued  by  State. 
Assigned  to  Company  B,  2d  Or.  Inf.,  May  23,  '98,  per 
Reg.  O.  No.  48,  hdqrs.  2d  Or.  Inf.,  dated  Camp  Pre- 
sidio, San  Francisco,  Cal.,  May  23,  '98. 

Sick  in  quarters  Aug.  14-21,  '98.  inc.;  Oct.  25  to  Nov.  1. 
'98,  inc.;  Nov.  18-21,  '98,  inc.;  June  2-3,  '99,  inc.;  all  in 
line  of  duty.  In  the  settlement  for  clothing  is  in- 
cluded the  sum  of  thirteen  and  99-100  {S13.99)  dollars, 
total  value  of  articles  issued  by  State.  Deposited  on 
Nov.  5,  '98,  thirty  (S30)  dollars  with  Major  Sears;  on 
Mar.  12,  '99,  twenty  (820)  dollars  with  Major  McClure. 

Tried  by  summary  court  Mar.  9,  '99,  for  violation  of  32d 
art.  of  war  (absent  without  leave  less  than  24  hours 
on  Mar.  7,  '99);  sentenced  to  forfeit  one  month's  pay; 
fine  deducted  on  Mar.  and  Apr.,  '99,  pay  roll.  Sick 
in  quarters  June  26  to  July  30,  '98,  inc.;  Sept.  3-7,  '98, 
inc.;  Mar.  30,  '99;   sick  in  hospital  Mar.  31  to  May  28, 

1 

1 
1 

S 

Roseburg 
S.  F.,  Cal. 

Portland - 
Portland. 

i 

July  12. 
May  23. 

May  10 
May  10- 

1 

o 

Laborer— 

Laborer- 
Clerk- 

£  s" 

Or.- 

IlL- 
Or.— 

1 

1 

«                                         1                                           J                     J 
Q                                           1                                            K                     w 

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Blue- 
Blue- 

a 

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Fair- 
Fair— 

1 

1                                          -^                   ^ 

^■"5                                                                    i                                                                      lO                                 O 

1 

S                                     1                                      c3                  ?5 

. 

i 

Parsley,  Everett  B— 
Putnam,  Frank  T.  — 

Radcliffe,  A.  L 

Riddle,  Edward  W.- 

OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 


141 


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OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 


1    . 

0^ 

Sick  in  quarters  May  21-22,  '98- inc.;  July  7,  '98;  sick  in 
hnsijital  July  8-19, '98,  inc.;  sick  in  quarters  July  13-15, 
•lis.  inc.;  July  23,  '98;  Aug.  2-9,  '98,  inc.;  Sept.  26  to  Oct. 
3, -'.K,  Inc.;  sick  in  hospital  Oct.  4, '98,  to  Jan.  6, '99,  inc.; 
Apr.  17  to  May  28,  '99,  inc.;  all  in  line  of  duty.  In  the 
sittlement  for  clothing  is  included  the  sum  of  thir- 
ty, n  and  99-100  (813.99)  dollars,  total  value  of  articles 
issued  by  State. 

Sirk  in  quarters  Oct.  3-18,  '98,  inc.;  Feb.  ;;0-24,  '99,  inc.; 
all  in  hne  of  duty.  Deposited  on  Jan.  7,  '99,  forty-flve 
(S45)  dollars  with  Major  Sheary.  In  the  settlement 
for  clothing  is  included  the  sum  of  thirteen  and  99-100 
(S13.99)  dollars,  total  value  of  articles  issued  by  State. 

Joined  company  by  enlistment  at  Manila,  P.  I.,  Nov. 
24,  '98;  assigned  to  company  per  S.  0.  No.  187,  hdqrs. 
2d  Or.  Inf.,  dated  Manila,  P.  I.,  Nov.  26,  '98.  No  cloth- 
ing issued  by  State. 

Sick  in  quarters  May  19-20,  '98,  inc.;  July  17-18,  '98,  inc.; 
July  27-28,  '98,  inc.;  Aug.  HO  to  Sept.  10,  '98,  inc.;  all  in 
line  of  duty;  Nov.  30,  '98,  to  Jan.  4,  '99,  inc.;  not  in  line 
of  duty;  sick  in  hospital  Apr.  16  to  May  26,  '99,  inc.;  in 
line  of  duty.  On  special  duty  in  regimental  library 
Oct.  17,  '98,  to  Jan.  2,  '99,  inc.,  per  S.  O.  No.  167,  hdqrs. 
2d  Or.  Inf.,  dated  Manila,  P.  I.,  Oct.  17,  '98.  In  settle- 
ment for  clothing  is  include  d  the  sum  of  thirteen  and 
99-100  (113.99)  dollars,  total  value  of  articles  issued  by 
State. 

Joined  company  by  enlistment  at  Manila,  P.  I.,  Nov. 
24,  '98;  assigned  to  company  per  S  O.  No.  187,  hdqrs. 
2d  Or.  Inf.,  dated  Manila,  P.  I.,  Nov.  26,  '98.  No  cloth- 
ing issued  by  State.  Sick  in  hospital  Dec.  12-21,  '98, 
inc.;  Apr.  18  to  May  28,  '99,  inc.;  all  in  line  of  duty. 

Joined  company  by  enlistment  at  Manila,  P.  I.  Nov. 
24,  '98;  assigned  to  company  per  S.  O.  No.  187,  hdqrs. 
2d  Or.  Inf.,  dated  Manila,  P.  I.,  Nov.  26,  '98.  No  cloth- 
ing issued  by  State. 

i 
1 

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Portland- 

Portland- 

Ashland . 
Portland- 

Ashland- 
Roseburg 

1 

May  10- 

May  10- 

July  11- 
May  10- 

July  11- 
July  12- 

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Clerk 

Laborer— 

Laborer— 
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Blue- 
Blue- 

Blue- 
Blue— 

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Dark_ 

Dark. 

Fair— 
Fair- 

Fair- 
Fair- 

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starmer,  Samuel 

Stevens,  Roy  R 

Stone,  Ernest  L 

Strange,  Henry  A— 

Sutton,  Ross  S 

Thomas,  Charles 

OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 


143 


1-5  OQ  '-5  a?  CO  OQ  CO 


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Joined  company  by  enlistment  at  Manila,  P.  I.,  Nov. 
'24,  '98;  assigned  to  company  per  S.  O.  No.  187,  hdqrs. 
2d  Or.  Inf.,  dated  at  Manila,  P.  I.,  Nov.  26,  '98.    Sick 
in  quarters  June  8-9,  '99,  inc.;  in  line  of  duty.    No 
clothing  issued  by  State.    Deposited  Jan.  7,  99,  thirty 
(830)  dollars  with  Maj  or  Sheary;  on  Mar.  12,  '99,  twenty 
(820)  dollars  with  Major  McClure.    Also  sick  in  quar- 
ters July  23,  '99;  sick  in  hospital  July  26  to ,  '99;  all 

Discharged  June  12,  '99,  per  G.  0.  No.  54,  hdqrs.  A.  G.  O., 
dated  Washington,  D.  C,  Mar.  22,  '99;  discharge  and 
final  statements  furnished.  Assigned  to  Company 
B  May  24,  '98,  per  S.  0.  No.  88,  hdqrs.  2d  Or.  Inf.,  dated 
S.  S.  Australia  June  29,  '99.  Sick  in  quarters  Sept.  29 
to  Oct.  1,  '98,  inc.;  in  line  of  duty.  Character,  "excel- 
lent."   No  clothing  issued  by  State. 

Discharged  Apr.  8,  '99,  per  S.  0.  No.  74,  hdqrs.  dept.  of 
the  Pacific  and  8th  A.  C,  Manila,  P.  I.,  Mar.  17,  '96,  as 
amended  by  S.  0.  No.  80,  hdqrs.  dept.  of  Pacific  and  8th 
A.  C,  dated  Manila,  P.  I.,  Mar.  27,  '99;  discharge  and 
final  statement  furnished.  Character,  "excellent." 
Sick  in  hospital  June  4-8,  '98,  inc.;  sick  in  quarters 
June  9-16,  '98,  inc.;  Oct.  5-13,  '98,  inc.;  Nov.  17-21,  '98, 
inc.;  Dec.  30,  '98,  to  Jan.  1,  '99,  inc.;  Feb.  12-15,  '99,  inc.; 
all  in  line  of  duty.  In  settlement  for  clothing  is  in- 
cluded the  sum  of  twenty  and  85-100  (820.85)  dollars, 
total  value  of  articles  issued  by  State.  Due  .soldier, 
six  and  86-100  (86.86)  dollars  overcharged  on  clothing 
issued  by  State.  Deposited  Aug.  8,  '98,  twenty  (820) 
dollars  with  Major  Kilbourne. 

Discharged  June  12,  '99,  per  G.  0.  No.  54,  hdqrs.  A.  G.  O., 
dated  Washington,  D.  C,  Mar.  22,  '99;  discharge  and 
final  statements  furnished.  In  the  settlement  for 
clothing  is  included  the  sum  of  twenty  and  85-100 
(820.85)  dollars,  total  value  of  articles  issued  by  State. 
Due  soldier,  six  and  86-100  (-6.86)  dollars,  overcharged 
for  clothing  i.ssued  by  State.  Deposited  on  Aug.  8, 
'98,  twenty  (820)  dollars  with  Major  Kilbourne;  on 
Sept.  15,  '98,  twenty  (820)  dollars  with  Major  Sears; 
on  Nov.  5,  '98,  fifteen  (ffl5)  dollars  with  Major  Sears; 

1 
1 

1 

Ashland- 

S.F.,Cal._ 
Portland- 

Portland- 

. 

1 

July  11- 

May  24- 
May  10. 

May  10. 

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Young,  Harry  D 

Discharged. 
Purdy,  Edwin  P 

Dixon,  Joseph  D 

Foster,  Joseph 

OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 


145 


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OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 


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Discharged  June  12,'99,  per  G.  O.  No.  54,  hdqrs.,  A.  G.  0., 
dated  at  Washidgton,  D.  C,  Mar.  22,  '99.    Discharged 
and   final    statements   furnished.    Character,  excel- 
lent.   Tried  by  summary  court  Aug.  29, '98,  for  vio- 
lation of  (!2d  ait.  of  war  (charged  with  affront  to  non- 
commissioned oHicer  while  in  the  discharge  of  his 
duty);  sentenced  to  continement  at  hard  labor  for  HO 
days,  and   forfeit    one   month's  pay;    one   and    1-100 
(81.04)  dollars  (ledu<-led  on  July  and  Aug., '98,  pay  roll, 
fourteen  and  ;')(;-!()()  {S14.r>(i)  dollars  deducted  on  Sept. 
and  Oct.,  '9S,  pa\  roll.    Sick  in  quarters  from  Oct.  27 
to  Nov.   14.  MIS.   inc.;   sick   in   hospital  Nov.   bVi.",, '!IS, 
inc.;.sickinquaiiersNov.2)it<>l)ec.  IS,  'lis,inc.;  all  not 
in  line  of  duty:  .\pr.  19  to  May  7,  'im,  inc.;  .lune  s-9, 
'99,  inc.;  in  line  of  duty.     In  the  settlement  for  clolh- 
ingis  included   the  sum  of  twenty  and  s.vuio  (ijiiO.Sy) 
dollars,  total  value  of  articles  issued  by  Slate.     Due 
soldier,  six  and  Sl^-lOO  {«6.86)  dollars,  overcharge  for 
clothing  issued  by  State. 

Sick  in  quarters  ,lune4  to  July  3,  '9S,  inc.;  sick  in  hos- 
pital July  4-21,  ".IS,  inc.    Embarked  on  S.  s.  .1  uslrulia 
for  conveyanci'  to  San  Franci.sco.  Cal.,  V.  s.  .v.,  July 
22, -'.IS.    Descriptive  list  furnished.    In  setllementfor 
clothing  is  included   the  sum  of  twenty  and  85-100 
(S2(I.S5)  dollars,  loial  value  of  articles  issued  liy  State. 
Due  soldier,  six  and  8(i-100  (S0.8(j)  dollars,  overcharge 
f<n' clothing  issued  by  State.    On  .sick  furlon-h  Aug. 
:u  to  Sept.  SO,  •!•'<,  inc.,  per  G.  O.  No.  114,  A.  •;.  i  >.,  dated 
A  11".  !i,  '98.  Dis.  h.irged  Feb.  20,  '99,  at  Van.-ouvcr  liar- 
racks,  Washin-ion,  per  S.  O.   No.  25,  Department  of 
Columbia,  dated   Feb.  18,   '99.    Reason,   services    no 
lonmr  required.    Discharge  and  final  statements  fur- 
nished.    Character,    e.xcellent.    Physical    condition 
good. 

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Wann,  William 

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Enrolled  and  mustered  in  as  captain;  sick  in  quarters 
June  12-13,  '98;  Oct.  13-18,  '98;  Jan.  7-25,  '99;  sick  in  1st 
reserve  hospital,  Manila,  P.  I.,  Jan.  26  to  Feb.  6,  '99; 
sick  in  quarters  Apr.  16-18,  '99;  all  dates  inc.;  all  sick- 
ness in  line  of  duty;  in  command  of  battalion,  2d  Or. 
U.  S.  Vols.,  per  verbal  order  commanding  officer  2d 
Or.  U.  S.  Vols.;  confirmed  by  S.  O.  No.  159,  hdqrs.  dept. 
of  Pacific  and  8th  A.  C,  dated  Manila,  P.  I.,  June  13, 
'99;  Apr.  22,  '99,  to  May  25,  '99.  Difference  between 
pay  as  captain  and  major  Apr.  22-30,  '99,  still  due. 

Enrolled  and  mustered  in  as  1st  lieutenant;  sick  in 
quarters  Nov.  20-24,  '98;  June  26  to  July  10,  '99;  all 
dates  inc.;  all  sickness  in  line  of  duty. 

Enrolled  and  mustered  in  as  2d  lieutenant;  detailed 
on  special  duty  Dec.  1,  '98,  as  regular  ordnance  officer 
per  Keg.  0.  No.  190,  hdqrs.  2d  Or.  U.  S.  Vols;  returned 
to  duty  with  company,  dated  Manila,  P.  I.,  Feb.  24, 
'99,  hdqrs.  2d  Or.  U.  S.  Vols.,  per  S.  0.  No.  15:  sick  in 
quarters  Sept.  2-8,  '98;  Oct.  13  to  Nov.  2,  '98;  Nov.  27-29, 
'98;  Dec.  27.  '98,  to  Apr.  .30,  '99;  May  28  to  June  4,  '99;  all 
dates  inc.;  all  sickness  in  line  of  duty. 

Enrolled  and  mustered  in  as  1st  sergeant;  sick  in  quar- 
ters Aug.  10-12,  '98;  June  6-8,  '99;  in  line  of  duty;  all 
dates  inc. 

Enrolled  and  mustered  in  as  sergeant;  sick  in  quarters 
July  19,  '98-  Oct.  27  to  Nov.  2,  '98;  sick  in  1st  reserve 
hospital,  Manila,  P.  I.,  Nov.  3-14,  '98;  sick  in  quarters 
Nov.  15  to  Dec.  4,  '98;  Dec.  23,  '9>l,  to  Jan.  1.  '99;  all  in 
lineofduty;  all  dates  inc.  Depo.si  ted  J  an.  12, '99,  thirty- 
five  («35)  dollars  with  Major  Sheary. 

1 
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Portland - 

Portland. 
Portland- 
Portland. 
Portland- 

May  10. 

May  10. 
May  10. 

May  10. 
May  10. 

1 

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Printer... 
Dentist... 

Clerk 

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William  S.  Moon 

Captain. 

Robert  S.  Huston 

tst  Lieutenant. 

Fred  W.  Haynes 

2d  Lieutenant. 

Isaac  D.  Larimer 

1st  Sergeant. 

Charles  E.  Cnrrie 

Sergeant. 

ORKGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 


151 


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OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 


1 

i 

Enrolled  and  mustered  in  as  private;  appointed  cor- 
poral from  private  Oct,  20,  '98,  per  Reg.  O.  No.  173, 
dated  hdqrs.  2d  Or.  U.  S.  Vols.,  Manila,  P.  I.,  Oct.  20, 
'98;  sick  in  quarters  Sept.  23-26,  '98.  in  line  of  duty; 
.sick  in  quarters  Nov.  2-5,  98;  sick  in  1st  reserve  hos- 
pital, Manila,  P.  I.,  Nov.  6-17,  '98;  sick  in  quarters 
Nov.  18  to  Dec.  11,  '98-  all  not  in  line  of  duty;  sick  in 
quarters  Feb.  15  to  Mar.  12,  '99;  Mar.  25  to  Apr.  19,  '99; 
all  in  line  of  duty;  all  dates  inc. 

Enrolled  and  mustered  in  as  private;  appointed  cor- 
poral from  private  Oct.  20,  '98,  per  Reg.  O.  No.  178, 
hdqrs.  2d  Or.  U.  S.  Vols.,  dated  Manila,  P.  I.,  Oct.  20, 
'98;  sick  in  (juarters  Oct.  18  to  Nov.  1,  '98;  not  in  line  of 
duty;  sick  in  quarters  Dec.  26,  '98,  to  Jan.  2,  '99;  Feb. 
8-16,  '99:  :Mar.  26  to  Apr.  8,  '99;  .sick  in  1st  reserve  hos- 
pital, Manila,  P.  I.,  Apr.  4  to  May  7,  '99;  all  in  line  of 
duty;  all  dates  inc.  Deposited  Jan.  11,  '99,  fifty  (|50) 
dollars  with  Major  Sheary. 

Enrolled  and  mustered  in  as  private-  appointed  cor- 
poral from  private  Oct.  20,  '98,  per  Reg.  O.  No.  173, 
hdqrs.  2d  Or.  U.  S.  Vols.,  dated  Manila,  P.  I.,  Oct.  20, 
'98;  detailed  to  serve  in  canteen  Jan.  28.  '99,  to  Feb.  4, 
'99,  per  Reg.  O.  No.  8,  dated  hdqrs.  2d  Or.  U.  S.  Vols., 
Manila,  P.  I.,  Jan.  28,  '99;  sick  in  quarters  July  11  and 
July  -28-29,  '98;  Aug.  30  to  Sept.  2,  '98;  Oct.  30  to  Nov.  1, 
'98;  Feb.  5,  '99;  Mar.  8-12,  '99;  May  31,  '99;  June  5-7,  '99; 
all  in  line  of  dntv:  all  dates  inc.  Deposited  Aug.  8,  '98, 
twentv  ($20)  dollars  with  Major  Kilbourne;  Sept.  1.5, 
'98,  twenty-five  iSl'.-))  dollars  with  Major  Sears;  May  17, 
'99,  fifty  (|.50)  (Inlhns  with  Major  Coffin. 

Enrolled  and  nuisiiTed  in  as  private;  appointed  cor- 
poral from  prixalc  Oct.  20,  '98.  per  I{eg.  O.  No.  173, 
hdqrs.  2d  Or.  V.  S.  Vols.,  Oct.  20,  '9S:  sick  in  quarters 
June  27  to  July  r,,  9S;  Aug.  22-24,  '98:  all  in  lineof  duty; 
all  dates  inc. 

Enrolled  and  mustered  in  as  private;  appointed  cor- 
poral from  private  Jan.  9.  '99,  per  Reg.  0.  No.  212, 
hdqrs.  2d  Or.  U.  S.  Vols.,  Manila,  P.  I.,  Jan.  9,  '99;  sick 
in  quarters  July  15-17,  '98;  July  22-24,  '98:  Aug.  31  to 
Sept.  7,  '98;  all  dates  inc.;  all  sickness  in  line  of  duty. 

.1 
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1 
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Portland- 
Portland - 

Portland- 
Portland- 

S 

May  10- 
May  10- 
May  10- 

May  10- 
May  10- 

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Laborer- 
Farmer.. 
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Can... 
Mo.-. 

Minn. 
Wash. 

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1 

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(absent  from  retreat  and  check  roll  call,  10  o'clock; 
absent  loss  than  24  hours);  sentenced  to  forfeit  two 
(S2)  dollars;  line  deducted  on  Dec, '9.'^,  pay  roll;  in 
conflnemeiit  Nov.  2s  {,,  Dec.  2,  '98,  inc.;  July  21-28,  '99: 
absent  williout  leave  tVoin  retreat  and  check  roll  call 
.lulv  20,  '99,  and  reveille. I  uly  21, '99,  less  than  24  hours; 
sick  in  .lUarters  .July  2:;-HI,  •9S;  Aug.  24-'27,  '9S;  sick  in 
general  hospital,  Manila,  1'.  I.,  Aug.  2S-;^1,  '9S;  sick  in 
(luarters  Sepl.  1-5,  '9S;  wounded  in  right  breast  Mar. 
25,  '9S,  at  Malabon,  1'.  I.;  sick  in  1st  reserve  hospital, 
Manila,  1'.  1.,  .Mar.  2(i  to  Apr.  '24,  '99;  sick  in  .piaileis 
.lulv  l.5-l(i,  99:  all  dates  inc.;  all  sickness  in  line  of 
dulV.  Deposited  Aug.  S, '98,  ten  (flO)  dollars  with 
Major  K'ilbourn<'. 

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May  25,  '9S;  July  29  to  .Aug.  2,  '98:  Sept.  <i-7,  '9S;  Oct. 
(i-l  1, '9S;  Nov.  2-(;,  ".)S;  all  in  line  of  duty;  sick  in  (|uar- 
tersNi>v.'22-25,'9S;  sick  in  Istreserve  hospital,  Manila, 
P.  I.,  Nov.  2(1  to  Dec.  1,  '9S;  .sick  in  quailers  Dec.  2-.5, 
'9S;  not  in  line  of  duty;  Dec.  11-19, '98;  sick  in  1st  re- 
.seive  hospital,  Manila,  P.L,  Apr.  20  to  May  29, '99;  all 
in  line  of  diit  v;  all  dales  inc. 

Joined  conipanvat  Manila,  P.L,  Nov.  24, '9S,  by  transfer 
from  prov.  Conii'any  L,  2d  Or.  recruits;  sick  in  (|uar- 
teis  Alar.  7-15,  '99;  .1  line  .5, '99;  July  19, '99;  all  inline 
of  duly;  all  dates  inc.     No  clothing  i.ssned  by  State. 

.loined  (■•ompany  at  Manila,  P.  I.,  Nov. '24, '9S,  by  t  ransfer 
from  prov.  Company  L,  '.'d  Or.  recruits;  sick  in  i|n;ir- 
ters  Nov.  27  to  De,-.  12,  '9S;  Jan.  1,  '99-  w.uinded  Mar. 
25,  '99,  in  rit;hl  knee  at  .Malabon,  P.  I.;  sick  in  Isl  re- 
serve h.ispital.  Manila,  P.L,  Mar.  26  to  .Inne  12,  '99; 
sick  in  (luarters.  S.  S.  (t/iio,  Juiw  13  to  July  14, '99;  sick 
ill  (luarteis  .lulv  1 1  lo  .\ ng.  6, '99;  all  in  line  of  duty; 
all  <lates  inc.     No  clot  hi  ng  issued  by  State. 

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ters July  7, '9S;  July  10-12  '98;  Aug.  2-3  '98;  sick  in 
1st  reserve  hospital,  Manila,  P.  I.,  Jan.  18-23, '99;  all 
in  line  of  duty;  all  dates  inc.    Deposited  Nov.  9,  '98, 

1 

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OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  175 


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176 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 


1 

i 

Mustered  in  as  private;  promoted  corporal  June  5,  '99, 
per  G.  O.  No.  7,  hdqrs.  'M  Or.  Inf.,  on  S.  S.  Amtralia; 
reduced  from  corporal  to  private  per  S.  O.  No.  161, 
hdqrs.  2(1  or.  Inf.,  dated  Manila,  P.  I.,  Oct.  1,  '98;  .sick 
in  (lUarters  .Sept.  lti-19,  '98,  inc.;  Oct.  18-25,  '98,  inc.; 
Oct.  26  to  Nov.  30, '98.  inc.  Wounded  in  action  dur- 
ing battle  of  Pasig,  P.  I  Mar.  15,  99;  sick  in  Kst  re- 
serve hospital,  ^'.anila,  P.  I.,  Mar.  15  to  May  25,  '99, 
inc.;  all  in  line  of  duty. 

Tried  bv  summarv  court  Nov.  8,  '98,  for  violation  of 
3'2d  art.  of  war  (aiisent  less  than  24  hours);  sentenced 
to  forfeit  SI;  tine  deducted  on  Nov., '98,  pay  roll;  tried 
by  summarv  court  Feb.  10,  '99,  for  violation  of  32d 
art.  of  war  (absent  one  day);  sentenced  to  be  confined 
Ave  days  and  to  forfeit  S6;  fine  deducted  on  Feb.,  '99, 
pay  roll;  jiav  for  time  absent  to  be  deducted  on  this 
roll;  siek  in  quarleis  J  uly  7-10, '98,  inc.;  sick  in  bri- 
gade liospilal,  Manila.  1'.  I.,  Aug.  20  to  Sept.  5, '98, 
inc.;  si<d<  in  re<:imenial  bospitai  Nov.  27  to  IJec.  8, '98, 
inc.;  sick  in  1st  reserve  hospital,  Manila,  P.  I.,  Jan. 
9-21,  "M,  inc.;  .Apr.  11  lo.liine  1,  '99,  inc.;  sick  In  quar- 
ters .lune  .'i-H,  "it'.l,  inc.;  all  in  line  of  duty. 

Assigned  to  and  Joined  (•omi>any  D,  2d  Or.  Inf.,  per 
S.  O.  No.  isv,  lelsrs.  Jd  Or.  Inf.,  dated  Manila,  P.  I., 
Nov.  -Ji;,  '!is.  No  ,-i(.iliinj;  was  issued  to  him  by  State. 
Due  .soldier -J...  ,1.  1. .sited  at  Manila,  P.  I.,  Mar.  8,  '99, 

AVith    Major   UnidleMer. 

Tried  l.v  summaiA   c.uit  Sept.  21, '98,  for  violation  of 
32d  art.  of  war  lale-eni  Sept.  1S-2I, '98,  inc.);  sentenced 
to  forfeit  Sill;  line  deducted  on  Sept., '98,  pay  roll;  pay 
for  time  absent  lo  lie  deducted  on  tliis  roll;  tried  by 
summary  couii  Sept.  ;,  "tis,  for  violation  of32dart.  of 
war  (absent  li—  tlian  I'l  hours);  .sentenced  to  forfeit 
|2;  fine  dedneied  on  Sept.,  '!is,  pav  roll;  tried  by  sum- 
mary court    .Nov.  iJC, -IIS,  for  violation  of  62d  art.  of 
war;  sentenced  i.i  lorlVit  So;  tine  deducted  on  Nov., 
'98,  pav  roll;  tried  liv  summarv  court  Jan.  25,  '99,  for 
violation    of  62d  art.  of   war;    sentenced   to  forfeit 
$10;    fine  deducted  on  .Ian.  '99,   pay  roll;  appointed 

1 

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Carter,  Charles  E 

Chandler,  Charles  W. 
Connelly,  Stephen  J. 

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178 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 


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Tried  by  summary  court  Sept.  22,  '98,  for  violation  of 
32d  art.  of  war  (absent  one  day);  sentenced  to  forfeit 
15;  fine  deducted  on  Sept.,  '98,  pay  roll;  pay  for  time 
absent  to  be  deducted  on  this  roll;  tried  by  summary 
court  Nov.  l(i,  ii--.  lor  violation  of  32d  art.  of  war  (ab- 
sent Nov.  7-l(t,  '.N,  inc.);  sentenced  to  forfeit  «10  and 
ten  days'  coniiuenient;  fine  deducted  on  Nov., '98, 
pay  roll;  pay  for  lime  absent  to  be  deducted  on  this 
roll;  sick  in  Isi  les.rve  hospital,  Manila,  P.  I.,  May  28 
to  June  3,  '99,  inc.;  sick  in  quarters  June  4-17,  '99,  inc.; 
sick  in  regimental  liospitalJune  17  to  July  15, '99,  inc.; 
sick  in  hospital.  Presidio,  San  Francisco,  Cal..  since 
July  15,  '99;  all  in  line  of  duty.  Due  soldier  ff25,  de- 
po.sited  at  Caviie,  p.  I.,  Aue.  8,  '98,  with  Major  Kil- 
bourne; »15dep  -itedat  Manila,  P.  1.,  Mar.8, '99,  with 
Major  Rochestei-;  -20  deposited  at  Corregidor  Island, 
May  31,  '99,  witli  .Major  Coffin.  Since  completion  of 
this  roll  this  soldier  died  at  United  States  general 
hospital,  Presiilio,  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  July  29,  '99,  at 
8:30  p.m.  Kinal  statements  and  inventory  of  effects 
in  duplicate  forw  arded  to  Adjutant  General,  U.  S.  A., 
Washington,  1 ).  ( '.,  .luly  31,  '99. 

Tried  by  general  court-martial  for  violation  of  39th 
art.  of  war  (leaving'  post);  found  guilty  and  sentenced 
tobeconrtned  at  hard  labor  four  months  in  Bilibib 
military  prison,  .Manila.  P.  I.,  and  to  forfeit  810  per 
month  for  the  same  period,  per  S.  0.  No.  28,  hdqrs. 
provost  marshal  jAcneral,  Manila,  P.  I.,  Feb.  14,'99;  fine 
deducted  on  Felj.,  Mar.,  Apr.,  and  May,  '99,  pay  rolls. 
I'ursuant  to  telegraph  orders  from  War  Department, 
(late<l  May  11,  'W,  the  unexpired  portion  of  his  sen- 
tence relating  to  confinement  is  remitted  perS.  O.No. 
12S,  hdqrs.  dept.  of  the  Pacific  and  sth  A.  C,  dated 
Manila,  P.  I.,  May  12,  '99;  sick  in  regimental  hospital 
June  26  to  Julv  6,  '99,  inc.;  sick  in  (piarters  July  7-10, 
'99.  inc.;  all  in  lineof  duty.  Due  sol.li.'r»20,deposited 
at  Cavite,  P.  I.,  Aug.  8,  '98,  with  Major  Kilbourne. 

Tried  by  summary  court  Sept.  22,  '9.s,  for  violation  of 
32d  art.  of  war  (absent  less  than  24  hours);  sentenced 
to  forfeit  S3;  flue  deducted  on  Sept.,  '98,  pay  roll;  tried 

f 
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Doyle,  James  A 

Duncan,  Ray- 

Dupuis,  Clifl"- 

OREGON    V0LUNTF:ERS    in    SPANISH    WAR. 


179 


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180 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 


5 

1 

Mustered  in  as  private;  promoted  corporal  perS.  O.  No. 
144,  hdqrs.  2d  Or.  Inf.,  dated  Manila,  P.  I.,  Sept.  3,  '98; 
promoted  sergeant  jier  .S.  O.  No.  11,  hdqrs.  2d  Or.  Inf., 
dated  Manila,  P.  I.,  Feb. :!,  '99;  reduced  to  private  per 
S.  o.  No.  3,  hd<irs.  2(1  Or.  Inf.  (in  field),  Apr.  7, 'lin,  sick 
in  (|iiarter.s  June7-'2:i,  'nil,  inc.,  in  line  of  duty;  .Inne  2S 
to.l  uly  10,  '99,  inc.,  nol  in  line  <,f  duty;  sick  in  (juarlers 
since  ,Iul,\'  IS,  '911;  in  line  of  duly. 

Mnslered  in  as  private;  promoti'-d  sergeant  June  '>,  'US, 
per  (1.  o.  No.  7,  hdqrs.  'Jd  ( )r.  Inf.,  on  S.  8.  Auslraliii; 
reduced  lo  privaJ(>  pcrS.  O.  No.  lliO,  hdqrs. '2d  Or.  Inf., 
dale.l  .Manila,  P.  I.,  Aug.  1(1,  'IIS;  tried  by  general  <-ourl- 
martial  for  violation  of  :!Slb  and  (iJd  ;iiis.ofwar;  found 
guillv  and  sentenced  to  forfeit  ^I'o  per  S.  O.  No.  :■)(), 
hdcn-s.  2d  div.,.Sth.\.('.,  dated  Manila,  P.  I.,  Oct.  ,s, 'liS; 

1 
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Green,  Thomas 

Gunn,  John  E 

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OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 


181 


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182 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 


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Tried  by  field  officers'  court-martial  May  5,  '98,  for  vio- 
lation of  32d  art.  of  war  (absent  less  than  24  hours); 
sentenced  to  forfeit  |:{;  fine  dediurted  on  Aug.,  '98,  pay 
roll;  tried  by  summary  court  Sept.  17,  '98,  for  viola- 
tion of  ;^2d  art.  of  war  (absent  less  than  24  hours); 
sentenced  to  forfeit  fH;  fine  deducted  on  Sept., '98,  pay 
roll;  tried  bv  summary  court  .Nov.  7, '98,  for  violation 
ot  i;2d  art.  (if  war;  sentenced  to  two  weeks' confine- 
ment and  to  forfeit  S5;  line  deducted  on  Nov., '98,  pay 
roll;  tried  by  summary  court  Feb.  10,  '99,  for  viola- 
tion ot  :!'2d  art.  of  wai-  (absent  one  day);  sentenced  to 
fivedays'conlineineiil  and  toforfeitSO;  tlnededucted 
on  Feb., '99,  pay  roll;  pay  for  time  ab.sent  to  be  de- 
ducted on  this  roll;  detailed  on  special  duty  in  com- 
missary department  pero.  No.  2,  hdqrs.  1st  battalion, 
•2d  Or.  Inf.,  on  S.  S.  Xncpnrl,  .lune  11,  '99;  si(d<;  in 
.|uarters  Aug.  .'iO  to  Sept.  10,  '9S,  inc.;  Sept.  22-2(1,  '9S, 
inc.;  in  line  of  duty;  Oct.  29  to  Nov.  2, '9S,  inc.;  not  in 
line  of  duty;  Nov.  10-'J2,  'OS,  inc.;  Dec.  21-31,  '98,  inc.; 
sick  in  1st  reserve  hospital,  .Manila,  P.  I.,  Apr.  14-25, 
'iio,  inc.;  sick  in  (luarters  .lune  18-23, '99,  inc.;  all  in 
line  of  duty. 

Sick  in  (|uartcrs  Sept.  :;(!  to  Oct.  4,  '9S,  inc.;  in  line  of 
duty.  Due  soldier  910,  deposited  at  ( 'avite,  P.  I.,  Aug. 
S,  'IIS,  with  Major  K'ilhourne;  |.iO  deposited  at  Manila, 
l'.  I.,  Mav  15,  'DO,  with  Major  Collin. 

Mustend  in  as  private;  promoted  corporal  per  S.  O. 
No.  Ill,  hdqrs.  L'd  Or.  Inf.,  dat.d  Manila,  P.  1.,  Sept. 
3,  '9S;  reduced  to  privale  p.M'  S.  O.  No.  I,S3,  Inhirs. '2d 
Or.  Inf.,  dated  Arauil.i,  1'.  1.,  Nov.  !»,  'OS;  sick  in  (luar- 
ters  .Inly  12-10,  'IIS,  inc.;  .Inne  30  to  .Inly  Ui, '99,  inc.; 
all  in  line  of  duty.  Due  soldier -^70,  deposited  at  Ma- 
nila, 1".  I.,  .May  15,  '90.  witli  .Major  ( 'otlin. 

Mustered  in  as  privale;  promoled  sergeant  per  G.  O. 
No.  7,  .Inne  .5,  'OS,  hd,|rs.2d  or.  1  nf ,  on  S.  S.  vD/.v/mim.- 
tried  bv  summarv  court  Sepl.  19,  '98,  for  violation 
of  e'2d  art.  of  war;"  found  guilty  and  reduced  to  pri- 
vate and  sentenced  to  forfeit  f5;  fine  deducted  on 
Sept.,  '98,  pay  roll  per  S.  0.  No.  151,  hdqrs.  '2d  Or.  Inf., 
dated  Manila,  P.  I.,  Sept.  19, '98;  tried  Ijy  summary 

1 
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Portland. 
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May  10. 

May  10. 

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Clerk  .... 

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Hicks,  William  A— 

Kupers,  William 

Leavitt,  Kd\vin  E.... 

Marin,  Jacob  C 

ORIilGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 


183 


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184 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 


! 

Mustered  in  as  private;   promoted  corporal  per  S.  0. 
No.  148,  hdqrs.  2d  Or.  Inf.,  dated  Manila,  P.  I.,  Sept.  13, 
'98;  tried  by  summary  court  Dec.  1,  '98,  for  violation 
of  .33d  art.  of  war;  found  not  guilty  and  acquitted; 
detailed  on  speeial  duty  at  reginienial  headquarters 
perS.  0.  No.  Ill,  hdqrs.  2d  Or.  Inf.,  dat.d  Manila,  P.  I., 
Sept.  3, '98;  relieved  from  special  duly  at  regimental 
headquarters  per  S.  0.  No.  1(18,    lid.|rs.  2d  Or.  Inf., 
dated  Manila,  1'.  1.,  Oct.  7,  '98;  reduced  to  private  per 
S.  0.  No.  81,  hd.irs.  2d  Or.  Inf.,  on  S.  S.  Neivport,  July 

4,  '99;  detailed  on  special  duty  in  telei^raph  oflice  per 

5.  O.  No.  34,  hd.irs.  2d  Or.  Inf.,  dated  San  Francisco, 
Cal.,  July  18,  -99;   sick  in  quarters  Oct.  9-20, '98,  inc.; 
Nov.  12-16,  '98,  inc.;  Nov.  29  to  Dec.  8, '98,  inc.;  sick  in 
1st  reserve  h.)spital,  Manila,  P.  1.,  Apr.  7  to  Mar.  1, '99, 
inc.;  .sick  in  .|iiart.ers  June  27-30,  '99,  inc.;  ail  in  line 
of  duty. 

Assigned  to  and  j.)ined  Company  I),  2d  Or.  Inf.,  per 
S.  O.  No.  187,  hdqrs.  2d  Or.  Inf.,  dat.'d  Manila,  P.  I., 
Nov.  2(1,  -98.  No  clothing  was  issiud  to  him  by  State. 
Due  soldiiT  120.  deposited  at  Manila,  P.  I.,  Jan.  6,  '99, 
with  .Maj.)!'  Sh.ary;  $40  deposited  at  Manila,  P.  I., 
Mar.  8,  '99,  with  Major  Rochester. 

Mustere.l  In  as  luivate;  promoted  corporal  per  G.  O. 
No.  7,  hd.irs.  L'.l  Or.  Inf., on  S.S.  AiiHtr<Ma,Jmw  .5.  '98; 
tried  bv  suiniiiaiy  court  Nov.  22,  'Us,  f.)r  violatioii  of 
33d  art",  .if  war;  found  not  guilty  and  acquitted;  re- 
duced t.>  private  per  S.  O.  No.  181,  hd.irs.  2d  Or.  Inf., 
dated  .Manila,  P.  I..  Nov.  3,  '98;  iri.'.l  by  summary 
court  1  ).■(■.  20,  '9,S,  t.>r  violation  of  (t'd  an.  .)f  war; 
found  truilty  and  s.'nteuced  t.)  s.'Ncn  days' conline- 
ment  at  bard  labor;  siek  in  (luarters  .luly  (J-9, '9s,  inc.; 
May  29  to  July  2,  '99,  inc.;  sick  in  r.jiiinental  hosiiital 
July  (i-)7,  '99,  inc.;  sick  in  .luartcrs  J  uly  19-22,  '99,  inc.; 
all  in  line  of  duty. 

Sick  in  1st  reserve  hospital,  Manila,  P.  I.,  Apr.  25  to 
May  1,  '99,  Inc.;  in  line  of  duty.  Due  .soldier  |10,  de- 
posited at  Cavite,  P.  I.,  Aug.  8,  '98,  with  Major  Kil- 
bourne. 

1 

1 

Portland - 

LaGrande 
Portland- 
Portland - 

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May  10- 
May  10- 

May  10- 

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Laborer— 

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born. 

Wash. 

Kan.- 
Or.  -_ 

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185 


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Tried  by  summary  court  Sept.  22,  '98,  for  violation  of 
32d  art.  of  war;  sentenced  to  forfeit  $1;  fine  deducted 
on  Sept.,  '98,  pay  roll;  tried  by  summary  court  Dec. 
'22,  '98,  for  violation  of  62d  art.  of  war;  found  guilty 
and  sentenced  to  thirty  days'  confinement  at  hard 
labor;  in  continement  Dec.  22,  •9S,  to  Jan.  21, '99,  inc.; 
tried  by  summary  court  Jan.  :il,  '99,  for  violation  of 
3:M  art.  of  war;  sentenced  to  forfeit  »1;  fine  deducted 
on  .Jan.,  '99,  pay  roll;  sick  in  (piarters  Sept.  5-9,  '98, 
inc.;  in  line  of  d\itv;  Feb.  2-20,  '99,  inc.;  sick  in  regi- 
mental hospital  June  '24  to  July  11,  '99,  inc.;  not  in 
line  of  duty.  Due  soldier  825,  deposited  at  Cavite, 
P.  I.,  Aug.  8.  '98,  with  Major  Kilbourne. 

Sick  in  quarters  Oct.  17-21,  '98,  inc.;  In  line  of  duty. 

Detailed  as  battalion  adjutant  per  G.  0.  No.  1,  hdqrs. 
'2d  Or.  Inf.,  dated  Portland,  Or.,  May  10,  '98;  discharged 
at  Manila,  P.  I.,  June  12,  '99,  per  S.  0.  No.  157,  Ext.  3, 
lid(|rs.  dept.  of  the  Pacific  and  8th  A.  C,  June  11,  '99, 
under  Prov.  G.  O.  No.  .".1.  A.  G.  O.,  Mar.  '22,  '99;  di.s- 
ehai-j;e  and  final  statements  given;  character,  "excel- 
lent;" service,  "honest  and  faithful."  Due  officer  for 
two  months' extra  pay  tor  foreign  service  per  G.  O. 
No.  i;{,  A.  G.  0.,  Jan.  17,  '99;  for  travel  allowances  from 
San  Krancisco,  Cal..  to  Portland,  Or.,  per  G.  O.  No. 54, 
A.  (!.  ().,  Mar.  22,  '99;  due  officer  for  pay  from  May  1 
to.Iunel2, '99. 

Mustered  in  as  private;  promoted  sergeant  June  5,  '98; 
per  <  i.  O.  No.  7,  hdqrs.  2d  Or.  Inf.,  ou  S.  S.  Australia; 
reduced  to  private  per  S.  O.  No.  i:^(i,  lebirs.  2d  Or.  Inf., 
dated  Manila,  P.  I.,  Aug.  16,  '98;  tried  by  summary 
court  Sept.  17,  '98,  for  violation  oi  :;;d  art.  of  war 
(absent  less  than  24  hours);  sentenced  to  forfeit  83; 
fine  deducted  on  Sept.,  '98,  pay  roll;  |)romoted  ser- 
geant Sept.  '29,  '99,  per  S.  O.  No.  15s,  liibp-s.  '2d  Or.  Inf., 
Manila,  P.  I.,  and  1st  sergeant  per  ( 'o.  i  >.  No.  14,  Sept. 
29,  '9S;  reduced  to  private  per  S.  O.  No.  179,  hdqrs.  2d 
Or.  Inf.,  dated  Manila,  P.  I.,  Oct.  21,  '98;  tried  by  sum- 
mary court  Nov.  16,  '98,  for  violation  of  3'2d  art.  of 

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Discharged  by  order. 
Fielding  S.Kelly.... 

1st  Lieutenant. 
.Tnmps  West 

1 

OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 


189 


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1 

Transferred  to  hospital  corps  U.  S.  A.  per  S.  0.  No.  17, 
hdqrs.  dept.  of  the  Pacific  and  8th  A.  C,  Aug.  .5,  '98,  er- 
roneously transferred  from  U.S.  Vol.  hospital  corps  to 
Company  D.,2d  Or.  Inf.,  perS.  0.  No.  157,  hdqrs.  dept. 
of  the  Pacific  and  8th  A.  C.,  J  one  11, '99;  ordered  dropped 
from  company  rolls  per  instructions  from  Adjutant 
General,  U.  S.  A.,  through  chief  mustering  officer,  per 
S.  0.  No.  36,  hdqrs.  2d  Or.  Inf.,  Presidio,  San  Fran- 
cisco, Cal.,  July  21,  '99. 

Transferred  to  hospital  corps  U.  S.  A.  per  S.  O.  No.  17, 
hdqrs.  dept.  of  th.>  Pacific  and  8th  A.  C  ,  Aug.  5,  '98; 
erroneously  transferred  from  U.  S.  Vol.  hospital  corps 
to  Company  D.  Jd  Or.  Inf.,  per  S.  0.  No.  157,  hdqrs. 
dept.  of  the  Pacific  and  8th  A.  C,  June  11,  '99;  ordered 
dropped  from  oompanv's  rolls  per  instructions  from 
Adjutant  General,  U.  S.  A.,  through  chief  mustering 
officer,  per  S.  O.  No.  36,  hdqrs.  2d  Or.  Inf.,  Presidio, 
San  Francisco,  Cal.,  July  21,  '99. 

Transferred  to  hospital  corps  U.  S.  A.  per  S.  0.  No.  17, 
hdqrs.  dept.  of  the  Pacific  and  8th  A.  C,  Aug.  5,  '98. 

Enrolled  and  mustered  in  as  1st  sergeant;  reduced  to 
private  per  S.  0.  No.  142,  hdqrs.  2d  Or.  Inf.,  dated  Ma- 
nila, P.  I.,  Aug.  29,  '98;  promoted  sergeant  Nov.  I.  '98, 
per  S.  O.  No.  180,  hdqrs.  2d  Or.  Inf.,  dated  Manila,  P.  I., 
and  1st  sergeant  per  Co.  0.  No.  18,  Nov.  2,  '98;  reduced 
to  private  per  S.  O.  No.  193,  2d  Or.  Inf.,  dated  Manila, 
P.  I.,  Dec.  3,  '98.  Died  at  1st  reserve  hospital,  Manila, 
P.  I.,  Feb.  6,  '99,  at  2  p.  M.,  of  "dysentery  and  perfora- 
tion;" final  statement  and  inventory  of  eff'ects  in 
duplicate  forwarded  to  Adjutant  General,  U.  S.  A., 
Washington,  D.  C,  Feb.  21,  '99;  character,  "e.xcellent;" 
service,  "honest  and  faithful." 

Died  at  general  hospital,  Cavite,  P.  I.,  July  28,  '98,  of 
"typhoid  fever;"  final  statements  and  inventory  of 
effects  in  duplicate  forwarded  to  Adjutant  General, 
U.  S.  A.,  Washington,  D.  C,  Aug.  6,  '98;  character, 
"excellent;"  service,  "honest  and  faithful."  This  sol- 
dier was  not  paid  before  death. 

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Dukes,  H.Maltimore 

Gibbons,  David  M.... 

Isenberg,  F.Howard- 

Died. 
Crowley,  Michael  P.- 
Johnson, Edgar  J. 

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Enrolled  May  2,  '98,  and  mustered  in  as  captain  May 
12,  '98;  sick  in  quarters,  in  line  of  duty,  Dec.  9,  '98,  to 
Feb.  1,  '99,  inc. 

Enrolled  and  mustered  in  as  1st  lieutenant:  sick  in 
quarters,  in  line  of  duty,  Oct.  81,  '98,  to  Nov.  6,  '98,  inc.; 
in  command  of  company,  Dec.  9,  '98,  to  Feb.  i,  '99, 
inc.,  per  S.  O.  No.  158,  hdqrs.  dept.  of  the  Pacific  and 
8lh  A.  C,  dated  Manila,  P.  I.,  June  12,  '99;  due  officer 
difference  between  pay  of  captain  and  1st  lieutenant, 
Dec.  9,  '98.  to  Feb.  1,  '99,  inc.                              .        ,       ,  , 

Enrolled  and  mustered  in  as  sergeant;  appointed  as  1st 
sergeant  per  Reg.  O.  No.  7,  May  13,  '98;  discharged  by 
favor  to  accept  commission  Feb.  28,  '99;  commis- 
sioned 2d  lieutenant  Mar.  1,  '99;  sick  in  2d  division 
hospital,  in  line  of  duty.  Mar.  30,  '99,  to  May  4,  '99, 
inc.,  and  May  20,  '99,  to  June  3,  '99;  sick  in  quarters,  in 
line  of  duty,  June  8-12,  '99,  inc.  In  the  settlement  for 
clothing  is  included  $18.15,  total  value  of  clothing 
issued  him  by  the  State;  due  2d  lieutenant  86.99  for 
clothing  overcharged. 

Detailed  as  color  sergeant,  per  Reg.  S.  0.  No.  128,  Aug. 
15,  '98;  relieved  from  duty  as  color  sergeant,  per.  Reg. 
S.  0.  No.  18,  Mar.  3,  '99;  appointed  1st  sergeant,  per 
Reg.  S.  O.  No.  18,  Mar.  3,  '99;  sick  in  quarters,  in  line  of 
duty,  Oct.  29,  '98,  to  Nov.  3,  '98,  inc.;  in  division  hos- 
pital Dec.  24,  '98,  to  Jan.  11,  '99,  inc.;  sick  in  quarters 
June  24,  '99,  to  J  uly  12,  '99,  inc.;  in  line  of  duty.  In  the 
settlement  for  clothing  is  included  811.16,  total  value 
of  clothing  issued  him  by  the  State.  Deposited  Nov. 
5,  '98,  with  Major  Sears,  »20;  May  15,  '99,  with  Major 
Coffin,  830. 

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Robert  E.  Davis 

Captain. 

Thomas  N.  Dunbar— 

1st  LiexUenant. 

Malcolm  S.  Jameson- 

2rf  Lieutenant. 

Charles  P.  Mercer 

1st  Sergeant. 

198 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 


Enrolled  and  mustered  in  as  corporal;  appointed  ser- 
geant May  13,  '98,  per  G.  0.  No.  7,  May  13,  '98;  appointed 
quartermaster  sergeant,  per  Co.  O.  No.  11,  May  1,  '99; 
sick  in  quarters,  in  line  of  duty,  Oct.  21-23,  '98.  inc., 
and  Mar.  10-12,  '99,  inc.  In  the  settlement  for  cloth- 
ing is  included  811.10,  total  value  for  clothing  issued 
him  by  the  State.  Deposited  Aug.  8,  '98,  with  Major 
Kilbourne  S40;  Nov.  5,  '98,  with  Major  Sears,  $10;  Jan. 
9,  '99,  with  Major  Sears,  $10. 

Detailed  as  clerk  in  brigade  headquarters,  per  S.  O. 
No.  4,  June  25,  '98;  relieved  from  special  duty  at  bri- 
gade headquarters,  per  S.  O.  No.  47,  1st  div.,  8th  A.  C, 
May  31,  '99;  relieved  as  quartermaster  sergeant  and 
appointed  duty  sergeant,  per  Co.  0.  No.  11,  May  1,  '99; 
sick  in  division  hospital  Mar.  24-28,  '99,  inc.,  in  line 
of  duty;  in  quarters  June  28  to  July  12,  '99,  inc.,  in  line 
of  duty.  In  the  settlement  for  clothing  is  included 
811.16,  total  value  of  clothing  issued  him  by  the  State. 

Enrolled  and  mustered  in  as  corporal;  appointed  as 
sergeant,  per  Reg.  S.  O.  No.  190,  Nov.  30,  '98;  sick  in 
quarters,  in  line  of  duty,  June  8-11,  '99,  inc.;  June  20 
to  July  12,  '99,  inc.;  July  16-27,  "99,  inc.;  in  line  of  duty. 
In  the  settlement  for  clothing  is  included  811.16,  total 
value  of  clothing  issued  him  by  the  State.  Deposited 
Nov.  5,  '98,  with  Major  Sears,  820. 

Enrolled  and  mustered  In  as  private;  appointed  cor- 
poral, per  Reg.  S.  O.  No.  169,  Nov.  25,  '98;  appointed 
sergeant,  per  Reg.  S.  O.  No.  17,  Mar.  2,  '99;  sick  in 
quarters,  in  line  of  duty,  Oct.  5-31,  '98,  inc.;  tried  by 
summary  court  Sept.  17,  '98,  for  violation  of  32d  art.  of 
war  (absence  without  leave  24  hours);  sentenced  to 
forfeit  85;  fine  deducted  on  Oct.  pay  roll;  tried  by 
summary  court  Sept.  22.  '98,  for  violation  of  32d  art. 
of  war  (absence  without  leave  48  hours),  and  for  viola- 
tion of  83d  art.  of  war  (absent  from  guard  mount  and 
from  retreat);  sentenced  to  forfeit  815;  fine  deducted 
on  Oct.  pay  roll;  pay  for  time  absent  to  be  deducted 
on  this  roll.  In  the  .settlement  for  clothing  is  included 
$11.16,  total  value  of  clothing  issued  him  by  the  State. 
Deposited  Mar.  8,  '99,  with  Major  Rochester,  810. 

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Rezin  D.  Hewitt 

3d  Sergeant. 

Harry  Anderson 

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The-odore  L.  Gamble. 

Sth  Sergeant. 

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Joined  company  by  enlistment  per  S.  O.  No.  119,  hdqrs. 
dept.  of  the  Pacific  and  8th  A.  C,  Nov.  24,  '98;  sick  in 
quarters  in  line  of  duty  Sept.  21  to  Oct.  10,  '98,  inc.; 
Dec.  28,  '98,  to  Jan.  3,  '99,  inc.;  in  hospital  Jan.  9  to 
Apr.  11. '99,  inc.  Depo.sited  May  15, '99,  with  Major 
Eugene  Coffin,  825.  No  clothing  issued  him  by  the 
State. 

Sick  in  quarters  in  line  of  duty  .Tan.  28  to  Feb.  21,  '99, 
inc.  In  the  settlement  for  clothing  is' Included  811.16, 
total  value  of  clothing  issued  to  him  by  the  State. 
Deposited  Nov.  5,  '98,  with  Major  J.  M.  Sears,  810. 

Sick  in  regimental  hospital  inlineof  duty  Jan.  22  to 
Feb.  1,  '99,  in.-.  In  the  s.-ttl.-ment  for  elothing  is  in- 
cluded 811.1'!  total  value  of  clothing  issui-d  him  by 
the  State.  Dep.isited  An-.  8,  '98,  witli  Major  Kil- 
bourne, $15;   May  15,  '99,  with  Major  Cofiin.  S20. 

Enrolled  an.l  mustered  in  as  private;  apjiointed  com- 
pany e.).>k  p.r  Keg.  0.  No.  9,  Jan.  1,  '99;  sick  in  quar- 
ters, in  line  of  duty,  Sept.  28  to  Oct.  4,  '98,  inc.;  Oct. 
.5-14,  'IIS,  in.-.;  Nov.  17-19,  '98,  inc.;  Dec.  14-16,  '98,  inc.; 
indivisi.)n  h.)spital  Apr.9-27, '99,  inc.;  May  30  to  June 
4,  '99,  inc.;  detailed  in  commissary  department  July 
8,  '98,  p.-i-  Keg.  0.  No.  9,  July  8,  '98;  relieved  from  spe- 
cial dulv  per  Reg.  G.  O.  No.  10,  Aug.  12,  '98.  In  the 
settlem.nt  for  clothing  is  included  811.16,  total  value 
of  clothing  issued  him  by  the  State. 

Sick  in  .|uarters,  in  line  of  duty,  July  8-10,  '98,  inc.;  Oct. 
3-16,  'IIS,  inc.;  Jan.  2-11,  '99,  inc.  In  the  settlement  for 
clothing-  Is  included  811.16,  total  value  of  clothing 
issue.l  liim  by  the  State.  Deposited  May  15,  '99,  with 
Major  ('.,11111,815. 

Sick  in. iuaiters,in  lineof  duty,  June  16-21, '9S,inc.  In 
the  s.iil.niont  for  clothing  is  included  111.16,  total 
valu.  ol  .•l.)thing  issued  him  by  the  State.  Deposited 
Aug.  s,  '..(s,  with  Major  Kilbourne,  815;  Nov.  5,  '98, 
with  MaJ.tr  Sears,  825. 

Enrolle.l  and  mustered  in  as  sergeant;  reduced  to  pri- 
vate perS.  O.  No.  1  (field  series),  2d  Or.  Inf.,  Mar.  16, 
'99.  In  the  settlement  for  clothing  is  included  811.16, 
total  value  of  clothing  issued  him  by  the  State. 

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Portland 

Portland 

Portland 
Portland 
Portland 

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July  12. 

May  12. 
May  12. 

May  12. 

May  12. 
May  12. 
May  12. 

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Babb,  Andrew  A 

Basey.  Robert  W 

Boynton,  Clyde 

Bradley,  Alfred  L.... 
Brown,  Allen  M 

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Sick  in  division  hospital  in  line  of  duty  Mar.  25  to 
Apr.  26, '99,  inc.;  causid  by  gunshot  wound  in  left 
shoulder.  In  the  setthiuent  for  clothing  is  included 
SI  1.16,  total  value  of  ,lolhing  issued  him  by  the  State. 
Deposited  .Vug.  s,  'IIS,  with  Major  Kilbourne,  $10; 
Sept.  21,  'OS,  with  .Major  Sears,  $15;  Nov.  i"),  '98,  with 
.Major  S,>ars,  Sl.^);  Jan.  0,  '99,  with  Majm-  Sears,  $10; 
May  l.\  'OO,  with  .MaJ,)r  Coffin,  $10. 

Enrolled  and  musiend  in  as  private;  joined  company 
by  enlisiment  per  S.  ( (.  No.  119,  hdqrs.  dept.  of  the 
I'acilic  and  sth  .\.  ( '.,  .Nov.  24,  '98;  sick  in  quarters  in 
lineof  dulv  .\i)r.  1  b)  .May  8, '99,  inc.;  July  2-12, '99, 
inc.,  in  hospital.    Noclolhlngissued  him  by  theState. 

Sick  in  hosi,ital,  in  line  of  duty,  Sept.  1-5,  '98,  inc.;  in 
quarters  Sept.  11  to  Oct.  7, '98,  inc.;  Oct.  20  to  Nov.  26, 
■OS,  inc.;  Jan.  17-ls,  'OO,  inc.;  Feb.  9-18,  '99,  inc.;  in  reg- 
iin,nlal  hosi)ital  .Mar.  24  to  Apr.  3  '99,  inc.  In  the 
s,  iileineni  for  clothing  is  included  $11.16,  total  value 
of  <'loiliiiig  issued  him  by  the  State. 

.I,,ine,l  .-om pany  by  enlistment  per  S.O.  No.  119,  hdqrs. 
d,pl.  of  the  I'acilic  and  SM,  A.  C,  Nov.  24,  '98-  sick  in 
(juarters  in  lineof  dutv  .\pr.  i;^-23, '99,  inc.  Nocloth- 
ing  issued  him  bv  theState. 

Tried  by  tield  oilic.  rs'  court  Aug.  b,  '98,  for  violation  of 
88d  art.  of  war  (absent  from  reveille  roll  call  Aug.  4, 
'98);  sentenced  to  forfeit-  $1;  tine  deducted  on  July 
and  Aug.  \y.\y  roll;  tried  hy  summary  court  Nov.  10, 
'98,  for  violation  of  ojd  art.  of  war;  .sentenced  to  for- 
feit$10aiid  to  coniinemeni  1  hirty  days  at  hard  labor; 
fine  dedu<-led  on  Nov.  and  D,'c., '98,' pay  rolls;  tried 
by  summ.ary  ourt  .Mar.  10, '!I0,  for  violation  of  62(1 
art.  of  war;  seiitenceil  i,>  forfeit  one  month's  (lay 
$1.5.60);  line  ,l,.,liicled  on  .Mar.  and  Apr., '99,  jiay  rolls; 
sick  in  quarters  in  line  of  duty  Aug.  20-21, '98,  inc.; 
Sept.  29  to  Oct.  10.  'OS,  inc.;  Mar.  28  to  .\pr.  :!,  '99,  inc. 
In  the  .settlem.'iit  for  clothing  is  included  »I1.16,  total 
value  of  clothing  issued  him  by  the  State.  Depos- 
ited Aug.  8,  '98,  witli  Major  Kilbourne,  $20. 

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May  12. 

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May  12. 

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Doughty,  Albert  F... 

Dutt'ey,  Austin 

Fitzgerald,  FM  J.  .... 

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Tried  by  summary  court  Nov.  8,  '98,  for  violation  of  33d 
art.  of  war  (absent  from  drill  and  reti-eat  roll  call); 
for  violation  of  38th  art.  of  war  (drunk  at  retreat  roll 
call);  .sentenced  to  forfeit  810;  fine  deducted  on  Nov. 
and  Dec,  '98,  pay  roll;  si(k  in  quarters  in  line  of  duty, 
Oct.  5-10,  '98,  inc.;  Apr.  i:i-17,  '99,  inc.;  May  29  to  June 
1,  '99,  inc.  In  the  settlement  for  clothing  is  included 
811. Mi,  total  value  ofcldthingissued  him  by  the  State. 
Deposited  Aug.  8,  'DS,  with  Major  Kilbourne.  820;  May 
1.5,  '!»!»,  with  Major  Oollin,  $25. 

Joined  <-ompany  by  enlistment  perS.  O.  No.  119,  hdqrs. 
(hqit.  of  the  Pacilic  and  Sth  A.  C,  Nov.  24,  '98.  No 
elothintr  issued  him  by  t  he  State. 

Joined  ((.mpany  by  enlistment  per  S  0.  No.  119,  hdqrs. 
ilepl.  of  the  Pacirtfand  sih  A.  C,  Nov.  24,  '98;  sick  in 
quarters,  in  line  of  duty,  Apr.  8-29, '99,  inc.  No  cloth- 
in^'  Issued  him  by  the  Slate. 

Detailed  on  special  duty  per  Reg  S.  O.  No.  1.37,  Aug.  25, 
'9S;  relieved  from  special  duty  per  S.  ().  No.  171,  Oct. 
17,  ".)S;  on  duty  as  Colonel's  orderly  from  Mar.  12  '99, 
to  date  of  muster  out:  tried  bv  summary  court  Dec. 
1(1,  'IIS,  for  violation  of  33d  art.  of  war  (absent  from 
fatigue  and  ab.sent  without  leave  21  hours);  for  viola- 
tion f)r  32d  art.  of  war,  sentenced  to  forfeit  82;  fine  de- 
ducted from  Nov.  and  Dec,  '98,  pay  roll;  pay  for  time 
absent  to  be  deducted  on  thi.s  roll;  sick  in  division 
hospital,  in  line  of  duty,  June  16-18,  '98,  inc.;  Oct.  22 
to  \oy.  1,  '98,  Inc.;  Nov.  4-7,  '98,  inc.  In  the  settlement 
for  clothing  is  included  $11.10,  total  value  of  clothing 
issnetl  liiin  by  the  State. 

Sick  m  quarters,  in  line  of  duty,  Aug.  28  to  Sept.  2,  '98, 
inc.;  Sept.  13-15,  '98,  inc.  In  the  settlement  for  cloth- 
in-  is  included  811.16,  total  value  of  clothing  issued 
him  by  the  State. 

JoiniMl  company  by  enlistment  per  S.  0.  No.  119,  hdqr.s. 
dept.orthe  Pacirtcandhth  A.  C,  Nov.  21, '98:  .sick  in 
quarters,  in  line  of  duty,  June  14-30, '99,  inc.  Nocloth- 
ing  issued  him  by  the  State. 

1 

1 

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Portland- 

Roseburg 
Portland- 

Portland- 

Portland. 
Portland- 

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May  12- 

June  10- 
June  16. 

May  12- 

May  12- 
June  16- 

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Inman,  Clifton  L 

Johns,  Summerel,  Jr. 

John.ston,  Thos.  W. - 

Knight,  William 

Lilienthal,  Carl 

OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  207 


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Appointed  lance  corporal  per  Reg.  S.  0.  No.  105,  July 
'20,  '98;  appointed  corporal  per  Reg.  S.  O.  No.  UO,  Aug. 
27,  '98;  reduced  to  private  per  Reg.  S.  0.  No.  '203,  Dec. 
16,  '98;  sick  in  <ptarters,  in  line  of  duty,  July  10-11,  '98, 
inc.    In  the  settlement  for  clothing  is  included  811.16, 
total  value  of  clothing  issued  him  by  the  State.    De- 
posited Aug.  s,  'its,  with  Major  ICilbourne,  820;  Nov. 

5,  '98,  with  Miijuf  Sears,  8'20;  Mar.  8,  '99,  with  Major 
Rochester,  SIO;  Mtiy  1.5,  with  Major  Coffin,  815. 

Sick  in  quarters,  in  line  ,,f  duty,  June  16-21,  '98,  inc.; 
July  26-28,  '98,  ine.;  .l.-,ii.  J)-:!!.  '99,  inc.;  sick  in  divi- 
sion hospital  Mar.  -'.v  ,o,  ii'.i,  inc.;  May  30  to  June3,  '99, 
inc.  In  thesettleiiM  lit  lot  clothing  is  included  811.10, 
total  value  of  eloiliiim  issued  him  by  the  state. 

Enrolled  and  inustiTrd  in  as  co'-poral;  redmed  to  pri- 
vate per  Reg.  S.  ( ».  N...  m;,  .fuly  '20,  '98;  tried  by  field 
officers' court  Au^.  ~k  'hs.  lor  violation  ut  :;:;d  nrt.  of 
war  (absent  fruni  drill):  sentenced  to  forteit  $2:  fine 
deducted  on  Aiij;.  tind  s.pt., '98,  pay  roll;  sick  in  hos- 
pital in.lineof  duty.. liilv  6-9, '98,inc.;  xVutc.od  to  Sept. 

6,  '98,  inc.    In  the  set  I  lenient  for  clothing  is  included 
811.16,  total  value  of  elnt  hi  ng  issued  him  by  the  State. 
Deposited  Aug.  8,  '9s,  with  Major  Kilbourne,  $20. 

Sick  in  (luarters,  in  line  of  duty,  July  7-9, '98,  inc.;  Dec. 
18-19,  '98,  inc.  In  tlie  settlement  for  clothing  is  in- 
cluded 811.10,  total  vahK'  of  clothing  issued  him  by 
the  State. 

Sick  in  quarters,  in  line  uf  dutv,  July  8-9,  '98,  inc.  In 
the  .settlement  for  elmliin..:  is  included  811.16,  total 
value  of  clothing  issued  liim  bv  the  stale.  Deposited 
Aug.  8,  '98,  with  Mai.>i-  Kilbnurne,  820;  Nov.  5,  '98, 
with  Major  Sears,  tv):  Mar.  s,  ''.lii,  with  Major  Sears, 
820;  May  15,  '99,  with  .Ma.|..r  ( 'uiiin,  820. 

Joined  company  by  eiili-inient  per  S.  O.  No.  119,  hdqrs. 
dept.  of  the  Pacific  and  stii  a.  C,  Nov.  24,  '98.  No 
clothing  issued  him  l)y  tlie  Sttite. 

Sick  in  quarters,  in  line-  uf  duty,  Aug.  2^-28,  '98,  inc.; 
Oct.  1-13,  '98,  inc.;  Jan.  2  .;,  '99,  inc.;  May  29  to  July  11, 
'99,  inc.  In  the  settbineiit  for  clothing  is  included 
811.16,  total  value  of  clothing  i.ssued  him  by  theState. 

i 
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i 

Enrolled  and  mustered  in  as  private;  with  detachment 
of  Oregon  recruits  from  June  18  '98,  to  Nov.  24,  '98; 
joined  company  at  Manila,  P.  I.,  Nov.  24,  '98;  tried  by 
summary  court  Dec.  .:i ,  'us,  on  four  cliarges,  for  viola- 
tion of  :«d  and  33d  arts,  of  war;  .sentenced  to  forfeit  $1 
on  each  charge  (abseni  less  than  24  hours);  fines  de- 
(iueh  d  on  Jan.  and  I'eh.,  '99,  pay  roll;  in  confinement 
I'el).  21  to  Mar.  13,  '99,  inc.;  relea.sed  without  trial.  No 
Sl.ateclolhing  issued. 

Enrolled  and  mustered  in  as  private;  sick  In  quarters 
May  27-L'!),  '9,S;  Aug.  7-8,  '98;  feept.  8,  '98;  Oct.  9-13,  '98; 
1  lec.  ,;o.  '.K,  to  Jan.  3,  '99;  in  regimental  hospital  May 
2;»  to  .June  2,  '98;  Aug.  6-7,  '98,  all  dates  inc.;  all  in  line 
of  dn(v. 

Enrolled  and  mustered  in  as  private;  joined  company 
by  enlistnientat  Presidio,  San  Franci.sco,  Cal.;  .sick  in 
<luarters,Inlv4-5,'98;  May7-9, '99;  May  28  to  June  19,'99, 
in  field  brigade  hospital  May  10-24,  '99;  in  1st  reserve 
hospital  .May  24-28, '99,  all  dates  inc.;  all  in  lineof  duty. 

Enrolled  and  mustered  In  as  private;  sick  In  quarters 
since  May  19,  '99;  in  line  of  duty.  Deposited  with 
Major  KilbourneSlS,  Aug.8,  '98. 

Enrolled  and  mustered  in  as  corporal;  tried  by  field 
olticers'  court  Aug.  2,  '98,  for  violation  of  62d  art.  of 
war;  .sentenced  to  reduction  to  private  from  corporal, 
and  t'oifeiiure  of  S.*);  fine  deducted  on  July  and  .\ug. 
pay  roll;  reduced  from  corporal  to  private  Ann.  _',  'lis, 
per  Reg.  s.  0.  No.  1111,  same  date;  appointed  corporal 
from  private  Sept.  27,  'DS,  per  Reg.  S.  0.  No.  Uu .  same 
date;  tried  by  summaiv  court  Dec.  20,  '98,for  violation 
of  .32(1  and  (c'd  arts.  < )f  war  (ab,sent  le.ss  than  24  h.  m rs  ) ; 
sentence, I  to  reduction  from  corporal  to  private,  and 
forfeit  niv  of  S6;  fine  deducted  on  Nov.  and  Dec.  '98, 
pay  roll;  reduced  from  corporal  to  private,  per  Reg. 
S.  O.  No.  20(i,  dated  Manila,  P.  I..  Dec.  20,  '98;  sick  in 
quarters  .Inly  H,  '98;  Oct.  22-23, '98;  Oct.  '2.V;;(),  '!t8;  Dec. 9, 
'98;  May  '22-27,  '99;  June  6-7,  '99;  in  division  hospital 
Oct.  30  to  Nov.  23,  '98;  all  in  hne  of  duty;  in  confine- 
ment from  Jan.  '29  to  Feb.  11,  '99;  all  dates  inc.;  released 
without  trial. 

1 
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Portland- 

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Portland. 
Portland. 

June  18. 

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Enrolled  and  mustered  in  as  private;  sick  in  quarters 
June  6-13,  '98;  July  13-15,  '98;  July  29-30,  '98;  Aug.  29  to 
Sept.  1,  '98;  Mar.  4-6,  '99;  Mar.  1.5-16,  '99;  May  19-23,  '99; 
May  25-27,  '99;  June  1-5,  '99,  inc.;  in  Une  of  duty;  in 
quarters  Nov.  27  to  Dec.  10,  '98,  inc.,  not  in  line  of 
duty;  in  1st  reserve  hospital  May  23-25,  '99,  inc.,  in  line 
of  duty;  in  division  hospital  Dec.  10  '98,  to  Jan.  12,  '99; 
in  regimental  hospital  Jan.  12  to  Mar.  4,  '99,  inc.,  not 
in  line  of  duty.  Depo.sited  with  Major  Kilbourne  S15, 
Aug.  8,  '98. 

Enrolled  and  mustered  in  as  private;  with  detachment 
of  Oregon  recruits  from  June  21  to  Nov.  24,  '98;  joined 
company  at  Manila,  P.  I.,  Nov.  24,  '98;  tried  by  sum- 
mary court  Feb.  20,  '99,  for  violation  of  32d  art.  of  war 
(ab.sent  Feb.  6-8,  '99,  inc.);  sentenced  to  forfeit  one 
month's  pay;  fine  deducted  on  Jan.  and  Feb.,  and 
Mar.  and  Apr.,  '99,  pay  rolls;  pay  for  time  absent  de- 
ducted on  .same  rolls.    No  State  clothing  issued. 

Enrolled  and  mustered  in  as  private;  sick  in  quarters 
May  22,  '98;  July  6-7,  '98;  July  31  to  Aug.  5,  '98;  Sept. 
2-6,  '98;  Oct.  25-27,  '98;  Nov.  2-7,  '98;  June  23,  '99,  inc.; 
in  regimental  hospital  June  12-16,  '99;  June  25-2S,  '99, 
inc.;  all  in  line  of  duty.  Deposited  with  Major  Kil- 
bourne f5,  Aug.  8,  '98. 

Enrolled  and  mustered  in  as  private;  with  detachment 
of  Oregon  recruits  from  June  18  to  Nov.  24,  '98;  joined 
company  at  Manila,  P.  I.,  Nov.  24,  '9S;  sick  in  quar- 
ters May  9-11,  '99,  inc.;  in  field  brigade  hospital  May 
11-24,  '99;  in  1st  reserve  hospital  May  24-29,  '99,  inc.,  in 
line  of  duty.    No  State  clothing  issued. 

Enrolled  and  mustered  in  as  corporal;  tried  by  sum- 
mary court  Feb.  20,  '99,  for  violation  of  32d  art.  of  war 
(absent  less  than  24  hours);  sentenced  to  reduction 
from  corpoi'al  to  private,  and  to  forfeit  one  month's 
pay;  reduced  from  corporal  to  private  per  Reg.  S.  0. 
No.  14,  dated  Feb.  21,  '99;  fine  deducted  on  Jan.  and 
Feb.,  and  Mar.  and  Apr.,  '99,  pay  rolls;  sick  in  quarters 
Oct.  29-30,  '98;  Dec.  29,  '98,  to  Jan.  1,  '99,  inc.;  in  divi.sion 
hospital  Oct.  30  to  Dec.  29,  '98,  inc.;  all  in  line  of  duty. 

1 

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Portland- 
Portland- 

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Enrolled  and  mustered  in  as  1st  sergeant;  discharged 
Jan.  30,  '99,  by  favor,  to  accept  commission;  discharge 
and  final  statement  given;  service,  "honest  and  faith- 
ful." Due  soldier  86.77,  excess  charge  for  State  cloth- 
ing, not  paid  him  when  discharged.  Deposited  with 
Major  Kilbourne  850,  Aug.  8,  '98;  deposited  with  Major 
Sears  820,  Oct.  20,  '98,  clothing  account  at  date  of  dis- 
charge, due  soldier,  825.95. 

Enrolled  and  mustered  in  as  sergeant;  discharged  at 
Manila,  P.  I.,  Nov.  9,  '98,  per  telegraphic  instructions 
from  Adjutant  General,  tJ.  S.  A.;  discharge  and  final 
statement  given;  .service,  "honest  and  faithful."  Due 
soldier  87,  excess  charges  for  State  clothing,  not  paid 
him  when  discharged.  Deposited  with  Major  Kil- 
bourne «60,  Aug.  8,  '98;  clothing  account  at  date  of 
discharge,  due  soldier,  817.01. 

Enrolled  and  mustered  in  as  corporal;  promoted  from 
corporal  to  sergeant  Nov.  18,  '98,  per  Reg.  S.  O.  No.  186, 
same  date;  sick  in  quarters  July  27-29,  "98,  inc.,  in  line 
of  duty;  discharged  June  12,  '99,  per  S.  O.  No.  157, 
hdqrs.  dept.  of  the  Pacific  and  8th  A.  C.  dated  Manila, 
P.  I.,  June  11,  '99;  discharge  and  final  stateinentglven; 
service,  "honest  and  faithful;"  ordnance  charged  at 
date  of  discharge,  81.15;  clothing  account  at  date  of 
dLscharge,  due  soldier,  824.73. 

Enrolled  and  mustered  in  as  private;  appointed  cor- 
poral from  private  Aug.  2,  '98,  per  Reg.  S.  O.  No.  116, 
•same  date;  discharged  Dec.  19,  '98,  per  telegraphic  in- 
structions from  Adjutant  General.  V.  .S.  A.,  dated 
Dec.  17,  '98;  discharge  and  final  statement  given; 
service,  "honest  and  faithful."  Si(dv  in  (luarters  July 
29-30,  '98,  inc.,  in  lineof  duty.  Due  s. , Idler,  86.86,  excess 
charge  for  Slate  clothing,  not  paid  him  when  dis- 
charged; clothing  account  at  dat<'  <>f  discharge,  due 
soldier,  #29.66.  Deposited  with  Major  Kilbourne  85, 
Aug.  8,  '98;  ordnance  charged  on  Nov.  and  Dec,  '98, 
pay  roll,  80.47. 

Enrolled  and  mustered  in  as  private;  discharged  at 
Manila,  P.  I.,  Sept.  25,  '98,  per  telegraphic  instructions 

i 
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Wm.  C.  Johnston 

Sergeatit. 
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Privates. 
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OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 


1 
1 

Enrolled  and  mustered  in  as  private;  detailed  on  duty 
in  regimental  hospital,  per  verbal  order;  transferred 
to  hospital  corps,  U.  S.  A.,  Aug.  5,  '98,  per  S.  O.  No.  17, 
hdqrs.  dept.  of  the  Pacific  and  8th  A.  C,  dated  Ma- 
nila Bay,  P.  I.,  Aug.  "i.  'its;  erroneously  transferred  to 
Company  F  June  11.  'I'.t,  per  S.  0.  No.  157,  hdqrs.  dept. 
of  tlie  Pacific  and  sili  A.  C,  same  date;  dropped  per 
telegraphic  instructions  from  Adjutant  General's 
office  to  Colonel  J(,c,  lyn,  C.  M.  O.,  dated  July  21,  '99; 
descriptive  lis(  and  account  of  pay  and  clothing  fur- 
nished. Clothing  account  at  date  of  transfer,  due 
soldier,  ?■!-!. :!7. 

Enrolled  aj,d  mustered  in  as  private;  with  detachment 
of  Orciion  iccruits  June  18  to  Nov.  24,  '98;  joined  com- 
pany at  .Manila,  P.  I.,  Nov.  24,  '98;  tried  by  summary 
court  Jan.  -'5,  '99,  for  violation  of  62d  and  32d  arts,  of 
war  (aliNcnt  less  than  24  hours);  sentenced  to  forfeit 
S15;  tine  deducted  on  Jan.  and  Feb.,  '99,  pay  roll; 
transieri'ed  to  19th  compan.x-,  U.  S.  Vol.  Signal  Corps, 
Mar.  10,  "HI,  per  G.  ().  No.  10,  dept.  of  the  Pacific  and 
8th  A.  1  .,  -ame  date;  descriptive  list  and  account  of 
pay  and  clothing  furnished.  No  State  clothing  is- 
sued; clot  lung  acc(mnt  at  date  of  transfer,  due  sol- 
dier at  date  of  last  .settlement,  Dec.  16,  '98,  m.So; 
clothinii  drawn  since  settlement,  819.10. 

Enrolled  and  mustered  in  as  private;  transferred  to 
19th  company,  U.S.  Vol.  Signal  Corps,  Mar.  10, '99, 
perG.  o.  No.  10,  hdqrs.  dept.  of  the  Pacific  and  8th 
A.  C,  s.iiiie  date;  descriptive  list  and  account  of  pa.v 
and  clothing  furnished;  clothing  account  at  date  of 
last  settlement,  Nov.  23,  '98,  $30.18;  clothing  drawn 
since  settlement,  ^'14. 20. 

Enrolled  and  mustered  in  as  corporal;  appointed  ser- 
geant from  corporal  Sept.  27,  '98,  per  Reg.  S  O.  No.  157, 
.same  date;  tried  by  summary  court  Feb.  20,  '99,  for 
violation  of  32d  and  33d  arts,  of  war  (absent  Feb.  6-14, 
'99,  inc.);  sentenced  to  reduction  from  sergeant  to  pri- 
vate, and  to  forfeit  one  month's  pay  and  SIO;  fine  par- 

i 
1 

1 
1 

1 

Portland- 
Portland- 

Portland- 
Portland- 

May  13- 
June  18. 

May  13- 
May  13- 

1 

Barber.— 
Engineer- 

Student- 

II 

Ger- 
many. 

Minn. 

Cal.  - 

1 

Lt.Br. 
Blk.- 

Lt.Br. 

i 

Gray- 
Br.  - 

Blue- 

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5 

Transferred- 
Privates. 
Febvet,  George 

Thurston,  C.  A 

Murbach,  Albert 

Nash,  Claude  M 

OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR, 


239 


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240 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 


1 

1 

Enrolled  and  mustered  in  as  private;  tried  by  sum- 
mary court  Oct.  25.  '98,  for  violation  of  62d  art.  of  war; 
sentenced  to  be  confined  for  thirty  day.s,  and  to  forfeit 
SIO;  fine  partiallv  deducted  on  Sept.  and  Oct.,  '98,  pay 
roll,  balance  to  be  deducted  noted  on  final  statement. 
Died  of  smallpox  Nov.  23,  '98,  at  Manila,  P.  I.,  sick  in 
quarters  May  22-23,  '98;  July  2.3-24,  '98;  July  31  to  Aug. 

4,  '98;  Sept.  4-10,  '9,s,  inc.;  in  line  of  duty;  sick  in  quar- 
ters June  9  to  July  7,  '98;  July  10-15,  '98,  inc.;  not  in 
line  of  duty;  sick  in  regimental  hospital  Aug.  10-12, 
'98;  sick  in  division  hospital  Nov.  6-23,  '98,  inc.;  in 
line  of  duty;  sick  in  regimental  hospital  June  27-29, 
'9X;  not  in  line  of  duty.    Final  statements  and  in- 
ventory of  efl'ects  forwarded  to  Adjutant    General, 
Washington,  D.  C.    Due  soldier,  S6.42,  excess  charge 
for  State  clothing,  not  credited  him  on  final  state- 
ments. 

Enrolled  and  mustered  in  as  private;  died  of  dysentery, 
Dec.  8,  '98,  at  Manila,  P.  I.;  sick  in  quarters  July  11, 
'98;  July  18,  '98;  Sept.  27-30,  '98;  Oct.  20  to  Nov.  16,  '98, 
inc.;  sick  in  division  hospital  Nov.  16  to  Doc.  8,  '98, 
inc.;  all  in  line  of  duty.  Final  statementsand  inven- 
tory of  effects  forwarded  to  Adjutant  diiiKi  il,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.  Due  soldier,  S6.42,  excess  .liarge  for 
State  clothing,  not  credited  him  on  final  viatements. 

Enrolled  and  mustered  in  as  1st  lieutenani:  on  special 
duty  as  battalion  adjutant  since  May  15,  H-,  per  Reg. 

5.  O.  No.  44,  dated  May  16,  '98;  erroneously  carried  on 
former  muster  roll;  dropped  by  instructions  of  mus- 
tering officer. 

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Portland. 

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McKinnon,  Charles— 

Norton,  Fred  J 

Dropped. 
Rhees  Jackson 

tst  Lieutenant. 

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Knrolled  and  mustered  in  as  private;  sick  in  quarters 
May  '2;{,  June  '25;  July  tl-8:  Oct.  1'2,  '98;  sick  In  1st  re- 
serve hospital  Oct.  18  to  Nov.  6,  '98;  sick  on  hospital 
.ship  /M/,;/  Apr. '28,  May  81, '99;  all  dates  inc.;  all  in 
line  of  d:iiy.  Amount  due  for  deposit:  Sept.  15,  '98, 
with  Ma.jor  Sears,  S1.5. 

Enrolled  and  niiislered  in  as  private;  assigned  to  Com- 
pany (.  per  S.o.  No.  1S7,  JKbps.  2d  Or.  Inf..  dated  Nov. 
20, '98;  sick  in  i|iiartcrs  Dec.  :;-S,  19-'27,  '9S;  sick  in  reni- 
mental  hospital  I  )ec.  2s, 'iis,  to  Jan.  ,8, '!)!•;  sick  in  <li- 
vision  hospiial  .Mar.  27  lo  Apr.  2,  '99;  sick  in  cpiarlers 
May  18  lo.luneJ,-!i|l:  all  d;ilesii,c.;  all  in  line  of  duly. 
Amounts  dm.  for  deposit:  .Ian.  6,  '99,  with  Major 
Sheary,  $20;  .Mar.  10,  '!I9,  wilb  Alajor  Kocliester,  SIO. 
Noclolbinii  issued  by  Stale. 

Enrolled  and  miisPred  in  as  private;  assi-ned  lo  Com- 
pany ( i  perS.  o.  No.  1S7,  lidips.  2dOr.  Inf.,d;ited  Nov. 
26,  '98;  tri.-d  l.y  summ;irv  court  Sept.  '2S,  "OS,  for  viola- 
tion of  :!2d  :irl.  of  war  (absent   Sept .  20,  'l»S,  one  day); 

sentoi d  lo  f..rfeil  $0;  tine  d(.(hicte.l  on  Sei.l..  '98,  pay 

roll;  j)a,\-  lor  lime  absent  lo  bedediicled;  sick  in  (|uur- 
ters  Dec.  i:!. 'its;  .July  .V!i,  10-l;i,  •|i!i;  all  dales  inc.;  all  in 
line  of  duly.      No  clolliiiij;  issued  by  State. 

Enrolled  and  mustered  in  as  private;  assitrned  tot  'om- 
pany  (J  ixr  S.  o.  No.  I.s7,  hibps.  2d  or.  Inf,  dated 
Nov.  20, '!)S;  on  special  duly  wi  1  b  Voun«'s  scouls  jicr 
S.  F.  O.  No.  1,  lidip-s.  1st  div.,  sib  A.  C.,  dated  Apr.  80, 
'99;  relieved  bv  verbal  <.rder  of  ( ieneral  I.awton,  May 
2.5, '99.  Ann. lints  due  f.r  deposit:  .lune  0,  -119,  wilii 
Ma.jorSb(.;iry,  s',0;  Mar.  111.  ''.l!!,  wilb  Major  Kocliester, 
S20,     Noclolbiiit;  issued  by  Stale. 

Knrolled  ;iiid  mustered  in  as  private;  sick  in  i|narters 
May  21,  .Inly  ll-i:i,;il,  Aiiir.  21-20, 'liS;  si(di  in  Isl  reserve 
hospital  Mar.  2-l;5,  •99;  sick  in  (piarteis  .iune  10,  '!I9; 
all  dales  inc.;  all  in  line  of  duly.  Amounts  due  for 
deposit:  .Vuff.S, '98,  wilb  Major  Kilboiirne,  Sf.;  Sept. 
15,  '98,  Willi  Major  Sears,  $11):  Jan.  Ii,  '99,  with  Ma.jor 
Sheary,  $10. 

i 

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June  19. 

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OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 


251 


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256 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 


1 

Enrolled  and  mustered  in.  as  private;  tried  by  sum- 
mary court  Dec.  3,  '98,  for  violation  of  e2d  art.  of  war- 
senteneed  to  forteit  $2;  fine  deducted  on  Nov.  and 
D..-.,  'Its,  pav  r.ill;  sjik  in  quarters  May  21,  July  6-10, 
Sii.t.  1,  Dct.'.i,  s-|,-,.  -US;  sick  in  hospital  (wounded  ac- 
ciil.'iitally  at  Maasin,  May  5, '99,)  May5  to  July  17, '99; 
all  .hitesinc;  all  i  n  line  of  dutv-  Amounts  due  for 
dep.isit;  Aug.  s, -lis,  with  Major  Kilbourne,  S20;  Sept. 
l;"),  !is.  with  ^Inioi-  s,?ars,  |25:  Nov.  7,  '98,  with  Major 
S.'ars,  sio;  .]aii;  li,  '!i!i,  with  Major  Sheary,  S15;  Mar.  10, 
'!i:t.  with  Maj.ir  Uoidiester,  »20. 

Em.  .11.  .1  and  must.r.d  in  as  private;  assigned  to  Com- 
pan\  1 ;  |ier  S.  <  >.  Xo.  187,  hdqrs.  2d  Or.  Inf.,  dated  Nov. 
•2ii, '-is;  siekin..uart.rs  Feb.  9-13,  24-26,  May  15  to  June 
9,  '99;  all  dates  in.-.;  all  in  line  of  duty.  No  clothing 
issued  by  Stat.'. 

Enrolled  and  mustercHl  in  as  private;  absent  without 
leave  Aug.  21-.:.'.  ''.ts;  jiav  for  time  absent  to  be  de- 
ducted; in  coniiti.'in.nt  Aug.  23-27, '98,  inc.;  tried  by 
field  officers' CHI rt  S.pt.  17, '98,  for  violation  of  31st 
art.  of  war;  sent.  n.-.  .!  to  forfeit82;  fine  deducted  on 
Sept.  and  Oct..  'Js,  pa.\  roil;  trial  illegal;  fine  to  be 
refunded;  tried  i.y  ^luninaiy  court  (approved  Oct.  11, 
'98,)  for  violation  ..)  --.I  art.  of  war  (absent  less  than 
24  hours);  sent.ii.-.'.l  t.i  forfeit  $2;  fine  deducted  on 
Sept.  and  Oct.,  '.is.  i>ay  lull;  tried  by  summary  court 
(approved  Nov.  i ),  'iis,)  for  violation  of  H2d  art.  of  war 
(absent  5  i>.  jr.  X.  .w  "i  to  8  a.  m.  Nov.  11,  '98);  sentenced 
to  forfeit  SIO  and  t.  ii  .lays' confinement;  rtnededucted 
on  Nov.  and  D..-.,  '  •>-,  pav  roll;  pay  for  time  absent  to 
be  deducted;  tri.  1  iiy  summary  court  (approved  Dec. 
3,  '98,;  for  violati..n  of  ti2d  art.  of  war;  sentenced  to 
forfeit  82:  fine  deducted  on  Nov.  and  Dec, '98,  pay 
roll;  tried  by  general  court-martial  (approved  Dec. 
16,  '98,)  for  violation  of  :Wth  art.  of  war;  sentenced  to 
be  confined  at  hard  labor  for  six  months  and  to  for- 
feit 810  per  month  for  same  period;  fine  deducted  on 
May  and  June,  '99,  pay  roll;  sick  in  quarters  July  .5, 
'98;  in  line  of  duty. 

i 
1 

b 

1 

1 

Portland- 

Portland- 
Portland- 

t 

May  13- 

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May  13. 

I 
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Laborer.- 

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traiuer. 

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258 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 


Remarks. 

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Portland. 
Portland- 

Portland- 

May  13- 
May  13- 

May  13- 

1 

1 

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maker. 

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Wash. 

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Smith,  Charles  R 

Smith,  Louis  F 

Smith,  Robert  E 

OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 


259 


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260 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 


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OREGON    VOLUNTEKUS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 


261 


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262 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 


1 

Enrolled  and  mustered  in  as  private;  ordered  on  U.  S. 
monitor  Monterey;  assigned  to  Company  G  per  S.  0. 
No.  1S7,  hdqrs.  2d  Or.  Inf.,  dated  Nov.  26,  '98,  but  never 
Joini'd;  tried  by  general  court-martial  for  violation  of 
()2d  art.  of  war;  found  miiliv,  and  to  be  dishonorably 
discharged  the  service  of  l  he  Tnited  States,  forfeiting 
all  iiav  and  allowances,  exeepi  sio,  and  to  he  confined 

at  hard  laborforone  i iih,  )ier  S.O.No.iis,  ind.div., 

h(l(|rs.  Sth  A.  ('..Camp  .Meiriani,  San  Fraiu-isco,  Cal., 
Sept.29, '98;  sentence  a  pproved  and  mitigated  locon- 
finemiMit  for  one  montli  per  S.  ( ).  No.  84,  li(l<irs.  ind. 
div.,sth  A.  C,  del.  Hi, ''.'s;  unexpired  portion  of  sen- 
tence remitted;  tried  hv  i;eneral  court-marl  ial  forvio- 
lati.in  of  62d  art.  of  war:  s.nteiiced  to  be  dislionorably 
dis<-liarged  the  ser\i<-eor  tlie  r  nited  States,  foifeiting 
all  pay  and  allow  ane,.>,  except  *U),  and  to  be  confined 
at  hard  labor  for  lliirt>-  da>s;  s.ntence  a]  i  proved  and 
contirmed  per  S.  <  i.  No.  |s_',  hdqrs.  departnii'iit  of  Cali- 
fornia, dated  San  JManei-eo,  Cal.,  Nov.  14, 'US;  in  con- 
finement at  Ilonolnlii,  1!.  I. .Oct.  26, '98,  to  datcof  dis- 
char-c.     Nocloliiiii-  issued  liy  State. 

Enrolled  and  muslcri'd  in  .as  private;  assigned  to  Com- 
pany (i  i:ier  S.  O.  No.  IsV,  iahirs.  -Jd  Or.  Inf.,  dated 
JSTov.'JC,  ■'.!>.  lint  never  joined;  .absent,  si(M<  in  hospital. 
Camp  .Merriam,  San  Francisco,  Cal..  ( let.  1 1, '98,  to 
date  of  .lis.liarge;  In  line  of  iliily;  dis.-harged  and 
final  stal.nieuts  given  at  Koncral  li.i-pital  (incipient 
tulierciil.isisi.     No  Ch)lhing  issued  l.y  Slate. 

Eiir.ille.l  and  mustered  in  as  privai.;  discharged  and 
final  Stat,  nieuts  given  at  Manila.  1'.  1.,  -Ian.  13,'99,on 
sura.'on's  certificate  of  disahilit^•  i  pnlmonary  tuber- 
cnl.isis),  per  order  dated  hd.|rs.  .1. Mil.  of  the  Pacific 
ami  sth  .V.  C.,  dated  Jan.  12, '99;  si.  Ic  in  .piarters  May 
20,  .1  Illy  li;-2l,  31,  Aug.  -l-^,  7-13,  Nov.  9-17,  '98;  sick  in 
h.ispital  Dec.  18,  '98,  to  Jan.  13,  '99;  all  dates  inc.;  all 

in  li fdutv.    Amount  due  for  deposit:  Sept.  1.5, '98, 

with  Major  Sears,  ft20. 

Enrolled  and  mustered  in  as  corporal;  appointed  ser- 
geant from  corporal  June  6,  '98,  per  G.  0.  No,  7,  hdqrs. 
2d  Or.  Inf.;  reduced  from  sergeant  to  private  per  S.  0. 

1 

1 

1 

Portland- 

Portland- 
Portland- 

Portland- 

1 

JunelV 

June  20- 
May  13- 

May  18- 

Occupation. 

Farmer  — 

Laborer- 
Clerk 

Marine- 

u 

Conn. 

Or.  -- 
Or.  -- 

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1 

1 

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lis                                                S               S                    g 

Farrell.  Dennis  E.— 

Stillwell,  Fred  G 

Payne,  Herbert  H— 

Buss,  Frederick  K— 

OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 


263 


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264 


OPvEGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 


1 

Enrolled  and  mustered  in  as  private;  transferred  to 
hospital  corps,  U.  S.  A.,  per  S.  0.  No.  18,  hdqrs.  dept. 
of  the  Paciflc  and  8th  A.  C,  dated  Cavite,  P.  I.,  Aug. 
6,  '98;  erroneously  transferred  to  Company  G  from 
hospital  corps  per  S.  0.  No.  158,  hdqrs.  dept.  of  the 
Paciflc  and  8th  A.  C,  dated  Manila,  P.  I.,  June  11,  '99, 
an.l  S.  0.  No.  28,  hdqrs.  2d  Or.  Inf.,  dated  Manila, 
1'.  1.,  June  12,  '99;  dropped  from  roll  per  S.  0.  No.  36, 
hd.iis.  2d  Or.  Inf.,  dated  Presidio,  Cal.,  July  21,  '99, 
si.k  in  (inarters  July  5, '98,  in  hneof  duty;  descriptive 
list  fiirnish.^d.  Due  soldier  for  clothing  undrawn  at 
settlrui.  nt,  Dec.  31, '98,  S31.76;  value  of  clothing  drawn 
sincr  s.  1  tl, ment,  S3.48  and  S2.65;  soldier  to  be  credited 
with  ST. II.  tor  reduction  in  price  of  State  clothing. 

Enrolled  an.l  mu.stered  in  as  private;  on  special  duty 
with  h<.siiital  corps,  U.  S.  A.,  per  S.  0.  No.  100,  hdqrs. 
2d  Or.  Int.,  dated  July  15,  '98;  transferred  to  hospital 
corps,  U.  S,  A.,  per  S.  0.  No.  17,  hdqrs.  dept.  of  the 
Paciflc  and  8th  A.  C,  dated  Aug.  5,  '98;  erroneously 
transferred  to  Company  G  from  hospital  corps  per 
S.  O.  No.  158,  hdqrs.  dept.  of  the  Paciflc  and  8th  A.  C, 
dated  Manila,  P.  I.,  June  11,  '99,  and  S.  O.  No.  28, 
hdqrs.  2d  Or.  Inf..  dated  Manila,  P.  I.,  June  12,  '99; 
dropped  from  roll  per  S.  0.  No.  36,  hdqrs.  2d  Or.  Inf., 
dated  Presidio,  Cal.,  July  21,  '99;  descriptive  list  fur- 
nished. Due  sol. liii- for  clothing  undrawn  at  settle- 
ment Mar.  31,  'I'.i,  S38.S7;  value  of  clothing  drawn 
since  settlem.-nt,  *).17;  soldier  to  be  credited  with 
S6.76  for  redncti.Mi  in  price  of  State  clothing. 

Enrolled  and  inuM.red  in  as  private;  transferred  to 
hospital  corps,  1.  s,  a.,  per  S.  0.  No.  7,  hdqrs.  dept.  of 
the  Paciflc  an.l  sti,  \.  c.,  dated  Manila,  P.  I.,  Aug.  5, 
'99,  and  descripiiv.'  list  furnished;  erroneously  trans- 
ferred to  Compaii.\  < ;  from  hospital  corps,  U.  S.  A.,  per 
S.  0.  No.  158,  hd.|is,  dept.  of  the  Paciflc  and  8th  A.  C, 
dated  Manila,  P.  I.,  June  11,  '99,  and  S.  0.  No.  28, 
hdqrs.  2d  Or.  Inf.,  dated  Manila,  P.  I.,  June  12,  '99; 
dropped  from  roll  per  S.  0.  No.  36,  hdqrs.  2d  Or.  Inf., 
dated  Presidio,  Cal.,  July  21,  '99;  descriptive  list  fur- 
nished.   Due  soldier  for  clothing  undrawn  at  settle- 

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Sick  in  quarters  June  26-29,  '98,  inc.;  July  11-15,  '98,  inc.; 
Dec.  .5-9,  '98,  inc.;  all  in  line  of  duty.  In  the  .settle- 
menl  for  clothing  is  included  111.16,  total  value  of  arti- 
cles issued  him  by  the  state. 

On  special  duty  at  head(|uarter.s,  8th  A.  C,  Feb.  25  to 
Junr  IJ,  '99,  per  S.  0.  No..".),  hdqrs.  8th  A.  C,  dated 
Manila,  P.  I.,  Feb.  25,  'it'i;  sick  in  general  hospital 
All-,  -s  to  Sept.  12,  '98,  inc.;  sick  in  quarters  July  7-11, 
'98,  inc.;  July  19  to  Aug.  11,  ".tS,  inc.;  allinUne  of  dut.y. 
In  the  settlement  for  clothing  is  included  811.16,  total 
value  of  ;iiticles  issued  him  by  the  State. 

In< tinenient  June  5, 'US, . I  uly  29-31, '98,  inc.;  released 

without  1  rial ;  .sick  in  (luarters  July  7-11, 19-21,  '98,  inc.; 
Aug.  16-17.  •'.!>■,  inc.;  all  in  line  of  duty.  In  the  settle- 
ment for  <loihing  is  included  111. 16,  total  value  of 
articles  issue.l  him  by  the  State. 

Joined  comiiany  by  enlistment  at  Manila,  P.  I.,  Nov. 
24, '98;  sick  in  division  hospital  Dec.  31, '9.8,  to  Jan.  5, 
'99  inc.-  sick  in  Miiarleis  Dec.  10-22,  29-30,  '98,  inc.;  all 
in  lineof  dniv.     Nochithing  issued  him  by  the  State. 

Tried  by  suniinaiv  court  lor  violation  of  62d  art.  of  war; 
sentenced  to  thi'i  iv  days'  hard  laljor;  in  confinement 
Oct.  11  to  Nov.  1-,  '.'s,  inc.;  in  conliiieinent  July  9,  '98, 
Sept. 24-;iO,  'its,  inc.;  1  lec.  s,  '9«;  June 22- J.:,  '99,  inc.;  each 
time  released  wiili.nit  trial.  In  the  settlement  for 
clothing  is  included  ill.16,  total  value  of  articles  issued 
him  by  theStaP  .                                               „  .,    .vt 

Joined  company  l.v  enhstment  at  M.inila,  P.  I.,  Nov. 
14,  '9S;  on  dailv  duly  as  brigade  guard  Apr.  22  to  May 
26.  ".t'.i;  sick  in  .piarters  Feb.  l-VKi,  '99,  inc.;  June  2-8, 
'99,  inc.;  Julv  i:  IT.  "99,  inc.;  all  not  in  line  of  duty. 
No  clothing  was  i>:-ucd  him  fiy  the  State. 

On  special  duty  in  quartermasii  i-'s  department  since 
JuiK'  15,  '99,  per  Keg.  0.  No.  :i,  hihirs.  2d  and  3d  bat- 
tali.ins,  2d  Or.  Inf.,  dated  S.  S.  ohi,,,  June  1.5,  '09;  sick 
in  divi.sion  hospital  Oct.  9-12,  'its,  inc.;  Apr.  2-12,  '99, 
inc.;  sick  in  quarters  July  U-ls,  '9s,  inc.;  Nov.  7-9,  '98, 
inc.;  all  in  line  of  duty.  In  the  settlement  for  cloth- 
ing is  included  811.16,  total  value  of  articles  issued 
him  by  the  State. 

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OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 


i 

On  special  duty  in  quartermaster's  department  Apr.  21 
to  June  12,  '99,  per  S.  F.  O.  No.  5,  hdqrs.  2d  Or.lnf , 
dated  Malinta,  P.  I.,  Apr.  21,  '99;  sU-k  in  quarters  July 
11-14,  'lis,  inc.;  Dec.  2(1.  'tis,  p.  Jan.  L',  '-m.  inc.;  all  in  line 
of  duly.  In  the  settlement  lor  clotinng  is  included 
811.16,  total  value  of  articlis  issued  hiin  by  the  State. 

Sick  in  nuarters  June  2ii--J.'.  '!is,  inc.:  in  line  of  duty. 
In  the  set  Moment  for  (dothiiii;  is  i md tided  f  11. 16,  total 
value  of  iiiticles  issued  him  liv  the  state. 

Tried  by  summary  court  Dec.  l(i,  •'.•s,  tor  violation  of  62d 
art.  of  wai-:  sentenced  to  be  confined  at  hard  laborfor 
seven  days;  in  coniinenient  Dec.  1  l---':i, '98,  inc.;  sick 
inquaiieis.liineL';;  to  .1  uly  1, '98,  inc.:  in  line  of  duty. 
Intheseiiienient  lof  , d ot hing  is  i u c  1  u dcd  81 1.16,  total 
value  ofarti.-les  i>sned  him  by  the  stale. 

Granted  le:,v,-  ,,r  .■.hs.nce  for  peri..d  of  thirty  days  on 
permission  p,  viMi  th.-  Tnited  Hfates,  per  S.  0.  No.  — , 
hdqrs. dept.ofthe  I'aci  lie  and  SUi  A. ('..dated  Manila, 
P.  I.,  Feb.  19,  •nil:  si,  k  111  division  ho^iital  Jan.  9  to  Feb. 
18, '99,  inc.;  sick  in  ,,  ii;,  ii.a's  July  H-J7, 'IIS,  inc.;  Sept.  20 
to  Oct.  s, 'tis,  inc.:  Nov.  IS, '98,  inc.:  Pel).  10-24, '99,  inc.; 
all  in  line  duty.  IP-i-nation  accepted  to  date,  May 
7, '99,  perS.  O.  No.  si;,  i;xl.  No.  80.  li,P|i-s.  of  the  army, 
A.  G.  O.,  dated  Washiimton,  D.  ( '..  Apr.  13,  '99. 

Granted  leave  of  abs,  nee  for  one  month  per  S.  0.  No. 
86  hdqns.  dept.  of  tla-  Pa,  itic  and  si  h  A.  C,  dated  Ma- 
nila, P.  I.,  Oct.  24, '9s;  l<'ave,>ral.sen,-,M.xtended  to  in- 
clude Dec.  31,  '98,  per  S.  ( i.  Xo.  im;,  ivxt.  No.  27,  hdqrs. 
of  the  army,  A.  G.  (>.,  dated  Washin- ton,  D.  C,  Dec. 
5,  '98;  sick  in  division  h..s|,ital  Sept.  23  to  Oct.  27,  '98, 
inc.:  siclc  in  quarters  Seiii.  i;i--l'.  '98,  inc.;  all  in  line  of 
duty.  Kesiijnation  ac,.,.pte,|  i,,  date,  Dec.  31,  '98,  per 
S.  O.  Xo.  -si;,  Ext.  N.i.-.'s.  h.lqrs.of  thearmy,  A.  G.O., 
dated  Washington,  D.  C,  Dec.  .5,  '98. 

Sick  in  division  hosjiital  Aug.  28  to  Oct.  16, '98,  inc.; 
sick  in  (|  darters  Oct.  17  to  Nov.  13, '98,  inc.;  all  in  line 
of  duty:  discharged  Nov.  11,  '98,  on  surgeon's  certifi- 
cate of  disability  at  Manila,  P.  I.;  discharge  and  final 
statements  furnished.  In  the  settlement  for  clothing 
on  final  statement  was  included  818.02,  total  value  of 

i 

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Portland- 

Portland- 
Portland- 

Portland. 
Portland- 

Portland- 

1 

May  14- 

May  14- 
May  14- 

May  14- 
May  14- 

May  14. 

i 
1 
1 

Farmer.. 

Engineer. 
Clerk 

Dentist .. 
Merchant 

Barber  — 

li 

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Or. ... 
Mo.— 

N.  Y.. 

Ind..- 

Pa...- 

Q 

1 

D.  Br. 

D.Br.. 
Br. ... 

D.  Br. 
Br.  -.. 

Br. ... 

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Wallace,  Charles  W.- 

Waldron,  George  C— 
Worrell,  Samuel  C... 

Rciifined. 
Leonard  L.  Pickens— 

Captain. 

William  A.  Huntley. 

Id  Lieutenant. 

Discharffed  for 

disability. 

Leslie  V.  Viereck .... 

Corporal. 

OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 


299 


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In  confinement  Aug.  5-6 
sick  in  division  hospita 
sick  in  quarters  Dec.  80, 
in  line  of  duty;  sick  in  (i 
21-22,  ''.IS,  inc.;  in  line  of  ( 
per  G.  ( 1.  No.  54,  c.  s.,  b 
S.  0.  X...  !'i7,  hdqrs.  dipt 
P.  I,  June  11,  '99;  discliai 
nished.     In  the  settlem 
$11.16,  loial  value  of  arii 

Sick  in  (H\  ision  hosiiita!  ! 
in  quarlns  Dec.  26,  'US,  t 
duty;   ili>c'harged  June 
hdqrs.  A.  (J.  0.;  S.  ().  N( 
eific,  dated  Manila,  P.  I 
rtnal   slalements  furnis 
elotliin-isincludedfll.H 
him  bv  the  State. 

Discharged  June  11, '99,  1 
A.  G.  ( >.;   S.  0.  No.  157, 
dated  .Manila,  P.  I.,  Jun 
statements  furnished.    I 
is  Includ.d  $11.16,  total 
by  the  Slate. 

On  daily  duty  as  train  gu 
in  quarters  July  22-24,  '9f 
in  line  of  duty;  discharg 
54,  c.  s.,  lid(|rs.  A.  G.  0.; 
the  Pacilic,  dated  Manila 
and  llnal  statements  fu 
for  clothing  is  included 
issued  him  by  the  State. 

Sick  in  division  hospital 
sicls  in  (luarters  Oct.  16  t( 
to  Jan.  1(1,  '99,  inc.;  all 
June  11,  '911,  per  G.  O.  No. 
A.  G.  ().;  S.  0.  No.  157,  d 
'99;  discharge  and  final  s 
.settlement  for  clothing  i 
of  articles  furnished  him 

i 
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Portland- 

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304 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 


1 

i 

14 

Enrolled  with  Company  K  as  1st  sergeant;  mustered  in 
with  Company  M  as  private,  2d  Or.  Inf.;  transferred  to 
Company  K  per  S.  O.  No.  42,  hdqrs.  2d  Or.  Inf.,  dated 
May  16,'98;  appointed  sergeant  per  S.  O.  No.  102,  hdqrs. 
2d  Or.  Inf.,  dated  M;iy  l(i,  '98;  ai.i.uinled  1st  sergeant 
per  Co.  0.  No.  3,  dated  May  16, '98;  relieved  from  1st  ser- 
geant per  Co.  0.  No.  8,  daled  July  :'(»,  ''.N;  reappointed 
1st  sergeant  per  Co.  o.  No.  12,  dai.d  Sept.  1,  'iis;  sick 
In  regimental  hos)iital  July  13-li;,  ''.N;  sick  in  fiuartei-s 
July  17-18,  Oct.  2(i-2;»,  Dec.  12-lH,'9,s;  .!  unc-.'-:^,,  ,Julv  i(i-17, 
'99;  all  dates  inc.:  all  in  lino  of  dutv.  Due,  pav'as  pri- 
vate from  date  oi  enr.)llinont  to  A]n-.  'Ji,  '98,  inc.  De- 
posits: Aug.  N.  ■'.IS,  .>;o,  with  Major  Kilbourne;  Sept.  1.5, 
'98,  S30,  with  Ma.jor  Scars;  Nov.  7,  'its  ^'io,  witli  .Major 
Sears;  Jan.  <',,  ':';i,  -io  with  Major  Sheary;  Mav  MO,  '99, 
830,  with  Majoi(ortin.                                 .,         .       ,       , 

Enrolled  and  ninstered  in  as  quartermaster  sergeant; 
sick  in  quarici  s  Nov.  7-11,  '98;  sick  in  1st  reserve  hos- 
pital, Manila,  I'.  I.,  xMay  11-16,  '99;  .sick  in  quarters 
May  17-2,5,  '9!);  all  dates  inc.;  all  in  line  of  duty.  Due, 
pay  as  sergeant  from  date  of  enrollment  to  Apr.  29, 
'99,  inc. 

Enrolled  and  mustered  in  as  sergeant.  Due,  pay  as 
sergeant  Iroin  date  of  enrollment  to  Apr.  '29,  '98,  inc. 
Deposits:  Alio.  11, '9.8, «30,  with  Major  Gambrill;  .Sept. 
15, '98.  --'5,  \vith  Major  Sears;  Mar.  13, '99,  .S2.5,  with 
Major  Kocliester. 

Enrolled  .and  musteie.l  in  as  private;  appointed  cor- 
poral from  private  |.ei  S.  O.  No.  87,  hdqr.s.  2d  Or.  Inf., 
dated  . I  line  2.5,  '98;  ai.pointed  sergeant  from  corporal 
perS.  O.  No.  204,  hdips.  I'd  Or.  Inf.,  dated  Dec.  17,  '98; 
sick  in  quarters  Aim.  Mo  to  Sept.  2,  '98;  May  14-17,  May 
30  to  June  4,  '99;  all  dates  inc.,  all  in  line  of  duty. 
Due,  pay  as  private  from  date  of  enrollment  to  Apr. 
29,  '99,  inc.  Deposits:  Aug.  8,  '98,  »15,  with  Major  Kil- 
bourne; Sept.  15,  '98, 110,  with  Major  Sears. 

i 

1 
1 

1 

Portland- 

Portland- 

Portlaud- 
Portland- 

1 

May  16. 

May  14- 

May  IL 
May  14- 

i 

III' 

fa                                             J                ^             J 

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lat  Sergeant. 

Herbert  K.  Hall 

Quartermaster  Sergeant. 

Jabez  J.  Thurston— 

3d  Sergeant. 

Edward  R.  Colgan— 

ith    Sergeant. 

OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 


305 


;  S.-:^ 


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306 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 


"§ 

Enrolled  and  mustered  in  as  private;  with  recruit  de- 
tachment at  Salem,  Or.,  and  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  from 
date  of  enrollment;  assigned  to  company  per  S.  0. 
No.  187,  hdqrs.  2d  Or.  Inf.,  dated  Nov.  26,  '98;  ap- 
pointed corporal  from  private  per  S.  O.  No.  204,  hdqrs. 
2d  Or.  Inf.,  dated  Dec.  17,  '98.  Wounded  at  San  Ra- 
fael, P.  I.,  kay  1,  '99;  sick  In  1st  reserve  hospital,  Ma- 
nila, P.  I.,  May  1  to  June  12,  '99;  sick  in  regimental 
hospital  June  13-20,  '99;  sick  in  quarters  June  21  to 
Aug.  7,  '99;  all  dates  inc.;  all  in  line  of  duty;  tried  by 
summary  court  Sept.  28,  '98,  for  violation  of  32d  art. 
of  war  (absent  less  than  24  hours);  sentenced  to  for- 
feit 84;  collected  on  pay  roll  for  Sept.,  '98.  No  cloth- 
ing issued  hiin  by  the  State. 

Enrolled  and  mustered  in  as  private;  with  recruit  de- 
tachment at  Salem,  Or.,  and  San  Francisco,  Cal., 
from  date  of  enrollment;  assigned  to  company  per 
S.  O.  No.  187,  hdqrs.  2d  Or.  Inf.,  dated  Nov.  26.  '98;  ap- 
pointed corporal  from  private  per  S.  O.  No.  204,  hdqrs. 
2d  Or.  Inf.,  dated  Dec.  17,  '98.  No  clothing  issued  him 
by  the  State. 

Enrolled  and  mustered  in  as  private;  appointed  cor- 
poral from  private  per  S.  O.  No.  204,  hdqrs.  2d  Or.  Inf., 
dated  Dec.  17,  '9S;  sick  in  quarters  Dec.3-.5,  '98;  sick  in 
1st  reserve  hospital,  Manila,  P.  I.,  Apr.  22  to  May  26, 
'99;  all  dates  inc.;  all  in  line  of  duty.    Deposits:  Aug. 

8,  '98,  $20  with  Major  Kilbourne;  Sept.  15,  '98,820,  with 
Major  Sears;  Nov.  7,  '98,  820  with  Major  Sears;  Mar. 

9,  '99,  830  with  Major  Rochester;  May  12,  '99,  920  with 
Major  Coffin.    On  special  duty  with  Gatling  battery 
per  S.  O.  No.  2,  hdqrs.  3d  battalion,  2d  Or.  Inf.;  dated 
Feb.  16,  '99;   relieved  per  verbal  order  Major  East- 
wick,  under  date  Mar.  22,  '99. 

Enrolled  and  mustered  in  as  private;  appointed  cor- 
poral from  private  per  S.  O.  No.  204,  hdqrs.  2d  Or.  Inf., 
dated  Dec.  17,  '98;  sick  in  quarters  Dec.  1-4,  '98;  Apr. 
8-14,  '99;  all  dates  inc.;  all  in  line  of  duty.    Deposits: 
Aug.  8,  '98,  840  with  Major  Kilbourne;  Nov.  7,  '98,  830 
with  Major  Sears;  May  30,  '99,  840  jvith  Major  Coffln. 

i 
1 

.1 

1 

i 

Salem- 
Salem 

Portland- 
Portland- 

June  23- 

June  23-- 
May  14_ 

May  14- 

Laborer— 

Teacher- 
Farmer— 

Clerk 

1 

Tenn. 

Or.  — 
Or.  — 

lowa- 

1 

^ 

Br.  — 

Lt.Br. 
D.Br. 

Br.  — 

1 

Blue- 

Blue- 
Blue- 

Br.  — 

i 

Fair- 

Fair- 
Fair- 

Fair- 

^^                                           ^^                    ^^ 

^"in                                                                     ic                                 lO                                                           lO 

1 

^                                               S                       53                                         S3 

Edgar  J.  Chamberlln 

Corporal. 

George  W.  Jones 

Corporal. 
Pernxr  Pntrh 

Corporal. 

Thomas  D.Robertson 

Corporal. 

OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 


507 


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Jan.  31  to  Feb.  2,  '99,  inc.;  released  without  trial;  sick 
in  regimental  hospital  May  29  to  June  5,  July  28-29, 
Sept.  22-25.  '98;  all  dates  inc.;  all  in  line  of  duty.  Due, 
pay  as  private  Apr.  '29,  '98.  Deposits:  Aug.  8,  '98,  810 
with  Major  Kilbourne;  Sept.  15,  '98,  $15  with  Major 
Sears;  Jan.  6,  '99, 140  with  Major  Sheary. 

Enrolled  and  mustered  in  as  private;  absent,  sick  at 
Fort  Mason,  Cal.,  May  23  to  July  18,  '98;  sick  in  quar- 
ters Sept.  8-28,  '98,  all  dates  inc.:  all  in  line  of  duty. 
Due,  pay  as  private  to  Apr.  29,  '98. 

Enrolled  and  mustered  in  as  private;  with  recruit  de- 
tachment at  Salem,  Or.,  and  San  Francisco,  Cal., 
from  date  of  enrollment;  absent,  on  sick  furlough, 
Sept.  26  to  Oct.  25,  '98,  inc.,  per  telegram  from  War  De- 
partment, dated  Aug.  1,  '98;  assigned  to  company  per 
S.  O.  No.  187,  hdqrs.  2d  Or.  Inf.,  dated  Nov.  26,  '98.  No 
clothing  Issued  him  by  the  State. 

Enrolled  and  mustered  in  as  private;  tried  by  field 
officers'  court  Aug.  5,  '98,  for  violation  of  33d  art.  of 
war;  acquitted;  sick  in  quarters  Sept.  25-30,  '98,  inc.; 
all  in  line  of  duty-  Nov.  17-19,  '98;  sick  in  1st  reserve 
hospital,  Manila,  P.  I.,  Nov.  20  to  Dec.  4,  '98- all  dates 
inc.;  not  in  line  of  duty;  sick  in  quarters  Dec.  5,  '98, 
to  Jan.  3,  '99;  Jan.  '24-29,  '99;  sick  in  regimental  hos- 
pital Jan.  30  to  Feb.  2,  '99;  all  dates  inc.;  not  in  line  of 
duty;  sick  in  quarters  Apr.  11-24,  '99,  inc.;  in  line  of 
duty.  Due,  pay  as  private  from  date  of  enrollment 
to  Apr.  29,  'm,  inc.  Deposits:  Aug.  8,  '98,  $20  with 
Major  Kilbourne;  Nov.  7,  'l)s,  Slo  with  Major  Sears. 

Enrolled  and  mustered  in  as  private;  with  recruit  de- 
tachment atSalem,  Or.,  and  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  from 
date  of  enrollment;  on  furlough  Aug.  12  to  Sept.  10, 
'98,  inc.,  per  telegram  from  War  Department,  dated 
Aug.  1,  '98;  furlough  extended  from  Sept.  11  to  Oct. 
10,  '98,  inc.,  per  indorsement  A.  G.  O.,  dated  Oct.  11, 
'98;  assigned  to  company  per  S.  O.  No.  187,  hdqrs.  2d 
Or.  Inf.,  dated  Nov.  26,  '98;  sick  in  quarters  Nov.  26  to 
Dec.  14,  19-20,  '98;  Dec.  30,  '98,  to  Jan.  3,  '99;  Jan.  7-11, 
29-31,   '99;  sick  in  regimental  hospital  Feb.  7-8,  '99; 

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n  as  private;  sick  in  quarters 
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quarters  Nov.  28-30,  '98;   Mar. 
sick  in  regimental  hospital 
nc;  in  line  of  duty.    Due,  pay 
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n  as  private;  sick  in  quarters 
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e,  pay  as  private  from  date  of 
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ne;  Nov.  7,  '98.  $20  with  Major 
th  Major  Rochester. 

in  as  private;    sick  in  regi- 
J-20,  '98;  sick  in  quarters  Nov. 

1st  reserve  hospital,  Manila, 
.  '99;  absent,  sick  in  San  Fran- 
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sits:  Aug.  8, '98,  S20  with  Major 
;,  S20  with  Major  Sears.    Di.s- 
co,  Cal.,  Apr.  27,  '99.    See  No.  6, 
record  of  discharge  certificate 

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rolled  and  mustered  in  as  private;  on  special  duty 
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ay  15,  '!i9;  tried  by  summary  court  Dec.  10,  '98,  for 
olation  ( if  ()2d  art.  of  war;  sentenced  to  forfeit  13;  fine 
idueted  on  Nov.  and  Dec, '98,  pay  roll;  sick  in  quar- 
rs  J  uly  5-9,  '98;  June  1-4,  '99;  all  dates  inc.;  all  in  line 
duty.    Due,  pav  as  private  from  date  of  enrollment 
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On  special  duty  in  medical  drpartmentperS.O.  No.  7, 
hdqrs.  2d  div.,.sih  A.  C,  dated  Aug.  8, '98;  returned 
to  duty  per  S.  ( i.  No.  '29,  hdqrs.  1st  div.,  8th  A.  C, 
dated  Oct.  1,  '98;  sick  in  ipiarters  June  18-27,  '98;  July 
7-10,  '98;  all  inc.;  in  line  of  duty. 

Tried  by  summary  court  Nov.  20, '98,  for  violation  of 
02dart.of  war;  .sentenced  to  I.e  <-onfined  at  hard  labor 
two  weeks;  in  coiuineinent  Nov.  20  to  Dec.  10,  '98, 
inc.;  sick  in  quarter-  May  .;u-:;i,  '98;  May  31  to  June  5, 
'99;  sick  in  regimeiit.il  hospital  July  9-13,  '98;  Mar. 
11-18,  '99;  sick  in  division  hospital,  Manila,  P.  I.,  May 
15-30,  '99;  all  inc.;  in  line  of  duty.  Due  soldier  for 
depo.sit:  Aug.  8,  '9,s,  -r-'ii;  Sept.  15,  '98,  $20;  Nov.  7,  '98, 
$•20;  Jan.  6,  '99,815;  total,  S75. 

Tried  by  field  officers'  court  July  26,  '98,  for  violation  of 
62d  art.  of  war;  ac^iultted;  tried  by  field  oflScers' 
court  .\  111;.  .1,  '98,  for  \  iola.tion  of  33d  art.  of  war  (ab- 
sent from  drill  Auii.  "i.  "98);  sentenced  to  forfeit  81; 
fine  deducted  on  Aul;  .  'US,  pay  roll;  sick  in  quarters 
June  r,  to  .Inly  2,  Sc|.t.  23-20,  Oct.  10-15,  '98;  Dec.  28, 
'98,  to  .Ian.  1,  '99;  June  n  to  July  14,  '99;  sick  in  regi- 
mental hospital  Jan.  ■:-ix,  '99;  sick  in  division  hospi- 
tal, Manil.i,  P.  I.,  May  1  to  June  13,  '99;  sick  in  divi- 
sion hos|  ital,  San  I'l  .nicisco,  Cal.,  July  15  to  Aug.  7, 
'99;  all  Inc.;  in  liii.^  of  duty. 

Assigned  to  and  ioiiud  company  at  Manila,  P.  I.,  per 
S.  0.  No.  1.^7,  lid.ps.  Jd  Or.  Inf.,  dated  Nov.  '20, '98; 
sick  in  .piavters  Dec.  Js, '98,  to  Jan.  3, '99;  sick  in  divi- 
sion liosiMtal,  Manila,  I'.L,  Nov.  25  to  Dec.  8, '98;  all 
inc.;  in  line  of  duly.   No  clothing  issued  him  by  State. 

Sick  in  Mua.rters  .lu'ne  ls-19,  Sept.  18-29,  Nov.  '25  to  Dec. 
0,  '98;  sick  in  division  hospital,  Manila,  P.  I.,  Sept.  30 
to  Oct.  1.1,  '!N;  Nov.  (i-iM, '98;  all  inc.;  iu  line  of  duty. 
Due  soldier  for  deposit:  Aug.  8,  '98,  $25. 

Assigned  to  and  joined  company  at  Manila,  P.  I.,  per 
S.  O.  No.  187,  hdqrs.  2d  Or.  Inf.,  dated  Nov.  20, '98:  tried 
by  summary  court  Feb.  11,  '99,  for  violation  of  32d  art. 
of  war  (absent  less  than  24  hours);  sentenced  to  be 
confined  at  hard  labor  for  five  days  and  to  forfeit  8(i; 
fine  deducted  on  Feb.,  '99,  pay  roll;  in  confinement 

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Assigned  to  and  joined  company  at  Manila,  P.  I.,  per 
S.  O.  No.  187,  hdqrs.  2d  Or.  Inf.,  dated  Nov.  26,  '98;  sick 
in  quarters  Jan.  18-21, '09,  inc.;  in  line  of  duty.  No 
clothing  issued  him  by  the  State. 

On  special  duty  with  regimental  quartermaster,  per 
S.  0.  No.  152,  hdqrs.  2d  Or.  Inf.,  dated  Sept.  24, '98;  re- 
turned to  duty  per  S.  O.  No.  178,  hdqrs.  '2d  Or.  Inf., 
dated  Oct.  30, '98;  in  conflnement  Aug.  15-25, '98,  inc. 
released  without  trial;  sick  in  quarters  Dec.  6-16, '98; 
sick  in  regimental  hospital  Feb.  15  to  March  13, '99; 
sick  in  division  hosi)ital,  Manila,  P.  I.,  Dec.  17,  '98,  to 
Feb.  15,  '99;  all  inc.;  not  in  line  of  duty. 

On  special  duty  at  miliiary  post  ollicc  per  S.  O.  No.  113, 
hdqrs.  2d  Or.  Inf.,  dated  .luly  27,  'l»s;  returned  to  duty 
per  S.  O.  No.  (i9,  hdip-s.  dept.  of  the  Pacific  and  8th 
A.  C,  dated  <  )ct. :..  '98;  .sick  in  MUarters  Sept.  2-5,  15-26, 
Sept.  29  to  C»cl,  ."),  Oct.  10-15.  'IIS;  sick  in  division  hos- 
pital, Manila,  r.  1.,  Nov.  (i-Ui;,  '98;  all  inc.;  in  line  of 
duty;  dLschaiui-d  Nov.  26,  '!is,  on  certificate  of  disa- 
bility; dischara:.'  and  final  statements  given;  service, 
"honest  and  laithful."  Hue  United  States:  1  haver- 
sack, 72c;  1  eu|j,  sc;  1  meat  lation  can,  14c;  1  knife,  4c; 
1  fork,  3c;  1  spoon,  Ic;  total.  S1.02.  Due  soldier  for 
clothing,  |29,i;7. 

On  special  dntv  with  regimental  quartermaster,  per 
S.  O.  No.  isi,  hd(|is.  2d  Or.  Inf.,  dated  Nov.  4, '98:  re- 
turned to  duty  i.er  S.  0.  No.  198,  hdqrs.  2d  Or.  Inf., 
dated  Dec.  i),  "is;  sick  in  quarters  July  2-4,  Aui;.  ID-i:!, 
20-26,  Oct.  ■_'-(;.  1  >!■(•.  6-9,  11-20, '98;  sick  in  reginienial 
hospital  .luly  lsni,'98;  all  inc.;  in  line  of  duty;  dis- 
charged .Ian.  12, '99,  on  certificate  of  disability;  dis- 
charge .and  final  statements  given;  service,  "honest 
and  faithful."  Due  United  States:  1  meat  ration  can, 
28c;  lshelterhalf-tent,Sfl.77.  Due  soldier  for  clothing, 
S23.ll. 

Sick  in  quarters  Aug.  16-2-5,  Aug.  29  to  Oct.  11,  Nov. 
15  to  Dec.  H,  '98;  Dec.  25,  '98,  to  Jan.  23,  '99;  sick  in  divi- 
sion hospital,  Manila,  P.  I.,  Aug.  26-28,  Dec.  9-24,  '98; 
all  inc.;  in  line  of  duty;  discharged  Jan.  23, '99,  per 
S.  0.  No.  21,  hdqr.s.  dept.  of  the  Pacific  and  8th  A.  C, 

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Sick  in  quarters  July  .5-10,  '98;  Oct.  5-10,  21-28,  '98;  Nov. 
25-29,  '98;  Dec.  3-10,  '98;  .sick  in  ree:imental  hospital 
June  22-27, '98:  all  inc.;  in  line  of  duty;  killed  inaction 
at  Malabon,  P.  I.,  Mar.  25,  '99;  inventory  of  effects  and 
final  statements  forwarded  to  Adjutant  General.  Due 
United  States:  1  bayonet,  SI. 18;  1  scabbard,  81c.  Due 
soldier  for  clothing.  Si  l.si. 

Sick  in  quarters  Oct.  11-15,  '98.  inc.;  in  line  of  duty; 
killed  in  action  at  .Malabon,  P.  I.,  Mar.  25,  '99;  inven- 
tory of  effects  and  linal  statements  f(jrwarded  to  Ad- 
jutant General.  Du.'  Inited  States:  1  bayonet,  SI. 18; 
1  bayonet  scabbard,  sic.  Due  .soldier  for  clothing, 
S29..5(i.  Due  .soldier  for  deposit:  Aug.  8,  '98,  815;  Sept. 
1.5,  '98,  S15;  Nov.  7,  'iis,  -i:,;  .Ian  li,  '99,  $10;  total,  S55. 

Sick  in  quarters  Jnnr  ■J-'-Ji;,  n-,  inc.;  in  line  of  duty; 
killed  by  mistake  by  Mniinel  Jan.  (i, '99;  inventory 
of  eftectsaiid  final  statements  lorwarded  to  Adjutant 
General.  Due  Unile.l  siai.  s:  1  Springfield  rifie,  cali- 
bre .45,813.02;  1  canteen,  ..;,■.  Due  soldier  for  clothing, 
S22.53.    Due  soldier  for  deposit:   Aug.  8,  '9S,  $;i5. 

Enrolled  and  musteiiil  in  a-  i>rivate;  appointed  wag- 
oner from  private  iief  s^.  < »  No.  207,  hdqrs.  2d  Or.  Inf., 
dated  Manila,  P.  I.,  Dcc.l';;,  iis;  leduced  from  wagoner 
to  private  per  S.  i ».  No.  it.  lebirs.  2d  Or.  Inf.,  dated 
Manila,  P.  1.,  Mar.  l'.  ■;i!I;  viek  in  quarters  July  10-13, 
'98;  Sept.  6-10,  23-2S. -iK;  sici;  in  regimental  hospital 
May  29  to  June  5,  '9S:  .1  nly  ..-7,  ii.S;  ,Ian.  13-17,  '99;  sick  in 
division  hospital,  Manil.i.  1".  I.,  Jan.  18  to  Feb.  7,  '99; 
Feb.  28  to  Mar.  9,  '99;  all  inc.;  in  line  of  duty;  died  of 
smallpox  at  division  hospital,  Manila,  P.  I.,  Mar.  9, '99; 
inventory  of  effects  and  final  statements  forwarded 
to  Adjutant  General.    Due  soldier  for  clothing,  $10.73. 

i 

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1 
1 

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Portland- 

Portland- 
Portland- 

1 

May  15- 

May  15- 

May  15- 
May  15- 

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Carpenter 

Surveyor 

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finisher. 

ll 

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Strawderman,  L.V.- 
Taylor, Hayes  B 

ICilled  b}j  accident. 
Lee  K.  Morse 

1st  Sergeant. 

Died  of  disease. 

Private. 

O'Flahei-ty,  Henry— 

V.  ^ 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 


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Commissioned  captain;  accepted  commission  and 
mustered  into  service  May  15, '98;  assumed  command 
of  company  same  date.  Sick  in  quarters  July  21-25, 
'98;  inc.;  sick  in  hospital  Sept.  19  to  Nov.  17,  '98,  inc.; 
sick  in  quarters  Nov.  18,  '98,  to  Jan.  21,  '99,  inc.;  all  in 
line  of  duty.  Pay  due  [as  captain  from  Apr.  26-29, 
'98,  inc. 

Commissioned  1st  lieutenant;  accepted  commission 
and  mustered  into  service  May  15,  '98;  in  command 
of  company  from  .Sept.  Hi,  '98,  to  Jan.  23,  '99,  inc.,  per 
regimental  verbal  mcier;  confirmed  and  made  of 
record  S.  0.  No.  151,  lubirs.  dept.  of  the  Pacific  and 
8th  A.  C,  dated  Manila.  P.  I.,  June  5,  '99.  Sick  in 
quarters  July  29  to  Aug.  1,  '98,  inc.;  Nov.  7  to  Dec.  2, 
'98,  inc.;  all  in  lin(>  of  duty.  Pay  due  as  1st  lieuten- 
ant lVt)m  Api-.  '.'(l--!!,  '9S,  inc. 

Commissioned  .M  lieutenant;  accepted  commission 
and  niustei.  (1  into  ser\  ice  May  15,  '98.  Sick  in  quar- 
ters Julv  21--':;,  -'.K,  inc.;  Oct.  7-9,  '98,  inc.;  Dec.  24,  '98, 
to  Jan.  1,  '!);i.  in,'.;  Jan.  3  to  Feb.  2,  '99,  inc.;  sick  in 
hospital  Kel).  :;-!i,  ''.I'.t,  inc.;  sick  in  quarters  Feb.  10-13, 
'99,  inc.;  all  in  line  of  duly.  Pay  due  as  2d  lieutenant 
from  Apr.  2(>-:;:i,  "'.is,  inc. 

Enrolled  and  mustered  in  as  1st  sergeant.  Sick  in 
quarters  July  i-:.,  22-23,  '98,  inc.;  Aug.  11-15,  '98,  inc.; 
Aug.  24  to  Sept.  1,  '98,  inc.;  sick  in  hospital  Sept.  30  to 
Nov.  17,  '98,  inc.:  sick  in  quarters  Nov.  18  to  Dec.  1, 
'98,  inc.;  Jan.  s-ii,  DO,  inc.;  all  in  line  of  duty.  Pay  due 
as  1st  sergeant  from  Apr.  20-29, '99,  inc.  In  the  set- 
tlement for  clothing  is  included  the  amount  of  811.37, 
total  value  of  clothing  issued  him  ijy  the  State. 

1 
1 
1 

1 
1 

1 

Portland - 
Portland. 

Portland- 
Portland- 

1 

May  1.5- 
May  15. 

May  15. 
May  15- 

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John  M.  Poorman... 

Captain. 

William  E.  Finzer— 

tst  Lieutenant. 

Charles  R.  Platts  — . 

2d  Lieutenant. 

Willis  A.  Platts 

1st  Sergeant. 

OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 


351 


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OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 


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i 

Enrolled  and  mustered  in  as  corporal;  sick  In  quarters 
July  7-ii,  Sept.  21-22,  Oct.  28  to  Nov.  1,  '98;  all  inc.:  all 
In  line  of  duty.  Pay  due  as  corporal  Apr.  2(i-29,  '98, 
inc.  In  the  settlement  for  clothing  is  included  the 
amount  of  $11.16,  total  value  of  clothing  issued  him 
by  the  state. 

Enrollt'd  and  mustered  in  as  private;  appointed  cor- 
poral Muy  15,  '98,  per  Reg.  8.  O.  No.  7,  May  15,  '98,  Port- 
land, ( II-.;  sick  in  quarters  Oct.  27  to  Nov.  1,  '98,  inc.; 
in  line  (if  duty.  Pay  due  as  private  Apr.  26-29,  '98,  inc. 
In  the  sett  lenient  for  clothing  Is  included  the  amount 
ofSll.lti,  total  value  of  clothing  issued  him  by  the 
State. 

Enrolled  and  mustered  in  as  corporal;  on  special  duty 
as  orderly,  military  commission,  per  S.  0.  No.  43, 
hdqrs.  provost  marshal  general,  Manila,  P.  I.,  Dec.  12, 
'i)8;  returned  to  duty  Juni-,  'iiii;  wounded  at  Laguna 
de  Bay  in  action  Mar.  li),  'iili;  sick  in  hospital  Mar.  19 
to  Apr.  '£i,  '99,  inc.;  in  lineofduty.  In  the. settlement 
forclothing  is  inclnde.l  tlieaiiiount  of  S5.50,  total  value 
of  clothing  issued  hiin  by  ilie  State. 

Enrolled  and  mustered  in  as  private;  appointed  cor- 
poral per  Reg.  S.  ().  X...  7,  Portland,  Or.,  May  15,  '98; 
sick  in  hospital  .\u-. -Js  to  Dec.  17,  'i)8,  inc.;  sick  in 
quarters  Dec.  is.  its,  Im  Jan.5,  '99,  inc.;  sick  in  hospital 
Mar.  23  to  Apr.  IM,  •!i!i,  inc.;  all  in  line  of  duty.  Pay 
due  as  privat.-  Ai>r.  '_'(;  -Jl,  'f)8,  inc.  lu  the  settlement 
for  clothing  is  in.'lu.l.<l  the  amount  of  111.37,  total 
value.)!  .-L.tliin.;  issn.-.l  him  by  th.- State. 

Enroll. '.1  anil  iniist.-i-ed  in  as  privat.-;  appointed  cor- 
poral i>.-i-  U.g.  S.  ( 1.  N.,.  203,  Dec.  16,  'i)8,  Manila,  P.  I.; 
wound.-d  in  a.  linn  l,.f<.re  Polo  Mar.  26,  '99;  sick  in 
hospital  Nov.  -.'l  lo  D,,-.  !,  '98,  inc.;  Mar.  26  to  .lune  1, 
'9li,ine.;  si.-k  in  .|iiarl.-rs  , June  2-15, '!)9,  inc.;  all  in  Hue 
ot  duty,  liii.'  Inited  Slates  for  ordnance  retained, 
one  web  bill  an.l  jilate,  72  cents.  No  clothing  issued 
him  by  the  Stall-. 

EuroU.-d  aii.l  mustered  in  as  private;  appointed  cor- 
poral per  Keg.  S.  ( ».  No.  203,  Dec.  16,  'ij8,  Manila,  P.  I.; 
wounded  in  action  before  Malabon  Mar.  15,  '99;  sick 

s 

1 

1 

i 

Portland- 
Portland- 

Portland- 

Portland- 

Wood- 
burn. 

Wood- 
burn. 

When. 

May  15. 
May  15- 

May  15- 
May  15- 
July    2- 
July    2. 

a 

Clerk 

Black- 
smith. 

Salesman 
Student- 
Teacher— 
Lawyer  — 

II 

Or.  — 
Or.  — 

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Or.  — 

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Eugene  Moshberger - 

Corporal. 

R.  A.  Moshberger 

Corporal. 

Fred  W.  Bowne 

Corporal. 

Tracy  C.  Poorman  — 

Corporal. 

Frank  E.  Edwards  .. 

Corporal. 

Brady  F.  Burnett. 

Corporal. 

OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 


353 


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ickwell- 

Corporal. 

23 


354 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 


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Dec.  1-14,  '98,  inc.;  sick  in  (luarters  Dec.  15-17,  '98,  inc.; 
Feb.  1-5,  '99,  inc.;  all  in  line  of  duty.  Due  United 
States  for  ordnance  retained,  one  canteen,  43  cents; 
one  haversack,  72  cents.  No  clothing  issued  him  by 
the  State. 

Enrolled  and  mustered  in  as  private;  tried  by  sum- 
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tion of  62d  art.  of  war;  sentenced  to  forfeit  810;  fine 
deducted  on  K(>b.,  '99,  pay  roll.  No  clothing  issued 
him  by  the  State. 

Enrolled  and  mustered  in  as  private;  tried  by  sum- 
mary court . I  iily  7,  '98,  for  violation  of  62d  art.  of  war; 
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of62dart.ofwar;  seiiien<-ed  toforfeitIS;  finededucted 
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81;  fine  dediK-tcd  on  Aii-.,'!)s,  pay  roll;  sick  in  quarters 

Sept.  9-ls,  ",)s,  inc;  in  1 itduty.    In  the  settlement 

for  clot  hiiiK-  is  includi'd  (he  amount  of  81I.l(i,  total 
value  of  clothin--  issued  him  by  the  State. 

Enrolled  :,nd  mustcied  in  as  private;  si.dv  in  hospital 
May  2s  to  .Iiinc  5,  ".is,  inc.;  sick  in  quart<Ts  May  2-7, 
'99,  inc.;  .ill  in  line  of  duly.  Pay  due  as  private  Apr. 
26-29,  ".IS,  inc.  In  the  si'ttlement  for  clothing  is  in- 
cluded the  aniouni  ..f  $9.82,  total  value  of  clothing 
issued  him  \>y  the  Sl:.ie. 

KnroHedand  musieici  in  as  private;  sick  in  hospital 
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ing issued  him  i.\  1  he  state. 

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'99,  inc.;   all   in   li ii   duty.    In  the  sidtlement  for 

clothing  is  included  ih,' amount  of  811.16,  total  value 
of  clothing  issued  him    by  the  State.     Due   United 

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^nt  for  clothing  is  included  the  s 
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int  for  clothing  is  included  the  s 
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c  •" 

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articles  issued  him  by  the 
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settleme 

total  va 
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settlem 
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<D  cS  dj  CSCUCC 

he  settlem 
.40,  total  V 
post  duty 
0.  No.  132, 
ly  28,  '98, 
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settlem 

total  V 
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settlem 

total  V 
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0.,  1898. 
settlem 

total  V 
settlem 

total  V 
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0.,  1898. 

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y  12-16,  '98;  on  fui 
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to  Oct.  9,  '98, 

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to  Oct.  9,  '98, 

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articles  issued 
to  Oct.  9,  '98, 

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OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR,. 


1 

1 

In  the  settlement  for  clothing  is  included  the  sum  of 

816.40,  total  value  of  articles  issued  him  by  the  State; 

on  post  duty  at  post  commissary  department  per 

S.  O.  No.  132,  July  21-28,  '98,  per  S.  O.  No.  137.  dated 

July  26,  '98;  on  furlough  Sept.  9  to  Oct.  9,  '98,  per  G.  O. 

No.  130,  A.  G.  0.,  1898. 
In  the  settlement  for  clothing  is  included  the  sum  of 

816.40,  total  value  of  articles  Issued  him  by  the  State; 

sick  in  quarters  July  20-26,  '98;  in  line  of  duty;  on  fur- 
lough Sept.  9  to  Oct.  9,  '98,  per  G.  O.  No.  130,  A.  G.  0., 

1 898. 
In  the  settlement  for  clothing  is  included  the  sum  of 

822. 10,  total  value  of  articles  issued  him  by  the  State; 

on  furlough  Sept.  9  to  Oct.  9,  '98,  per  G.  O.  No.  130, 

A.  G.  O.,  1898. 
In  the  settlement  for  clothing  is  included  the  sum  of 

»22.40,  total  value  of  articles  issued  him  by  the  State; 

on  furlough  Sept.  9  to  Oct.  9,  '98,  per  G.  0.  No.  130, 

A.  G.  0.,  1898. 
In  the  settlement  for  clothing  is  included  the  sum  of 

822.40,  total  value  of  articles  issued  him  by  the  State; 

on  furlou^'li  Sept.  9  to  Oct.  9,  '98,  per  G.  0.  No.  130, 

A.  G.  <».,  isiis. 
In  the  sciilcment  for  clothing  is  included  the  sum  of 

816.40,  total  value  of  articles  issued  him  by  the  State; 

on  fuil.iu-li  Sept.  9  to  Oct.  9,  '98,  per  G.  O.  No.  130, 

A.  G.  »>..  IMiS. 
In  the  sculcinent  for  clothing  is  included  the  sum  of 

822.40,  tnial  value  of  articles  issued  him  by  the  State; 

on  furliiuuli  Sept.  9  to  Oct.  9,  '98,  per  G.  0.  No.  130, 

In  the  sctiicinent  for  clothing  is  included  the  sum  of 

816.40,  i.iial  value  of  articles  issued  him  by  the  State; 

sick  ill  . Iiiarlers  July  18-20,  '98;  in  line  of  duty. 
In  the  sciilcment  for  clothing  is  included  the  sum  of 

816.40,  ti'ial  value  of  articles  issued  him  by  the  State; 

on  fuiliiiiL^h  Sept.  9  to  Oct.  9,  '98,  per  G.  O.  No.  130, 

A.  G.  (».,  IM)S. 
In  the  settlement  for  clothing  is  included  the  sum  of 

816.40,  total  value  of  articles  issued  him  by  the  State; 

1 

1 
1 
-1 
1 

1 

1 

Portland- 

Portland- 

Portland- 

Portland- 

Portland- 

Portland - 

Portland. 

Portland- 
Portland. 

Portland. 

1 

July  1- 

July  1- 

July  1- 

July  1- 

July  1- 

July  1- 

July  1- 

Julyl- 
July  1- 

July  1- 

1 

1 
1 

Clerk 

Furrier  — 

Laborer- 
Laborer— 

Clerk 

Collar 
maker. 

Box 

maker. 

Candy 
maker. 

Teamster 
Painter - 

ll 

N.  Y.. 

Ger- 
many. 

Eng- 
land. 

Or.  — 

Cal.  - 

Wash. 

Ohio- 

Minn. 
lowa. 

lowa  - 

t 

^ 

D.  Br. 

D.  Br. 

D.  Br. 

D.  Br. 

D.  Br. 

D.  Br. 

Lt.Br. 

D.  Br. 
D.  Br. 

Lt.Br. 

i 

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S                22             ^=3???5SSgS 

1 

Porter,  Edward  F.— 

Prasil,  Adolph  C 

Pollard,  Frank 

Powers,  William  N.. 

Randall,  Frank  I 

Russell,  William  K.. 
Smith.  Rert  J 

Stranahan,  Robert  0. 
Spurlock,  Harry  R... 

Snow,  Frank  A 

OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 


381 


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OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 


1 

In  the  settlement  for  clothing  is  included  the  sum  of 
S22.40,  total  value  of  articles  issued  him  by  the  State; 
on  furlouKh  Sept.  9  to  Oct.  9,  '98,  per  G.  0.  No.  130, 

In  the  sett  lenient  for  clothing  is  included  the  sum  of 

$.'2.10,  lolal  value  of  articles  issued  him  by  the  State; 

sick  in  i|uartors  Aug.  5-6,  '98,  in  line  of  duty. 
Ill  (lie  settlement  for  clothing  is  included  the  sum  of 

SKI.  10,  lolal  value  of  articles  issued  him  by  the  State; 

on   furlough  Sept.  9  to  Oct.  9,  '98,  per  G.  0.  No.  130, 

A    (  t    (  )      ISilS. 
In  settlei'nent  forclothing  is  included  the  sum  of  116.40, 

total  v.alue  otarlicles  issued  him  by  the  St.ale;  on  fur- 

l.iuiili  Sepl.lito<)c|.!»,'i)S,per(;.(».  No.  i:;o,  A.(;.0.,'98. 
In  setllenieni  tor  clolbing  is  i  ncluded  the  sum  of  M6.40, 

total  value  of  articles  issued  liim  by  theSlate;  on  fur- 

loil<'hSepl    llto(»c(.9, '9S,  perG.O.  No.  UK),  A.  CO., '98. 
In  theseMlemenl  forclolhing  is  included   Mie  sum  of 

$1(1.10,  tolal  value  of  articles  issued  him  by  the  State; 

on  furlough  Sept.  9  to  Oct.  9,  '98,  per  G.  O.  No.  i.-iO, 

In  the"  seVt lenient  forclothinir  is  included  the  sum  of 
110  40  total  value  of  articles  issued  him  by  the  State; 
mustered  in  as  arliii. ■(■!■;  sick  in  quarters  July  11-20, 
'98,  inc.;  in  hospiial  .1  nlv  i:i  (o  .\ug.  27, '98;  nol  in  line 
of  duty.  I.isc-liai-vd  All-.  -JV,  -lis  on  surgeon's  ceriili- 
cate  of  disability  al  N'anc 'U ver  I'.arracks,  Wasb.,  per 
indorsement  beaibiuarteis  deparlnient  of  Columbia, 
Aug.2:i,  '!is;  discliart,'eaml  linal  statements  furnislied; 
service,  "lionest  and  fai  1  liliil;"  .•har.irter,  "good." 

In  the  si'ltlemeut  I'orclolbimr  is  included  the  sum  of 
816.40,  total  value  ,.f  articles  issued  him  by  the  Stab- 
sick  in  ,|uarlers  .luly  IS, -'.IS;  si.'k  in  hospital  July  l.s 
to  Aug.  27,  "'.IS;  not  in  line  of  duly.  Discharged  Aug. 
27, '9,S,on  surgeoirs  criiru'ab'  of  disability  at  Van- 
couver Karracks,  Wasb.,  |ier  indorsement  hea(b|uar- 
ters  department  of  ("olumbia,  Aug.  2.'),  '98;  discharge 
and  final  statements  furnished;  service,  "honest  and 
faithful;"  character,  "good." 

s 

1 
1 

1 

Portland - 

Portland. 
Portland - 

Portland. 
Portland. 
Portland - 
Portland- 

Portland- 

When. 
July  1- 

July  1  - 
July  1  . 

July  1  . 
July  I.- 
July I.- 
July 1  . 

July  1- 

Occupatio7i. 

Student- 
Printer  — 
Ijaboi-er— 

Sawyer  — 
Butcher- 
Uphol- 
sterer. 

Elec- 
trician. 

Barber  — 

i 

Pa. ... 

Kan.- 
Or.  — 

Pa.— 

Ger- 
many. 

Or.  -. 
Kan.- 

Or.  — 

1 

Hair. 

Br.  ..- 

Br.  — 
Lt.Br. 

D.  Br. 
I).  Br. 
I).  Br. 

D.  Br. 
D.Br. 

^InSSnwMCQ                     M 

li 

Falr- 

Fair- 
Fair- 

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Fair- 
Fair- 

Falr- 
Dark. 

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|2S2^J?E5S                           ^ 

1 
1 

Wickline,  Oliver  S.- 
Wilson, Harry  A 

VVil.son,  Theodore  M. 

Young,  Norris  J 

Zeller,  Frederick 

Zimmerman,  Z.,  Jr.  - 

Dischar'ifd  for 

cli.sdhi.lili/. 

Walter,  Wert.  I) 

Artificer. 
r,i1<.«    .Tr.lin   R 

" 

OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 


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Mustered  in  as  private;  appointed  corporal  Aug.  1,  '98, 
from  private  per  Bat.  G.  O.  No.  3,  .same  date.  No 
eloihing  was  issued  him  by  the  State.  Absent  on 
furlough  Sept.  11  to  Oct.  10,  '98,  inc.,  per  G.  0.  No.  130, 
A.  <T.  ().,c.  s. 

Mustered  in  as  private;  appointed  corporal  Aug.  1,  '98, 
from  private  per  Bat.  G.  O.  No.  3,  same  date.  No 
clotliing  was  issued  him  by  the  State.  Ab.sent  on 
furlough  Sept.  11  to  Oct.  10,  '98,  inc.,  per  G.  O.  No.  130, 
A.  (h  ().,  c.  s. 

Mustered  in  as  private;  appointed  corporal  Aug.  1,  '98, 
from  private  per  Bat.  G.  0.  No.  2,  same  date.  No 
clothing  was  issued  him  by  the  State.  Absent  on 
furlough  Sept.  11  to  Oct.  10,  '98,  inc.,  per  G.  O.  No.  130, 
A.  G.  O.,  c.  s. 

Mustered  in  as  private;  appointed  corporal  Aug.  1,  '98, 
from  private  per  Bat.  G.  0.  No.  :\.  s;>me  date.  No 
clothing  was  issued  him  by  the  .si.ih'.  Absent  on 
furlough  Sept.  11  to  Oct.  10,  '98,  inc..  i"  r  (i.  O.  No.  130, 
A.  G.  0.,  c.  s. 

Mustered  in  as  private;  appointed  eoi  i^oial  Aug.  1,  '98, 
from  private  per  Bat.  G.  0.  No.  ;;.  -a me  date.  No 
clothing  was  Lssued  him  by  the  Shife.  Absent  on 
furlough  Sept.  11  to  Oct.  10,  '98,  inc..  per  G.  O.  No.  130, 
A.  G.  O.,  c.  s. 

Mustered  in  as  private;  appointed  coolc  July  26, '98, 
from  private  per  Bat.  G.  O.  No.  \.  -a)rie  date.  No 
clothing  was  issued  him  by  the  state  Absent  on 
furlough  Sept.  11  to  Oct.  10,  '98,  inc..  per  ii.  O  No.  130, 
A.  ( ;.  t ).,  c.  s.;  sick  Oct.  16-20,  '98,  inc.;  in  line  of  duty. 

Mustered  in  as  private;  appointed  artiticer  Aug.  1,  '98, 
tVom  private  per  Bat.  G.  0.  No. 3,  same  date;  sick  Aug. 
cAK  '\'-:  in  line  of  duty.  No  clothinu  was  issued  him 
h\  the  State.  Absent  on  furlough  Se'.t.  11  to  Oct.  10, 
".IS.  in.'.,  per  G.  O.  No.  130,  A.  G.  O.,  e.  s. 

Mushreil  in  as  private;  appointed  artiticer  Aug.  1,  '98, 
from  jirivate  per  Bat.  G.  O.  No.  :!,  same  date.  No 
clotliintr  was  issued  him  by  the  state.  Absent  on 
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A.  G.  0.,  c.  s. 

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Corporal. 

Daniel  A.  Rinard— 

Corporal. 

John  C.  .lohns 

Corporal. 

Mathias  E.  Garner— 

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Tjouis  Weidman 

Cook. 
Edw.  E.Cherriiigton- 

Robert  Nenliaus 

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REPORTS 

OF 

GENEEAL  OFFICERS 

UNDER  WHOM  THE  SECOND  OREGON  INFANTRY  SERVED, 

WITH 

APPENDED  REPORTS 

OF 

OREGON  VOLUNTEER  OFFICERS. 


REPORT 


MAJ.GEN.E.S.OTIS,U.S.V., 

COMMANDING  DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  PACIFIC  AND  EIGHTH  ARMY  CORPS, 
MILITARY  GOVERNOR  IN  THE  PHILIPPINE  ISLANDS. 


Headquarters  Department  of  the  Pacific  and 

Eighth  Army  Corps,  and  Office  United  States 

Military  Governor  in  Philippine  Islands, 

Manila,  P.  I.,  August  ol,  1S99. 
The  Adjutant  General,  United  States  Army, 

Washington,  D.  C. 

Sir:  I  have  received  instructions  from  the  Major  General  commanding  the  Army  to 
submit  an  annual  report  of  the  military  operations  of  the  troops  of  this  command,  also 
from  the  War  Department  to  furnish  a  report  of  the  affairs  of  this  military  government. 
The  matters  connected  with  each  of  these  subjects  are  so  closely  related  as  to  make  the 
rendition  of  separate  and  independent  reports  very  difficult  without  producing  in  each 
much  which  the  other  must  contain.  I  have,  therefore,  concluded  to  embrace  in  a 
single  narration  with  comment,  as  necessary  explanation  may  appear  to  me  to  demand, 
the  conditions  which  have  presented  themselves,  both  military,  civil,  or  political,  and 
the  means  which  have  been  adopted  to  meet  them.  In  doing  this  only  the  general  fea- 
tures of  the  more  important  events  can  be  touched  upon,  as  an  attempt  to  detail  causes, 
effects,  and  the  action  which  has  been  applied  by  the  military  authorities  would  involve 
a  very  extended  recounting  of  facts  and  a  lenghty  discussion  of  theories. 

The  time  which  I  am  directed  to  cover  in  these  reports  may  properly  be  divided  into 
two  periods  — the  flrst  extending  from  June  30,  1898,  to  February  4,  1899,  the  date  upon 
which  the  then  rebellious  subjects  of  Spain  attacked  at  Manila,  without  cause,  the 
forces  of  the  United  States,  which  under  the  protocol  of  August  12, 1898,  and  likewise  the 
articles  of  capitulation  of  the  following  day,  were  lawfully  in  possession  of  the  city,  bay, 
and  harbor  of  Manila.  The  second  period  extends  from  February  4,  1899  (when  these 
open  and  declared  hostilities  were  inaugurated),  to  the  present  date.  The  events  of  a 
portion  of  the  flrst  period,  in  so  far  as  the  concentration  of  troops  at  San  Francisco  and 
the  transportation  of  those  sent  out  to  the  Philippines,  to  and  Including  July  15, 1898,  are 
concerned,  together  with  all  action  of  troops  preliminary  to,  and  attendent  ujwn,  the 
capture  of  Manila  on  August  13, 1898,  and  thereafter  to  the  end  of  that  month,  have  been 
ably  reported  by  my  predecessor,  Major  General  Merritt.  But  a  brief  reference  to  the 
preparations  made  by  the  Government,  as  solely  affecting  the  army,  in  its  efforts  to 
meet  existing  or  anticipated  conditions  in  the  Philippines  resulting  from,  or  likely  to 
arise  in,  the  war  with  Spain,  is  pertinent  here  in  order  to  present  intelligently  the  .serv- 
ices of  troops  in  these  islands. 

The  Philippine  problem,  so  unexpectedly  and  suddenly  thrown  upon  the  Govern- 
ment for  solution  by  the  destruction  of  the  Spanish  fleet  in  the  harbor  of  Manila  on  May 
1,  1898,  when  the  concentration  of  all  its  troops  and  military  stores  was  being  hastily 


398  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

made  on  the  southern  Atlantic  coast,  received  the  prompt  attention  which  its  impor- 
tance demanded.  At  once  the  enlistment  of  volunteers  in  the  Pacific  Slope  and  adja- 
cent States  was  accelerated  and  their  places  of  assembling  changed  to  San  Francisco. 
Under  War  Department  instructions  to  proceed  to  that  point  for  duty,  I  arrived  there 
on  May  17th,  where  already  Major  General  Merriam,  commanding  the  Department  of 
California,  had  placed  in  camp  an  infantry  regiment  and  a  heavy  artillery  detachment 
of  California  volunteers,  an  infantry  battalion  of  Oregon  troops,  and  five  companies 
of  the  Fourteenth  U.  S.  Infantry.  Within  the  next  ten  days  the  Nebraska,  Colorado, 
Minnesota,  Wyoming,  Idaho,  Utah,  North  Dakota,  and  Montana  volunteers  arrived, 
also  the  two  remaining  battalions  of  the  Oregon  regiment  and  a  volunteer  regiment 
from  Pennsylvania.  On  May  29th  the  Eighteenth  and  Twentj^-third  U.  S.  Infantry 
and  a  company  of  the  United  States  Engineers  reported,  and  during  the  month  of 
June  the  volunteer  organizations  of  South  Dakota,  Iowa,  Tennessee,  the  Astor  Bat- 
tery, of  New  York,  four  foot  batteries  of  the  Third,  and  two  light  batteries  of  the  Sixth 
U.  S.  Artillery,  and  six  troops  of  the  Fourth  Cavalrj'  were  placed  in  camp,  also  two 
volunteer  signal  companies  and  large  Hospital  Corps  detachments.  On  May  30th 
General  Merritl  arrived  from  New  York  and  relieved  me  from  command  of  all  these 
so-called  expeditionary  forces,  remaining  there  until  the  29th  of  the  following  month, 
when  he  departed  for  the  Philippines. 

The  proper  equipment  of  these  troops  was  attended  with  great  difficulty.  Suddenly 
called  to  meet  an  expected  emergency  in  a  far  distant  portion  of  the  world,  no  prepara- 
tions had  been  made  to  receive  them.  The  supply  departments,  not  anticipating  any 
concentration  of  forces  on  the  Pacific  coast,  had  made  no  provision  for  furnishing  arms, 
ammunition,  clothing,  subsistence,  or  other  war  material  with  which  an  army  about  to 
operate  seven  thousand  miles  from  its  base  must  necessarily  be  supplied.  Indeed,  at 
the  time  these  troops  arrived  at  San  Francisco,  such  property,  usually  kept  in  moderate 
quantities  on  the  Pacific  coast,  had  been  sent  to  the  East  for  the  army  destined  to  invade 
Cuba  and  Porto  Rico.  The  volunteer  organizations  were  supposed  to  report  equipped 
and  uniformed,  but  a  large  majority  of  the  arms  they  presented  were  worthless,  and  in 
some  instances  entire  organizations  had  to  be  rearmed.  Their  clothing  had  evidently 
been  in  use  for  a  long  time  in  State  service,  was  worn  out,  and  many  of  the  men  'were 
dressed  as  civilians.  In  spite  of  all  of  these  embarrassments,  the  celerity  with  which 
these  troops  were  equipped  and  made  ready  for  the  field,  and  with  which  great  quan- 
tities of  necessary  supplies  and  war  materials  were  placed  in  San  Francisco  and  loaded 
on  transports,  furnishes  very  satisfactory  evidence  of  the  efficiency  of  the  stafl"  depart- 
ments of  the  Army.  Fortunately,  San  Francisco  is  a  great  market,  and  much  that  was 
needed  could  be  obtained  there  through  contract  and  purchase.  The  facilities  thus 
ofi'ered  were  taken  advantage  of,  and  assisted  very  materially  in  the  work  of  prepara- 
tion. The  shipping  on  the  Pacific  coast  was  found  to  be  very  limited,  and  vessels  in 
anywise  suited  (  even  after  they  were  overhauled  and  repaired  )  to  transport  troops  to 
the  tropics  were  few,  and  most  of  them  were  at  the  time  absent,  engaged  in  foreign  or 
domestic  trade.  This  want  was  the  principal  cause  of  delay  in  dispatching  troops,  but 
the  persistent  eflforts  of  the  War  Department,  assisted  by  the  army  supply  officers  in 
San  Francisco,  accomplished  the  desired  results  very  quickly,  considering  the  embarrass- 
ments with  which  it  had  to  contend.  The  time  required  for  these  preparations,  how- 
ever, was  most  advantageously  employed.  General  officers,  as  soon  as  they  reported  for 
duty,  were  placed  in  charge  of  brigade  organizations  and  labored  assiduously  in  giving 
proper  instructions  to  their  commands,  so  that  when  these  troops  sailed  for  the  Philip- 
pines they  could  be  considered  moderately  efficient  for  service. 

Upon  reporting  at  San  Francisco,  on  May  17th,  I  learned  that  General  Merriam  had 
received  orders  to  ship  to  Manila  Bay  the  California  regiment  and  a  battalion  of  the 
Fourteenth  U.  S.  Infantry  by  a  transport  that  was  then  being  loaded  in  the  harborwith 
naval  stores  for  Admiral  Dewey's  squadron.  Thereafter  being  instructed  to  obtain  suffi- 
cient transportation  to  forward  also  the  Oregon  regiment,  two  small  transports  were 
secured,  and  on  May  25th  the  three  vessels  sailed  in  company,  carrying  the  troops  above 
mentioned,  under  the  command  of  Brig.  Gen.  T.  M.  Anderson,  U.  S.  V.,  and  entered  the 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  399 

harbor  of  JNIanila  on  tlie  oOth  day  of  .luiu'.  Pursuant,  to  the  instructions  of  General 
Merritt,  four  companies  of  the  Eighteenth  and  four  of  the  Twenty-third  U.  S.  Infantry, 
a  detachment  of  engineers,  the  Colorado,  Nebraslsa,  Pennsylvania,  and  Utah  Volun- 
teers, and  a  detachment  of  the  Hospital  Corps  — all  under  the  command  of  Brig.  Gen. 
F.  V.  Greene,  U.  S.  V.,— sailed  for  Manila  on  June  15th.  On  June  27th,  under  instruc- 
tions from  the  same  source,  four  companies  of  the  Eighteenth  and  four  of  the  Twenty- 
third  U.  S.  Infantry,  detachments  of  Engineer  and  Signal  Corps,  the  Idaho,  Minnesota, 
North  Dakota,  and  Wyoming  Volunteers,  departed  on  five  transports,  and  on  June  29th 
General  Merritt,  in  pei-son,  accompanied  by  his  staff,  sailed  on  steamer  Newport  for  the 
same  destination,  having  on  board  two  foot  batteries  of  the  Third  U.  S.  Artillery,  and 
the  Astor  Light  Battery.  The  troops  of  which  these  three  expeditionary  forces  wei-e 
composed  numbered  470  officers  and  10,437  enlisted  men.  Subsequently,  and  between  the 
15th  and  25th  days  of  July,  the  fourth  expedition  left  San  Francisco,  transported  by  five 
vessels,  and  made  up  of  two  batteries  of  the  Third  U.  S.  Artillery,  Ave  companies  of  the 
Fourteenth  U.  S.  Infantry,  six  troops  of  the  Fourth  U.  S.  Cavalry,  the  Montana  and 
Sou  til  Dakota  Volunteers,  with  Signal  and  Hospital  Corps  detachments,  numbering  in 
all  172  officers  and  4,(jl0  enlisted  men.  Before  this  last  expedition  reached  Manila  that 
city  had  capitulated,  and  the  United  States  troops  were  in  possession.  No  additional 
troops  were  dispatched  from  the  United  States  until  the  latter  part  of  October.  Then, 
and  in  the  following  month,  were  sent  the  Washington,  Kansas,  Tennessee,  and  Iowa 
regiments  of  volunteers,  the  Nevada  troop  of  cavalry,  the  Wyoming  Light  Artillery, 
and  two  foot  batteries  of  California  troops,  numbering,  collectively,  ISO  officers  and  4,466 
enlisted  men.  There  were  no  further  arrivals  during  the  first  of  the  two  periods  which 
it  is  intended  that  this  report  shall  cover,  and  subsequent  troop  additions  will  not  be 
mentioned  until  later. 

With  the  officers  of  my  staff  I  accompanied  the  fourth  expedition  and  arrived  in  the 
harbor  of  Manila  on  August  21st,  where  we  first  learned  of  the  operations  of  the  10,000 
men  who  had  preceded  or  accompanied  Major  General  Merritt,  and  which  had  resulted 
in  the  surrender  of  Manila  and  its  occupation  by  the  United  States  forces  on  the  13th  of 
that  month.  Reporting  to  General  Men-itt,  I  was  placed  in  command  of  the  Eighth 
Army  Corps  by  General  Orders,  No.  10,  Headquarters  Department  of  the  Pacific  and 
Eighth  Army  Corps,  of  August  23,  1898,  which  were  issued  under  War  Department 
General  Orders,  No.  73,  of  that  year.  Upon  August  29,  1898,  in  accordance  with  General 
Orders,  No.  3,  Headquarters  Department  of  the  Pacific,  of  that  date,  I  relieved  Major 
General  Merritt  of  the  command  of  the  Department  of  the  Pacific  and  as  Military  Gov- 
ernor of  the  Philippine  Islands.    At  this  time  the  military  situation  was  as  follows  : 

Under  the  articles  of  capitulation.  United  States  occupation  was  confined  to  the 
harbor,  city,  and  bay  of  Manila.  Admiral  Dewey,  with  his  fieet,  held  the  bay,  also  the 
naval  establishment  at  Cavite,  which  had  been  captured  in  May.  The  insurgent  forces, 
commanded  by  General  Aguinaldo,  entered  the  city  with  our  troops  on  August  13th, 
and  actively  held  joint  occupation  with  them  over  a  considerable  part  of  the  southern 
portion  of  the  same,  declining  to  vacate  on  the  -plea,  first,  that  they  had  served  as  allies 
with  our  troops,  during  the  operations  which  had  preceded  the  taking  of  the  city,  and 
therefore  had  the  right  to  participate  in  the  victory;  and,  secondly,  that  they  wished  to 
maintain  all  advantageous  positions  secured  in  order  to  resist  successfully  the  troops  of 
Spain,  should  that  government  be  permitted  to  resume  its  former  power  In'the  islands. 
Brigadier  Generals  Anderson  and  MacArthur  were  exercising  immediate  command  of 
the  troops—  the  former  at  Cavite  and  vicinity,  where  a  small  contingent  was  stationed, 
and  the  latter  at  Manila,  where  the  great  majority  had  been  judiciously  placed  in 
bai-racks  and  other  available  buildings.  General  MacArthur,  also,  as  provost  marshal 
general,  had  charge  of  the  police  of  that  city  and  supervision  of  about  13,000  prisoners  — 
Spanish  and  native  — who  had  been  surrendered  by  the  Spanish  authorities.  These 
had  been  collected  in  the  walled  portion  of  the  city  and  occupied,  for  the  most  part,  its 
churches  and  convents.  Outwardly  peace  reigned,  but  the  insurgents,  disappointed 
because  not  permitted  to  enjoy  the  spoils  of  war,  in  accordance  with  medieval  customs, 
and  to  exercise  with  the  United  States  authorities  joint  control  of  municipal  affairs, 


400  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

were  not  friendly  disposed  and  endeavored  to  obtain  their  asserted  rights  and  privileges 
through  controversy  and  negotiations  and  a  stubborn  holding  of  the  positions  taken 
by  their  troops.*  This  manifestation  caused  General  Merritt  to  cable  the  authorities  at 
Washington,  on  August  14th,  as  follows  : 

Since  occuoation  of  town  and  suburbs  the  insurgents  on  outside  are  pressing  demand 
for  joint  occupation  of  the  city.  Inform  me  at  once  how  far  I  shall  proceed  in  enforcing 
obedience  of  insurgents  in  this  matter  and  others  that  may  arise,  etc. 

To  which  he  received  reply  — dated  August  ISth  — that  there  must  be  no  joint  occupa- 
tion of  the  city,  bay,  and  harbor  with  the  insurgents;  that  they  and  all  others  must 
recognize  the  military  occupation  and  authority  of  the  United  States  and  the  cessation 
of  hostilities  proclaimed  by  the  President.  Some  correspondence  between  General  Mer- 
ritt and  Aguinaldo  preceded  and  followed  this  dispatch,  and  I  believe  also  two  or  three 
discussions  of  the  subject  between  the  representatives  of  Aguinaldo  and  General  JNIer- 
ritt's  subordinate  officers,  all  of  which  have  been  reported.  Upon  leaving  the  island, 
General  Merritt's  chief  of  staft'turned  over  to  me  a  communication  from  General  Agui- 
naldo, and  in  letter  transmitting  it  said  : 

Enclosed  you  will  find  a  letter  from  General  Aguinaldo  and  a  blue  print  of  Manila. 
The  letter  was  brought  by  his  aid  two  days  ago,  and  was  inloniMMl  lliat  a  reply  would 
be  sent  within  four  days.  The  matter  should  have  iimiMciiair  ali(ntion,as  General 
Merritt  has  not  been  able  to  take  it  up,  owing  to  his  Imii  i.d  diiiarture.  The  letters 
referred  to  by  Aguinaldo.  by  General  Merritt,  will  be  lound  in  the  press  copy-book  at 
the  Dfpaitnicnt  Headquarters  and  here. 

The  (Icniand  now  made  by  Aguinaldo  is  to  retain  his  people  just  outside  of  the  inte- 
rior l)la(k  )ii-ncil  mark  on  the  map.  The  outside  pencil  marks  indicate  the  position 
that  (icncial  Merritt  desired  to  have  the  insurgents  witlulraw  to.  I  inferred  from  what 
the  aid  said  tliat  what  Aguinaldo  particularly  desires  is  tliat  in  ease  his  ri'.iuests  are 
not  granted  tliat  reasons  are  to  be  ijiven  whieli  he  can  use  to  satisfy  liis  iieople.  The 
trouble  with  him  seems  to  be  that  he  does  not  think  it  prudent  to  give  positive  orders 
for  his  people  to  withdraw  from  the  city. 

The  communication  turned  over  read  as  follows : 

Revolutionary  Government  of  the  Philippines, 

Presidencia  Bakoor,  August  27,  1898. 
Gen.  Wesley  Merritt,  Manila. 

My  Dear  Sir:  Knowing  the  contents  of  your  letter  of  the  24th  instant,  I  can  not  do 
less  than  manifest  my  surprise  at  knowing  that  you  had  formed  the  idea  that  my  com- 
missioners coniproniised  themselves,  in  the  conference  of  the  15th,  to  retire  my  troops 
outside  of  the  line  that  vou  would  designate. 

I  understood,  and  still  understand,  as  well  as  the  commissioners,  that  the  evacuation 
by  my  troops  of  tlie  i»jsts  that  thev  occupy  to-day  on  the  outskirts  of  the  city,  would 
take  place  when  the  proposed  couiiitions  were  accepted  by  you,  among  which  figured 
the  condition  tliat  the  agreement  (treaty)  should  be  in  writing  to  be  valid;  for  which 
reason,  not  having  vet  accepted  some  of  the  propositions  made  at  that  time,  nor  those 
that  were  substituted  in  my  previous  communication,  I  do  not  thinlc  that  up  to  the 
present  time  1  have  contracted  said  obligation. 

If  I  have  permitted  the  use  of  the  waters  before  the  promulgation  of  the  treaty  it  was 
more  to  demonstrate  that  I  am  disposed  to  sacrifice  to  friendship  everything  that  does 
not  preiudiee  too  much  the  rights  of  the  Philippines.  I  comprehend,  as  well  as  your- 
self, the  ineoiivenieneeof  a  dual  occupation  of  theeity  of  Manila  and  its  suburbs,  given 
in  the  conditions  stii.idated  in  the  capitulation  with  the  Spaniards;  but  you  ought  to 
understand  that  witliout  the  long  siege  sustained  b.\-  my  forces  you  might  have  obtained 
possession  of  the  ruins  of  the  city;  but  never  the  rendition  of  the  Spanish  forces,  who 
could  have  retired  to  the  interior  towns. 

I  do  not  complain  of  the  disowning  of  our  help  in  the  mentioned  capitulation, 
although  iustice  resents  it  greatly  and  I  have  to  bear  the  well-founded  blame  of  my  peo- 
ple I  do 'not  insist  on  tlie  retention  of  all  the  positions  conquered  by  my  forces  within 
theeity  limits,  at  the  cosi  ,,f  much  blood,  of  indescribable  fatigues,  and  much  money. 
I  promise  to  ivtire,  then,  lo  the  followin-  line: 

In  Malate,  the  continuation  of  tliu  calzada  of  Singalon  to  the  bridge  that  joins  said 
road  ;  from  this  bridge  in  straight  line  to  that  of  Paco;  from  this  last  bridge,  following 
the  creek  Paco,  and  leaving  outside  the  suburb  Tandue,  to  the  river  Pasig  ;  following  this 
river  and  entering  by  the  creek  that  goes  to  the  bridge  of  Aviles ;  from  this  bridge,  fol- 
lowing the  road  (calzada)  of  the  same  name  and  that  of  Santa  Mesa,  that  are  the  divid- 
ing lines  between  Sampaloc  and  the  village  of  Pandacan,  to  the  jurisdictional  limit  of 
the  suburbs  of  Sampaloc,  Trozo,  and  Tondo. 

But  before  I  retire  to  this  line,  I  pray  you  to  reclaim  from  Admiral  Dewey  the  protec- 
tion of  our  ships  for  free  navigation,  and  permit  me  to  insist,  if  you  will,  upon  the  res- 
titution of  the  positi(.ns  tliat  we  now  are  going  to  leave,  if  in  the  treaty  of  peace  to  be 
celebrated  helwcen  Spain  and  the  I'liited  states  th.w  acknowledge  the  dominion  of 
Spain  in  the  l'hilii>pines.  I  expect  as  well  that  you  order  the  American  forces  outside 
of  above  line  to  retire  within  the  city,  as  already  agreed  to. 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  401 

I  do  not  believe  that  the  acceptance  of  the  conditions  proposed  will  prejudice  the 
smallest  rio-ht  of  your  people,  as  It  signifies  nothing  more  than  the  acknowledgment  of 
a  part  of  the  rights  of  a  friendly  people.  ,   •    *       ,  u-  *• 

I  ■mi  compelled  to  insist  on  the  said  conditions  to  quiet  the  complaints  of  my  chiefs 
and  soldiers;  who  have  exposed  their  lives  and  abandoned  their  interests  during  the 

^^Thope  that  this  time  you  will  manifest  the  spirit  of  justice  that  pertains  to  such  a 
free  and  admirably  constituted  Government  as  that  of  the  United  States  of  America. 
Yours,  very  respectfully,  ^ 

'  ^  Emilio  Aguinaldo. 

Aguinaldo's  letter  was  considered  the  following  day,  when  it  became  evident  that 
time  would  be  required  to  prepare  an  answer,  as  prior  to  doing  so  it  was  important  to 
gain  a  knowledge  of  the  contents  of  past  communications  on  the  subject,  and  to  ascer- 
tain what  other  steps  had  been  taken  to  adjust  the  difficulty,  of  which  I  was  ignorant. 
I  thereupon  telegraphed  to  General  Aguinaldo  at  Bacoor,  Cavite  province,  his  then 
headquarters,  as  follows : 

Manila,  Aiujust  si,  1S9S. 
General  Aguinaldo,  Bacoor. 

Referring  to  promise  made  by  General  Morritt  to  reiily  to  your  letter  of  August  27th 
within  four  days,  I  desire  to  state  that  hr  was  uncxiMct.'dly  ordered  away  and  had  not 
opportunity  to  replv.  Being  unacquainted  witli  tlie  situation,  I  must  take  time  to  in- 
form myself  before  answering,  which  I  will  do  at  tlie  earliest  opportunity. 

Otis. 

To  this  telegram  he  replied  on  the  same  day  as  follows  : 
General  Otis,  Commanding  United  States  Forces,  Manila. 

General  •  By  your  telegram  of  this  date  I  understood  that  your  excellency  substi- 
tutes General  Merritt  in  his  absence,  for  which  I  beg  you  will  kindly  accept  my  cordial 
salutation  and  my  most  sincere  congratulations.  ,,_    ,  .      ^, 

I  shall  liavc  iiiucii  jili-asure  in  continuing  with  your  excellency  the  friendly  relations 
which  ouulii  to  exist  l.otween  us.  ^     ^. 

The  Ixarer  is  one  of  my  aids,  who  will  acquaint  you  of  some  reserved  affairs. 

Hoping  you  will  give  your  attention  as  the  welfare  of  both  countries  require. 
Very  respectfully,  yours,  _ 

Emilio  Aguinaldo. 

Bac'ook,  August  31,  1S9S. 

A  communication,  of  which  the  following  is  a  copy,  was  thereupon  prepared  and 
sent  to  General  Aguinaldo,  at  Malalos,  Luzon,  to  which  point  he  had  removed  his  head- 
quarters and  established  his  so-called  capital,  viz  : 

Office  United  States  Military  Governor 
IN  the  Philippine  Islands, 

Manila,  P.  I.,  September  S,  1898. 

The  Commanding  General  of  the  Philippine  Forces. 

Sir  :  I  have  the  honor  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your  communication  of  the  27th 
ultimo,  addressed  to  General  Merritt,  my  predecessor,  and  by  him  transferred  to  me  on 
the  eve  of  his  departure  from  Manila.  By  telegram  of  the  31st  ultimo  I  informed  you  of 
General  Merritt's  hurried  departure,  in  obedience  to  the  orders  of  my  Government; 
that  his  necessarilv  hurried  preparations  did  not  permit  him  to  make  reply  to  your 
communication  :  that  such  duty  devolved  upon  me,  and  that  I  would  perform  it  at  the 
earliest  opportunitv  and  as  soon  as  I  could  acquaint  myself  with  the  condition  of 
affairs,  of  which  I,  having  but  recently  arrived,  had  slight  knowledge.  To  my  telegram 
you  made  a  most  courteous  response,  and  now  having  fully  considered  the  situation, 
i  have  the  honor  to  make  reply  as  follows  : 

And  first,  in  vour  note  of  the  27th  ultimo  you  are  pleased  to  manifest  surprise  that 
the  late  United  States  military  governor  should  have  reached  an  erroneous  conclusion 
as  to  the  result  of  a  eonference  with  your  commissioners  on  August  loth,  as  apparently 
manifested  bv  his  letter  to  vou  of  August  24th.  I  do  not  know  the  extent  of  any  con- 
versation which  nia\  have  been  indulged  in  at  that  conference,  nor  the  nature  of  the 
impression  which  mav  liave  been  conveyed.  Referring  to  written  memoranda  in  my 
possession  \\'hich  jiurport  to  contain  the  substance  of  propositions  discussed,  I  find  that 
certain  concessions  were  made  by  the  commissioners  in  expected  return  for  specific 
privileges  to  be  conferred,  and,  as  there  has  not  been  a  mutual  agreement  in  these  mat- 
ters between  the  interested  parties,  I  do  not  understand  that  any  obligations  have 
arisen  by  reason  of  that  conference. 

Second.  I  note  with-  pleasure  your  allusion  to  your  very  friendly  disposition  toward 
my  Government,  as  manifested  by  your  prompt  attendance  to  our  request  for  a  supply 
of  water;  also  your  expression  as  to  the  inconvenience  of  the  dual  occupation  of  the 
city  of  Manila,  and  I  do  not  forget  that  the  revolutionary  forces  under  your  command 
have  made  many  sacrifices  in  the  interests  of  civil  liberty  and  for  the  welfare  of  your 
people,  and  to  this  I  will  be  pleased  to  allude  hereafter. 

Third.  In  connection  with  your  remark  as  to  the  injueticeof  the  United  States  in 
not  properly  appreciating  your  assistance  in  the  capture  of  Manila,  I  beg  a  full  consider- 

26 


402  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

ation,  on  your  part,  of  the  mandatory  conditions  which  accompany  occupation  which 
I  am  sure  you  fully  appreciate,  but  to  which  I  will  respectfully  invite  your  attention  in 
a  subsciucnl  iiortion  of  tlnsrrply. 

F.nirili.  \nn  d.  si-nnt.  o  irain  lines  within  the  suburbs  of  the  city  of  Manila,  to 
which  yell  inniuisr  to  rcti:-.'  your  troops,  and  name  as  conditions  precedent  :  First,  pro- 
tection u>  \ciui-  sliipiiiiiu  liy  111!"  United  Stntes  Navy,  and  the  free  navisration  of  vour 
vessels  within  lln'  walci-s  in  tin  ['nind  si;in>-  occnptitidii  ;  srr. ,,,>/.  rr^ti  t  iit  ion  to  "your 
forces  of  all  positions  wliirli  aiv  iiow  m.-.h  j,i,d  l,\  your  troops,  in  tli:(\<'}it  that  treaty 
stipulations  iM.tw.M.n  tlir  ! -ni!.-,!  Stai.san.l  Sjiai  n  sitnvnd,,.,- to  1 1..'  la  .|-nani..(l  Govern- 
ment Ihe  tcnilory  o,.,-iipi(  d  by  11,,.  lorni.T:  and,  //nn//i/.  tliat  rnit.d  States  troops  now 
occupying  posilion,.  !>.  y  .1,,;  1',;,    I  in,  -  >  on  nami'  shall  re  [ire  within  the  same. 

Adiscussion  ol  y..m-  ].r  .p>,-.i  1  ion  to  hold  jointly,  with  tlic  Unih  ,1  stales  Government, 
the  city  of  Manila,  invoj^.  cs  coii.id.iui  ion  of  some  of  ihr  other  eoncessions  you  desired 
to  be  made,  and  to  that  I  will  at  om-i'  refer.  I  wish  to  present  the  matter,  in  the  first 
instance,  in  its  legal  aspcc  t,  alt!iouL:h  from  remarks  contained  in  former  correspond- 
ence, I  am  of  the  opinion  that  you  are  fully  aware  how  untenable  the  proposition  is. 
The  United  States  and  Spain  wire  and  are  belligerent  parties  to  a  war,  and  were  so 
recognized  by  the  civilized  world.  In  the  course  of  events  the  entire  citv  of  Manila, 
then  in  full  possession  of  Spanish  forces,  was  surrendered  to  the  first-name'd  belligerent 
power.  The  articles  of  agreement  and  capitulation  gave  the  United  States  Government 
full  occupancy  of  the  city  and  defenses  of  Manila,  and  that  Government  ob!i'>-atrd  itself 
to  insure  the  safety  of  the  lives  and  property  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  citv  to  tin  ■  ii.  si  of 
its  ability.  By  all  the  laws  of  war  and  all  international  precedents, 'liund  siatcs 
authority  over  Manila  and  its  defenses  is  full  and  supreme,  and  it  can  not  escape  the 
obligations  which  it  has  assumed. 

By  the  able  representatives  who  have  charge  of  the  Philippine  revolutionary  forces 
this  conclusion  will  be  admitted  to  be  incontrovertible,  and  argument  on  the  point  is 
unnecesary.  Can  they  who  seek  the  civil  and  religious  liberty  and  invite  the  approval 
and  assistance  of  the  civilized  world  attord  to  enter  upon  a  course  of  action  which  the 
law  of  nations  must  condemn? 

But  conceding,  as  you  do,  the  strictly  legal  right  of  my  Government  to  hold  and 
administer  the  alfairs  of  the  city  of  Manila  and  its  suburbs  (I  thus  conclude  from 
expressions  contained  in  former  correspondence  and  from  my  appreciation  of  your 
intellectual  attainments),  you  base  your  proposition  — a  Joint  occupation— upon  sup- 
posed equitable  grounds,  referring  to  the  sacrifices  your  troops  have  made  and  the 
assistance  they  have  rendered  the  American  forces  in  the  capture  of  Manila.  It  is  well 
known  they  have  made  personal  sacrifices,  endured  great  hai(Nlii|>s.  and  have  rendered 
aid.  But  is  it  forgotten  that  my  Government  has  swept  the  Spanish  navy  from  the  seas 
of  both  hemispheres;  sent  back  to  Spain  the  Spanish  arm\  and  navv  forces,  recently 
embarked  for  your  destruction,  and  the  secure  holding  of  the  Philippine  possessions; 
that  since  May  1st  last  its  navy  has  held  the  city  of  Manila  at  its  mercy,  but  out  of  con- 
sideration of  humanity  refused  to  bombard  it,  preferring  to  send  troops  to  demand 
surrender,  and  thereby  preserve  the  lives  and  property  of  the  inhabitants?  Is  it  forgot- 
ten that  the  destruclioii  of  flic  Spani-h  navy  and  the  retention  of  the  Spanish  armed 
men  in  its  European  p.,s-<sMons  ha-op,  n-ii  up  to  you  the  ports  of  the  island  of  Luzon, 
and  held  Spain  hcdphss  to  meet  its  r<ii  acioi-y  subjects? 

As  between  my  (t.ivii  nmcni  and  the  nvolutionary  forces  of  the  Philippines,  I  fail  to 
discover  on  what  principle  of  common  justice  a  joint  occupation  of  .Manila  can  be 
maintained.  Equity,  in  a  legal  acceptance  of  the  term,  would  most  assmcdl  v  condemn 
it.  A  sense  of  justice  should,  in  my  opinion,  have  prompted  the  re\(>lutionaiy  forces  to 
aid  those  of  my  country  in  every  way  possible  in  return  for  the  gieut  assistance  they 
have  received.  You  remark,  in  substance,  that  had  you  not  prevented  the  Spanish 
forces  from  retreating  from  the  city  the  United  States  would  have  received  naught  but 
its  ruined  streets  and  buildings.  Pos.sibly  ;  but  had  all  Spanish  subjects,  elsewhere  and 
here,  been  the  contented  subjects  of  Spain,  war  between  it  and  my  Government  would 
not  have  been  waged.  It  was  undertaken  by  the  United  States  for  humanity's  sake, 
and  not  for  its  aggrandizement,  or  for  any  national  profit  it  expected  to  receive,  and  it 
has  expended  millions  of  treasure  and  hundreds  of  the  lives  of  its  citizens  in  the 
interests  of  the  Spanish  sutT'ering  colonists. 

Apart  from  all  legal  and  (  qui  table  considerations,  and  those  having  their  origin  in 
personally  conceived  ideas  of  justice,  I  wish  respectfully  to  call  your  attention  to  the 
impracticability  of  mainittiidng  a  joint  occupation  of  Manila  and  its  suburbs,  and  in 
this  I  know  that  I  sliall  liave  ihc  aiiptoval  of  your  excellent  judgment.  It  would  be 
extremely  difficult  to  prc\( m  iViciion  h,t  ween  our  respective  forces,  which  might  result 
in  unfortunate  conseiincnii-,  lahor  a-  we  may  for  continued  harmonious  relations. 
Located  in  close  proximity,  irresponsible  inejnbers  of  our  organizations,  by  careless  or 
impertinent  action,  might  be  the  means  of  inciting  grave  disturbances;  and  in  this 
connection  I  call  to  your  attention  the  recent  shooting  aflfair  at  Cavite,  which  still 
requires  investigation.  There  might  also  arise  conflict  of  authority  between  our  sub- 
ordinate officers.  Even  now,  within  precincts  in  entire  aetua!  posse'ssinn  of  our  troops, 
I  find  that  permits  are  given  to  citizens,  who  are  stylid  lo<al  [aesidents,  to  make 
arrests,  to  carry  arms,  etc.,  in  violation  of  our  iiistni.  lions  and  antlioritv,  and  that 
sevei-al  cases  of  kidnaping  have  taken  place.  In  pursua.nce  of  onr  oldiuatio'ns  to  mtiin- 
tain,  in  so  far  as  we  can,  domestic  t ra.ininillil v,  our  ollicers  have  ai-resled  susju'cded 
parties,  and  the\-  ha  ve  ;is-erled  l\^  ith  wliat  eliinenl  of  tiiitli  1  know  not  1  tliat  tlie  insur- 
gent forces  are  I  he  oiicinlei-s.  I  liavc  di  (dini'il  to  accept  t  heir  statement  s,  as  I  jirefer  to 
believe  the  contrary,  althonirli  il  would  appear  tliat  olticei-s  <-<>niiected  witli  thost>  forces 
have  issued  the  permits  to  which  I  allude.  Such  interference  with  our  administration 
of  civil  aflfairs  must  eventually  result  in  conflict. 

Again  (reverting  to  a  legal  aspect  of  the  subject),  the  afl'airs  of  the  entire  city  corpo- 
ration must  be  administered  from  a  common  center.  The  trust  accepted  by  my  Gov- 
ernment from  those  who  surrendered  actual  possession  confers  a  discretionary  power, 
which  can  neither  be  shared  nor  delegated.  The  validity  of  this  conclusion  will  be 
readily  understood  by  yourself  and  associates  as  a  well-established  legal  proposition, 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  403 

and  does  not  require  argument.  And  here  permit  me  to  remark  upon  a  view  of  the 
subject  j'ou  have  advocated  in  support  of  the  plea  for  dual  occupation  of  the  city's 
suburbs.  Your  forces,  you  say  in  substance,  should  have  a  share  in  the  booti/  resulting 
from  the  conquest  of  the  city,  on  account  of  hardships  enduicd  and  assistance  rendered. 
The  facts  on  which  you  base  your  conclusion  granted,  your  conclusion,  under  the  rules 
of  war  which  arc  binding  on  my  Government,  does  not  follow,  for  it  has  never  recog- 
nized the  existence  of  spoils  of  war,  denominated  "  booty,"  as  have  many  European 
governments.  No  enemy's  property  of  any  kind,  public  or  private,  can  be  seized, 
claimed  by,  or  awarded  to,  any  of  its  ofiicers  or  men,  and  should  they  attempt  to  appro- 
priate any  of  it  for  their  individual  benefit,  they  would  be  verv  severely  punished 
through  military  tribunals,  on  which  have  been  conferred  bv  law  very  sweeping  juris- 
diction. The  enemy's  money  and  property  (all  that  is  not  necessary  to  be  expended  in 
administering  local  attairs  in  the  enemy's  territDrv)  niu^i  In-  pnserved  for  final  arbitra- 
ment or  settlement  by  and  between  the  supreme  autlKiritics  cf  the  nations  concerned. 
My  troops  can  not  acquire  booty  nor  any  individual  bcneiit  l)y  reason  of  the  capture  of 
an  enemy's  territory.  I  make  this  comment,  believing  th;it  you  hold  erroneous  opin- 
ions in  respect  to  individual  advantages  which  occuiiation  bestows. 

I  request  your  in-dulscnee  while  I  briettj-  consider  the  concessions  you  ask  us  to  make 
as  conditions  precedent  to  the  retirement  of  your  forces  to  the  lines  indicated  by  your 
note  of  the  27th  ultimo. 

The  first  is :  Protection  to  your  shipping  and  free  navigation  to  your  vessels.  Neither 
the  extent  of  protection  nor  the  limit  of  free  navigation  vou  request  is  understood.  Cer- 
tainly you  could  not  mean  protection  on  the  high  seas,  or  in  the  ports  not  in  the  right- 
ful possession  of  the  United  States.  That,  as  you  are  fully  aware,  could  only  be  effected 
by  treaty,  or  guarantee,  following  international  recognition  of  the  belligerent  rights  of 
the  Philippine  revolutionary  government.  While  the  existing  armistice  continues,  the 
United  States  are  in  rightful  possession,  in  so  far  as  the  navigable  water  of  the  Philip- 
pine Islands  are  concerned,  only  of  the  bay  of  Manila  and  its  navigable  tributaries. 
^V  ithm  the  same  all  vessels  of  trade  and  commerce  and  the  war  vessels  of  recognized 
national  powers  sail  freely  as  long  as  the  sovereignty  of  my  Government  is  not  assailed 
nor  the  peace  of  the  locality  threatened.  In  this  respect,  whatever  concessions  are 
extended  by  way  of  relaxation  of  trade  restrictions,  incident  to  war,  to  the  citizens  of 
these  islands  will  be  extended  to  all  alike,  and  discrimination  in  this  regard  is  neither 
intended  nor  permitted.  Admiral  Dewey  exercises  supervision  over  all  naval  matters, 
and  they  are  in  no  way  related  to  the  duties  conferred  upon  me  by  law.  Nor  would  it 
avail  should  I  seek  his  consent  for  greater  latitude  of  action,  for  even  if  disposed  to 
grant  special  concessions  he  could  not  do  so,  and  I  doubt  if  the  supreme  authority  of 
my  Government  could  now,  under  the  prevailing  truce  with  Spain,  invest  him  with  the 
requisite  powers  to  do  so  and  at  the  same  time  preserve  its  international  obligations. 

The  second  concession  named  by  you  is  restitution  of  positions  in  the  citv  of  Manila 
to  your  forces,  in  case  the  treaty  of  peace  remands  to  Spain  the  territory  surrendered 
under  the  late  capitulatory  articles;  and  the  third  and  last  is  a  promise  to  retire  our 
troops  within  the  lines  indicated  by  you,  as  the  lines  on  which  you  desire  vour  troops 
to  remain  permanently.  These  propositions  having  a  kindred  nature,  may  be  consid- 
ered together,  and,  indeed,  have  already  been  impliedlv  answered.  From  previous 
statements  of  facts  and  logical  conclusions  made  and  stated  in  this  communication, 
concerning  the  nature  of  the  obligations  resting  on  the  United  States  with  regard  to  the 
territory  to  which  they  have  the  legal  right  of  possession  under  contracting  articles 
with  Spain,  it  is  evident  that  neither  in  law  nor  morals  can  the  concessions  be  made. 
I  would  be  powerless  to  grant  them  in  any  aspect  of  the  case,  being  nothing  more  than 
an  agent  to  carry  out  the  instructions  of  the  executive  head  of  my  Government  and 
not  being  vested  with  discretionary  power  to  determine  matters  of  such  moment.  In 
the  present  instance  I  am  not  only  yiowerless  to  accede  to  vour  request,  but  have  been 
strictly  enjoined  by  my  Government,  mindful  of  its  international  promises  and 
national  honor,  which  it  has  never  broken  nor  sacrificed,  not  to  accede  joint  occupation 
of  the  city  and  suburbs  of  Manila,  and  am  directed  specially  to  preserve  the  peace  and 
protect  persons  and  property  within  the  territory  surrendered  under  the  terms  of  the 
Spanish  capitulation.    These  mandates  must  be  obeyed. 

Thus  have  I  endeavored  with  all  candor  and  sincerity,  holding  nothing  in  reserve,  to 
place  before  you  the  situation  as  understood  by  me,  and  I  doubt  not  by  the  Republic 
which  I  represent.  I  have  not  been  instructed  as  to  what  policy  the"  United  States 
intends  to  pursue  in  regard  to  its  legitimate  holdings  here,  and  hence  I  am  unable  to 
give  you  any  information  on  the  subject.  That  it  will  have  a  care  and  labor  conscien- 
tiously for  the  welfare  of  your  people  I  sincerely  believe.  It  remains  for  you,  benefi- 
ciaries of  its  .sacrifices,  to  adopt  a  course  of  action  which  will  manifest  your  good  inten- 
tions and  show  to  the  world  the  principles  which  actuate  your  proceedings. 

\  on  anil  your  associates  could  not  regret  more  than  I  any  conflict  between  our  forces, 
which  would  tend  to  excite  tiie  citizens  of  my  country,  who  are  always  a  unit  in  action 
whenever  its  .'sovereignty  is  attacked  or  its  rights  to  fulfill  its  international  obligations 
is  called  into  question.  Then  they  never  count  cost,  and,  as  vou  are  fullv  aware,  its 
re.sources  are  abundant.  Rather  than  see  the  ships  of  the  navv  of  the  United  States 
controlling  the  navigable  waters  of  these  islands  and  its  armv  devastating  their  terri- 
tory, I  would  greatly  prefer  to  advise  my  Government  that  there  is  no  longer  need  to 
send  more  of  its  troops  to  this  section  of  the  country,  and  that  those  whom  it  holds 
waiting  on  its  Pacific  slope  can  be  remanded  to  their  homes  or  employed  elsewhere,  as 
it  may  determine. 

It  only  remains  for  me  to  respectfully  notify  you  that  I  am  compelled  by  my  instruc- 
tions to  direct  that  your  armed  forces  evacuate  the  entire  city  of  Manila,  including  the 
suburbs  and  defenses,  and  that  Ishall  be  obliged  to  take  action  with  that  end  in  view 
within  a  very  short  space  of  time  should  you  decline  to  coinplv  with  niv  ( io\  ernment's 
demands;  and  I  hereby  serve  notice  on  vou  that  unless  vour  lroo|.-  ;nv  withdrawn 
beyond  the  line  of  the  city's  defen.ses  before  Thursday,  the  loiii  inst:i  ni,  I  slu.ll  be  obliged 
to  resort  to  forcible  action,  and  that  my  Government  will  hold  you  responsible  for  any 
unfortunate  consequences  which  may  ensue. 


404  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

Permit  me  to  believe  that  my  confidence  in  the  sound  judgment  and  patriotism  of 
yourself  and  associates  is  not  misplaced. 

You  will  please  pardon  me  for  my  apparent  unnecessary  delay  in  replying  to  your 
communication  of  the  27th  ultimo,  but  press  of  the  duties  connected  with  the  adminis- 
tration of  the  affairs  of  this  city  is  my  excuse. 

In  conclusion,  I  beg  to  inform  you  that  I  have  conferred  freely  with  Admiral  Dewey 
upon  the  contents  of  this  communication  and  am  delegated  by  him  to  slate  that  he 
fully  approves  of  the  same  in  all  respects;  that  the  commands  of  our  Government 
compel  us  to  act  as  herein  indicated,  and  that  between  our  respective  forces  there  will 
be  unanimity  and  complete  concert  of  action. 

I  am,  sir,  with  great  respect,  your  obedient  servant, 

E.  S.  Otis, 
Major  General  U.  S.  V., 
United  States  Military  Governor  in  the  Philippines. 

On  September  13th  a  commission  sent  by  Aguinaldo  and  consisting  of  three  mem- 
bers, one  of  whom  was  the  treasurer  and  another  the  attorney  general  of  the  insurgent 
government,  called  for  the  purpose  of  discussing  the  subject  of  ray  letter  of  the  8th. 
They  asked  me  to  withdraw  it  and  simply  request  in  writing  that  the  insurgent  troops 
retire  to  the  line  designated  by  General  Merritt,  which  I  refused  to  do,  stating  that 
unless  they  withdrew  as  directed  we  would  be  obliged  to  resort  to  force.  They  then 
asked  that  I  withdraw  the  letter  and  issue  a  request  unaccompanied  by  any  threat  to 
use  force,  as  Aguinaldo  was  fearful  that  he  would  be  unable  to  remove  his  troops  upon 
demand.  To  which  I  replied  that  the  letter  of  the  8th  instant  would  stand.  They  then 
said  that  as  the  demands  of  that  letter  must  remain  unchanged,  the  insurgents  would 
withdraw  as  directed  therein,  but  that  if  I  would  express  in  writing  a  simple  request  to 
Aguinaldo  to  withdraw  to  the  lines  which  I  designated  —  something  which  he  could 
show  to  the  troops  and  induce  them  to  think  that  he  was  simply  acting  upon  a  request 
from  these  headquarters— he  would  probably  be  able  to  retire  his  men  Mithout  much 
difficulty  ;  that,  of  course,  they  themselves  understood  the  direction  to  withdraw,  which 
would  be  obeyed,  and  thereupon  repeated  their  desire  to  obtain  a  note  of  request,  where- 
upon I  furnished  them  with  the  following: 

Office  United  States  Military  Governor 
IN  the  Philippine  Islands, 

Manila,  P.  I.,  September  13,  1898. 
The  Commanding  General  of  the  Philippine  Forces. 

Sir:  Referring  to  my  communication  of  September  8th,  I  have  the  honor  to  inform 
you  that  I  have  had  a  most  agreeable  conversation  with  certain  gentlemen  who  are  in 
the  interests  of  your  revolutionary  government  upon  the  matters  therein  contained. 
We  have  discussed  at  length  the  complications  now  existing,  which  will  exist,  and  will 
doubtless  increase,  while  our  troops  continue  to  occupy  jointly  certain  districts  of  the 
city  of  Manila.  I  have  urged  upon  them  the  necessity  of  the  withdrawal  of  your  troops 
in  order  that  the  friendly  relations  which  have  always  been  maintained  by  and  between 
them  and  the  forces  of  the  United  States  Government  may  be  perpetuated.  I  am  sure 
that  the  gentlemen  fully  appreciate  my  sentiments  and  will  clearly  report  them  to  you. 
May  I  ask  you  to  patiently  listen  to  their  report  of  our  conversation  ? 

It  is  my  desire  that  our  friendly  intercourse  and  mutual  amicable  relations  be  con- 
tinued ;  that  they  be  not  jeopardized  if  we  can  by  consistent  action  avoid  it,  and  such, 
I  am  certain,  is  the  desire  of  yourself  and  associates. 

May  I  ask,  therefore,  that  you  withdraw  your  troops  from  Manila? 

Permit  me  to  add  in  conclusion  that  I  have  that  confidence  in  your  ability  and  patri- 
otism which  will  lead  you  to  accede  to  this  request. 

I  am,  with  great  respect,  your  most  obedient  servant, 

E.  S.  Otis, 
Major  General  U.  S.  V., 
United  States  Military  Governor  in  the  Philippines. 

In  reply  to  whicli,  on  the  16th,  the  following  was  received  : 

Malolos,  Bulacan,  September  16,  1898. 
The  Commanding  General  of  the  American  Forces. 

My  Dear  Sir:  Referring  to  5'our  esteemed  communication,  dated  the  13th  instant, 
I  have  the  honor  to  inform  you  that  I  have  given  appropriate  orders  that  my  troops 
should  abandon  their  most  advanced  positions  within  some  of  the  suburbs,  and  that 
they  should  retire  to  points  where  contact  with  yours  would  be  more  difficult,  in  order 
to  avoid  all  occasion  for  conflict. 

I  hope  that  by  these  presents  you  will  be  fully  convinced  of  my  constant  desire  to 
preserve  amicable  relations  with  the  American  forces,  even  at  the  risk  of  sacrificing  a 
part  of  the  confidence  placed  in  my  government  by  the  Philippine  people. 

A  consideration  of  my  many  occupations  will  serve  to  excuse  me  for  not  having 
answered  with  the  promptness  desired. 

Your  very  respectful  servant,  Emilio  Aguinaldo. 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  405 

On  the  evening  of  the  15th  the  armed  insurgent  organizations  withdrew  from  the 
city  and  all  of  its  suburbs,  as  acknowledged  by  their  leaders,  excepting  from  one  small 
outlying  district.  This  certain  agents  of  Aguinaldo  asked  on  the  previous  day  to  be 
permitted  to  retain  for  a  short  time,  on  the  plea  that  the  general  officer  in  command 
would  not  obey  instructions,  and  they  proposed  to  remove  his  men  gradually  by 
organizations  and  thereafter  to  punish  him  for  his  disobedience.  The  withdrawal  was 
effected  adroitly,  as  the  insurgents  marched  out  in  excellent  spii-its,  cheering  the  Amer- 
ican troops. 

During  the  progress  of  these  negotiations  the  tactical  organization  of  troops  was 
being  effected.  General  Merritt,  on  August  23d,  had  formed  the  corps  into  two  divi- 
sions, the  first  at  Cavite,  composed  of  troops  recently  arrived  and  expected  to  arrive 
later,  with  certain  exceptions;  the  second,  of  those  stationed  in  Manila.  Early  in  Sep- 
tember orders  were  issued  announcing  the  staff  officers  of  the  corps  and  department ; 
also  announcing  to  the  command  the  promotions  of  Brigadier  Generals  Anderson,  Mac- 
Arthur,  and  Greene  to  major  genei-als  United  States  Volunteers,  and  of  Colonels  Oven- 
shine  and  Hale  and  Lieutenant  Colonel  Whittier  to  the  grade  of  brigadier  generals  of 
Volunteers;  also  the  composition  of  divisions,  which  were  organized  as  follows:  The 
first,  comprising  all  troops  in  the  district  of  Cavite,  Major  General  Anderson  to  com- 
mand, and  consisting  of  one  brigade  to  be  commanded  by  Brig.  Gen.  H.  G.  Otis ;  the 
second,  under  command  of  Major  General  MacArthur,  consisting  of  two  brigades,  to  be 
commanded,  respectively,  by  Brigadier  Generals  Ovenshine  and  Hale.  Measui-es  were 
taken  to  promptly  meet  any  difficulties  which  might  arise  under  the  demand  to  with- 
draw from  the  city  which  had  been  served  upon  the  insui-gents.  Brig.  Gen.  R.  P. 
Hughes,  U.  S.  v.,  relieved  General  MacArthur  as  provost  marshal  of  Manila,  and  was 
placed  in  command  of  a  separate  brigade  to  constitute  the  provost  guard,  consisting 
of  the  Twenty-third  Infantry,  the  Second  Oregon,  and  First  Montana  regiments  of 
volunteers. 

In  General  Merritt's  orders  of  August  15th  and  16th,  wherein  he  prescribed  regula- 
tions for  the  government  of  Manila,  he  announced  as  follows : 

In  addition  to  his  duties  as  brigade  commander.  Brig.  Gen.  Arthur  McArthur, 
U.  S.  v.,  is  hereby  appointed  military  commandant  of  the  walled  city  of  Manila,  and 
provost  marshal  general  of  the  city  of  Manila,  including  all  outlying  districts  within 
the  municipal  j  urisdiction.  *  *  He  will  relieve  the  civil  governor  of  bis  functions,  and 
take  possession  of  the  offices,  clerks,  and  all  the  machinery  of  administration  of  that 
office,  retaining  and  employing  the  prosiiil  subordinate  officers  of  civil  artniinistration 
until  in  his  judgment  it  is  desirable  to  nplacc  them  by  other  appointiiunts.  *  *  In 
paragraphs  3  and  4  of  the  terms  of  capitulation,  full  lists  of  public  property  and  stores 
and  returns  in  duplicate  of  the  men  by  organizations  are  to  be  rendered  to  the  United 
States  within  ten  days,  and  public  property  of  all  kinds  is  to  be  turned  over  to  the  staff 
officers  of  the  United  States  designated  to  receive  them.  Under  these  paragraphs  the 
chief  of  artillery  at  these  headquarters  and  the  chiefs  of  the  staff  departments  will  take 
possession  of  the  public  property  turned  over  as  above,  pertaining  to  their  respective 
departments.  The  returns  of  prisoners  will  be  submitted  to  their  military  commandant 
of  the  city,  who  will  assign  the  men,  for  quarters,  in  such  public  buildings  and  barracks 
as  are  not  required  for  the  use  of  United  States  troops.  *  *  The  chief  paymaster  at 
these  headquarters  will  turn  over  such  portions  of  the  Spanish  public  funds  received  by 
him,  by  virtue  of  this  order,  to  the  military  commandant  above  designated,  as  may  be 
necessary  for  the  administration  of  liis  office.  All  removals  and  appointments  of  sub- 
ordinate officers  of  civil  administration  and  transfers  of  funds  authorized  by  the  order 
must  receive  the  approval  of  tlic  ronmiaiidin','  L^Miicral  before  action  is  taken. 

In  addition  to  the  commanl  of  liis  |jriuail<\  lliii;.  Gen.  F.  V.  Greene,  U.  S.  V.,  will  per- 
form the  duties  hitherto  pi  rt'oimcd  liy  the  int<  ndente  general  de  hacienda,  and  will 
have  charge,  subject  to  instructions  of  the  major  general  commanding,  of  all  fiscal 
affairs  of  the  government  of  Manila. 

Col.  C.  A.  Whittier,  U.  S.  V.,  is  appointed  collector  of  customs,  and  the  chief  paymas- 
ter. Department  of  the  Pacific,  will  designate  a  bonded  officer  of  the  Pay  Department  as 
custodian  of  all  public  funds.  Both  of  these  officers  will  report  to  Brigadier  General 
Greene  for  instructions. 

Under  this  last  paragraph  Maj.  Charles  H.  Whipple,  paymaster,  U.  S.  A.,  was  directed 
to  receive  the  Spanish  public  funds.  Maj.  R.  B.  C.  Bement.  U.  S.  Volunteer  Engineers, 
had  already  been  appointed  the  collector  of  interval  revenue,  and  by  request  of  General 
Merritt  and  consent  of  Admiral  Dewey,  Capt.  Henry  Glass,  U.  S.  N.,  was  designated  as 
captain  of  the  port. 

On  August  22d  military  commissions  and  provost  courts  were  pro\'ided  for  and  their 
jurisdiction  defined.    In  the  proclamation  issued  at  the  time  of  the  surrender  of  the 


406  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

city,  it  was  ordered  that  the  municipal  laws  "should  be  considered  as  continuing  in 
force  in  so  far  as  compatible  with  the  purposes  of  military  government,"  and  should 
"be  administered  through  the  ordinai-y  tribunals  substantially  as  before  occupation, 
but  by  oliicers  appointed  by  the  government  of  occupation." 

By  department  orders,  issued  on  the  eve  of  his  departure.  General  Merritt,  under 
instructions  from  Washington,  relieved  General  (ireene  and  personal  staflf  from  duty 
directing  their  return  to  the  United  States,  and  appointed  Lieut.  Col.  C.  A.  Whittier, 
inspector  general  of  the  corps  (and  shortly  afterwards  announced  as  brigadier  general 
of  volunteers),  inteudente  de  hacienda,  which  gave  him  charge  of  all  fiscal  matters  in 
the  territory  of  occupation,  and  continued  him  as  collector  of  customs. 

Such  were  the  chief  measures  announced  and  the  means  adopted  to  continue  in  part 
and  establish  in  part  a  tempoj-ary  government  to  administer  the  affairs  of  the  city  of 
Manila.  LTnfortunately,  the  Spanish  civil  authorities  abandoned  most  of  the  civil  otHces 
without  making  transfer  of  the  public  records  and  property.  The  officers  of  the  Spanish 
army  never  made  satisfactory  returns  of  their  troops,  by  organization  or  otherwise,  and 
did  not  render  lists  of  property  to  the  United  States  within  the  period  of  ten  days,  as 
promised  in  the  capitulatory  articles,  nor  have  they  ever  rendered  such  lists.  The  civil 
court  justices  vacated  their  positions  and  gradually  sailed  for  Spain  without  giving 
notice  of  their  intention  to  depart,  nor  taking  the  necessary  measures  to  render  secure 
the  pi-operty  and  especially  the  records  of  their  courts,  many  of  which  could  never  be 
found,  and  which,  presumably,  they  took  with  them.  To  be  sure,  they  had  not  been 
authorized  to  exercise  their  functions  as  j  udges  by  the  government  of  occupation,  as  pro- 
vided for  in  the  articles  of  capitulation,  until  October  4,  189S,  and  then  only  in  a  limited 
degree,  as  the  granting  of  such  authority,  in  the  then  prevailing  condition  of  public 
feeling,  would  have  been  politically  disastrous,  or  at  least  most  injurious,  to  United 
States  interests.  Indeed,  in  two  or  three  instances  when,  without  appointment  or 
authority,  they  attempted  to  judicially  determine  questions  in  litigation  and  pending 
at  the  time  of  the  surrender  of  the  city,  indignant  protests  were  submitted  by  inhabit- 
ants, both  native  and  foreign,  and  instructions  to  suspend  action  on  the  ground  of 
unauthorized  proceedings  were  issued  from  the  office  of  military  governor. 

Finally,  upon  October  7th,  to  meet  the  needs  of  the  citizens  for  tribunals  to  pass  upon 
questions  of  a  strictly  civil  character,  the  following  order  was  issued  : 

Until  otherwise  directed  from  these  headquarters,  the  civil  courts,  as  composed  and 
constituted  ))y  the  laws  of  Spain,  which  were  held  and  iidrninistercrt  prior  to  Auijust  IS, 
1898,  within  Pliilii)piiie  ten-itory  now  subject  to  United  Stali-s  military  oi'dipation  and 
control,  are  permitted  to  resume  at  once  the  e.xercise  <>t  the  civil  jurisdiction  eoulcrrcd 
by  Spanish  laws  within  the  limits  of  that  territoj-y,  subject,  however,  to  sucli  super- 
vision by  the  military  government  of  the  United  States  here  instituted  as  in  its  judg- 
ment the  interests  of  that  Government  may  demand.  This  privilege  does  not  extend 
to  or  embrace  permission  to  institute  criminal  jurisdiction  of  any  nature  or  character 
whatsoever. 

The  provisions  of  orders  heretofore  issued  by  the  authority  of  the  United  States  in 
the  Philippine  Islands  inconsistent  with  the  foregoing  instructions  and  directions  are 
hereby  revoked. 

The  difficulties  and  perplexities  which  confronted  all  officers  appointed  to  conduct 
civil  affairs  was  therefore  very  great.  The  prisons  were  full  to  overflowing  with  con- 
victed criminals  and  persons  charged  with  crimes.  Immediate  attempts  were  made  to 
relieve  this  congestion,  and  applications  of  the  friends  of  those  incarcerated,  for  their 
release,  were  constant.  In  the  jail  deliveries  which  followed,  although  conducted  after 
seai-ch  of  records  obtainable  at  the  time,  a  few  of  the  most  notorious  criminals  escaped. 
Subsequently  greater  care  was  exercised  and  each  individual  case  was  made  the  subject 
of  investigation,  and  even  then,  when  pardon  accompanied  by  release  was  granted,  it 
was  frequently  followed  by  application  for  the  return  of  embargoed  estat-es,  which  pre- 
sented very  perplexing  questions  for  determination,  involving  a  study  of  many  Spanish 
war-measure  decrees. 

The  city  government  which  was  in  operation  at  the  time  of  surrender  and  the  rev- 
enue measures  practiced  for  its  support  were  the  results  of  national,  colonial,  and  local 
decrees,  orders,  and  approved  recommendations,  more  or  less  complicated,  with  amend- 
atory features,  uncodified,  and   running  over  a  period  of  many  years,  presenting  a 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  407 

system  so  complex  that  after  the  study  of  months  it  is  not  yet  fully  understood  and 
certainly  not  appreciated.  The  monthly  expenditures  for  the  city  have  been  double  the 
amount  of  its  receipts,  but  as  all  collections  of  whatever  nature  made  in  the  islands  are 
deposited  with  the  general  fund  in  the  treasury  and  money  is  drawn  therefrom  on  war- 
rants as  demands  arise,  no  difficulty  has  been  experienced. 

The  chiefs  of  the  supply  departments  and  sta IT  corps  of  the  Army,  who  .had  been 
directed  to  receive  and  receipt  for  the  Spanish  military  stores  when  the  prescribed  lists 
should  be  presented,  were  obliged  to  rely  solely  upon  their  own  efforts  to  discover  this 
property,  as  no  assistance  was  tendered  by  the  officers  of  Spain.  They  were,  it  is 
believed,  fairlj'  successful  in  their  persistent  searches,  took  up  and  accounted  for  the 
property  found,  considerable  of  which,  such  as  clothing,  subsistence,  and  medicines, 
were  expended  in  the  care  of  Spanish  prisoners  of  war.  The  inventories  which  they 
made  were  very  advantageous  in  the  final  settlement  of  United  States  and  Spanish 
claims  in  regard  to  tliis  class  of  property.  General  Merritt's  orders  and  those  which 
closely  followed  were  based  on  the  articles  of  capitulation  by  which  it  was  transferred 
to  the  United  States,  as  information  concerning  the  peace  protocol  of  August  12th, 
which  held  in  abeyance  all  questions  of  property  right  pending  the  conclusion  of  a 
treaty  of  peace,  had  not  been  received.  The  fifth  article  of  the  Paris  treaty  of  Decem- 
ber 10th  returned  to  Spain  all  these  army  stores  and  property,  and  the  inventories  which 
our  officers  had  talsen  constituted  the  basis  of  intelligent  settlement  with  the  represen- 
tatives of  that  government  under  treaty  stipulations,  and  in  many  instances  enabled 
those  representatives  to  formulate  their  demands. 

For  three  and  one  half  months  Admiral  Dewey  with  his  squadron  and  the  insurgents 
on  land  had  kept  Manila  tightly  bottled.  All  commerce  had  been  interdicted,  internal 
trade  paralyzed,  and  food  supplies  were  nearly  exhausted.  Upon  the  opening  of  the 
port  merchants  were  clamoring  for  the  reestablishment  of  inter-island  commerce. 

They  had  advanced  large  amounts  of  money  on  their  harvested  crops  of  tobacco, 
hemp,  and  sugar  which  awaited,  at  many  points  of  the  various  islands,  shipment  to 
Manila.  No  present  relief  could  be  furnished  by  the  military  authorities.  The  harbor 
was  filled  with  Spanish  shipping  and  tliat  of  other  European  countries.  The  United 
States  was  not  represented  by  merchantmen  of  any  character.  Spain  owned  and  was 
entitled  to  possession  of  all  Philippine  territory,  except  temporary  occupancy  of  the 
bay,  harbor,  and  city  of  Manila,  although  the  insurgents  had  forcibly  seized  upon  many 
cities  and  ports.  The  insurrection  had  spread  to,  and  was  active  in,  all  the  islands  with 
the  exception  of  the  Sulu  Archipelago,  and  there  the  hereditary  antagonism  of  the  Moros 
was  only  comparatively  dormant.  Spain  was  concentrating  her  scattered  forces  in  the 
south  at  the  central  Visayan  Islands  and  at  Zamboanga,  and  the  Spanish  general  who 
was  in  immediate  charge  of  Spanish  military  affairs  (General  Rios)  had  made  his  head- 
quarters at  Iloilo.  Through  negotiations  with  General  Rios,  conducted  under  War  De- 
partment permission,  an  arrangement  was  effected  whereby  vessels  carrying  either  the 
Spanish  or  American  flag  might  engage  in  trade  at  a  number  of  the  inter-island  ports, 
the  Spanish  laws  to  be  applied  to  shipment  and  commercial  privileges.  But  a  grave 
difficulty  still  presented  itself.  Vessels  flying  the  Spanish  flag  could  not  safely  enter  any 
ports  which  had  been  seized  by  the  insurgents,  nor  could  inter-island  commerce  be 
opened  to  foreign  governments  as  it  was  free  and  undutiable  in  all  respects.  The  mer- 
chants formerly  employing  the  flag  of  Spain  resorted  to  sale  and  transfer  of  their  ships 
to  American  residents,  technical  doubtless  in  many  instances,  but  upon  furnishing  due 
written  proof  of  a  full  compliance  with  United  States  consular  regulations  in  these  par- 
ticulars, provisional  American  registration  was  granted.  Many  of  these  vessels  were 
thereupon  released  and  trade  became  quite  active.  Still  another  difficulty  was  encoun- 
tered and  materially  affected  the  public  revenue.  The  customs  tariffs  and  regulations 
which  has  been  prescribed  for  application  were  faulty  in  many  respects  and  required 
amendment  before  tliey  could  be  intelligently  applied.  It  was,  therefore,  ordered  on 
September  29th  that  "the  enforcement  of  these  regulations  be  i)ostponed  until  the  10th 
day  of  November  next,  and  that  the  tariffs  and  duties  at  present  imposed  be  continued 
to  be  a]>plied  in  the  jiort  of  Manila  until  that  date,  with  this  exception,  viz,  that  all 


408  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

goods  and  merchandise  secured,  or  purchased,  within  the  dominions  of  Spain  (the  Phil- 
ippine Islands  excepted)  since  Api-il  2oth,  last,  the  date  of  formal  declaration  of  war  by 
the  United  States  Government  between  that  country  and  the  Kingdom  of  Spain,  shall 
be  received  into  this  port  upon  the  same  conditions  as  to  payment  of  tariflTs  and  duties 
as  the  goods  and  merchandise  of  strictly  neutral  nations." 

Upon  October  3d  Capt.  J.  F.  Evans,  of  the  volunteer  subsistence  department,  who  had 
been  sent  to  the  Philippines  to  assist  in  revenue  matters,  was  assigned  to  duty  at  the 
customhouse,  his  services  to  be  temporarily  "confined  to  a  careful  consideration  of  trade 
conditions  and  an  exhaustive  study  of  the  United  States  customs  and  tariff  regulations 
prescribed  for  application,  with  a  view  of  suggesting  amendments  and  modlflcations 
therein,  in  order  to  render  them  as  practicable  as  possible  to  existing  circumstances." 
The  entire  labor  of  revision  was  imposed  upon  him  and  he  performed  it  in  a  most  satis- 
factory manner.  His  revision  was  adopted  and  put  in  force  at  the  announced  date 
(November  10th),  has  given  satisfaction  to  all  parties  concerned,  and  has  worked 
smoothly,  only  a  few  minor  amendments  having  been  made  since  it  became  operative. 
There  were  also  other  complications  which  arose  from  Spanish  action  or  a  misunder- 
standing on  the  part  of  the  United  States  authorities  of  Spanish  expressed  intention  as 
to  the  particular  measures  which  must  be  adopted  to  secure  the  entrance  of  American 
vessels  to  Spanish  ports  — such  as  sailing  under  Spanish  captains  and  the  obtaining, 
under  certain  conditions,  from  General  Rios  himself,  at  Iloilo,  of  a  special  permit  to 
visit  certain  trading  points.  Occasionally  a  vessel  was  turned  back  on  her  course  by 
Spanish  officers  or  denied  entrance  to  a  port  after  arrival  there.  Of  this  the  merchants 
complained  and  the  complaints  became  the  subject  of  considerable  official  correspond- 
ence and  controversy.  The  insurgents,  too,  whose  government  had  taken  firm  root  at 
Malolos,  were,  through  the  medium  of  president,  cabinet,  and  congress,  reeling  olT 
decrees  and  constitutional  provisions  at  a  rapid  rate.  Their  army  was  continually  suc- 
cessful against  the  small  Spanish  garrisons  scattered  throughout  the  islands,  and  they 
were  beginning  to  acquire  the  belief  that  they  were  invincible.  Revenue  was  their  need 
and  desire,  and  this  they  began  to  derive  quite  largely  from  imposing  export  duties  on 
all  products  shipped  to  Manila  from  any  shipping  point  in  their  possession,  compelling 
the  merchants  to  pay  on  their  property  some  ten  per  cent  ad  valorem  upon  removal. 
These  many  obstacles  so  impeded  commerce  that  trade  languished  and  the  customs  rev- 
enues were  greatly  impaired. 

With  the  entrance  of  the  United  States  troops  into  Manila  and  the  opening  up  of  that 
port  immigration  became  active.  Business  men  from  our  own  and  other  countries, 
studying  the  situation,  were  quite  numerous.  Menibers  of  the  criminal  classes,  who 
always  follow  the  wake  of  a  conquering  army,  came  from  the  American  and  Asiatic  sea- 
coasts  in  large  numbers.  The  native  population  of  the  city  rapidly  Increased  and  was 
augmented  by  a  considerable  Chinese  influx,  most  of  which  presented  cedulas  or  certifi- 
cates of  personal  identity,  issued  by  the  late  Spanish  Government,  in  order  to  prove 
former  residence  in  the  islands,  as  the  United  States  Chinese  exclusion  law  was  directed 
to  be  applied.  Aguinaldo's  army  of  observation,  on  the  outskirts  of  the  city,  contained 
many  natives  or  residents  of  Manila,  who,  with  all  others  of  his  soldiers,  were  accorded 
if  unarmed,  though  uniformed,  full  liberty  to  enter  any  portion  of  the  same.  All  these 
heterogeneous  elements,  with  the  fourteen  thousand  United  States  troops  quartered 
here,  filled  the  city  to  repletion  and  gave  the  provost  marshal  general  and  his  guards 
ample  occupation.  The  outside  country  was  not  yet  shut  to  trade  and  the  port  was  open 
to  all  foreign  ships.  Hence  subsistence  was  abundant  and  the  minor  business  indus- 
tries were  well  employed. 

In  a  former  portion  of  this  report  I  stated  the  fact  that  the  insurgent  authorities  had 
received  permission  to  continue  in  occupancy  of  certain  suburbs  of  the  city  for  a  short 
time  when  they,  on  September  15th,  withdrew  their  troops  from  its  interior  portions. 
They  did  not  subsequently  remove  their  troops  in  accordance  with  agreement,  but 
appeared  to  be  determined  to  retain  Paco  and  Pandacan,  as  they  believed  them  to  be 
advantageous  military  positions,  south  of  the  Pasig  River.  The  assertion  was  made, 
and  became  current,  that  these  suburbs  were  not  within  the  jurisdiction  of  Manila,  and 


ORPXiON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  409 

it  became  advisable  to  malse  search  and  survey  to  gain  desired  information  on  that 
point.    These  were  made  by  Lieutenant  Colonel  Potter,  chief  engineer  of  the  corps. 

The  survey  showed  that  the  city  had  never  been  correctly  mapped,  especially  as  con- 
cerned the  trend  of  the  Pasig  River  and  the  lines  of  outlying  districts.  The  best  opinion 
did  not  consider  the  suburbs,  still  occupied  by  the  insurgent  troops,  beyond  city  limits, 
but  no  decree  could  be  found  which  fixed  their  political  status.  These  troops  had  given 
great  annoyance.  Their  officers  had  extorted  contributions  from  the  citizens  of  Manila, 
some  of  whom  they  had  kidnaped  and  carried  away.  They  had  placed  guards  upon 
the  river  bank  and  in  many  instances  refused  to  permit  our  otficers  to  pass  their  lines, 
although  a  mutual  agreement  had  been  made  which  permitted  the  individual  members 
of  both  armies,  when  unarmed,  to  pass  and  repass  all  military  lines  without  hindrance. 
A  number  of  reports  were  submitted  of  insurgent  interference  in  this  respect.  General 
Anderson  called  at  my  quarters  on  October  9th,  and  complained  of  the  indignity  he 
had  received  at  the  hands  of  the  insurgents,  in  not  being  permitted  to  proceed  up  the 
river  through  the  insurgent  lines,  and  was  thereupon  informed  that,  as  soon  as  a  certain 
map  of  survey  could  be  completed.  General  Aguinaldo  would  be  directed  to  remove  his 
troops  from  Paco.    On  the  following  day  he  submitted  the  following  official  complaint : 

Headquarters  First  Division,  Eighth  Army  Corps, 

Cavite  Arsenal,  P.  I.,  October  10,  1S9S. 
The  Ad.tutant  General, 

Department  of  the  Pacific  and  Eighth  Army  Corps,  Manila,  P.  I. 
Sir  :  I  have  the  honor  to  report  that  yesterday,  the  9th  instant,  while  proceeding  up 
the  Pasig  River,  on  the  steam  launch  Canacao,  with  three  officers  of  my  staff,  the  Ameri- 
can flag  flying  over  the  boat,  I  was  stopped  by  an  armed  Filipino  guard  and  informed 
that  we  could  go  no  farther.  Explaining  that  we  were  an  unarmed  party  of  American 
officers  out  upon  an  excursion,  we  were  informed  that,  by  orders  given  two  days  before, 
no  Americans,  armed  or  unarmed,  were  allowed  to  pass  up  the  Pasig  River  without  a 
special  permit  from  President  Aguinaldo. 

I  demanded  to  .see  the  written  order,  and  it  was  brought  and  shown  me.  It  was  an 
official  letter  signed  Pio  del  Pilar,  division  general,  written  in  Tagalo  and  stamped  with 
what  appeared  to  be  an  official  seal.  It  purported  to  be  issued  by  the  authority  of  the 
president  of  the  revolutionary  government,  and  forbade  Americans,  either  armed  or 
unarmed,  from  passing  up  the  Pasig  River.    It  was  signed  by  Pilar  himself. 

As  this  is  a  distinctly  hostile  act,  I  beg  leave  to  ask  how  far  we  are  to  submit  to  this 
kind  of  interference. 

It  is  respectfully  submitted  that  whether  this  act  of  Pilar  was  authorized  or  not  by 
the  assumed  insurgent  government,  it  should,  in  any  event,  be  resented. 
Very  respectfully, 

Thomas  H.  Anderson, 
Major  General,  U.  8.  V.,  Commanding  Division. 

As  soon  as  the  completed  map  of  survey  of  the  city  could  be  blue  printed  a  communi- 
cation was  prepared  and  taken  by  one  of  my  aids  to  Malolos.  An  allusion  was  made 
therein  to  General  Aguinaldo's  letter  of  September  16th,  in  which  he  informed  me  of  his 
action  of  the  previous  day  in  withdrawing  troops  in  consonance  with  my  former  request 
and  which  did  not  at  the  time  require  reply.    The  communication  was  as  follows  : 

Office  of  the  United  States  Military  Gonernor, 

Manila,  P.  I.,  October  lA,  ISOS. 
Gen.  Emilio  Aguinaldo, 

Commanding  Philippine  Revolutionary  Forces,  Malolos,  P.  I. 

General:  I  have  the  honor  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your  favor  of  the  16th 
ultimo,  and  beg  to  apologize  for  the  late  otficial  recognition  of  the  same,  presenting  as  a 
reason  for  my  delay  the  necessity  of  obtaining  certain  information  in  order  to  arrive  at 
conclusions  in  matters  materially  afl"ecting  the  substance  of  our  late  correspondence, 
the  securing  of  which  has  been  attended  with  great  difficulty. 

I  fully  appreciate  the  friendly  spirit  manifested  toward  my  Government  in  your 
expressions  of  regard,  which  your  action  in  retiring  your  troops  has  confirmed,  but  I 
believe  there  has  existed  and  still  exists  some  misunderstanding  as  to  the  limits  of  ter- 
ritory which  that  Government  is  compelled  to  occupy  and  administer  under  its  inter- 
national obligations  with  Spain,  the  responsibility  for  whicli  it  can  not  escape. 

The  articles  of  capitulation  transferred  the  city  of  Manila,  with  suburbs  and  all 
defenses,  as  I  had  the  honor  to  inform  you  in  my  letter  of  September  8th.  It  was  found 
impossible  to  determine  definitely,  on  any  existing  map,  either  the  limits  of  the  city  or 
the  lines  of  its  defenses.  The  latter  had  been  variously  placed,  at  some  points  retired 
and  at  others  thrust  out  beyond  the  conceded  city  limits.  I  therefore  directed  my  chief 
engineer,  by  a  careful  search  of  the  municipal  records  and  an  actual  survey,  to  ascertain 


410  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

the  lines  within  which  occiipatiou  by  United  States  troops  was  obligatory  by  reason  of 
the  terms  of  the  surrender.  He  has  finally  concluded  these  directed  labors,  and  has  pre- 
sented a  map,  of  which  the  enclosed  blue  print  is  a  copy,  on  which  is  traced  in  white  the 
lines  determined  upon.  By  reference  to  this  print  and  a  comparison  of  the  same  with 
all  former  existing  maps  of  the  city  and  suburbs,  it  will  be  pr.-ceived  that  the  latter  vary 
materially  from  it,  .■s]„.,-ially  as  il,,-  iivnd  of  the  Pasig  River  and  the  l.iration  of  the 
bpanish  a<'lciis.-s.  'llii.  li;.«<,.|  riicnnivallatiou  on  the  i.rini  hctiin  at  the  Bocaua  de 
Vitas  and  thence  they  tollow  .Maypa.io  (  lock  until  they  reach  the  line  of  the  Lico  road 
produced,  thence  proceed  along  said  line  and  load  to  Lico,  thence  to  the  junction  of  the 
two  roads  in  front  of  the  Chinese  hospital,  thence  along  the  road  in  front  of  .said  hos- 
pital to  the  north  corner  of  the  hos]>iial  wall,  thence  to  Blockhouse  No.  4,  thence  by 
Blockhouses  Nos.  5.  (i.  and  7  to  8an  Juan  del  .Monte  Cieek  at  the  aqueduct,  thence  down 
said  creek  and  u]>  the  Kin  i'asi-  t<.  the  mouth  of  Concordia  Creek,  thence  by  Concordia 
and  Iripa  de  (iallmas  cn'eks  lo  a  point  opijosite  the  place  where  the  road  from  Cingalon 
to  Pineda  (I'asaii  turns  sliar|>l.\  to  the  ri-ht,  thence  by  road  to  Maitubig,  and  thence  to 
the  mouth  oi  the  .Malale  i  iv,!^.  This  map  is  helieved  to  be  correct,  as  the  .surveying  and 
platting  were  exec  n  led  win,  ihe-ivaleM  eai-cand  with  a  desi  r.M'oi- accuracy,  the  Unes 
do  not  include  all  ol  thetdrilMiy  whjeli  tile  lale  SiKinish  civil  en-in..crof  this  city  has 
described  as  living  within  ils  submiis;,nd  a  lai-er  la-oportion  of  them  are  drawn  within 
the  lines  ol  the  eiiy's  tlelenses  ;  but  lliey  are  inaeti.al.  and  include  all  portions  of  the 
suburbs  which  my  Government,  under  its  pi  ..ini-e>  to  Spain,  could  be  expected  to  hold 
possession  of  under  any  demands  which  .Spain  nii;;ht  present. 

In  your  withdrawal  of  troops  I  note  that  to  the  iioiih  they  retired  to  the  line  described 
on  the  map  furnished  by  my  predecessor.  General  .Met  litt,  while  to  the  east  and  south 
his  request  was  not  observed.  As  far  as  Paco  is  concerned,  it  was  understood  that  the 
troop.s  in  that  section  would  be  withdrawn  within  a  short  period  ol  time  and  1  have 
now  the  honor  to  represent  that  the  retention  of  that  mutually  conceded  suburb  has 
been  a  source  of  great  annoyance  to  the  American  authorities,  and,  as  I  fully  believe  to 
yourself,  while  the  revolutionary  forces  along  the  Cingalon  and  connecting  roads  have 
been  the  cause  of  complaint  from  the  inhabitants  of  that  section. 

I  am  therefore  compelled  by  reason  of  my  instructions,  which  direct  me  to  execute 
faithfully  the  articles  of  the  Spanish  capitulation,  because  of  the  interests  of  my  Govern- 
ment and,  as  I  sincerely  believe,  the  welfare  of  your  own  forces,  to  ask  that  you  with- 
draw all  your  troops  beyond  the  lines  marked  in  the  accompanying  blue  print  which 
are  above  described,  and  I  must  request  such  withdrawal  on  or  before  the  20th  instant, 
else  I  shall  be  forced  into  some  action  looking  to  that  end. 

Permit  me,  in  conclusion.  General,  to  bring  to  your  attention  facts  of  which  vou  are 
doubtless  ignorant,  and  which  all  connected  with  the  American  authorities,  especially 
that  vast  majority  who  have  entertained  a  decided  and  ))ronounceil  friendlv  interest  in 
the  Philippine  people,  lia\(>  \;.\ved  with  more  or  l.v-s  indii^nalion.  In  a  nunilier  of 
instances  kidnaping  ami  r,)liher\  lia\-e  hicn  cominilled  leeentlv  \vithin  Ihe  eil\-  )iv  ijar- 
ties  who  claimed  to  be  coniucled  witli  \-oLir  f. n-ces,  some  of  w  Ik'hh  siaieil  that  they  were 
acting  under  your  insinietions.  This  I  can  not  believe;  bui  the  hi-h-lianded  offenses 
committed  by  these  pirsons  show  how  important  it  is,  for  the  iiii erects  ,,t  all  concerned, 
to  withdraw  your  I  roops  as  herein  requested.  In  numerous  instai.ces  ni  v  oilicer.s  have 
submitted  com|ilaints  m  me  i  hat  they  have  been  arrested  and  been  .■onrpelled  to  turn 
back  to  the  city,  tlioauh  .jonrneyin- as  unarmed  and  peaceful  citi/.ep,  nieiclv  with  the 
intent  to  seek  heali  h  and  n  cieaiioM  ;  and  on  Sunday  last  a  funeral  iiariv  from  the  Brit- 
ish war  ship  I'nir^  rjiil,  now  l\inii  within  this  harbor,  was  so  delayed  l,y  the  insurgent 
forces  at  Paco,  when  iiroceeding  to  its  English  cemetery,  that  it  was  obliged  to  return  to 
its  vessel  and  repeat  the  journey  on  the  following  day.  I  fail  to  see  how  such  proceed- 
ings can  11.' J  !i  I i tied  before  enlightened  public  opinion,  and  it  is  a  matter  of  profound 
surjirise  tome  ihata  people  .seeking  relief  from  theconirol  of  a  government,  by  which, 
in  the  pronounced  Judiiini  lit  of  a  large  porticm  of  the  civilized  world,  it  has  been 
oppressed  for  cent  nrie-.  sh.ald  permit  its  armed  authorities  to  so  conduct  themselves 
as  to  arouse  the  imii- nation  ,,f  friendly  and  assistant  nations.  The  indignities  which 
my  Government  ha-  siiiieied  from  the  revolutionary  forces  still  illegally  maintained  at 
Paco  (few  of  them  are  cited  herein)  can  not  be  tolerated  in  future.  Resistance  to  the 
high-handed  iir<iceediiii;s  committed  is  not  merely  considered  a  duty  from  which  there 
is  no  escape,  hut  would  he  esteemed  a  virtue  by  any  civilized  government  cognizant  of 
the  facts.  I  do  not  for  a  moment  iiermit  myself  to  entertain  the  impression  that  either 
you,  or  theableadvi-ers  by  wh..m  \oii  a  le  surrounded,  have  atithorized  these  insults  to 
my  Government,  liut  !  must  hrin-  them  to  Ihe  not  ice  of  the  authorities  which  main- 
tain these  troops,  and  iipon  whi,  h  lesi-  the  lei;ai  ivspoiiMbilii  v  iWr  I  heir  conduct. 

_  There  is  another  mal  ler  which  1  beg  e.-pecially  to  present  1.0  your  distingnished  con- 
.sideratiMi).  There  ,aie  a  great  number  of  United  States  .soldiers  within  this  cilv  and  a 
large  accession  primarily  intended  and  equipped  by  ray  Government  lor  iiseanainst 
the  armed  ibices  of  Spain,  is  en  route  for  this  port.  The  continued  unhealtlitiilness  of 
the  city,  notw  it  hsiandiim-  the  strenuous  efforts  we  are  making  for  a  thorough  police  of 
the  same,  ma,\  make  il  necessary  to  temporarily  encamp  such  troops  as  are  suffering 
from  diseases  com  lacti d  here  on  some  point  of  land  which  promises  favorable  sanitary 
conditions  for  rest, ,rai  ion  to  health. 

Should  th(  emei-eiic\  i„.c,im,'  imminent,  the  dictates  of  humanity  and  the  over- 
whelmiiiu  demand-  oi  my  (e.veinment  would  oblige  me  to  establish  a  convalescent 
camiiin  ihis  loialii\.  lo  which  I  roo)  is  could  be  .sent  for  recuperation,  and  to  relieve  the 
congested  situation  which  niiisi  attend  the  presence  of  so  large  a  body  of  armed  men 
within  a  thickly  ).o],ulate,l  cit\.  1  have  in  mind  for  this  i.ossihie  camp  the  grounds  on 
the  shore  of  the  bay  lormerly  occupied  by  Tnited  State-  (,•,„, ps  and  designated  Camp 
Dewey,  or  the  hmh  ground  to  the  east  of  the  city.  Hi-  my  lic-ireto  place  itat  a  locahty 
which  would  not  incouvenieucu  any  organizations  connected  with  your  forces  or  the 
surrounding  inhabitants,  and  to  the  emergency  of  this  anticipated  proceeding  I  respects 
fully  invite  your  consideration  and  ask  your  assistance  should  execution  become 
necessary.  Should  action  of  this  character  be  decided  upon,  I  beg  of  you  to  rest  flrmly 
in   my  unqualified  assurances  that  it  will  be  undertaken  in  a  spirit  of  the  greatest 


OUEGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  411 

friendliness  and  witli  the  sincere  desire  to  ueitlier  compromise  nor  affect  in  tlie  sliglitest 
degree  your  interests  and  ttiose  of  the  people  whom  you  represent,  but,  on  the  contrary, 
to  enhance  them.  .,.,,,.,. 

Permit  me  to  subscribe  myself.  General,  with  the  highest  respect. 
Your  most  obedient  servant, 

E.  8.  Otis, 
Major  General   U.  8.    V.. 
United  Statex  Mitilar}/  Governor  in  the  Philippines. 

On  the  18th  of  October  three  accredited  representatives  from  Aguinaldo  called,  and 
the  chairman.  Doctor  Tavera,  a  member  of  the  Malolos  cabinet,  presented  a  note,  of 
which  the  following  is  a  copy  : 

Manila,  October  IS,  1S9S. 
His  Excellency  Major  General  Otis, 

Military  Governor  of  the  United  States  Forees  in  the  Philippines. 

Generai,:  I  have  the  honor  to  place  in  your  hands  this  note,  which  I  bring  person- 
ally, in  which  I  make  known  the  object  of  the  mission  confided  to  me  by  President 
Ag'uinaldo,  and  which  I  will  reiterate  verbally.  The  letter  dated  the  14th  of  this  month, 
which  you  directed  to  General  Aguinaldo,  reached  his  hands,  and  desirous  of  complying 
with  your  desires  he  called  in  council  all  of  his  generals  and  made  known  to  them  the 
desires  which  you  expressed  in  your  letter. 

Highly  appreciating  the  spirit  of  friendship  and  good  feeling  which  is  constantly 
noted  inyour  honorable  letters,  and  which  reflects  the  sentiments  of  Americans  and  of 
their  policy  toward  us,  the  generals  of  Mr.  Aguinaldo  cheerfully  accede  to  that  which 
you  ask. 

But  the  idea  of  the  possibility  that  Spain  may  return  to  this  territory  and  occupy 
Manila  as  tlie  result  of  the  decision  of  the  Americo-Spanish  conference  now  in  session 
in  Paris,  has  caused  said  generals  to  try  and  obtain  a  modification  of  the  demands  which 
you  make  in  your  letter  of  the  14th. 

Having  verballv  explained,  for  your  consideration,  the  reasons  which  influence  the 
manner  of  thouslit  of  the  Philippine  generals,  I  shall  make  also  the  following  proposi- 
tions, made  by  Piv^idcnt  Aguinaldo: 

First.  The  Filii>ini)s  will  retire  beyond  the  line  of  demarcation  indicated  in  the  blue 
print,  as  vou  desiic. 

Second.    The  Filipinos  will  retain  Pandacan  under  their  jurisdiction. 

Third.  Thi-  Filipinos  consider  it  of  greatest  importance  to  occupy  the  blockhouses, 
with  their  forces  of  the  line,  in  view  ofl.he  possible  return  of  the  Spanish,  promising  not 
to  pass  with  arms. 

Fourth.  General  Aguinaldo  asks  of  you  an  extension  of  the  time  indicated  for  evacua- 
tion of  his  troops. 

I  repeat,  sir,  with  the  greatest  consideration  and  respect, 

T.  H.  Pardo  de  Tavera. 

Considerable  discussion  followed,  and  Tavera,  a  man  of  excellent  scientific  and  pro- 
fessional attainments,  long  a  resident  of  Paris,  and  educated  there,  and  who  had  advo- 
cated openly  the  establishment  of  American  sovereignty  in  the  islands  as  necessary  to 
the  welfare  of  the  inhabitants,  ably  represented  his  chief,  strongly  urging  the  conces- 
sions requested  in  his  communication.  It  developed  that  my  letter  of  the  14th  had 
aroused  fierce  opposition  ;  that  Aguinaldo  had  indignantly  disclaimed  any  knowledge 
of  the  promise  to  gradually  withdraw  the  troops  from  Paco  and  Pandacan,  and  that 
opinion  on  the  question  to  withdraw  or  fight,  which  the  insurgent  leaders  had  discussed, 
was  well-nigh  equally  divided.  All  the  concessions  requested  were  denied.  Then  an 
extension  of  the  date  fixed  in  my  letter  upon  which  the  insurgent  troops  must  be 
retired  to  October  25th  was  asked  for  and  granted.  In  the  course  of  our  conversation 
Doctor  Tavera  and  his  associates  strongly  urged  permission  to  retain  all  the  Spanish 
blockhouses,  but  were  informed  that  we  could  not  yield  in  this  matter,  as  some  of  ihem 
were  within  the  lines  beyond  which  they  must  withdraw.  They  then  reverted  to  the 
blockhouses  northeast  of  the  city  which  were  on  those  lines,  saying  that  they  had  no 
shelter  for  their  troops  if  they  were  taken  from  them,  and  I  remarked  casually  that  I 
did  not  consider  them  of  any  importance,  as  we  did  not  intend  to  occupy  them,  but  that 
I  was  unable  to  concede  the  point.  It  seems,  however,  that  I  was  misunderstood  in 
this  matter,  and  the  committee  reported  to  Aguinaldo  that  these  blockhouses  would 
remain  in  his  possession.  When,  six  days  later,  after  I  had  corrected  this  mistaken 
impression.  Doctor  Tavera  called  upon  me  in  person  and  explained  the  most  unfortunate 
position  in  which  he  had  been  placed  by  reason  of  this  misunderstanding.  I  informed 
him  that  I  would  not  take  immediate  action,  even  if  the  insurgents  did  not  vacate 
these  houses  on  the  date  announced.    All  this  appears  in  subsequent  correspondence. 


412  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

On  October  20tli  it  was  reported  that  insurgent  troops  were  moving  southward  by 
railway  from  Malolos  and  other  points  and  were  being  concentrated  near  the  north 
line  of  the  city.  On  calling  the  attention  of  the  insurgent  authorities  to  this  threat«n- 
ing  demonstration  the  concentration  ceased  and  many  of  the  troops  were  removed. 

On  October  23d  the  following  was  received  : 

Revolutionary  Government  of  the  Philippines, 

Presidency,  Malolos,  October  2Z,  1898. 
Gen.  E.  S.  Otis, 

Commander  in  Chief  of  the  American  Forces,  Manila,  P.  I. 

General:  In  view  of  your  favor  of  the  14th  instant,  I  consulted  the  opinions  of  my 
generals  and  advisory  council,  and  I  have  appointed  Dr.  Pardo  de  Tavera  in  order  that 
he  might  place  before  you  the  wishes  of  all,  as  he  did  on  the  18th.  Said  commissioners, 
upon  giving  me  an  account  of  your  wishes,  told  me  that  you  had  consented  to  postpone 
the  ultimatum  for  the  withdrawal  of  our  troops  until  the  2.5th  and  the  retention  by  our 
forces  of  the  blockhouses  situated  on  the  line  shown  on  the  blue  map  which  you  sent  me 
with  said  letter,  but  had  not  acceded  to  the  desires  of  the  Philippine  people  that  ray 
forces  continue  to  occupy  Pandacan.  Relative  to  the  latter  point,  I  talje  the  liberty  of 
telling  you  that  your  predecessor.  General  Merritt,  understood  that  the  American  forces 
only  ought  to  occupy,  according  to  the  terms  of  the  capitulation  of  Manila,  the  city  and 
its  environs,  i.e.,  Binondo,  Tondo,  Santa  Cruz,  Quiapo,  Sampaloc,  San  Miguel,  Concep- 
cion,  Ermita,  Malate,  and  Paco.  or  San  Fernando  de  Dilao,  and  thus  he  clearly  puts  it 
in  his  letter  of  August  20th  last.  The  town  of  Pandacan  has  always  been  considered  out^ 
side  of  the  old  municipal  limits  of  Manila,  which  the  general  himself  mentions  in  said 
letter,  and  I  hope  your  high  sense  of  judgment  will  see  it  thus. 

Nevertheless,  I  understand  that  your  forces  are  already  occupving  Uli-Uli,  Nactahan, 
and  Santa  Mesa  districts,  which,  although  belonging  to  the  Jurisdiction  of  Pandacan, 
they  can  continue  to  do,  in  order  to  prevent  the  continual  encounters  with  mine  which 
cause  disagreeable  incidents. 

I  take  pleasure  in  manifesting  to  you  that  it  is  not  lack  of  confidence,  and  much  less 
animosity,  that  prompts  me  to  write  in  this  manner.  To-day,  more  than  ever,  the  Fili- 
pinos desire  to  live  in  peace  and  perfect  harmony  with  the  Americans,  becau.se  they  will 
take  care  that  the  Philippines  do  not  return  under  the  odious  Spanish  dominion. 

When  it  is  possible  for  a  formal  convention  to  pacifv  and  harmonize  the  interests  of 
the  two  peoples,  then  the  suspicions  of  my  people  — which  I  can  not  completely  quiet 
with  my  prestige  and  authority,  no  matter  what  good  desires  move  me— will  disappear. 

I  beg  of  you  not  to  consider  as  an  insult  to  your  flag  a  bad  interpretation  of  my 
orders,  which  I  will  severely  punish  according  to  the  gravity  of  the  offense.  You,  with 
your  keen  perception,  will  understand  that  a  people  agitated  by  a  revolution  return 
gradually,  not  suddenly,  to  their  normal  life,  no  matter  how  educated  thev  are  supposed 
to  be.  It  becomes  necessary  for  me  to  act  with  much  tact  in  order  to  give  no  cause  for 
internal  dissensions. 

And  this  consideration  is  what  obliges  me  to  ask  you  about  the  form  and  conditions 
with  whicli  you  wish  to  establish  a  sanitarium  within  my  lines;  because  I  wish,  at  all 
cost,  to  prevent  the  possibility  of  your  complaints  being  renewed  concerning  acts  ema- 
nating from  the  continual  contact  of  our  forces.  I  understand  that  you  have  considered 
it  necessary  to  demand  the  withdrawal  of  our  forces,  notwithstanding  the  friendship 
which  binds  us,  in  order  to  prevent  friction.  On  this  account,  although  I  highly  appre- 
ciate the  humane  sentiments  which  prompt  you,  I  do  not  dare  allow  it,  without  previous 
explanation,  for  the  very  reason  that  I  wish  to  preserve  the  friendship  that  constitutes 
the  welfare  of  both  peoples. 

I  hope  you  will  pardon  me,  as  the  necessity  of  consulting  various  advisers  has  obliged 
me  to  delay  my  answer. 

I  am.  General,  with  the  greatest  consideration,  your  obedient  servant, 

Emilio  Aguinaldo. 

The  representatives  of  Aguinaldo  who  presented  this  communication  came  prepared 
to  argue  its  merits,  and  after  considerable  conversation  I  sent  the  oral  reply  that  the 
subject  had  been  exhaustively  discussed  and  that  General  Aguinaldo  must  withdraw 
his  troops  from  the  lines  designated  on  or  before  the  date  announced,  remarking  at  the 
same  time  that  I  would  make  formal  replj^  later  to  certain  points  which  he  had  pre- 
sented in  his  note. 

The  insurgent  troops  were  withdrawn  on  the  afternoon  and  evening  of  October  25th. 
as  promised,  and  on  October  27th  the  following  letter  was  sent  to  Malolos,  and  brought 
out  those  of  November  4th  and  16th,  which  hereinafter  appear.  These  terminated  all 
official  correspondence  upon  the  subjects  therein  discussed  : 

Office  United  States  Military  Governor 
IN  THE  Philippine  Islands, 

Manila,  P.  I.,  October  27,  1898. 
Gen.  Emilio  Aguinaldo, 

Commanding  Pevolufionary  Forces,  Malolos,  P.  I. 
General:  I  have  the  honor  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your  communication  of 
the  22d  instant,  and  have  awaited  the  result  of  correspondence  and  conferences  upon 
the  subject  of  which  you  treat. 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  413 

Concerning  the  conference  of  the  18th  instant  with  your  representative,  Dr.  Pardo  de 
Tavera,  it  resulted  in  an  honest  misunderstanding  between  us  in  one  slight  particular 
only.  The  doctor  very  ably,  by  letter,  isul)nnttod  your  wishes  — one  of  whioh  was  the 
retention  of  the  blorkliouscs  (ui  the  (k'-i^nalrd  liiu'.  In  n'^ard  to  this  matter,  I  said 
I  was  powerless  lo  iiKike  any  cuiieevMi.ns,  and  in  the  conversation  which  followed 
remarked,  m  snlistanre,  ilircumli  ilie  i  nierpi  vt.T,  that  we  did  not  wish  to  occupy  them, 
as  we  did  not  eon  si  dec  I  hem  oi  an\-  ini  [lorianee.  '['lie  doctor,  I  can  conceive,  very  nat- 
urally misunderstood  m>  meaning  -  in  lael  the  interiueter  might  have  done  so  — and 
when,  on  the  L'lth  instant,  tli<- dot-tor  aua! n  called  and  forcibly  expressed  his  construc- 
tion of  my  language,  1  was  so  impressed  with  his  earnestness  and  honesty  of  purpose 
and  convictions,  I  remarked  that,  although  the  law  would  not  permit  a  concession  I 
would  not  raise  any  objection,  unles  hereafter  compelled  to  do  so  by  my  superior 
authority,  if  your  forces  continued  to  occupy  the  blockhouses  to  the  north  of  the  Pasig 
River. 

I  have  referred  to  General  Mcrritt's  letter  of  August  'J)th,  which  you  mention  and 
And  that  it  is  as  you  state.  TTnfortunatel y.  1  am  bound  l.v  tlie  terms  of  capitulation, 
which  recite  "  the  city  and  detenses  ot  Manila  and  its  snliuil)s."  Pandacan  is  certainly 
far  within  the  line  of  defense  and,  from  intoimation  obtained  from  two  weighty  sources 
I  have  been  led  to  believe  that  it  has,  of  late,  l)een  considered  one  of  the  city's  suburbs' 
although  we  have  been  unable  to  tind  any  Spanish  decree  which  fixes  its 'status  with 
deflniteness. 

In  regard  to  the  establishment  of  a  convalescent  camp  for  the  restoration  to  health 
of  mend)ers  of  u\y  command,  it  was  my  intention  to  consult  you  and  arrive  at  an 
undeisiaiuling  in  ilie  matter  before  attempting  anything  of  the  kind.  I  knew  you 
W(ndd  not  olier  objection-^  it'  it  could  be  so  placed  as  not  to  give  your  people  annoyance, 
since  it  could  nut  be  in  any  wise  a  menace,  but,  on  the  contrary,  would  place  our  sick 
within  your  power  and  to  a  certain  extent  under  your  protection.  I  have  that  confi- 
dence in  your  humane  sentiments  and  in  the  kindly  impulses  of  your  people  as  to 
believe  that  you  would  surely  consent  to  a  measure  of  this  character,  and  I  think  the 
poorer  classes  of  surrounding  communities  would  be  pecuniarily  benefited  by  the  small 
trade  that  it  would  give  rise  to,  as  hospitals  make  many  purchases  of  edible  pi-od«cts 
which  your  people  would  be  glad  to  furnish.  Should  necessity  arise  under  which  I 
would  be  forced  to  take  action,  it  will  be  my  pleasure  to  confer  with  you  before  proceed- 
ing in  the  matter,  and  I  am  fully  convinced  that  you  will  gh'e  assent  and  assistance. 

Permit  me.  General,  to  assure  you  that  I  fully  appreciate  llu-  (liiliculties  under  which 
you  labor  in  your  endeavors  to  carry  out  the  desires  and  demands  of  vour  jieople  as  I 
have  already  expressed  myself  in  former  communications,  I  am  ftdl  yVonvinced  of  your 
wish  to  maintain  harmonious  relations  with  the  United  States  forces  and  government 
of  Manila,  and  that  you  deplore,  with  me,  any  proceeding  which  may  disturb  that  har- 
mony and  friendly  fi'eliiig.  I  have  been  fully  aware  that  all  unpleasant  incidents  which 
have  occurred,  and  to  winch  I  alluded  in  my  former  letter,  were  due  entirely  to  irre- 
sponsible and  unwarranted  action  of  subordinates,  and  I  am  constantly  called  upon  to 
correct  misconceptions  entertained  by  my  troops  and  to  punish  ofl"enses  which  they 
have  wantonly  committed. 

I  am  gratified  with  the  success,  both  as  concerns  the  interests  of  the  Filipino  people 
and  the  United  States  troops,  which  has  attended  our  mutual  eflt'orts  for  the  amicable 
adjustment  of  aflairs,  and  -ine(  rely  liope  Hat  the  manifested  good  will  which  now 
exists  by  and  between  <inr  loi-ees  may  lie  long  continued. 
I  am.  General,  most  sincerely,  your  obedient  servant, 

E.  S.  Otis, 
Major  General  U.  S.  V., 
UnUcd  States  Military  Governor  in  the  Philippines. 

Revolutionary  Government  of  the  Philippines, 

..    .    ^,        „  Presidency,  Malolos,  November  h,  ISOS. 

Mai.  Gen.  E.  S.  Otis, 

Commander  in  Chief  of  the  American  Forces  of  Occupation  at  Manila. 

General  :  In  having  the  honor  of  answering  your  letter  of  the  27th  of  October  last, 
I  shall  make  no  mention  of  the  first  paragraphs  of  the  same,  because  I  see,  with  pleas- 
ure, that  the  matter  referred  to  in  them  has  had  a  solution  adjusted  to  your  desires 

I  shall  limit  myself  oidy  t<.  the  last  paragraphs  lliat  s|.eak  of  tlie  estal>lishmcnt  of  a 
camp  for  convalescents.  Concerning  this  paragrapli,  1  oughl  f.i  observe  that  from  the 
moment  when  aconcessinn  is  made  of  a  part  of  the  tei-ritorv  oceuijietl  bv  our  forces  and 
a  hospital  is  built  in  it,  .>  ou  will  have  to  place  there  a  force  in  charge  to  look  after  the 
interests  there  created,  unless  it  depends  for  security  solely  and  exclusively  upon  the 
guaranty  oflTered  by  the  laws  dictated  by  our  government. 

\ou,  yourself.  General,  have  always  impressed  me  more  than  once  with  the  fact  of  the 
impossibility  of  a  dual  occupation  of  Manila,  because  the  con  tin  ua  1  con  ta(-t  of  your  forces 
and  mine  might  give  place  to  innumerable  disagreeable  incidents  if  not  serious  and 
grave  conflicts,  which  may  disturb  the  harmony  that  exists  between  us  1  am  fully 
aware  of  the  humanity  you  invoke  in  favor  of  lli<'  sick,  but  on  the  stren<'tli  of  this  con- 
sideration it  is  my  sacred  duty  to  look  aftei'  millions  of  souls  whose  security  and  inter- 
ests would  be  compromised  if  a  conflict  bHwen  us  should  ensue.  The  only  solution 
possible  IS  to  completely  I'd, .you  the  use  of  111  is,  Ilea  miuiien  I,  and  lhis,asyouwill  under- 
stand, requires  some  fixed  basis  of  anan-ement  more  concivie  than  can  result  from  a 
verbal  one  made  in  a  conference.  Besides,  it  is  my  duty  to  submit  these  conditions  to 
the  representatives  of  the  people. 

Itis  not  lack  of  confidence  which  obliges  me  to  proceed  in  this  manner;  it  is  neces- 
sity. These  bases,  if  in  the  mean  while  a  friendly  convention  between  your  government 
and  mine  is  not  realized,  will  constitute  the  provisional  rules  that  will  serve  as  the 
form  for  the  solution  of  the  claims  that  might  occur. 


414  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

And,  above  all,  these  bases  will  contribute  very  much  to  perpetuate  the  friendship 
that  exists  between  us,  because  my  people  will  take  great  care  not  to  break  them. 
I  am,  with  the  greatest  consideration,  your  attentive  and  obedient  servant, 

Emilio  Aguinaldo. 

Office  United  States  Military  Governor 
IN  THE  PiiiLirpiNE  Islands, 

Manila,  P.  I.,  November  10,  1S9^. 
Gen.  Emilio  Aguinaldo, 

Commanding  Revolvtionary  Fo7-cc.s,  Malolos,  P.  I. 
General  :  I  received  with  pleasure  your  note  of  the  4th  instant,  and  have  the  honor 
to  reply  to  the  point  you  i)rcsent  in  regard  to  the  establishment  of  a  convalescent  camp 
beyond  the  present  line  nf  actual  oocuiiation  by  the  United  States  troops,  as  follows  : 

I  am  not  convhic.Ml  that  such  rsta'nlishment  will  be  at  all  necessary,  and,  in  fact 
from  present  indicaticiis  it  wmilil  apinar  that  we  shall  be  able  to  care  for  our  sick 
within  the  line  and  ih  lenses  df  IManila. 

With  regard  to  linlit  oi"  (ieeii|)ancv  nf  len-itory,  so  many  iiiternationiil  nncstions  arise 
under  the  articles  ..|'  e:i])ii  iila  i  ion  ■\\  il  h  Spain,  which  the  fniteil  Siau's  is  in  honor 
bound  to  strictly  ci.nsti-iie  and  (il)e>  in  all  matters  atT'ecliii;:  its  acli(i:i,  that  I  do  not 
intend  to  present  them  lor  deterniinulion  if  it  can  h(-  consisienils  avoided,  especially 
not  tliose  which  might  demand  argument  and  de<isiun,  siidi.  Inr  instance,  as  might 
arise  regarding  sliore  lines,  which  rightful  occupation  by  the  luited  States  of  the  bay 
and  harbor  of  ^Manila,  with  conceded  rights  of  use  for  commeicial  puj-poses,  might 
involve. 

I  am,  General,  with  great  respect,  your  obedient  servant, 

E.  S.  Otis, 
Major  General  U.  8.  V., 
'  United  States  Military  Governor  in  the  Philippines. 

During  the  latter  part  of  October  instructions  were  received  from  "Washington  direct- 
ing that  effort  be  made  to  secure  the  release  of  members  of  the  Spanish  clergy  and 
religious  orders  who  were  held  by  the  insurgent  government  as  prisoners  of  war.  Cor- 
respondence ensued  and  is  here  given  to  serve  as  a  basis  for  comment  in  a  later  portion 
of  this  report.    Four  communications  passed,  of  which  the  following  are  copies  : 

Office  United  States  Military  Governor 
IN  the  Philippine  Islands, 

Manila,  P.  I.,  November  2,  1898. 
Gen.  Bmilo  Aguinaldo, 

Commanding  Philippine  Revolutionary  Forces,  Malolos,  P.  I. 
General  :  By  direction  of  my  Government,  I  have  the  honor  to  present  for  your  dis- 
tinguished c(insidei-a!ion  a  subject  which  is  causing  luuch  comment  and  a  groat  deal  of 
severe  criticism  of  the  I'Mli|)in(>  peoiilc  tliroutihout  Kiiro|>e  and  amonu  the  \cr.\-  large 
Classof  Catholic  citi/ens  of  my  own  country,  and  that  is  Ilie  ivteni  ion,  as  ,,iis(,ners  of 
war,  of  the  Spanish   Catholic  <-lergy  and    nuns.     1  believe   lliat   a   vasi    majoiily  of   the 


reports 


toward 


individuals  N.hich  have  heen  pnl  in-ene-al  .•iii-uiaiion  ai  e  nn  1 1  n..  Indeed,  I  have  for- 
bidden cahl:-ram-  |.i-e|,ared  <  m  t  li  i~  -nhjecl ,  wlii.-h  1  had  u.hhI  rea-on  to  -n  ppose  could 
not  be  sub-tautiali'd,  to  lie  sent  to  other  cotml  li.'-,  a  nd  1  liave  iiiloiined  ilie  Cnited 
Slates  authorities  that  many  rumors  of  this  nature  in  circuialion  ihrotmhoiit  th<' civil- 
ized world  were  greatly  exaggerated,  still,  howe\-er,  lite  (acts  siand  out  prominently 
that  these  individuals  have  suffered  pri\'alions  and  hardshi  ps,  tmd  ar,'  still  held  in 
captivity,  and  falirications  ehargins  most  ciaiel  and  inhutnan  treatment  resiilling  in 
loss  of  life  will  continue  to  !„■  spread  abroad  to  the  t'leal  deliiment  ol  th.'  inierot  and 
welfare  of  the  Filipino  [leople.  1  do  not  c.u^uWv  that  1  saerjtieed  in  any  pariienlar  the 
confidence  reposed  in  me  l,y  my  (iovernmenl  m  comm  nnieat  i  im  to  \on  that  it  has  been 
requested  by  the  \'ati<-an  at  Koiik'  and  bv  many  divtin- nished  men  high  in  tlie  councils 
of  nations  to  emplov  ii-^  uood  oiiices  in  eilorts  to  secure  (he  liberty  of  the  Sjianish  clergy 
and  of  all  individuals  e,,nnecte,|  with  religious  orders  now  hehl  in  durance,  among 
whom  are  especially  menlioned  the  Bishop  of  New  Si^govia  antl  the  nuns  in  the  north- 
western part  of  the'  island  of  Luzon. 

It  is,  of  course,  needless  for  me  to  present  to  you  or  the  able  counselors  by  whom  you 
are  surrounded,  and,  indeed,  it  may  be  considered  a  presumption  on  my  part  to  invite 
your  attention  to  tlie  fact  that  this  clergy,  and,  indeed,  the  civil  functionaries  of  the 
Spanish  (iovernment.  can  not  under  a  strict  interpretation  of  the  rules  of  international 
law,  be  dei'ined  prisoners  of  war,  except  in  certain  very  a'4ura\ated  cases.  It  would 
require  most  decided  a<dion  on  the  part  of  members  of  reliiii<His  orders  to  jilace  them  in 
that  category,  and  the  s-i/.ure  and  retention  of  nuirs.  or  i  u  terii  renee  with  them  in  the 
practice  of  what  tliev  c(,nsider  t  le  4  r  duties  und.'r  the  saeiv.i  relj.jions  vows,  is  invariably 
looked  upon  with  marked  dislavor  bv  all  nalion^  elainnim  lo  pra.'lire  civilized  warfare. 
All  this  is  well  known  to  von.  and  1  onl\  allude,  to  it  loaec.mnt.  in  a  measure,  for  the 
erroneous  imiiressions  w  hicdi  publi(d>-  ]>revail  rcKarding  the  humane  sentiments  and 
good  intentions  ciieri  bed  b\-  the  l-'i I i  pi  I los.  ami  which  are  so  damaging  t(t  them  in 
securiiii;  a  position  .i-  a  iieopl.'  w  hicdi  lla  \-  seek  to  invoke.  You  will  please  pardon  me 
for  this  allusion,  but  ilie  matter  is  so  important  to  the  best  interests  of  the  Filipinos 
that  I  have  taken  the  liberty,  uninvited,  to  present  it. 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  415 

Confident  that  you  seek  the  welfare  of  j-our  people,  may  I  in  that  confidence  ask  you 
to  use  your  conceded  influence  to  correct  this  condition  of  aftairs  and  to  act  with  me  in 
efforts  to  place  these  prisoners  in  a  position  which  will  put  an  end  to  the  acrimonious 
criticisms  which  now  so  widely  prevail?  I  would  be  pleased  to  receive  them  here  at 
.Manila  ami  rare  for  them  while  they  make  preparations  to  leave  the  country,  as  I  am 
infoiiut  .1  many  of  them  desire  to  do;  and  more  particularly  does  it  appear  to  me  as 
m<ist  (SM  iitial  that  prompt  action  be  taken  with  regard  to  the  nuns.  Any  traveling 
expense  or  cost  of  food  required  to  efl'ect  their  removal  to  this  point  I  would  be  glad  to 
meet  should  you  desire  it. 

I  am.  General,  with  great  respect,  your  obedient  servant, 

E.  S.  Otis, 
Major  General  U.  S.  V., 
United  States  Military  Govei-nor  in  the  Philippinen. 


Revolutionary  Goveenment  of  the  Philippines, 

Presidency,  Malolos,  November  3,  1S9S. 
Maj.  Gen.  E.  S.  Otis, 

Commander  in  Chief  of  American  Forces  of  Occupation  in  the  Philippines. 

General:  I  take  pleasure  in  acknowledging  your  kind  communication  of  yester- 
day's date,  and  I  ought  to  tell  you  that  your  observations,  far  from  displeasing  me, 
are  very  useful  to  me,  as  they  are  dictated  by  the  enlightenment  acquired  in  the 
atmosphere  of  a  free  country. 

I  ought  also  to  inform  you,  especially,  that  we  do  not  make  prisoners  of  women  and 
children,  and  much  less  of  the  nuns.  If  some  woman  or  child  is  found  among  our 
prisoners.  It  is  because  they  are  part  of  the  family  of  one  Irom  whom  they  do  not  wish 
to  be  separated,  requiring  us  to  support  them  at  the  expense  of  the  Philippine  treasury. 
This  detail  is  not  foreseen  in  international  law,  but  the  Filipinos  observe  this  custom, 
prompted  by  humane  sentiments. 

I  am  glad  to  hear  you  say  that  the  Spanish  clergy  and  civil  officials  can  not  be  pris- 
oners of  war  according  to  international  law.  Befoic  answering  this  point  allow  me  to 
observe  that  we  haveonly  taken  as  prisoners  the  pii'sts  ( sacirdotes  religiosos)  belonging 
to  the  Spanish  clergy,  and  not  those  who  live  the  lilf  .>1'  monks ;  and  permit  me  to  make 
this  point  clear  in  order  that  the  explanation  which  I  have  ihe  pleasure  of  giving  you 
may  be  more  intelligible,  and  so,  also,  that  foreign  public  opinion  may  not  be  mistaken. 
It  is  true  that  international  law  declares  in  general  that  the  clergy  and  civil  officials  can 
not  be  prisoners  of  war,  but  the  spirit  of  these  very  laws  exclude  the  Spanish  priests 
(sacerdotes  religiosos)  and  civil  officials  in  the  Philippines,  because  they  (Spaniards) 
alone  possess  the  certain  class  of  persons  known  by  that  name. 

Beginning  with  the  Spanish  civil  officials,  I  take  the  liberty  of  pointing  out  to  you  that 
at  the  beginning  of  the  declaration  of  war  between  the  United  States  and  Spain  thev 
were  obliged  by  General  Augustin  to  beararnis,  without  (lisiinciiun  as  to  class,  and  even 
before,  during  the  first  stages  of  the  Philipiiinc  revolution.  Sj,;(iiis|i  ,ivil  otlicials  were 
already  formed  into  armed  volunteer  corps  wlio,  if  tlu-\  iIkI  not  iiv.m.ntlv  go  inio  the 
field  in  company  with  the  regular  soldiers,  shot  and  aric  ted  <li  i,ii-.  l.ss  and  pacific 
inhabitants  in  order  to  imprison  them  and  submit  them  ti>  indescribable  torture.  Be- 
sides, I  ought  also  to  say  that  in  tlie  Sjianish  penal  prisons  and  penitentiaries  groan  even 
hundredsof  prisoners  and  deported  I'llipinos  wh')  were  torn  awav  from  their  homes  on 
account  of  the  suspicions  of  the  old  .Sixaiish  Government  and  thanks  to  the  arts  and 
malicious  customs  of  the  priests  (sacerdotes  religiosos),  called  ministers  of  peace. 

Relative  to  the  priests,  or  rather  Spanish  "sacerdotes  religiosos,"  I  take  the  liberty  of 
laying  before  you  the  following  points  : 

A.  The  religious  corporations  of  the  Philippines  have  acquired  large  agricultural 
colonies  by  means  of  fraud.  In  olden  times  the  Filipinos,  prompted  by  their  religion, 
gave  away  a  part  of  the  products  of  their  lands  to  the  old  priests  (sacerdotes  religiosos) 
for  their  support.  But  in  the  course  of  time  that  which  was  prompted  by  spiritual 
motive  they  made  obligatory,  taking  possession  of  the  lands,  in  order  to  better  secure 
it,  ajid  making  the  proprietors  dependents  or  colonists  who  could  not  refuse  paying, 
because  of  the  vengeance  of  the  Spanish  authorities,  whom  the  said  sacerdotes  had  in 
their  favor,  through  biibery. 

B.  AccordioK  to  tlie  canons  of  the  Roman  (liureli,  tliese  prie>ts  oi- relii;ious  sacerdotes 
can  not  claim  the  privilege  of  absolving,  whi.li  is  >,,leiy  lese:  vr.l  i.,  the  s,.L-ular  clergy, 
to  which  the  Filiiiiiio  priests  belong.  Xe\  <M-lliele--.  ihe  eecleejasi  ie-,  in  Older  to  be  able 
to  exercise  tlie  duties  of  the  parochial  priests  (ema  paifoeoj  in  the  Philippine  towns, 
have  been  cheating  the  Vatican  and  foivisn  pnlilie  opinion,  picturing  these  towns  as 
savage  ranches,  which  require  the  care  of  span  i  si  i  nii-^Mon-  missionaries  that  the  natives 
may  not  return  to  their  ancient  idolair,\ .  The  !•  ilipin.,  priests  who  have  tried  to  rectify 
this  false  opinion  of  the  Vatican  relative  to  the  relisiious  state  of  the  country,  in  order 
to  be  obedient  to  the  canons  of  the  church,  died  martyrs,  accused  by  the  ecclesiastics  ot 
being  disturbers. 

C.  The  same  priests  (sacerdotes  religiosos)  tried  also  to  cheat  the  Spanish  Govern- 
ment, making  it  believe  that  they  were  the  only  upholders  of  Spanish  soverei<;nty  in 
the  Philippines,  and  although  the  Spanish  auihorities  recognized  the  fraud,  they  did 
not  want  to  admit  anything,  as  they  were  infiuenced  bv  the  gold  of  t  he  religious  corpo- 
rations. The.se  priests,  exercising  the  right  of  absolving  in  the  Philippine  towns,  have 
been  for  a  long  time  the  absolute  masters  of  the  life,  honor,  and  property  of  the  Fili- 
pinos. For  this  reason,  it  is  a  widely  known  and  notorious  fact,  recoKuized  bv  all  the 
foreigners  who  have  studied  Philippine  affairs,  that  the  primary  causes  of  the  Philii> 
pine  revolulion  were  the  ecclesiastical  corporations  which,  taking  advantage  of  the  cor- 
rupt Spanish  Government,  have  robbed  the  country,  preventing  progress  and  liberty. 


416  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

With  these  antecedents,  General,  you  will  understand  that,  owing  to  the  influence 
and  interests  of  the  religious  corporations  in  the  Philippines,  it  is  neither  just  nor  politic 
to  set  at  liberty  the  priests  (sacerdotes  religiosos).  The  archbishop,  as  well  as  the  Span- 
ish bishops  ill  the  Philippines,  belong  to  the  regular  Spanish  clergy,  and  it  is  not  prudent 
toallMW  ilu'ui  tofonfinue  ruling  in  these  islands,  as  t hoy  can  incite  a  con ntor  revolution, 
assi.stcd  bv  th.'iry-old  and  some  fanatic  Filii.ir.-.s,  whn  will  obey  tli.jr  cnnununds.      _ 

When  t'iir  Kilipin..  pri.^sts,  unjustly  spurur.l  hy  t  hr  \  atican.  l,a  v  ,  ,bl;n  ncd  the  right 
toap|>ointinrnt  to  the  duties  of  bishops  and  |.an,.-lnal  priests,  then  IIlmv  will  be  no  dan- 
ger to  the  public  tran.iuillity  in  setting  at  lib.ity  the  ecclesiastics.  The  .-Spanish  Govern- 
nient  and  the  Pope  have  pn.ven  themselves  i-nurant  of  law  or  justice,  when  one  deals 
with  their  interests.  For  that  reason  the  Kilipiims  wish  to  hold  the  civil  othcials  in  order 
to  obtain  the  Ubertv  of  the  prisoners  and  deported  Filipinos;  and  the  priests  in  order  to 
obtain  from  the  Vatican  the  reognition  of  the  Pbilppine  clergy. 

As  a  representativ.' of  tlie  ( iovernmeiit  of  the  I  nited  States,  I  beg  of  you.  General, 
with  the  greatest  kindness,  to  notifv  it  that  neither  vengeance  nor  hate  influence  the 
Filipinos  when  they  hold  t  he  civil  olticials  and  Spanish  ecclesiastics,  but  that  public 
interests  and  the  peace  of  t  he  Philippine  people  demand  these  measures.  International 
law  will  have  to  give  wav  before  the  just  cause  of  a  country  of  millions  of  souls,  because 
this  cause  is  one  of  huinanitv,  civilization,  and  progress.  My  people  exact  these  meas- 
ures and  I  can  not  but  complv  with  their  will.  If  you.  General,  can  interpret  the  senti- 
ments of  the  people  to  your  Government  and  foreign  public  opininon,  and  by  this  means 
correct  the  erroneous  ideas  emanating  from  the  ignorance  of  the  true  condition  of  the 
country,  you  will  make  your.self  a  creditor  to  the  gratitude  of  the  Filipino  people  and 
the  civilized  world.  ,    ,.      , 

I  am,  with  the  greatest  consideration,  your  most  obedient  servant. 

Emii.io  Aguinaldo. 

Office  United  States  Military  Governor 
IN  THE  Philippine  Islands, 

Manila,  P.  I.,  November  10,  ISOS. 
Gen.  Emilio  Aguinaldo, 

Commanding  Philippine  Revolulionary  Forces,  Malolos,  P.  I. 
General  •   I  have  the  honor  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your  cordial  communica- 
tion of  the  :M  instant,  for  which  permit  me  to  thank  you,  and  to  \vhich  my  manifold 
duties  have  denied  me  the  pleasure  of  replying  as  prom  ptly  as  I  wished. 

I  highly  appreciate  your  expressed  desire  to  act  for  the  public  interests,  the  peace  of 
the  Filipinos,  and  in  accordance  with  the  dictates  of  humanity,  but  you  will  pardon  my 
candid  confession  that  I  am  unable  to  comprehend  the  force  of  your  remark  to  the  effect 
that  international  law  must  give  way  before  the  just  cause  of  a  country  of  millions  of 
souls  because  it  is  one  of  humanity.  I  fail  to  understand  how  the  principles  of  that  law 
can  be  antagonistic  in  anv  particular  to  the  M-elfare  of  a  people,  founded,  as  they  are, 
on  the  best  interpretation  of  the  law  of  nature,  which  the  acknowledged  wisdom  of 
ao-es  of  human  progress  has  been  able  to  bestow.  Every  independent  nation  claiming 
advanced  enlightenment  professes  to  be  bound  by  these  obligations  of  that  law  and  cer- 
tainly would  be  held  responsible  by  the  civilized  world  should  it  openly  violate  them 

My  previous  letter  contained  the  request  of  my  Government  lor  the  release  of  the 
clergy  and  members  of  religious  orders,  including  nuns  of  a  certain  locality  reported  to 
be  held  bv  you  as  prisoners  of  war.  Your  reply  informs  me  that  you  hold  as  such  pris- 
oners the'Spanish  priests  and  former  civil  officials,  but  not  women  and  children,  "much 
less  nuns  "  In  regard  to  the  latter,  I  must  have  been  misinformed,  lor  I  received  the 
impression  that  they  sought  return  of  their  personal  eflecls,  of  which  they  have  been 
deprived,  with  permission  to  join  their  friends  in  this  city.  \our  letter,  however, 
assures  me  that  thev  have  not  been  despoiled  and  possess  full  liberty  of  action  to  jour- 
ney wheresoever  they  please.  This  information  I  will  gladly  convey  to  my  Govern- 
ment and  to  persons  immediately  interested  in  their  welfare  who  have  expressed 
concern  for  their  safety  as  regards  health,  life,  and  individual  property. 

In  respect  to  the  Spanish  officials  whom  you  hold  as  prisoners  of  war,  you  are  pleased 
to  remark  that  during  the  first  stages  of  the  Fihpino  revolution  they  were  formed  jnto 
an  armed  volunteer  corps,  were  subsequently  obliged  to  bear  arms  without  distinction 
as  to  class,  and  that  if  they  did  not  frequently  take  the  field  with  the  army  of  the  enemy, 
nevertheless  shot  and  arrested  peaceful  and  defenseless  inhabitants.  These  you  desire 
to  retain  until  opportunity  offers  to  exchange  them  for  Filipino  prisoners  now  in  the 
hands  of  Spain.  I  am  not  conversant  with  the  facts  you  narrate,  and  am  not  therefore 
competent  to  arrive  at  any  conclusion.  It  is,  however,  a  well-established  principle  of 
law  that  the  chief  officers  of  a  hostile  government,  such  as  its  dii>lomatic  agents  and 
those  who  are  of  particular  importance  and  use  to  it,  become,  upon  capture,  prisoners  oj 
war  but  I  do  not  think  that  its  minor  officials  are  classed  in  that  category,  unless  armed 
or  attached  in  some  capacity  to  a  hostile  army  for  the  purpose  of  rendering  active  aid. 

As  regards  the  members  of  the  Spanish  clergy  I  understand  you  to  state,  in  substance, 
that  thev  are  held  prisoners  of  war  on  account  of  the  i,M-ave  offenses  committed  by  them 
while  Luzon  was  under  the  practical  domination  of  Spain;  that  they  were  the  primary 
and  in-incipal  cause  of  the  revolution  which  has  been  in  progress  for  the  past  two  years  ; 
that  it  is  not  prudent  to  sot  them  at  liberty,  as  they  are  disposed,  and  might  be  able,  it 
released  to  incite  a  counter  revolution  in  Spanish  interests,  and  that  they  are  retained 
in  prison  not  onlv  for  such  reasons,  but  also  to  compel  the  Vatican  to  recognize  the  con- 
ceded rights  of  tlie  Filipino  clergv,  which  has  heretofore  been  denied  it. 

Accepting  these  as  (siablished  facts  .ni.\  knowledu'e  is  not  to  the  contrary),  the  con- 
clusion doet  not  appear  to  follow  thai  thrse  nienilnrs  of  the  Clergy  can  be  considered 
prisoners  of  war,  and  I  <an  no.  eoneri  \ .  hovv ,  nn.l.r  I  he  laws  of  war  or  any  international 
right  arising  from  the  state  ot  hellinennev  existinn  between  the  Filipinos  and  Spain, 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  417 

tbev  can  ho  so  dcnoniiiiated.  Nor  do  I  understand  your  suggestion  that  the  spirit  of 
these  hiws,  ii'  not  th.ir  context,  excludes  these  people  from  the  protection  whicli  strict 
intcriuciation  licstows,  wliatever  may  have  been  their  previous  crimes,  i:\in  if  these 
pri<'sis  Ixlonscd  to  rcliuious  corporations,  against  which  the  Filipincjs  liad  well- 
gnmndrd  complaint  for  past  olfcnscs,  and  indeed  for  crnelties  received  at  tlieir  hands; 
even  if  tbev  exlioricd  ilie  comnuinities  in  wiiicli  tliey  resided  to  resist  the  revolutionists, 
and  misht'  still  do  so  if  released:  even  if  tliey  iiersecnted  Ilie  Spanish  subjects  among 
whom  they  lived,  they  could  not  be  ccnisldered  as  prisoners  of  war  in  any  sense  of  that 
term  unless  captured  while  making  armed  resistance  or  giving  active  armed  aid  to  the 
enemy. 

The  law  of  nations  allows  every  sovereign  government  to  make  war  upon  another, 
and  concedes  the  right  of  revolution  to  a  people  greatly  oppressed,  but  it  does  not  admit 
a  violation  of  the  rules  of  regular  warfare  regarding  the  status  of  persons  arrested  or 
captured  or  iu  the  treatment  of  prisoners  of  war,  although  they  may  belong  to  the  forces 
of  ail  unjust  assailant  or  a  formerly  tyrannical  master. 

The  expressed  intention  of  holding  these  Spanish  priests  as  prisoners  of  war  in  order 
to  force  the  Vatican  of  Rome  into  certain  acknowledgments  with  appropriate  action  I 
can  not  conceive  to  be  well  founded  in  law,  custom,  or  precedent,  and  am  convinced 
that  such  a  position  is  untenable. 

In  this  somewhat  hasty  letter,  General,  I  have  accepted  all  your  facts  for  the  sake  of 
ar-iument,  and  am  unable  to  reach  your  conclusion,  viz,  that  the  members  of  tlie  relig- 
ious oiders  are  risihtfnlly  k(^pt  imprisoned,  and  that  the  interests  of  tlie  Filipino  people 
demand  their  retention.  I  do  not  think  that  the  views  you  advance  would  receive 
favorable  general  acceptance,  and  believe  therefore,  in  all  sincerity,  that  the  good  name, 
reputation,  and  welfare  of  that  people  would  be  greatly  enhanced  by  relieving  those 
men  from  the  captivity  which  they  have  so  long  endured. 

I  can  only  ask  in  conclusion  that  the  wishes  of  my  Government  may  receive  more 
favorable  consideration  than  your  most  friendly  letter  indicates. 
I  am.  General,  with  great  respect,  your  obediant  servant, 

E.  S.  Otis, 
Major  General  U.  8.  V., 
United  States  Military  Governor  in  the  Philippines. 


Presidency  Revolutionary  Government  of  the  Philippines, 

Malolos,  November  18,  1S9S. 
To  Maj.  Gen.  E.  S.  Otis, 

General  in  Chief  of  the  American  Forces  of  Occupation-in  Manila. 

General  :  Allow  me  to  inform  you  that  I  have  received  your  kind  letter  of  the  10th 
instant ;  begging  you  to  pardon  the  tardiness  with  which  I  answer,  because  of  my  many 
occupations. 

I  highly  appreciate  your  desire  to  intercede  for  the  liberty  of  the  Spanish  civil  offi- 
cials and  the  priests,  and  be  assured  that  if  well-founded  reasons  did  not  exist  in  order 
to  retain  them,  always  attentive  to  the  laws  of  humanity  and  agreeing  with  the  princi- 
ples that  regulate  the  relations  of  independent  states,  I  would  not  have  given  you  occa- 
sion to  make  in  their  favor  the  petition  that  elevates  you  so  much. 

In  my  last  letter  I  have  advanced  the  reasons  which  I  have  convinced  myself  Justi- 
fies me  in  considering  as  prisoners  of  war  said  employ(^s  and  ecclesiastics.  Neverthe- 
less, you  attempt  to  depreciate  the  force  of  ray  arguments,  relative  to  which  I  beg  of 
you  to  kindly  favor  me  by  listening  to  my  answer. 

You  say  in  your  letter  that  in  virtue  of  the  principles  of  a  right  well  established  the 
chief  employes  of  a  hostile  government,  as  well  as  diplomatic  agents  and  those  that 
render  services  of  a  particular  importance,  can  be  considered  as  prisoners  of  war ;  but 
that  you  do  not  think  mere  employes  can  be  classified  in  said  category  unless  they  are 
armed  or  in  some  way  attached  to  a  hostile  army  for  the  purpose  of  lending  their  active 
aid.  And  in  view  of  this  assertion,  coming  from  a  person  so  competent,  I  can  not  do 
less  than  congratulate  myself,  for  in  that  statement  you  recognize  as  justified  the  prin- 
cipal reasons  that  I  uphold  in  retaining  as  prisoners  the  civil  employes  as  well  as  the 
priests. 

Admitting  that  principle,  it  must  be  confessed  that  it  as  strictly  in  conformity  with 
my  conduct  if  it  is  admitted  (an  undeniable  fact)  that  the  civil  employes,  as  well  as  the 
regular  priests  (parrocos),  not  only  supported  in  an  active  way  those  who  combated 
against  the  Filipino  revolutionists",  but  also  personally  took  up  arms  in  order  to  fight 

^  1  have  already  said  in  my  last  letter  that  the  decree  of  General  Augustin  of  the  23d  of 
last  April  ohliged  not  onlv  the  employes  of  the  state  and  municipality  to  take  up  arms 
but  also  the  Spaniads  born  here,  and  that  in  the  first  epoch  of  the  Filipino  revolution 
they  formed  armed  volunteer  corps  which,  while  guarding  the  towns,  made  arrests, 
tortured  the  prisoners,  executed  defenseless  citizens,  or  joined  the  regular  soldiers  to 
fight  against  the  revolutionists.  General,  read  carefully  the  local  papers  from  the  time 
the  revolution  began  and  you  will  see  there  the  proof  of  what  I  sa.y.  The  pages  of  said 
papers  are  indisputable  evidence  of  the  military  services  rendered  by  the  civil  employes 
of  the  Spanish  Government  and  the  compensation  received  by  them  as  a  premium  for 
their  services.  With  these  antecedents  is  there  room  for  the  least  argument  that  the 
Spanish  civil  employes  should  not  be  held  as  prisoners  of  war? 

The  same,  if  not  worse,  can  be  said  of  the  priests.  The  latter,  degrading  their  office, 
transformed  from  servants  of  the  Lord  to  feudal  lords  and  supported  by  the  Spanish 
Government,  were  absolute  masters  of  thi'  lives,  lands,  and  honor  of  the  Filiv>inos. 

At  the  beginning  of  tlie  rexolntion  the,\-  did  not  discliarge  the  duties  of  ministers  of 
peace  or  preach  gentleness  m-  Christian  charit.N,  hut,  (irolaning  their  sacred   mission, 
they  made  themselves  the  police  of  the  Spanish  (iovernment,  false  denouncers  of  inno» 
cent  citizens. 
27 


418  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

It  seems  incredible  that  those  who  should  raise  their  prayers  to  stop  so  much  crutjlty 
and  infamy  committed  by  the  Spanish  Government,  those  who  should  give  themselves 
over  to  reclusion  and  mortification  and  penance  for  so  much  crime,  were  precisely  those 
who  took  part  in  the  affairs,  and  with  base  insinuations,  with  infamous  accusations 
and  ideas  of  vengeance,  increased  more  and  more  the  pyre  of  the  dead,  and  the  defam- 
atory charges  through  which  were  sacriflced  precious  and  innocent  lives  and  the  honor 
of  many  citizens. 

Again,  vengeance  does  not  move  me  in  treating  these  ecclesiastics  as  prisoners  of 
war.  I  conform  to  the  principles  of  international  law  advanced  by  yourself,  for,  apart 
from  the  abuses  committed  by  the  priests,  to  which  I  have  referred  in  my  last  letter,  and 
the  facts  that  I  add  in  my  present  one,  you  ar&  informed  that  they  have  taken  up  arms 
against  the  revolution;  as,  for  example,  the  priests  (parrocos)  of  the  town  of  Li  pa, 
province  of  Batangas,  who  made  themselves  leaders  of  volunteer  corps.  In  Manila, 
during  the  seige  of  the  town  by  your  forces,  all  the  ecclesiastics,  organized  and  uni- 
formed, formed  a  part  of  the  municipal  armed  guard,  and  all  of  them  you  may  be  sure 
have  lent  their  directive  and  effective  cooperation  to  the  forces  that  fought  against  the 
Filipinos,  not  only  maintaining  at  their  expense  armed  bodies,  but  accompanying  them 
in  their  expeditions  as  well  as  inciting  them  to  battle. 

The  convents  have  been  the  most  impregnable  defenses,  where  the  Spanish  combat- 
ant, together  with  the  priests,  shielded  themselves  in  order  to  attaclc  the  revolutionists, 
and  this  government  preserves  qiiiti'  ;i  iiiiinber  of  muskets  taken  from  the  ecclesiastics. 
Therefore,  the  principle  which  vcii  nKMitiun  can  be  applied  to  them,  and  it  follows  in 
consequence  that  they  should  be  inat'd  as  prisoners  of  war— the  more  so  if  all  their 
civil  attributes  are  taken  into  consideration.  There  is  reason,  therefore,  to  class  them 
in  the  category  of  chief  employes  or  those  rendering  service  of  special  importance. 

The  principles  of  international  law  sustained  by  the  most  noted  authors  were  taken 
into  account  by  me  when  I  treated  as  prisoners  of  war  civil  employ(5sand  the  priests. 
Jiore,  Martens,  Bluntschli,  and  others,  hold  that  nil  p.  rsoii^^,  thuii;j:h  not  forming  a  part 
of  the  army,  but  who  follow  it  to  perform  their  paci  lie  fuiiciioi.s.  can  br  held  as  prisoners 
of  war.  I  only  exempt  the  hospital  personnel.  a<r..riiii;u  in  ilu-  i  nm  va  convention,  pro- 
vided that  they  take  no  active  part  in  the  war;  ami  tlir  Sjiani^h-Aineriean  encyclopedia 
says:  "All  those  who  form  part  of  the  enemy's  fore;  .;,  wb.ih.r  they  are  regular  troops 
or  militia,  all  those  who  accompany  armies  on  their  expeditions,  the  newspaper  corre- 
spondents, providers,  even  the  civil  officials,  can  be  madi   i.iisoners." 

Besides,  retort  (represalias)  is  a  right  admitted  by  the  most  cultured  nations  as  a 
penal  power  to  be  exercised  by  one  of  the  belligerents  with  respect  to  the  other  when  the 
latter  violates  the  rules  or  laws  generally  accepted  ;  or  as  a  sanction  in  the  sense  that  by 
it  the  represalia  can  require  the  enemy  to  fulfill  his  duties. 

In  virtue  of  the  right  of  retort,  during  the  war  of  North  American  independence,  the 
great  Washington,  to  avenge  the  shooting  of  an  American  colonel,  a  prisoner  in  the 
hands  of  the  English,  deemed  beyond  the  rules  of  war  the  English  Colonel  Argyll,  a 
prisoner  held  by  the  Americans.  Thanks  to  the  intervention  of  the  Queen  of  France, 
the  order  was  not  executed.  In  virtue  of  the  same  right,  the  German  generals  in  the 
war  of  1870  ordered  the  houses  in  which  their  soldiers  had  been  treacherously  attacked 
to  be  fired  and  destroyed.  . 

If  there  were  then  no  international  rules  to  justify  the  retention  of  the  civil  ofllcials 
and  priests  as  prisoners  of  war,  could  not  we  Filipinos,  not  even  consirtered  belligerents 
by  the  other  nations,  invoke  the  right  of  retort  in  order  i  ,  ,e.nre  measures  obliging  the 
Spanish  Government  to  grant  the  liberty  of  many  Filipinos  ,  pri-oiK  is  for  political  rea- 
sons) and  check  their  barbarous  methods  of  torturing  and  shooting  the  lovers  of  liberty 
and  independence  of  their  country  ? 

This  is  the  reason  why,  in  my  last  letter,  I  said  that  international  law  would  have  to 
give  way  before  the  just  cause  of  a  country  of  millions  of  souls,  because  this  cause  is 
one  of  humanity,  civilization,  and  progress. 

It  is  far  from  my  intention,  in  making  this  assertion,  to  show  you  that  in  retaining 
as  prisoners,  the  persons  in  whose  liberty  you  are  interested,  I  cite  international  law 
only  when  attending  to  the  desires  of  my  people,  becau.se  I  have  well  demonstrated  that 
in  taking  this  determination  I  have  really  been  guided  by  those  laws,  at  least  when 
they  do  not  greativ  iirejud.ice  the  welfare  of  my  people.  I  have  only  wanted  to  say  that 
in  many  cases  tlie  iiriiieiiiles  of  international  law,  generally  observed  by  the  most 
cultured  of  nations,  must  conform  to  existing  circumstances  in  the  interest  of  a  people 
who  bewail  the  violation  of  those  laws.  For  this  reason  it  is  understood  that  the  most 
civilized  nations  recognize  the  right  of  retort.  Thus  also.  General,  when  I  tell  you  that 
the  Filipino  people  desire  to  hold  as  prisoners  the  civil  officials  in  order  to  obtain  the 
release  of  the  deported  Filipinos  and  their  priests,  and  in  order  to  obtain  from  the 
Vatican  the  rights  of  the  Philippine  clergy,  I  have  not  wished  to  (lefeiid  the  measures 
adopted  on  that  ground  alone,  when  other  well  founded  princiiile-  Jn-tily  my  conduct. 
I  have  only  wished  to  indicate  that  at  the  opportune  moment,  notwiihstanding  the 
motives  previously  advanced,  liberty  can  be  granted  to  these  prisoners  without  the  dis- 
pleasure of  the  people. 

I  should  like  to  see  that  moment  arrive  as  soon  as  possible,  to  demonstrate  to  you 
my  liveliest  sympathy  for  the  fulfillment  of  your  desires,  which  to-day  I  am  impeded 
from  meeting  for  well  understood  reasons. 

The  Philippine  people,  who  aspire  to  a  life  of  liberty  and  independence,  have  not 
deserved  from  the  civilized  nations,  not  even  the  United  States,  at  least  until  the  present 
time,  the  recognition  of  their  rights  in  the  war  against  Spain.  Thoy  have  the  glory  of 
having  complied  with  the  rules  required  to  be  observed  by  belligeiei.t  v'<'W''rs.  and 
nothing  can  be  said  to  the  contrary.  I  have  no  doul>t,  liiiieial,  tliat  havin.g  ejvrn  ,\our 
noble  impulses  and  cultured  judgment  and  sympathy  to  m,\  counti,\  ,\ou  will  know 
how  to  interpret  the  sentiments  of  this  letter  before  your  (Jovernment  and  the  civilized 
world,  and  to  justify  my  conduct  in  holding  as  prisoners  of  war  the  civil  officials  and 
the  priests. 

I  close  this  letter,  begging  you  to  pardon  the  trouble  its  perusal  will  cause  you. 
I  remain,  your  most  respectful  servant, 

Emilio  Aguinaldo. 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  419 

The  last  reply,  and  possibly  the  first,  was  drawn  by  Aguinaldo's  attorney  general,  a 
person  of  excellent  legal  attainments,  who  is  now  serving  as  one  of  the  United  States 
j  udges  in  the  court  of  the  audiencia,  and  was  considered  unanswerable  by  the  Malolos 
Government.  It  received  newspaper  publication  at  Malolos  and  here  in  Manila.  An 
answer  was  drafted  in  part,  but  never  delivered.  It  recited  the  fact  that  the  discussion 
of  the  subject  had  reached  proportions  never  contemplated  ;  that  I  was  not  authorized 
to  intercede  for  the  release  of  the  civil  officials,  and  that  my  requests  had  been  limited 
to  priests  or  members  of  religious  orders,  and  further  remarked  as  follows : 

A  reference  to  the  correspondence  will  show  that  my  expressed  desires  are  limited 
strictly  to  requests  of  that  character,  and  in  reference  to  them  you  have  been  good 
enough  to  infdi  111  iiic  lliat  of  the  classes  of  persons  named  you  hold  as  prisoners  of  war 
only'thc  Snaiiish  diiux-,  permitting  full  freedom  of  action  to  all  female  members  of 
religious  institntinnv. 

The  aiinouiKiiiiriii  ni  that  portion  of  your  policy  which  affects  nuns,  or  women  who 
arc  devoting  tlnii-  sc  rvicis  to  the  interest  of  church  and  boiuvolent  soci'lics,  was  re- 
ccivfil  wiili  sati^-factioii  an<i  has  disarmed,  to  a  certain  cxtciit,  tlif  hostile  ciitics  who 
have  pr.iclaiiiiol  that  the  revolutionary  forces  were  imposing:  liailnirous  tnalinent  on 
iiihaliitaiits  in  Luzon  whom  they  retained  in  captivity.  A))preciaiiiiir  U\\<  sentiment,  I 
was  |)lease(]  to  assure  one  of  tlie'good  ladies  of  the  church,  Dona  Sisui  del  Rosarioofthe 
l>oiiiinicaiis,  who  called  for  an  expression  of  my  opinion  as  to  w  ieihei-  she  could  make 
a  eonteinplated  Journey  to  the  province  of  Cagfiyan  for  the  reliet  of  certain  nuns,  that 
she  would  not  e'xperietice  any  difficulty  in  so  doing,  as  their  uiovcnieats  were  entirely 
optional  with  themseUes  and  would  not  l)e  interfered  with. 

Returning  now  to  the  suliject  of  inv  ( ^overnnienl's  request,  viz,  that  which  concerns 
priests.  You  are  pleased  to  (]note  from  my  letter  of  November  10th,  not  however  the 
language  emplo,\cd,  hut  as  understood  h.\  yoii.  iloul)tlcss,  and  to  apply  it  in  aid  of  your 
argument  for  theii  leiention.  The  meaninu  oi  ni.\-  lansuauo  is  very  different  from  that 
which  you  believed  ii  lo  convey.  My  reniaiic  referred  strictly  to  civil  officials,  was  only 
a  passing  brief  att<'ntion  given  to 'one  w  liieh  Nonr  lornier  letter  contained,  and  bad 
nothing  whatever  to  do  with  any  other  class  of  individuals.  I  said  that  It  was  "a  well 
established  principle  of  law  that  the  c//e/  ,,//;,.,■>  of  a  hostile  government,  such  as  its 
diplomatic  agents  and  those  who  were  of  jrir/im/ar  importance  and  use  to  it,  hecanie 
upon  capture,  prisoners  of  war,"  not  its  minor  officials,  unless  armed  or  attached  in 
some  capacity  to  a  hostile  army,  etc.  I  had  not  then,  nor  have  I  now,  the  impression 
that  the  priests  could  be  classed  as  important  civil  officials  of  the  Hjoanish  Government, 
nor  as  minor  civil  officers  armed  as  soldiers  or  attached  to  the  Spanish  hostile  army 
warring  against  the  insurgent  foi-ces  in  the  field. 

Formerly,  as  you  are  aware,  a  lawful  prisoner  of  war  was  an  active  combatant 
secured  by  capture  or  through  surrender.  In  these  later  times  the  class  has  been  greatly 
enlarged,  and  embraces  members  of  the  sovereign  family,  ministers  and  diplomatic 
agents  of  a  government,  and  persons  of  importance  at  particular  moments,  though  sep- 
arate from  the  mass  of  combatants.  This  extension  is  due  to  the  fact  that  no  great 
hardships  should  now  attend  the  lot  of  a  prisoner  of  war,  while  his  detention  may  help 
to  defeat  the  military  operations  of  the  enemy  or  assist  those  of  the  army  making  the 
arrest. 

With  an  army  in  the  field  pursuing  active  hostilities,  the  laws  of  war  permit  civilians 
accompanying  it  to  be  taken  and  held  as  prisoners  temporarily  and  while  their  services 
may  be  of  benefit  to  that  army.  The  termination  of  hostilities  should  put  an  end  to  the 
period  of  imprisonment.  So  with  the  priests.  If  their  confinement  as  prisoners  of  war 
was  ever  lawful,  further  detention  can  hardly  be  justified  on  the  ground  that  it  will 
assist  your  revolutionary  government,  or  that  release  will  injure  it,  unless,  possibly, 
you  apprehend  determined  hostility  thereto,  manifesting  itself  in  dangerous  demon- 
sti-ations  on  the  part  of  the  people  who  may  be  governed  by  their  prejudices  or  spirit  of 
revenge,  for  it  is  understood  to  be  the  desire  of  the  priests  to  return  to  Spain  and  not 
linger  in  these  islands  longer  than  is  absolutely  necessary;  and  it  is  conceded,  I  pre- 
sume, that,  removed  from  the  country,  they  will  be  powerless  to  aid  Spain  in  its  further 
eflforts  to  crush  what  it  is  pleased  to  denominate  a  formidable  rebellion.  The  plea  that 
you  hold  them  to  effect  an  exchange  for  priests  of  Philippine  nativity  and  to  compel 
certain  recoirnition  of  i)rincii)les  by  the  Vatican  at  Rome  is  not  well  founded.  The 
imprisoned  native  jiriests  were  pi-obaiilv  state  prisoners  when  Spain  held  acdaiowled^ed 
control  of  the  islands  and  before  rehell'ion  liad  raised  its  front.  The  inicifiea  I  iou,  loo, 
which  terminated  in  the  a-reenient  or  s, , -called  treaty  of  P.iac-na-hato  nia\  have  -el  at 
rest  all  questions  arising  in  the  cases  of  prisoners  captured  during  the  rebellion  of  IsiMi. 
For  an  army  to  seize  members  of  the  clergy  and  hold  them  as  prisoners  of  war  f(tr  the 
purposes  of  effecting  the  release  and  return  of  certain  civilians,  placed  in  captivity  long 
before  that  army  or  the  government  to  which  it  belongs  had  an  existence,  must  be  con- 
sidered a  novel  proceeding.  To  seize  Spanish  citizens,  whatever  their  offenses,  and  hold 
them  as  prisoners  of  war  to  compel  certain  action  by  the  Vatican  of  Rome  is  most 
assuredly  indefensible  under  any  circumstances. 

The  war  doctrine  of  "retort"  which  you  introduce  in  your  argument  can  not  be 
applied,  and  you  certainly  do  not  wish  to  be  understood  as  contending  that  you  would 
be  justified  in  shooting  friars,  whom  you  hold  as  prisoners  of  war,  .simply  because 
Spanish  subjects  tried  and  convicted  under  the  forms  of  law  were  executed,  etc. 

As  stated,  this  answer  was  not  served,  as  I  had  been  reliably  informed  that  Agui- 
naldo  contemplated,  or  had  promised  Infiuential  Filipinos  to  release  the  minor  civil  offi- 
cials, but  that  the  temper  of  the  people  was  such  that  he  could  not  let  go  the  members 
of  the  religious  orders  held  in  captivity.    I  also  had  an  impression  that  he  would  not 


420  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

keep  his  reported  promise  with  regard  to  the  Spanish  officials,  but  intended  to  hold 
them  for  certain  purposes,  the  chlefest  of  which  were  to  secure  large  money  considera- 
tions and  European  action  tending  to  the  recognition  of  his  government.  I  therefore 
informed  the  War  Department  that  eflPorts  to  obtain  the  release  of  the  Spanish  clergy 
were  unavailing.  The  course  which  has  since  been  pursued  by  the  iusurgeut  authori- 
ties has  confirmed  the  correctness  of  the  impressions  which  were  received  at  that  time. 
The  general  allusions  made  in  former  portions  of  this  report  to  the  action  taken  by 
the  United  States  authorities  which  the  private  rights  or  the  former  privileges  and  obli- 
gations enjoyed  by  or  imposed  upon  the  inhabitants  while  under  Spanish  administra- 
tion, do  not  show  the  true  significance  of  that  action  in  many  essential  particulars. 

Manila  is  the  capital  of  territory  having  seven  or  eight  millions  of  people.  The  dif- 
ferent islands  and  in  some  instances  the  different  provinces  of  the  same  island  are 
dependent  upon  each  other  for  the  necessaries  of  life.  Certain  sections  of  the  country 
confine  their  industries  for  the  most  part  to  the  cultivation  of  rice,  others  to  tobacco,  or 
to  hemp  or  sugai-,  or  the  raising  of  live  stock,  and  exchanging  these  products  in  a  great 
degree  for  articles  of  consumption  or  other  necessaries,  which  are  conveyed  in  light- 
draft  vessels  to  the  numerous  towns  and  villages  which  are  situated  on  the  five  thou- 
sand miles  or  more  of  island  coast.  The  hemp,  sugar,  and  tobacco  districts  must  have 
rice,  and  that  in  kind  becomes  the  medium  of  exchange  for  their  products.  Little 
money  is  used  or  needed.  The  mei-chants  of  these  towns  and  villages  receive  the  pi-in- 
cipal  product  of  the  district  for  the  merchandise  sold  to  the  inhabitants  and  barter  the 
productsof  other  districts  for  it.  The  great  center  of  the  island  trade  is  Manila,  and 
trade  is  controlled  and  conducted  mostly  by  Europeans— the  Chinamen,  however, 
looking  carefully  after  its  retail  features.  The  closing  of  the  port  of  Manila,  or  a  radical 
change  in  the  restrictions  or  regulations  under  which  this  trade  is  carried  on,  would 
seriously  alTect  the  inhabitants  of  the  islands,  and  the  business  interests  of  the  large 
merchants  who  are  also  the  exporters  of  the  native  products. 

Under  present  social  conditions  as  affected  by  the  special  industries  of  particular 
sections,  it  is  possible,  by  completely  interdictiug  inter-island  commerce,  to  reduce  to 
great  individual  sufl"ering  the  mass  of  the  inhabitants,  as  well  as  to  seriously  impair  the 
large  European  or  foreign  business  capital  which  has  been  invested  here  for  commercial' 
purposes.  As  has  been  stated,  the  surrender  of  Manila  threw  into  the  possession  of  the 
United  States  for  control,  not  only  the  municipal  affairs  of  the  city,  but  the  commerce, 
the  shipping,  and  a  large  share  of  the  trade  revenues  of  the  Philippines,  with  power  to 
modify  at  its  pleasure  the  regulations  by  which  that  trade  has  been  conducted.  The 
orders  of  the  President  wisely  directed  in  effect  a  continuance  of  late  prevailing  customs 
duties,  with  very  slight  modifications,  and  the  public  interests  demand  that  relief 
should  be  ext«nded  to  the  people  of  the  islands  through  the  resumption  of  trade.  These 
modifications,  however,  slight  as  they  were  and  unavoidable  under  the  circumstances, 
were  the  sources  of  grievances  on  the  part  of  individual  merchants,  which  they  pre- 
sented through  the  consuls  of  their  governments  or  in  person.  The  least  change  in  the 
former  tariff  schedule  affected  those  who  were  stocked  or  those  who  wished  to  import 
merchandise,  and  gave  competitors  unfair  advantages.  Many  had  bought  goods  in 
Spain  at  high  market  rates  for  the  purpose  of  securing  the  Spanish  trade  privileges  on 
home  products,  and  were  unable  to  have  delivery  made  in  Manila  on  account  of  the 
war.  They  therefore  asked  to  have  the  Spanish  trade  privileges  extended  to  these 
special  goods  to  avoid  the  great  pecuniary  loss  which  they  must  otherwise  suffier. 
Repeated  requests  of  this  character  occasioned  a  great  deal  of  correspondence,  and  the 
concession  of  September  29th  was  thereupon  granted,  which  was  to  the  effiect  that  all 
such  goods  as  might  be  entered  prior  to  November  10th,  the  date  upon  which  the 
amended  tariff'  regulations  were  to  go  into  effect,  might,  upon  due  proof  of  facts,  be 
admitted  under  the  old  Spanish  customs  rules.  Even  this  concession  did  not  meet  the 
merchants'  demands,  and  they  contended  for  a  longer  time  in  which  to  present  their 
goods,  but  had  to  be  denied  after  fruitless  argument  by  both  parties  in  interest. 

The  United  States  had  not  only  assumed  charge  of  the  customs  regulations  of  the 
islands,  but  also  of  all  fiscal  matters.    General  Greene,  and  subsequently  General  Whit- 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  421 

tier,  was  appointed  to  tlie  position  of  intendente  general  de  hacienda,  which  was  really 
the  office  of  the  colonial  minister  of  finance,  and  although  their  duties  were  limited  in 
orders  to  "the  supervision  of  the  fiscal  affairs  of  the  government  of  Manila,"  they  were 
obliged  to  consider  those  of  a  general  character  quite  extensively,  such  as  Importation 
and  internal  revenue.  The  colonial  treasury  has  been  surrendered,  and  its  administra- 
tion involved  questions  of  local  and  general  import.  The  funds  of  both  the  city,  the 
island,  the  peninsular  government,  the  money  deposits  of  private  individuals  guaran- 
teeing faithful  performance  of  local  and  other  contracts  were  merged  beyond  possibility 
of  segregation.  The  laws,  however,  could  not  be  considered  to  impose  obligations  upon 
any  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  islands  living  outside  of  territory  in  the  rightful  possession 
of  the  United  States,  however  they  might  be  applied  to  residents  of  Manila.  There  was 
a  dual  occupation  of  this  office  of  intendente  general,  as  Spanish  officials  still  considered 
those  fiscal  matters  which  related  to  the  business  of  the  islands  in  which  Manila  was  not 
concerned.  To  avoid  unnecessary  complications  and  also  to  simplify  administration, 
the  office  was  placed  in  temporary  suspension  and  all  fiscal  matters  supervised  from  the 
office  of  the  military  governor.  The  bureau  of  internal  revenue,  lilie  the  customs,  as 
soon  as  talcen  possession  of  by  the  United  States  officers,  presented  perplexing  questions. 
The  sources  of  revenue  and  the  proper  administration  of  funds  depended  upon  numer- 
ous Spanish  decrees  extending  over  a  long  period  of  j'ears.  It  received  moneys  which 
belonged  to  the  funds  of  the  city,  executed  the  stamp  laws,  the  industrial  tax  regula- 
tions, and  looked  after  the  issuing  of  personal  cedulas  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  islands, 
etc.  As  soon  as  the  office  was  established  the  residents  of  the  city  began  to  tender  the 
periodical  payments.  The  question  as  to  what  character  of  taxes  should  be  collected  by 
the  United  States  came  up  for  consideration.  Back  taxes  were  paid  in  and  refundments 
or  credits  on  prior  payments  requested.  In  answer  to  questions  submitted  by  the  col- 
lector of  internal  revenue,  the  following  specific  Instructions  were  given  and  show  the 
nature  of  difficulties  presented : 

Office  of  Military  Secretary, 

Manila,  P.  I.,  September  15,  189S. 
Maj.  R.  B.  C.  Bement,  U.  S.  V., 

Collector  uf  Internal  Revenue,  Manila,  P.  I. 

Sir  :  I  am  directed  by  tlie  military  governor  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your  letter 
of  September  14th,  with  inclosed  exhibit  of  cash  received  by  you  since  the  26th  ultimo. 
He  directs  me  to  say,  in  answer  U)  your  (|uestion  as  to  whether  you  shall  receive  the 
railroad  tax  or  not,  that  he  is  nr,t  convinced  that  the  United  States  Government  has  the 
right  to  collect  it.  It  was  a  tax  imposed  by  tlie  general  Spanish  Philippine  Government 
for  services  performed  in  the  island  of  Luzon. 

The  United  States  have  ri'^litful  occupation  of  the  city  of  Manila  and  its  defenses 
only.  Under  the  prevailinu  armistice  they  have  no  right  to  impose  taxes  for  services 
performed  In  any  oilier  part  of  the  world.  This  tax,  being  a  provincial  or  colonial  tax, 
makes  it  doubtful  if  it  ce.mcs  within  the  taxes  which  can  be  paid  to  the  present  author- 
ities of  the  city  of  Manila.  The  Spanish  governor  stationed  at  Hollo,  who  has  jurisdic- 
tion overall  portions  of  the  Philippine  Islands  not  in  the  actual  rightful  possession  of 
the  United  States,  might  be  able  to  raise  a  good  legal  point  should  we  accept  this  rail- 
road tax.    Further  consideration  will  be  given  to  the  question. 

The  military  governor  directs  me  further  to  say  that  as  regards  our  right  to  issue  the 
old  personal  cedula  he  is  also  in  doubt,  as  he  is  not  aware  what  privileges  it  conlerred 
upon  the  person  to  whom  it  was  granted  ;  tliat  he  has  been  told  that  it  was  in  the  nature 
of  a  passport,  permitting  the  holder  to  journey  in  all  i^orlious  of  tlie  islands.  Such 
authority  the  United  States  can  not  give,  so  that  any  cedula  issued  hy  us  would  not  be 
of  value  to  the  party  to  whom  issued.  It  would  nierol\-  1 vidence  of  personal  identifi- 
cation, giving  the  right  to  remain  in  and  travel  about  the  city  of  Manila  or  through  the 
territory  over  which  the  United  States  holds  sway.  If  he  is  incorrect  in  his  impressions 
please  inform  him. 

For  these  and  other  reasons  (one  of  which  is  the  dislike  exhibited  by  the  inhabitants 
to  the  cedula  tax)  he  has  not  thought  it  consistent  with  good  policy  to  issue  the  cedula 
Very  respectfully, 

Henry  C.  Cabei.l, 

Military  Secretary. 

Office  of  the  Military  Secretary, 
„    „  „  Manila,  P.  I.,  September  U,  1S9S. 

Maj.  R.  B.  C.  Besient,  U.  S.  V., 

Collector  of  Customs  and  Internal  Revenue,  Manila,  P.  I. 
Sir:  I  am  directed  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your  communication  of  the  19th 
instant  with  inclosu res  (the  inclosures  I  herewith  return),  and  to  state  in  reply  that  the 
only  policy  which  can  be  pursued  under  the  present  American  administration  of  this  city 


422  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

is  to  refuse  to  consider  all  claims  which  were  pending,  treating  them  as  claims  against  the 
Spanish  Government,  in  which  we  are  not  interested.  As  a  consequence  of  this  policy 
we  must,  to  be  consistent,  ignore  all  debts  due  to  tlie  Spanish  Government  prior  to 
occvipancy,  whether  in  the  nature  of  taxes  or  otherwise,  ^^'e  retain  all  moneys  and 
securities  found  in  till- Spanish  treasury  at  the  inception  (if  o,-,ii|,:iiii>n  as  tlic  picp,  rty 
of  the  public  enemy,  and  do  not  arknowledge  the  validitN'  oiniiy  liens  wliidi  I  he  lornier 
subjects  of  Spain  (whose  present  status  is  that  of  Spanish  eilizcns  wiih  ciiizrnship  held 
in  abeyance)  may  submit  for  requested  adjustment.  In  pursuance  of  that  policy  the 
answer  to  the  first  question  submitted  by  you  must  be,  "Yes  ;  only  received  taxes  which 
have  accrued  since  August  13th." 

The  answer  to  the  second  question  is,  '"Yes;  refund  taxes  for  the  portion  of  the  quar- 
ters prior  to  August  loth,  and  retain  taxes  which  have  accrued  since  that  date." 

To  the  third  question  the  answer  is,  "No."  I'aities  who  lia  ve  paid  taxes  to  the  Span- 
ish Government  may  possibly  have  a  claim  against  the  Spanisli  ( ;<ivernment,  but  cer- 
tainly not  against  the  United  States  Government.  Money  in  the  treasury  at  the  time  it 
was  surrendered  to  the  United  States  is  public  money  and  can  not  be  returned  in  liqui- 
dation of  Spanish  indebtedness,  whatever  the  nature  of  that  indebtedness. 

Yon  will  not  make  any  refundments  in  any  instance  except  from  money  actually 
received  bv  .you. 

To  the  fourth  question  the  answer  is  contained  in  answers  already  made. 

The  ttfth  query  is  met  in  the  second  answer. 

To  be  plain,  the  collector  of  internal  revenue  should  refund  only  from  money  received 
by  him.  Money  covered  into  the  Spanish  treasury  by  Spanish  officials,  for  whatever 
purpose  or  from  whatever  source,  must  remain  there. 

By  command  of  Major  General  Otis  Henry  C.  Cabell,, 

Military  Secretary. 

Inquiries  were  being  continually  presented  from  this  department  of  public  afTairs, 
which  necessitated  the  labor  of  discovering  and  translating  a  great  many  Spanish 
decrees  by  which  the  department  was  atlected.  The  question  of  issuing  the  cedula,  from 
which  an  annual  revenue  of  $4,000,000  had  been  received,  and  which  was  one  of  the  chief 
grievances  presented  by  the  Filipinos  against  the  Spanish  Government  because  of  its 
cost,  was  long  considered,  and  was  finally  requested  by  the  inhabitants,  as  it  furnished 
the  simplest  means  of  personal  identification,  provided  it  could  be  given  for  a  money 
consideration  not  burdensome.  It  was  therefore  issued  to  applicants,  numbering  over 
sixty  thousand,  at  a  rate  sufficient  to  pay  all  expenses  connected  with  the  issuing  of  the 
same.  It  was  eagerly  sought  by  the  people  and  was  a  source  of  great  satisfaction.  This 
department,  too,  was  so  closely  connected  with  the  administration  of  strictly  municipal 
affairs  (since  it  collected  a  considerable  share  of  the  city  revenue)  as  to  present  compli- 
cations. The  city  revenue  came  from  more  than  twenty  different  sources.  Including 
urban  taxes  collected  at  the  office  of  internal  revenue,  ten  per  cent  of  the  amounts  col- 
lected for  port,  harbor,  and  light  dues,  etc. 

Until  1894  the  municipality,  strictly  speaking,  consisted  of  the  walled  town,  and  was 
then  extended  to  embrace  the  adjacent  surrounding  villages,  such  as  Ermita,  Malate, 
Binondo,  and  others,  which  had  previously  been  granted  a  certain  abridged  independent 
control  of  its  public  aflTairs.  The  royal  decree  of  January,  1894,  under  which  (his  change 
was  brought  about,  pretended  to  recognize  to  a  certain  extent  the  clannish  or  tribal,  or 
rather  family,  hereditary  customs  which  enter  into  the  public  affairs  of  all  Filipino 
village  communities,  but  had  little  weight  in  the  formation  of  the  new  government. 
The  entire  city  was  divided  into  eleven  districts,  and  a  considerable  number  of  the  city 
officers  were  made  elective  under  stringent  ballot  regulations. 

The  Governor  General,  however,  appointed  to  the  most  responsible  positions,  and 
had  the  power  of  absolute  veto  on  all  actions  of  the  municipal  council,  so  that  in  fact 
the  city  continued  to  be,  as  formerly,  under  quasi-military  administration.  Should  the 
prescribed  sources  of  revenue  fail  to  furnish  the  necessary  public  funds,  the  council 
might  seek  others  from  which  to  draw,  and  upon  approval  of  its  recommendations  by 
the  Governor  General  that  certain  new  features  of  taxation  be  introduced,  they  were  at 
once  applied.  A  reestablishment  of  this  so-called  city  government  by  the  United  States 
was  an  impossibility,  even  if  the  spirit  of  the  inhabitants  had  made  it  prudent.  There- 
fore complete  control  of  not  only  the  police  of  the  city,  but  of  all  its  municipal  affairs 
was  intrusted  to  the  provost  marshal  general.  He  was  directed  to  deposit  in  the  general 
treasury,  as  was  also  the  officer  of  internal  revenue,  all  funds  received  from  any  source 
whatsoever,  and  to  draw  on  the  public  treasury  for  moneys  to  cover  the  necessary  city 
expenditures.     The  accompanying  reports  of  the  provost  marshal  general  and  the 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  423 

collector  of  internal  revenue  explain  the  constitution  and  woiitings  of  these  respective 
departments. 

The  subject  of  Chinese  immigration  had  to  be  considered  very  soon  after  occupation. 
Many  of  this  class  of  inhabitants  had  retired  to  China  during  the  three  years  of  political 
agitation  which  had  preceded  the  surrender  of  Manila.  Now,  when  the  United  States 
took  possession  and  a  more  stable  government  was  predicted,  they  sought  to  return. 
Large  numbers,  too,  who  had  never  resided  in  the  Philippines  endeavored  to  enter,  in 
order  to  talje  advantage  of  the  reviving  trade  facilities  anticipated.  Notwithstanding 
the  many  tliousands  who  had  permanently  settled  in  the  islands,  who,  as  residents, 
were  conducting  large  business  enterprises,  a  great  share  of  the  retail  trade  in  the 
larger  cities,  the  minor  exchanges  in  merchandise  carried  on  between  the  outlying 
towns  and  villages,  and  who  were  extensively  employed  to  perform  the  more  arduous 
and  exhausting  kinds  of  manual  labor;  notwithstanding  the  very  marked  strain  of 
Chinese  blood  noticeable  in  a  fair  proportion  of  the  native  inhabitants,  showing  con- 
siderable consanguineous  relationships,  the  old  hereditary  race  prejudice  was  still  active 
and  continually  manifested  itself  in  illegal  and  oftentimes  bloody  demonstrations. 

The  Filipino  is  by  nature  an  agriculturist ;  the  Chinaman  a  trader  not  burdened  by  a 
troublesome  conscience  when  seeking  tlie  profits  of  traffic.  The  former  is  more  or  less 
indolent  in  normal  conditions.  The  latter  is  ever  on  the  alert  for  individual  pecuniary 
gain,  is  more  than  a  match  for  the  Filipino  when  any  business  relationship  is  estab- 
lished between  them  and  is  apt  to  pay  for  the  advantages  he  acquii-es  by  subsequent 
robbery  and  oftentimes  murder.  Pursuing  his  avocation  through  the  country  as  an 
Insignificant  trader  carrying  his  pack  of  goods,  he  is  considered  by  the  more  unruly 
classes  of  Filipinos  of  a  desirable  object  for  sequestration  and  often  disappears  forever 
by  some  means  unknown  to  relatives  and  friends.  Still,  he  persistently  confronts  all 
these  personal  dangers,  obedient  to  his  mastering  desire  to  acquire  money.  Under 
Spanish  rule  the  Chinese  residents  controlled  the  opium  trade,  secured  the  greater  share 
of  the  profits  from  legalized  gambling  which  was  extensively  prosecuted  throughout  the 
islands,  were  the  winners  in  lawful  rattling,  and  were  close  seconds  to  the  Filipinos  in 
the  business  enterprises  attending  the  licensed  occupation  of  cockflghting. 

Not  only  was  this  active  race  enmity  and  the  unfortunate  existing  conditions  which 
were  more  or  less  in  consequences  giving  trouble,  but  the  Chinamen  themselves  were 
divided  into  warring  factions.  By  the  larger  faction  the  acting  Chinese  consul  was 
accused  of  taking  advantage  of  his  consular  powers  by  exacting  payments  of  money  for 
his  individual  proflt.  The  consul  thereupon  asked  permission  to  discipline  his  refrac- 
tory countrymen  and  to  deport  in  his  discretion  those  whom  he  might  discover  to 
belong  to  the  criminal  classes. 

After  due  consideration  of  the  perplexing  questions  which  presented  themselves  upon 
the  opening  of  the  port  of  Manila  in  this  matter  of  Chinese  immigration,  the  conclusion 
was  reached  that  the  application  of  the  United  States  statutes  controlling  such  immi- 
gration to  United  States  territory  furnished  the  best  solution,  and  thei-efore  within  the 
month  succeeding  our  occupation  the  following  instructions  were  issued  : 

The  laws  of  the  United  States,  whieli  proliibit  the  entrance  of  Chinese,  will  be  enforced 
here. 

The  exceptions  are : 

Chinese  laborers,  skilled  or  unskilled,  formerly  resident  in  Manila  and  temporarily 
absent  therefrom,  will  be  allowed  to  return  upon  proper  proof  of  such  previous  resi- 
dence, which  may  be  made  by  presentation  of  a  Spanish  cedula  or  certificate  of  the 
American  consul,  of  the  port  from  which  xhf  rptnriiing  Chiuese  have  sailed. 

The  closest  scrutiny  of  such  cedulas  and  «•(  rtificntos  is  enjoined,  and  in  doubtful  cases 
the  collector  of  this  port  will  require  thiui  (n  \>'-  supported  by  additional  proof,  and  no 
Chinaman,  of  whatever  nationality,  will  \>r  iicnuitted  by  him  to  land  except  upon  con- 
clusive proof  of  pr(>vious  rosidcnce. 

There  will  Ik- cxiinphd  jioiii  the  above  restrictions  the  parties  named  in  article  3  of 
the  coiivcutiuii  ijciwccii  !iic  I'nited  States  of  America  and  the  Empire  of  China,  pub- 
lished in  supiilciiiriit  to  t  111'  ;;.  vised  Statutes  of  the  United  States,  volume  2,  pages  153-7, 
to  wit:  Chinese  oUicials,  hMclier'^,  students,  merehants,  or  ti'avelers  for  curiosity  or 
pleasure.  The  cominjz:  nf  these  class,--  of  Chinese  will  Ih'  iiei-niitted  upon  tlie  production 
of  a  certificate  from  tlieii'  ( iuvernniein  or  t  lie  ,ij;overninent  wIhtc  the\-  last  ri-sidi'd,  vist'ed 
b.v  the  diplomaticor  consular  representative  of  the  United  States  in  tlie  country  or  port 
whence  they  depart,  supplemented  by  such  further  proof  as  is  required  in  section  6  of 
an  act  of  Congress,  approved  July  5, 1884. 


424  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

All  Chinese  entering  this  port  shall  register  at  the  office  of  the  Chinese  consul  or 
consular  agent. 

It  is  also  directed  that  the  following  regulations  shall  govern  the  return  to  this  port 
of  Chinese  laborers,  skilled  or  unskilled,  residents  of  Manila,  who  leave  this  port  after 
this  date. 

Every  such  Chinese  laborer  will,  before  his  departure  from  this  port.,  report  to  the 
collector  of  customs  or  his  deputy,  who  will  enter  in  a  registry,  to  be  kept  for  that 
purpose,  the  name  of  sufh  laborer,  his  age,  occupation,  physical  marks  nr  peculiarities, 
and  such  other  facts  as  may  be  deemed  necessary  for  the  i.uii  pose  <>1'  iilcMtilication. 

Said  collector  or  his  deputy  will  furnish  to  c\ery  such  (Irpariiutr  Chiucsc  laborer  a 
certificate  to  be  signed  by  said  collector  or  his  deputy,  which  ciiiiijcate  sliall  set  forth 
all  the  facts  shown  by  the  registry  book  above  mentioned,  corresponding  with  said 
registry  in  all  particulars. 

The  certiflcate  herein  provided  for  shall  entitle  such  Chinese  laborer  to  whom  the 
same  is  issued  to  return  and  reenter  this  port  upon  producing  and  delivering  the  same 
to  the  collector  of  customs  of  said  port,  and  said  ceiiilicalc  shall  be  the  only  evidence 
permissible  to  establish  his  right  to  reentry,  but  said  ccriiiicate  may  be  controverted 
and  the  facts  therein  disproved  by  the  United  States  authorities.  Upon  delivering  such 
certiflcate  by  such  Chinese  laborer  to  the  collector  of  customs  at  the  time  of  reentry  into 
this  port  said  collector  shall  cause  the  same  to  be  filed  in  the  customhouse  and  duly 
canceled. 

These  instructions  are  still  practiced  substantially —  the  only  modifications  made 
consisting  in  methods  of  application  —  and  the  orders  which  have  been  issued  by  the 
War  Department  since  their  date  have  confirmed  them.  The  action  taken  by  the 
United  States  and  Chiriese  governments  in  changing  the  consular  representative  of  the 
latter  has  resulted  in  quieting  very  materially  the  complaints  of  the  resident  Chinese 
against  each  other,  although  an  occasional  one  is  submitted.  The  conditions  of  these 
residents  and  their  evident  interest  in  a  stable  government  to  enable  them  to  practice 
their  natural  trading  propensities,  also  the  utter  absence  of  any  patriotic  sentiment  by 
which  they  could  possibly  be  animated,  renders  the  conduct  of  many  of  them  anoma- 
lous. "Within  our  military  lines  they  are  ardent  friends  of  the  Americans,  and,  beyond, 
a  good  many  are  apparently  active  insurgents.  They  fiU  subordinate  positions  in  the 
insurgent  army,  and  one  of  the  ablest  insurgent  general  officers  is  a  Chinaman,  but  his 
chief  occupation  appears  to  be  to  look  carefully  after  the  finances  within  the  territory 
of  his  sphere  of  action.  They  have  performed  a  great  deal  of  the  vast  amount  of 
manual  labor  expended  in  the  construction  of  the  insurgent  intrenchments  which  are 
encountered  by  our  army  wherever  it  is  called  upon  to  operate,  but  under  impressment, 
doubtless,  as  they  seize  every  opportunity  to  escape  insurgent  domination,  provided 
they  are  not  restrained  by  their  individual  property  interests. 

Allusion  is  made  in  a  former  portion  of  this  report  to  the  difficulties  encountered  in 
reestablishing  satisfactory  civil  tribunals.  It  is  there  asserted  that  "the  civil  court 
justices  vacated  their  positions  and  gradually  sailed  for  Spain  without  giving  notice  of 
their  intention  to  depart."  Before  this  happened  there  had  been  a  few  interesting  inci- 
dents connected  with  the  opening  of  the  courts  by  the  Spanish  judges  without  previous 
consultation  with  the  military  authorities,  which  excited  the  inhabitants  of  the  city, 
who  submitted  strong  protests.  The  provo.st  marshal  general  therefore  was  directed  to 
close  the  minor  civil  tribunals  and  the  court  of  the  fli-st  instance  — a  court  with  j  urisdic- 
tion  coexten.sive  with  the  territorial  limits  of  a  province.  There  was  also  in  session  the 
court  of  the  audiencia,  or  the  supreme  court  of  the  islands,  having  appellate  jurisdic- 
tion exclusively.  The  chief  justice,  whose  court  was  empowered  by  Spanish  decree  to 
sit  in  the  city  of  Manila  only,  claimed  the  right  to  hold  court  and  to  at  least  administer 
upon  cases  afl'ecting  inhabitants  not  resident  in  the  city,  Independent  of  United  States 
authority,  and  also  argued  its  right  to  determine  cases,  both  civil  and  criminal,  which 
were  pending  on  appeal  prior  to  United  States  occupation.  In  submitting  his  request 
or  demand,  he  asked  for  a  personal  interview,  and  the  following  reply  was  returned  : 

Office  of  the  Military  Governor, 

Manila,  P.  I.,  September  25,  JS9S. 
Hon.  Servando  F.  Victoria, 

Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  Philippines. 
Sir  :  I  have  the  honor  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your  communication  of  the  21st 
instant,  a  translation  of  which  is  now  before  me.  Replying  thereto,  I  beg  to  inform 
your  honor  that  so  much  of  your  communication  as  is  devoted  to  the  discussion  of  the 
question  of  continuance  under  military  government,  such  as  has  been  established  in  the 
city  of  Manila  by  the  United  States,  of  the  local  courts  of  the  country  and  of  the  civil 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  425 

laws  (municipal),  has  received  the  consideration  which  its  importance  merits  and  to 
say  further  that  the  views  expressed  by  you  in  the  main  have  mv  concurrence.  ' 

But  while  it  is  true,  as  pointed  out  by  your  honor,  that  under  tlie  conditions  noted 
tli<>  generally  accc|>ted  rule  under  international  law  is  tliat  all  civil  law  (onliinics  to 
tak.'  its  usual  course  in  pla.-csand  territory  und.T  niili  larv  f,^oN-,Miiiih'nl ,  and  is  ii-iiallv 
adiniuisIenMl  hy  ihr  ordiiia  ry  tribunals  sul.slaiiliallv  as  Ix'tore  t  be  rstablisbniciii  ,,(  il,e 
military  -c  vvrnuiicnl  :  ii  is  likewise  true,  and  1  am  sure  will  be  aduiitied  b',  your  liunor 
that  these  law  s  ,-,iiiiiniie  in  r,.ree  and  the  local  courts  continue  in  (be  e.xii'ci.se  of  their 
jurisdiclicin  onl\  willi  llie  sanelionof  the  occupying  belllKerenl,  wbicb  nia\-,  for  cause 
deemed  >nllieieni  li\-  i  i.  suspend  the  same  or  wholly  snpers<'de  I  hem.  rpon  liie  estab- 
lishment (.f  uiililary  K'>veinnient  at  this  place,  it  was  d.'cr./ed  bv  ni\  luvibM-essdr  tliat 
"municipal  laws  (the  term  'niunieipal  laws'  being  used  in  its  t)r.>a(ier  -ense  and  in  con- 
tradistinction to  the  term  -international  law'),  such  as  ali'ei-t  piivale  ii-li|s  ,,i-  persons 
and  property,  reirulate  local  institutions,  and  provide  for  t lie  inmisbnient  ofci-iine  sh-ill 
be  considered  as  continuing  in  force  so  far  as  compatible  witli  tlie  ]nir poses  of  mi'litary 
government,  and  tliat  Ihey  bv  a.hninisi,  red  throuy:!,  the  ordinary  tribunals  substan- 
tially as  before  occupation,  but  by  odicers  api)oiiit<d  by  the  government  of  occupation." 
(See  paragraph  3  of  proclauuition,  dated  August  1  i,  1S!)S.) 

The  ettect  of  this  provision  was  to  suspend  oiieration  of  your  court,  and  other  courts 
of  subordinate  jurisdiction  sitting  at  Manila,  until  reorganized  in  accordance  with  its 
requirements,  and  it  is  not  understood  how  this  unequivocal  language  could  be  mis- 
understood. 

I  am  informed  that  the  provisions  of  the  proclamation  above  ijnoied  was  inserted 
after  mature  deliberation,  and  that  there  was  understood  to  exist  a  necessity  for  the 
restriction  placed  upon  the  exercise  of  jurisdiction  by  your  honor's  court,  and  by  the 
subordinate  courts  lieretofore  referred  to,  in  the  then  condition  of  the  public  mind 
toward  these  tribunals. 

WluMher  it  is  now  necessary  to  continue  the  restrictions  lieretofore  placed  upon  the 
operations  ot  the  courts  named  is  a  question  which  I  have  at  present  under  consid- 
eration. The  assurance  contained  in  your  letter  to  the  effect  that  the  supreme  court 
presided  over  by  you  antl  the  subordinate  courts  "considered  themselves  olili.'cd  to 
cooperate  with  their  continual  functions  to  the  better  realization  of  a  service  which  the 
army  of  occupation  of  your  excellency's  command  took  charge  of,"  is  a  most  important 
consideration  in  relieving  me  of  such  doubts  as  have  arisen.  I  am  very  desirous  tliat 
the  judieiiu-.v  shall  resume  its  customary  J  ui'isdiction,  iirovided  that  adequate  assurance 
can  he  had  ihal  ilie  exercise  of  such  Jurisdiction  sludl  not  in  any  way  tend  to  defeat  or 
ol)striict  the  op<"iations  of  the  established  government  and  will  not  result  in  a  wide- 
spread discontent  and  dissatisfaction  among  the  great  majority  of  the  people  subject  to 
the  military  government,  thereby  creating  greater  difficulties  and  hardships  than  those 
pointed  out  in  your  communication,  and  which  it  is  your  desire  as  well  as  my  own  to 
mitigate. 

I  beg  to  assure  you  that  the  questions  raised  by  you  shall  have  my  earnest  attention 
and  to  the  end  that  a  complete  understanding  may  be  brought  about  and  the  purpose 
we  both  have  in  view  may  be  advanced  as  rapidly  as  poss'ible.  1  shall  be  pleased  to 
appoint  an  interview  with  you  in  my  office  when  Informed  of  the  time  that  will  be  most 
convenient  for  your  honor  to  respond  to  such  an  invitation. 

Very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant,  E.  S.  Otis, 

Major  General,  U.  S.  V.,  Military  Governor. 

Several  conferences  followed;  also  interviews  with  leading  Filipino  lawyers,  and  the 
result  was  the  order  of  October  7th,  set  out  in  a  former  portion  of  this  report,  by  which 
the  courts  were  permitted  to  resume  the  exercise  of  all  civil  jurisdiction  conferred  by 
Spanish  laws,  but  not  criminal  jurisdiction  of  any  nature.  The  permitted  use  of  these 
abridged  functions  was  not  satisfactory  to  the  Spanish  judges,  and  their  courts  were 
gradually  closed,  depriving  citizens  of  temporary  legal  process  in  their  business  trans- 
actions, which  in  a  few  instances  was  desired,  except  in  so  far  as  they  obtained  remedy 
through  the  military  governor's  office. 

All  citizens  charged  with  crimes  and  misdemeanors  were  in  the  mean  time  brought 
before  military  commissions  and  provost  courts,  which  were  occasionally  instructed,  in 
order  that  they  might  meet  varying  conditions  as  occasion  demanded.  These  military 
tribunals  have  worked  very  satisfactorily  and  have  been  acceptable  to  the  inhabitants 
because  of  conceded  just  administration  and  celerity  of  action.  Even  now  since  the 
reestablishment  of  the  civil  courts  they  transact  a  large  amount  of  business,  as  civil 
jurisdiction  does  "  not  extend  to  and  include  crimes  and  offenses  committed  by  citizens 
of  or  persons  sojourning  within  the  Philippine  Islands,  which  are  prejudicial  to  mili- 
tary administration  and  discipline,  except  by  authority  specially  conferred  by  the  mili- 
tary governor." 

The  surrendered  Spanish  treasury,  in  whicli  the  deposit  safes  and  vaults  had  been 
carefully  examined  and  contents  correctly  inventoried  by  a  board  of  officers  appointed 
for  that  purpose,  the  members  of  which  returned  thereto  all  former  contents  and 
securely  sealed  the  same  to  await  the  determination  of  the  question  of  rightful  pos- 
session of  contents,  gave  a  good  deal  of  annoyance  on  account  of  the  numerous  applica- 


426  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

tions  of  private  individuals  for  the  return  to  them  of  money,  bonds,  or  other  securities 
which  they  had  deposited  voluntarily  as  investments  or  in  exchange  for  Spanish  bonds 
never  received,  or  to  guarantee  the  specific  performance  of  contracts  which  they  had 
entered  into  with  the  city  and  provisional  governments.  The  treasury  books  showed 
many  special  individual  deposits  in  money  and  many  special  deposits  of  bonds,  some 
of  which  were  properly  designated  when  placed  in  the  Spanish  vaults,  so  that  owner- 
ship could  be  readily  determined.  The  money  which  individuals  claimed  that  they  had 
deposited,  if  received  and  retained,  had  been  merged  into  the  general  fund,  and  together 
with  the  claimed  bonds  would  have  exceeded  in  amount  probably  all  the  money  and 
paper  securities  which  the  treasury  contained.  The  correspendence  between  these  indi- 
viduals and  the  military  authorities  was  voluminous.  The  conclusions  reached  are 
shown  in  the  following  communications: 

Office  United  States  Military  Governor 
IN  the  Philippine  Islands, 

Manila,  P.  I.,  October  G,  189S. 
Mr.  Jose  De  Gurena, 

Attorney  for  Dr.  Francisco  Sainz,  Manila,  P.  I. 

Sir  :  The  military  governor  directs  me  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your  communi- 
cation of  a  few  days  since  (which  is  appan  ntly  without  date),  in  which  you  request  the 
return  to  your  client  of  certain  moneys  (icinisitiil  liy  liim  in  the  Spanish  treasury  at 
Manila,  etc.,  which  were  to  be  held  in  tiust  !■>  tin'  Spanish  Government,  as  security  for 
the  specific  performance  of  certain  contracts  wliich  he  had  entered  into  with  the  govern- 
ment of  that  country. 

In  reply,  I  am  directed  to  return  the  copies  of  contracts  submitted  by  you,  and  to 
state  that  your  client  appears  to  have  a  claim  against  the  Spanish  Government  for 
moneys  deposited,  but  none  asrainst  the  Government  of  the  United  States. 

All  fiimls  which  cnnir  info  the  possession  of  the  United  States  upon  the  surrender  of 
thecitv  of  M.i  nil.i  and  i  i  ~  liciiiiseson  August  13th  last,  were  surrendered  as  public  funds, 
and  wi  rr  turned  ov!  i-  to  tl.r  I'nitcd  States  under  articles  of  capitulation  requiring  that 
"all  funds  ill  the  Spanisii  tnasmy  and  all  public  funds  shall  be  turned  over  to  the 
authorities  of  the  United  stai  s,""  As  you  are  evidently  aware,  there  is  no  requirement 
of  international  law  to  tlir  iiti  ci  iliat  funds,  the  title  to  which  is  vested  in  the  United 
States  by  capture,  shall  1h'  ilistriljnu'd  among  such  persons  as  have  pecuniary  claims 
against  the  country  from  wliich  the  funds  were  captured.  The  cont  i  acts  made  by  and 
between  yourclient  and  the  Spanish  Government  evidently  rest  in  su-  pension  l)y  reason 
of  "the  act  of  the  public  enemy,"  and  may  be  revived  in  full  force  iii'  in  tic  <  i  ssalion  of 
United  States  military  occupation  and  return  of  the  territoi-y  occnjiied  (■■Spain.  The 
military  government  holds  as  a  legal  proposition  that  a  Spanish  sutiject  (\vith  citizen- 
ship in  temporary  abeyance)  can  not  have,  either  in  equity  or  law,  a  lien  upon  moneys 
surrendered  by  the  Spanish  Government  as  its  public  funds.  They  came  into  the  pos- 
session of  the  United  States  wholly  unincumbered  and  title  passed  to  my  government 
with  possession. 

Very  respectfully,  Henry  C.  Cabell,  Military  Secretary. 


Office  United  States  Military  Governor 
IN  the  Philippine  Islands, 

Manila,  P.  I.,  September  19,  1S99. 
Messrs.  R.  Aexlle  &  Co., 

/iB  MagaUanes  Street,  Manila. 

Gentlemen  :  In  reply  to  your  communication  of  the  9th  instant,  the  military  gov- 
ernor directs  me  to  state  that  investigation  shows  that  the  bonds  you  mention  in  the 
communication  are  in  the  possession  of  the  present  custodian  of  the  Spanish  public 
funds,  and  that  they  can  not  be  delivered  at  the  present  time  for  the  following  reasons, 
viz : 

That  they  concern  a  contract  entered  into  by  Spanish  authorities  and  a  subject  of 
Spain  ;  that  all  obligations  of  such  a  nature,  and  all  rights  under  them,  are  suspended 
during  the  existence  of  war  between  the  dominion  of  Spain  and  the  United  States  Gov- 
ernment, and  remain  in  suspension  until  the  final  declaration  of  peace  between  those 
two  countries. 

That  the  military  government  of  the  United  States  established  in  Manila  is  not  under 
any  obligation  to  recognize  in  any  way  formerly  existing  regulations  between  Spain  and 
its  subjects,  whether  arising  under  contract  or  otherwise. 

That  it  is  not  the  duty  of  that  government,  and  it  might  be  said  its  right,  to  attempt 
to  adjust  claims  of  such  a  character.  They  remain  in  abeyance,  and  are  revived  upon 
the  declaration  of  peace. 

Very  respectfully,  yours,  Henry  C.  Cabell,  Military  Sea-etary. 

In  answer  to  individual  requests  for  the  return  of  voluntary  bond  deposits,  which 
could  be  identified  and  ownership  established  by  marks  and  designations  accompany- 
ing these  special  deposits,  applicants  were  informed  that  they  must  await  the  unsealing 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  427 

of  the  safes,  which  could  not  be  done  until  some  settlement  of  American  and  Spanish 
interests  should  be  arrived  at.  The  result  has  been  that  the  money  deposits  merged  into 
the  general  fund  have  not  been  recognized  as  creating  any  obligation  against  the  United 
States  Government,  which  received  this  entire  fund  as  the  pubhc  money  of  Spain  ;  that 
the  recognized  special  deposits  have  been  returned  to  the  individual  owners,  under  the 
supervision  of  the  United  States  and  Spanish  boards  of  liquidation,  which  were  ap- 
pointed several  months  since  to  settle  the  respective  interests  of  those  governments 
under  the  provisions  of  the  late  Paris  treaty. 

There  was  another  class  of  cases  which  for  a  brief  period  constantly  obtruded  them- 
selves and  which  involved  long-continued  study  and  careful  consideration.  They  arose 
upon  the  applications  of  individuals  for  the  return  to  them  of  their  estates  embargoed 
by  the  Spanish  authorities  during  the  recent  rebellion.  The  estates  of  many  Filipinos 
who  were  charged  with  treason  were  taken  possession  of  and  administered  upon  by 
Spanish  otHcials.  After  the  United  States  had  taken  Manila,  present  and  returning  res- 
idents who  had  suffered  from  this  cause  sought  the  restoration  of  their  properties.  The 
case  of  the  Cortez  Filipino  family,  which  had  taken  refuge  in  Hongkong,  was  pushed 
for  determination  before  the  Manila  military  authorities  with  all  the  vigor  of  demon- 
.stration  of  which  the  members  of  that  family  and  the  United  States  consuls  at  Hong- 
kong and  Manila  were  capable.  These  embargoes  affected  individual  real  properties,  a 
portion  of  which  might  be  situated  in  the  city,  a  part  in  some  other  locality  under 
Spanish  domination,  and  such  was  the  condition  of  the  Cortez  estate.  A  conclusion 
was  finally  reached  on  the  facts  presented  and  rendered  in  the  following  expressed 
opinion,  of  date  of  November  25th  : 

That  the  present  United  States  military  occupation  of  a  portion  of  the  Philippine 
Islands,  undei-  and  by  virtue  of  the  armistice  existing  Ix^twcen  the  Governments  of  the 
United  Stati'-^  ami  S|:ain,  is  of  a  temporary  chaiacter  and  does  not  place  upon  the 
foriniT  an\  ( j)ili'4atii>ns  to  redress  or  even  imiuiic  into  allfj;;ed  grievances  imposed  by 
till'  latter  v.iiiie  liMininant  here  upon  its  snb.j<-ets,  csix-oially  if  such  allegations  are  sub- 
mitted li\'  tliose  sulijiM-ls  and  concern  only  their  individual  property  rights;  that  the 
United  siates,  under  its  temporary  occupancy  and  the  conditions  which  prevail,  would 
ni)t  lie  jnstilied  in  >ett  in^  aside  the  laws  of  Spain  and  the  decisions  of  its  courts  when 
indixidnal  property  riuljts  are  alone  concerned,  not  even  in  matters  arising  under 
its  war  decrees  ]ironuilKated  for  the  ei>rre('tion,  or  the  punislmient  it  may  be,  of  its 
relVaelorv  snliieels  iiartieipating  in  a  formidable  rebellion  with  inti'ntion  to  de.-troy  its 
sovei-ei-u  jMjwer;  that  t hi' relief  asked  for  1)y  the  petitioners  is  eivil  in  its  nature  and 
slioulil  lie  Miimlit  ill  the  civil  eoni'ts  of  the  coni|nored,  whi<-h  have  been  continued  and 
are  iiennil  ted  to  exercise  tlieir  forinei-ly  conferred  civil  .jni'isdiet  ion  in  all  matters  not 
involxinu  arrests  ,,{  p,  rsous  and  criniiiial  prosecnl  ion,  and  l,her<'fore  the  case  does  not 
conciM-n  the  niilitar\-  administration,  speciall,\  constituted  for  other  purposes;  that  the 
case  involves  u  (|uesiion  of  United  States  revenue,  since  the  i)etiiioners  demand  a  return 
to  them  as  Spanish  subjects  of  the  public  iiroperty  of  Spain  as  declared  by  its  authori- 
ties to  which  tlie  United  States  has  succeeded  and  wlncli  it  has  the  legal  right  to  receive 
and  enjoy,  for  I  ascertain  by  reference  to  the  Sjian.ish  military  code  that  the  effect  of  the 
declared  embargo  of  the  property  of  the  petitioners  and  the  proceedings  taken  under  it 
was  to  vest  the  uses  and  profits  of  the  embargoed  estates  in  the  Spanish  Government 
while  the  embargo  continued  — title  to  the  same  remaining  in  the  individual  owners 
from  which  pcjssession  was  taken. 

The  active  continuance  of  the  embargo  was  made  to  depend  upon  pardon  or  the 
result  of  a  trial  by  the  Spanish  courts  upon  the  charge  of  treason,  rebellion,  or  sedition, 
confiscation  attending  conviction  and  sentence  and  restoration  following  acquittal. 
During  the  existence  of  the  enibai'go  the  real  propertj'  affected  was  apiiareiitly  held  in 
trust  by  theSpanish  Government  for  its  sole  use  and  benefit,  with  remaimlei-  \  ested  in 
parties  formerly  holding  the  nmiualiiied  lee,  and  dependent  uiion  a  coni  inmiux  involv- 
ing due  conviction  of  the  crime  of  di-lo\aliiy  to  that  government.  Thesi'  conclusions 
are  supported  by  explanatory-  provisions  contained  in  a  decree  issued  by  the  governor 
generalon  Januars-  It).  IStiT,  wlierein  it  was  declared  tliat  in  tlie  c-ase  "of  an  absent  cul- 
prit presentini;  liiinsi-lf  and  lieiriu  ac(|nitle(l  by  tlie  court,  lie  will  only  have  a  right  to 
claim  a  return  of  \  he  projiert  y  not  alieiiateil  and  to  the  rents  and  jiroflts  which  have 
not  bt^en  applied."  Finally,  it  iscom-liided  that  t  ne  United  Stales  ( ioverninent  during 
its  occu]iancy  under  its  truce  with  Spain,  which  provides  onl\-  for  a   temporary  cessa- 

JHst  <-ause  arising  under  the  laws  of  war,  iirojierties  the  uses  of  which  would  aLjain  inure 
"to  thi' dominion  of  Spain  iiiion  a  return  of  Spanish  soviM'eigntw  liecl.-ind  perni.anent 
possession  by  the  United  Stales  would  nioilily  conditions  and  iirescnt  the  entire  ques- 
tion in  a  dilterent  aspect,  for  then  the  rights  of  all  concerned,  whether  depend. 'nt  upon 
treaty  obligations  or  othei  wise,  would  be  defined  or  become  easy  of  iiiterpntatioii. 

It  was  therefore  ordered  that  the  provost  marshal  general  seize  all  funds  of  the  Cortez 
estate  on  deposit  In  the  local  banks,  take  forcible  possession  of  all  the  real  properties 
belonging  to  that  estate  which  were  situated  in  the  city  of  Manila,  and  administer  the 


428  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

same  for  the  use  and  benefit  of  the  United  States  Government.  These  conclusions 
arrived  at,  which  were  fully  justified  by  the  facts,  enabled  the  United  States  authori- 
ties to  take  legal  possession,  temporarily  at  least,  of  not  only  the  realty  but  also  the 
personalty  of  the  estate  which  Spain  held,  and  which  belonged  to  the  public  properties 
she  had  promised  to  surrender  under  the  articles  of  capitulation.  The  provost  marshal 
general  took  posses.sion  of  the  estate  as  directed,  accounted  for  the  proceeds  received 
while  he  held  possession,  and  finally,  under  the  instructions  of  the  War  Department, 
turned  estate,  with  all  proceeds,  over  to  the  owners.  This  case  served  as  a  precedent  for 
future  proceedings  upon  questions  of  embargo,  although  in  cases  of  minor  importance 
embargoed  property  was  at  once  turned  over  to  the  claimant  upon  due  proof  of  right  to 
receive  it. 

Until  October  14th  the  United  States  troops  in  the  Philippines  remained  stationed  at 
Manila  and  Cavite,  as  provided  in  General  Merritt's  orders  of  August  23d,  with  very 
slight  exceptions.  Major  General  Anderson  retaining  supervision  of  the  district  of 
Cavite  and  Major  General  MacArthur  of  the  troops  stationed  in  Manila,  the  three  organ- 
izations composing  the  provost  guard  continuing,  however,  under  the  control  of  Briga- 
dier General  Hughes. 

They  were  most  bountifully  supplied  with  subsistence  and  medicines,  but  light  cloth- 
ing suited  to  the  climate  and  facilities  necessary  for  occupying  and  messing  in  barracks 
were  needed.  These  were  soon  obtained  through  contract  and  purchase  from  the  mer- 
chants of  Hongkong  and  Manila  and  by  shipment  from  the  United  States.  The  troops 
received  tactical  instructions  daily,  but  the  weather  was  too  hot  for  much  physical  exer- 
tion, and  time  hung  heavily  upon  them.  They  entertained  the  impi-ession  that  the 
Spanish  war  had  terminated,  and  the  volunteers  appeared  to  believe  that  they  should  be 
recalled  to  the  United  States  at  once  and  regular  troops  sent  out  to  perform  the  monot^ 
onous  garrison  duties  which  were  about  to  follow  the  victory  of  Manila.  Many  became 
ill  from  too  free  indulgence  in  the  fruits  and  manufactured  drinks  of  the  country,  and 
inditterence  to  that  care  and  attention  of  person  which  a  tropical  climate  makes  neces- 
sary. Homesickness  alone  produced  illness  in  numerous  cases,  so  that  early  in  Septem- 
ber the  hospitals  began  to  be  rapidly  filled.  This  led  to  the  adoption  of  judicious  pre- 
cautionary measures.  Aguinaldo  was  faithfully  executing  his  agreement  made  with 
General  Merritt  with  regard  to  water  privileges  and  the  city  water  works,  which  was  to 
permit  us  to  use  the  pumping  station  situated  eight  miles  from  the  walled  city,  provided 
we  would  pay  the  men  of  his  selection  for  running  it  and  defray  all  the  necessary  expend- 
itures. This  we  were  faithfully  doing,  but  the  secured  was  not  of  desired  quality  and 
boiling  and  distilling  were  resorted  to.  Circular  instructions  prepared  by  the  Medical 
Department,  warning  men  of  the  results  of  injudicious  action,  were  issued  from  head- 
quarters, and  all  sanitary  measures  possible  were  adopted. 

The  sick  rate,  however,  increased.  On  September  4th  one  hundred  and  thirteen  sick 
soldiers  were  shipped  to  the  United  States,  as  their  restoration  to  health  in  this  climate 
was  extremely  improbable,  and  more  followed.  The  per  cent  of  sickness  to  numerical 
strength  in  some  organizations  rose  to  twenty,  and  in  two  or  three  organizations  to 
thirty,  while  in  others  it  did  not  exceed  six  or  eight,  although  the  latter  were  no  better 
housed  nor  provided  for  than  the  former,  but  the  men  of  the  latter  were,  without  doubt, 
better  supervised  and  watched  over  by  their  officers  and  were  measurably  contented 
with  conditions.  As  long  as  the  practice  of  sending  sick  men  home  continued  there  was 
no  improvement  in  the  sick  rate,  but  as  soon  as  the  convalescent  hospital  was  estab- 
lished on  Corregidor  Island  (an  island  at  the  entrance  of  Manila  Bay)  and  the  sick  sent 
there  for  treatment  a  marked  change  for  the  better  was  apparent.  In  November 
improvement  was  noticeable,  and  in  January  the  health  of  this  army  would  compare 
favorably  with  those  of  any  concentrated  army  of  like  proportions  in  existence.  To  be 
sure  the  men  had  become  by  this  time  fairly  acclimatized,  and  new  troops  arriving  here 
will  be  obliged  to  pass  through  this  period  of  acclimatization  before  they  become 
properly  efficient  for  prolonged  service  in  the  field. 

During  my  first  weeks  of  duty  here  I  was  impressed  with  the  spirit  of  suspicion  and 
the  partially  concealed  unfriendly  feeling  manifested  by  the  Tagalos  toward  the  Ameri- 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  429 

can  forces.  That  they  either  had  very  little  confidence  in  our  promises  or  were  then 
forming  conclusions  to  oppose  any  establishment  of  United  States  authority  in  Luzon 
was  apparent,  however  loudly  they  might  disclaim  hostile  intent  or  declare  as  an  excuse 
for  their  attitude  fear  of  the  return  of  Spain.  I  saw,  however,  with  satisfaction,  their 
ablest  men  by  education  and  mental  equipment  taking  part  in  their  authorative  delib- 
erations, and  I  had  considerable  confidence  in  the  eflicacy  of  their  suggestions  and 
advice.  Still,  after  carefully  weighing  conditions,  I  was  unable  to  arrive  at  any  satis- 
factory conclusions.  To  a  cable  received  on  September  Kith,  I  i-eplied  on  the  next  day 
as  follows : 

Adjutant  GeneraIj  Army,  Washimjton: 

Referring  to  telegram  yesterday,  now  think  prudence  dictates  increased  force  — this 
after  deliberation  on  situation  appearing  to-day  and  possible  developments.  Force  suf- 
ficient for  present  purposes,  but  contingencies  may  arise  difflcult  to  meet.  Parties 
plotinu  constantly  to  cDnvcv  erroneous  impressions  and  excite  insurgents.  Demands 
ofiity  iidvcriiiiK  lit  ami  sicklist  draw  heavily  on  armed  organizations.  An  additional 
5  (Kill  iiu'ii  (•(iiild  l)L'  used  lo  supply  losses  and  give  greater  confidence.  Battalions  of 
Eighteenth  and  Twenty-third  Infantry,  still  at  San  Francisco,  should  join  at  once. 

Measures  were  being  applied  constantly  to  improve  the  sanitary  condition  of  the 
city,  to  increase  the  etfieiency  of  the  troops,  and  to  meet  any  emergency  which  might 
develop  from  an  uprising  of  the  inhabitants,  or  from  hasty  action  by  any  portion  of  our 
or  the  insurgent  forces,  which,  though  maintaining  amicable  intercourse,  were,  in  fact, 
in  an  attitude  of  resistance  and  hostility  upon  all  questions  involving  the  right  of 
armed  occupation  of  the  suburbs  and  defenses  of  Manila.  The  insurgent  soldiers  had 
looted  extensively  the  portions  of  the  city  to  which  they  gained  access,  and  were  greatly 
disappointed  that  this  privilege  over  other  parts  of  the  same  was  not  accorded  them. 
Their  enforced  withdrawal  to  outer  lines  was  the  cause  of  discontent,  and  augmented 
any  desire  which  they  may  have  formerly  entertained  to  resist  or  attack  the  American 
troops.  This  growing  discontent  was  observable  among  the  lower  classes  of  the  city's 
inhabitants,  from  whom  a  considerable  share  of  Aguinaldo's  army  was  drawn,  and 
was  undoubtedly  increased  by  the  reprehensible  conduct  and  illegal  actions  of  some  of 
our  own  men,  who  were  severely  punished  for  their  misdeeds  when  detected.  Out- 
wardly, however,  relations  of  the  most  friendly  character  were  maintained.  The  officers 
and  enlisted  men  of  the  two  armies  mingled  in  friendly  social  intercourse.  To  the 
casual  ob.server  the  only  discordant  element  in  the  dense  complex  population,  made  up 
of  every  nation  and  tongue  in  existence,  were  the  hated  Spanish  prisoners,  whom  the 
Filipinos  still  longed  to  persecute  and  kill,  and  who  were  obliged  to  keep  within  the 
walls  of  Old  Manila  for  safety. 

Repeated  conferences  were  held  with  infiuential  insurgents,  whose  chief  aim  appeared 
to  be  to  obtain  some  authoritative  expression  on  the  intent  of  the  United  States  with 
regard  to  the  Philippines,  and  complained  that  they  were  unable  to  discover  any  one 
who  could  speak  ex  cathedra.  They  asserted  that  their  Malolos  arrangement  was  a 
government  de  facto,  which  had  the  right  to  ask  an  expression  of  intent  from  the  United 
States  Government. 

To  increase  and  better  organize  the  force  in  Manila,  the  following  orders  were  issued 
on  October  14th  : 

The  trooDS  comprising  this  command,  with 
Infantry,  Thirteenth  Minnesota,  and  s,  '     ' 

which  will  continue  to  cmwlitiiti'  the 
general  of  the  city,  tlic  i;ii;hl( cntli   T. 

Volunteer  Heavy  Artillery,  which  will  .  ,      t^.   ,    , 

organized  into  two  divisions,  designated  as  First  and  Second  Divisions  of  the  Eighth 
Army  Corps,  each  to  consist  of  two  brigades. 

The  following  designated  troops  now  quartered  and  to  be  quartered  in  the  city  south 
of  the  Pasig  River,  will  form  the  First  Division  : 

Six  troops  of  the  Fourth  U.  S.  Cavalry. 

Light  Batteries  D  and  G,  Sixth  U.  S.  Artillery. 

The  Astor  Battery. 

Fourteenth  U.  S.  Infantrv. 

First  Calltornia  VolnntiMT  Infantry. 

First  Idaho  Volunteer  Infantry. 

First  North  Dakota  Volunteer  Infantry. 

Battalion  First  Wyoming  Volunteer  Infantry. 


with  1 

Hie  exception  ( 

)f  the  Twenty-third  U.  S. 

iiid  ( 1 

reii-on  Regimei 

its  of  volunteer  infantry, 

ard  a 

ind   polie..  foiv, 

r  of  the   (ii-ovosl   marshal 

Infai 

itry,  and  the  ( 

letaehnp'iit  of  « 'alit'ornia 

IllI-iOSi 

!■  the  permane 

nt  garrison  of  (^avite,  are 

430  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

The  following  organizations  north  of  the  Pasig  Rivei'  will  compose  the  Second 
Division  : 

Company  A,  Battalion  of  Engineers. 

Four  batteries  Third  U.  8.  Artillery. 

Batteries  A  and  B,  I'tah  Volunteer  Light  Artillery. 

First  Colorado  Volunteer  Infantry. 

First  Montana  Volunteer  Infantry. 

First  Nebraska  Vulunteer  Infantry. 

Tenth  Pennsylvania  Volunteer  Infantry. 

First  South  Dakota  Volunteer  Inr.intry. 
Troops  expected  to  arrive  from  s^u  i'r.i  nc  iseo  soon  will  be  assigned  to  these  divisions 
when  numerical  strength  and  facilities  for  i|Uaiiering  will  be  considered. 

For  the  purpose  of  enforeing  discipline  through  general  court-martial  proceedings, 
togetlier  Willi  ajipropnaie  letion  to  be  taken  to  that  end,  the  First  and  Eighteenth 
cuhipauies,  X'oliiiitei  1  si-iial  (^orps,  are  attached  to  the  First,  and  the  Hospital  Corps, 
U.  S.  A.,  to  the  Se,-,Hi(l  |)i\  ision. 

Maj.  Gen.  T.  M.  A  n.ler-ou.  r.  S.  V.,  is  assigned  to  tlie  coniniand  of  t  lie  First  Division, 
and  Maj.  Gen.  Artliiir  MaeA  rtliur,  T.  S.  W,  to  ilie  eoiiiiiiaiKl  .u  tl;e  Se.-oiid.  'I'liey  will 
submit  as  soon  as  pi'ael  icalile  ilie  proposed  oi  liaiii/.alioii  ot  hiiLiailes  oiilKir  eon  inlands. 
Brig.  (i<Mi.  Charles  Kiui;  and  Saiiiiiel  (iv.aishiue,  T.  S.  .\..  are  assi-u,.!  lor  dutv  with 
the  l<iisl  llivisioii,  ;nnl  1  Uin.  Geli.  1 1.  G.  (M  i>  and  Irviu-  1  !ale,  T .  S.  W,  to  t  lie  Si'coiid 
Divi-iou.  'I'hey  will  ivporl  in  jierson  p.  the  eoimuaiiiliiii;  ueiierals  of  their  respective 
divisi..ns  lorassimiuieiil  |ol.ri-ade  com  maiids  (Geue!-al  I<  ilia,  ex  pected  to  arrive  soon, 
.so  rciiorlina  upon  univalj. 

( illicMas  now  serving  on  the  staffs  of  general  officers  under  proper  orders  will  continue 
on  siicli  ser\  ice.  The  chief  quartermaster  and  chief  coiniiiissar.\  ol  the  command  will 
noniiiiaie  oilicers  of  their  respective  departments  for  assignnieui  as  ili  vision  and  brigade 
qiiailerniasters  and  commissaries,  being  mindful  of  assignments  in  those  capacities 
which  have  already  been  made.  The  chief  surgeon  of  the  command  will  nominate  offi- 
cers of  the  Medical  Department  for  assignment  as  chief  surgeons  of  divisions. 

The  organized  divisions  had  little  exacting  duty  to  perform,  as  the  provost  marshal 
general  with  his  guard  of  three  regiments  was  held  responsible  for  the  preservation  of 
order  within  the  more  thickly  populated  portions  of  the  city.  Division  commanders 
looked  carefully  after  the  health,  practical  instruction  and  personal  conduct  of  their 
men,  prescribed  drills  and  practiced  ceremonies,  and  watched  by  means  of  small  out- 
posts the  armed  insurgents  to  the  number  of  six  or  eight  thousand,  who  maintained  a 
warlike  attitude  on  the  outer  lines.  The  Army  Regulations,  appropriate  to  peace  condi- 
tions, were  enforced  in  matters  of  examinations,  courts,  boards,  returns,  reports,  and 
correspondence.  Barracks,  quarters,  messing  facilities,  and  sanitary  surroundings  were 
improved,  and  in  so  far  as  strictly  military  operations  were  concerned  the  passing  period 
was  devoid  of  excitement  or  apparent  importance.  In  answer  to  request  to  make  a 
statement  in  regard  to  the  welfare  of  the  troops,  I  remarked,  on  November  lOlh,  that 
since  August  none  had  arrived  except  absent  members  of  and  recruits  for  organizations 
which  had  preceded  them  ;  that  the  fifth  expedition  left  San  Francisco  between  the  19th 
of  October  and  the  8th  of  November  and  its  advance  was  expected  daily,  and  continued 
as  follows : 

The  medical  department  of  the  corps  has  always  been  well  supplied  with  medical 
stores.  There  has  been  a  shortage  of  medical  officers  wliich  lias  tieen  fairlv  well  met 
through  contract  |ili vsicians.  Now  we  arc  abundantly  sui>plied  uitli  medical  stoivs 
and  hospilal  Imihliuus.  ihoimh  medical  oilicers  have  been  overwork. mI.     The  sick  ivporl 

to-da\   is  al.oiil   twelve  jier  cent   of  th, iimaml  :  that  of  the  llriilsli  arniv  in  this  lali- 

tudc  is  aboil!  leii  |i.'rci'nl.  Tiie  most  of  our  sickness  is  of  a  mild  I  V|)e.  and  the  health 
of  the  troops  is  now  imnkedly  imiiroved.  The  total  mim  her  ol  ile;,  I  lis  oi  i  h<>  c.imiiiand 
since  leaving  San  Francisco  is  |r,|,  or  ;i  Utile  m,Hv  than  one  pei'  ceni .  of  I  he-e  il.-i  I  hs  51 
were  due  to  l.\  phoid  lever,  .'.i  to  wounds  receixcd  in  l^attle.  /  to  accident,  IS  to  d  \seii  ter.y, 
and  18  to  smallpox.  This  number  oi  deaths  among  1.5,CKX)  men,  covering  a  period  of  sev- 
eral months,  is  surpiisimdy  light. 

In  the  niatterol  snh-isience  the  troops  have  never  suffered.  The.v  have  been  supplied 
with  abundant  iaiion>.  heller  even  than  any  body  of  men  I  ever  had  association  with. 
There  is  lo-,la\  well  stored  in  this  city  subsistence  for  17,UU0  nien  for  four  months.  Also 
large  suppli,.s  lor  sale  to  ollicrs  and  men,  all  of  which  are  in  e.\cellenl  condition.  In 
addition  lo  Ihe  reanlar  issues  lid  cents  )ier  day  is  given  to  each  oiaanl/.alion  for  every 
man  reported  ill  with  wliii-li  to  hiiy  delicacies  needed  h.y  the  sick.  Doiilitli'ss  troops  have 
suffered  somewhat  lucause  of  tli'eir  lack  of  knowledge  to  pro)>erlv  prepare  their  food, 
but  all  with  formir  exiHriciice  such  as  our  Regular  regiments  are  acquiring  additional 
regimental  funds.  Tlie  comnuind  is  now  fairl.v  well  supplied  wi  th  all  needful  quarter- 
master's articles  txcepi  ing  wagon  traiisportion.  The  voluntoer.s  are  still  armed  with 
the  old  Springfiel.l  lilh  .  hut  si.p-  tiav<'  heen  taken  to  supply  the  most  reliable  of  them 
with  the  Krag-Joigeiiseii  and  smokeless  ammunition. 

No  one  can  tell  what  dniies  these  troops  may  be  called  upon  to  perform.  It  is  more 
than  prohalile,  should  the  islands  he  ivtaini'd  hv  the  United  States,  that  they  will  be 
kci.t  exceedingly   husy   esl  a  1 .1  i  d  li  n-    liiited    States  authority  and    mainlaiidng   a    fair 

these  soldiers,  comiioM'd    uiosily  of  raw  material,  over  7,UU0  miles  of  water  and    placing 


OREGON    VOLUNTEEKS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  431 

them  here  in  good  condition  and  well  supplied,  results  must  be  considered  as  quite  satis- 
factory. Nothing  of  the  kind  had  ever  before  been  attempted,  and  no  previous  prepara- 
tion had  been  made. 

On  November  21st  and  25th  the  absent  battalions  of  the  P^ightcenth  and  Twenty-third 
Infantry  arrived. 

Throughout  that  month,  and  a  good  portion  of  December,  the  troops  remained  (luiet, 
their  health  steadily  improving.  On  December  2d  I  cabled  the  Adjutant  General  of  the 
Army  that  the  percentage  of  sick  of  the  command,  as  reported  on  November  30th,  was 
ten  and  one  sixth  as  against  twelve  and  one  fifth  for  October  Blst ;  that  the  number  of 
deaths  was  twenty-six  as  against  forty-flve  for  October;  that  the  sick  rate  was  about  the 
same  as  that  among  troops  of  other  governments  serving  in  tropical  climates  ;  that  one 
third  of  the  sick  were  suffering  from  typhoid  and  malarial  fevers;  one  sixth  from  intes- 
tinal troubles,  and  that  the  remaining  half  of  all  ailments  were  slight  in  character.  The 
only  matters  in  which  troops  took  special  interest  grew  out  of  their  speculations  on  the 
attitude  and  probable  intentions  of  the  insurgents. 

On  December  1st  the  United  States  transport  Indiana,  with  headquarters  and  two 
battalions  of  the  Kansas  Volunteers  arrived,  followed  on  the  7th  of  that  month  by  the 
transports  Neivport  and  Pennsylvania  with  other  volunteer  organizations.  The  volun- 
teers, however,  had  grown  weary  of  their  service  and  many  applied  for  their  discharge 
on  the  plea  that  the  Spanish  war  had  terminated.  They  were  firmly  impressed  with  the 
belief  that  the  future  occupation  of  the  United  States  Army  in  the  islands  would  be  con- 
fined to  garrison  duty,  a  belief  that  was  shared  by  the  older  European  residents  and  the 
abler  natives  of  Manila,  and  they  considered  that  such  duty  should  be  performed  by 
regulars.  My  own  confidence  at  this  time  is  a  satisfactory  solution  of  the  difficulties 
which  confronted  us  may  be  gathered  from  a  dispatch  sent  to  Washington  on  December 
7th,  wherein  I  stated  that  conditions  were  improving  and  that  there  were  signs  of  revo- 
lutionary disintegration;  that  I  had  conferred  with  a  number  of  the  members  of  the  rev- 
olutionary government  and  thought  that  the  most  of  them  would  favor  peaceful  submis- 
sion to  United  States  authority.  I  had  strong  reasons  for  this  expressed  confidence 
from  assurances  made  to  me  by  some  of  the  ablest  Filipinos  who  had  occupied  positions 
of  importance  in  the  insurgent  government  and  had  signified  their  intention  to  with- 
draw from  it.  Had  the  volunteers  then  supposed  that  their  services  would  soon  be 
demanded  to  maintain  the  honor  and  integrity  of  their  country  they  would  willingly 
have  awaited  the  emergency.  But  all  official  proceedings  tended  to  give  them  the  con- 
trary impression.  Returning  transports  were  carrying  back  to  San  Francisco  numbers 
of  specially  discharged  men.  On  December  13th  the  Astor  Battery  was  relieved  from 
duty  and  directed  to  proceed  to  New  York  City.  Its  departure  on  the  16th  of  the  month 
was  followed  soon  by  the  sailing  lor  home  of  one  third  of  the  Nebraska  regiment  Indi- 
vidual applications  for  discharge  became  numei-ous,  and  on  December  loth  I  forwarded 
to  the  Adjutant  General  of  the  Army  the  following  communication  : 

I  have  the  honor  to  forward  herewith  four  hundred  and  twenty-seven  applications 
from  enlisted  men  of  this  command  for  their  discharge  from  the  service,  some  on  spe- 
ciallv  stated  grounds  wliich  require  consideraiion,  but  fur  the  most  parton  the  plea  that 
War  Department  orders  entitle  them  to  it.  Tlicy  nfi-r  to  parauraph  2,  General  Orders, 
No.  -10,  current  series,  and  think  that  tiic  pic  s(  nl  ci  s-ation  of  arlivc  h<><tilitics  lietween 
the  United  States  and  Sjiain  is  Wv  •■clus,.  of  tin-  war"  within  the  nu'anintr  of  tliat  para- 
graph :  hence  these  nunienius  individnal  ai>i)licati(ins  wliicli  they  consider  the  para- 
graph invited  them  to  make. 

Uouhtless  the  end  of  the  war  awaits  the  proclamation  of  peace,  and  in  these  islands 
that  dav  may  he  somewhat  deferred. 

The  nnmlier  of  these  applications  indicates  the  desire  of  the  enlisted  men  of  the  com- 
mand iix'scape  the  countiv,  and  shows  how  difficult  it  is  to  hold  them  in  conditions  of 
contented  discipline.  Much  of  this  desire  to  escape  their  military  obhgations  at  a  time 
when  their  services  are  especially  demanded  arises  from  homesickness,  and  that  fact 
accounts  largely  for  the  heavy  per  centum  of  sickness  with  which  we  have  been  afflicted. 

Under  present  exigencies  I  am  obliged  to  disapprove  all  these  applications. 

But  notwithstanding  the  desire  to  hold  the  volunteers  as  above  expressed  (and  it  was 
necessary  to  hold  them  or  no  army  would  remain),  I  continued  to  believe  that  we  might 
overcome  difficulties  without  resort  to  force,  for,  on  December  22d,  in  answer  to  an  inquiry 
as  to  the  truth  of  certain  newspaper  statements  of  that  date  which  charged  us  with  the 


432  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

commission  of  grave  oflfenses,  I  cabled  that  Manila  was  never  more  quiet ;  that  order 
prevailed  and  that  the  native  population  of  the  city  had  been  greatly  augmented  within 
three  months;  that  the  criminal  class  was  large,  and  that  representatives  of  the  same 
were  arriving  from  the  United  States  and  Asiatic  coasts,  who  were  closely  watched;  that 
the  conduct  of  the  troops  was  good,  to  a  degree  in  fact  that  it  was  subject  of  favorable 
comment  by  the  citizens,  and  that  disorders  were  promptly  punished,  as  the  business 
transacted  by  the  courts  would  show.  I  further  asserted  that  the  disparaging  state- 
ments which  appeared  in  the  United  States,  Hongkong,  and  Singapore  newspapers, 
were  without  an  element  of  truth,  and  that  military  rule  was  firm  as  circumstances 
demanded,  since  outbrealis  were  likely  to  occur.  Still  I  continued  to  have  confidence 
in  the  peaceful  solution  of  affairs,  although  it  was  apparent  that  the  radical  element  in 
the  insurgent  councils  (consisting  of  men  without  property  and  of  little  character,  by 
whom  the  passions  of  the  more  ignorant  natives  were  being  inflamed  and  who  were 
then  organizing  within  the  city  clubs  for  legitimate  improvement  and  amusement,  as 
they  claimed,  but  really  for  revolutionary  purposes),  might  precipitate  hostilities  with- 
out giving  us  much  warning.  Aguinaldo,  too,  aided  by  his  more  intimate  associates, 
was  constantly  levying  and  collecting  war  contributions  and  exciting  the  people  with 
the  cry  for  independence.  He  was  in  constant  communication  with  a  business  firm  of 
American  membership  mostly,  having  headquarters  in  Hongkong  (one  of  whose  mem- 
bers, individually  present  in  Manila,  had  been  appointed  chief  of  ordnance  of  the  insur- 
gent army),  and  was  secretly  negotiating  for  a  large  supply  of  arins  and  ammunition, 
all  of  which  was  well  known  to  me  at  the  time. 

During  this  period  of  quiet,  in  so  far  as  strictly  military  affairs  were  concerned,  the 
labors  of  civil  administration  were  very  exacting,  and  necessitated  a  mass  of  con-e- 
spondenee  too  voluminous  to  be  embodied  in  this  repori.  A  few  exti'acts  will  be  sub- 
mitted to  show  the  character  of  the  questions  which  were  constantly  presenting  them- 
selves for  official  determination.  Already  many  individual  claims  against  the  United 
States  for  damages  to  or  loss  of  property,  caused  for  the  most  part  by  the  insurgent  sol- 
diers who  had  been  in  occupation  of  a  portion  of  the  city,  were  being  received. 

Great  difficulties  attended  the  efforts  to  administer  on  business  principles  the  city's 
revenues  ;  to  ascertain  all  former  sources  of  that  revenue;  to  put  the  proper  machinery 
in  order  to  collect  that  portion  of  it  the  payment  of  which  was  considered  appropriate 
and  just,  and  to  detect  the  constantly  perpetrated  frauds  made  easy  under  practices  of 
long  standing,  and  bring  guilty  officials  or  city  employes  to  punishment. 

The  merchants  were  importunate.  Those  of  foreign  citizenship  complained  to  the 
resident  consuls  of  their  respective  governments,  by  whom  their  protests  were  officially 
submitted.  This  action  appeared  to  threaten  international  complications,  and  had  to 
be  promptly  and  judiciously  met.  On  October  31st  the  following  reply  was  sent  to  one 
of  these  representatives  of  a  foreign  power,  from  whom  a  protest  signed  by  nearly  all 
the  resident  business  men  of  his  government  was  received  : 

Dear  Sir  :  I  have  the  honor  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your  communication  of 
the  29th  instant,  with  attached  copy  of  declaration  and  petition  of  certain  resident  mei- 
chants  of  Manila,  inclosed. 

Had  this  protest  been  presented  to  the  military  governor  of  Manila  by  the  protes- 
tants,  the  matter  complained  of  might  possibly  have  readily  received  some  satisfactory 
adjustment,  but  as  it  has  been  submitted  direct  to  the  gMVirmiunt  of  *  *  as  a  dec- 
laration and  protest  against  the  action  of  the  United  States  aiitli  .i  iins,  and  received  as 
such  bv  that  government,  it  becomes  a  matter  requiring  niaiiiiv  .kliberation.  I  have 
thereiu'ic  the  hnnor  t<>  invite  vuur  attention  to  the  statemeni  of  laci.s  contained  in  this 
declaiMiiiiii.  tlie  ((iiiilusioiis  whieh  protestants  have  drawn  therefrom,  and  the  presen- 
tation III  i:irt-  as  unrteisidiid  l)v  the  United  States  authorities  here  stationed,  with  their 
legal  c.iiK-liisiDns  lirl<'tlv  suhniitted. 

"The  ]M(iiesiaiiis  c.infctly  recite  the  publication  of  the  otricial  circular  from  the  office 
of  tlie  Vnile,!  States  military  governor  on  the  -Niilj  instant,  imt  the  alleged  facts,  viz, 
"that  witli  tlie  exeei.lion  of  a  few,  and  some  ..f  them  insi-niflcant,  ports  (and  that 
under  certain  restrictions  which  greatly  embarrassed  trade),  the  ii. ter-island  trade  of 
the  Philippines  is  prohibited,"  are  not  warranted.  Still,  it  is  possible  that  this  narra- 
tion was  merely  intended  to  be  a  conclusive  summary  of  facts  set  up  in  the  indicated 
circular,  and  if  so,  it  is  only  fair  to  treat  them  as  such,  and  they  may  be  considered  in 
connection  with  the  remaining  conclu.sions  which  the  protest  contains  and  whii-h  are 
"That  the  principal  hemp-producing  districts,  such  as  Albay,  Sorsogon,  Leyte,  and 
Samar,  are  closed  by  this  circular  against  Manila  trade,  involving  incalculable  loss 
to     *     *     interest   in  the   Philippines;    "That   the  arbitrary  enforcement  of  vessels 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  433 

engaged,  being  obliged  to  carry  Spanlsli  officers  only,  is  a  measure  almost  impossible  to 
fulflU,  as  vessels  are  unable  to  comply  therewitb  in  view  of  the  danger  the  Spanish  offi- 
cers would  be  exposed  to  from  the  native  crews  which  they  carry  and  the  insufficiency 
of  qualitied  Spaniards  to  man  the  vessels,"  and  further  "  that  if  this  arbitrary  order  is 
enforced  it  will  entail  the  complete  ruin  of  .Manila  liade." 

The  above,  independent  of  the  allegations  leirarding  the  business  interests  of  the 
protestants,  comprises,  it  is  believed,  all  the  facts  and  conclusions  which  the  protest 
contains. 

For  reply  to  these  several  criticisms  (although  unaccompanied  by  any  expressed 
opinion  upon  the  right  to  demand  remedial  action)  I  beg  to  invite  your  attention  to  a 
brief  summary  of  the  endeavors  made  by  the  United  States  authorities  for  the  interests 
of  Manila  meiebants  in  the  matter  of  coasting  trade,  and  thereafter  to  give  correct 
interpretation  of  the  circular  which  appears  to  be  the  object  of  complaint. 

Shortly  after  United  states  authority  had  been  established  in  the  city  of  Manila,  to 
wit,  August  29th,  t  be  Spanish  governor  general  of  the  Philippines  was  approached  with 
a  proposition  for  the  reestablishment  of  inter-island  commerce  in  products  of  the  coun- 
try. To  this  that  officer  responded  with  a  cablegram,  of  which  the  inclosed  exhibit 
marked  A,  is  a  certified  copy.  This  cablegram  was  interpreted  as  follows  :  "As  soon  as 
the  port  of  Manila  is  open  to  Spanish  ships  flying  their  flag  I  will  order  that  all  the 
ports  in  the  territories  under  my  command  shall  immediately  admit  American  ships 
flying  the  American  flag,"  etc. 

'  Thereafter,  upon  receiving  inforjnation  from  merchants  that  coasting  vessels  from 
this  port  were  not  permitted  to  land  at  certain  of  the  ports  in  the  N'isayas.  tlv  attention 
of  the  Spanish  governor  general  was  called  to  the  fact  and  he  rejilicMl,  mi  (  iciui.ci-  iith, 
that  he  would  send  his  chief  of  staff' to  Manila,  for  conference.  .\t  tie-  lir>i  nieiiinu; 
with  that  staff'  offlcer,  upon  being  invited  to  explain  the  action  of  his  cliief  in  arresting 
the  progress  of  trade  sought  to  be  carried  on  in  accordance  with  an  existing  agreement, 
he  replied  that  his  Government  had  executed  the  agreement,  which  only  extended  to 
the  ports  of  Iloilo,  Cebu,  and  Zamboanga;  Upon  being  shown  the  original  dispatch 
from  Iloilo,  of  which  Exhibit  A  is  a  copy,  he  replied  that  the  Spanish  word  "  puertos," 
used  therein,  embraced  only  ports  of  entry,  of  which  the  three  above  named  are  all  the 
southern  islands  contain,  and  that  such  was  the  understanding  of  the  Spanish  Gov- 
ernment when  the  cablegram  was  sent.  To  the  question  why  vessels  dispatched  on 
or  about  September  1st  were  permitted  to  trade  at  other  ports,  he  replied  in  substance 
that  they  were  not  interfered  with  as  it  was  believed  that  they  were  not  committing 
injury. 

The  explanation  as  to  the  true  signiflcation  of  the  word  "puertos"  and  the  expressed 
intent  of  the  Spanish  Government  was  received  in  good  faith,  and  endeavors  were  then 
made  to  secure  an  extention  of  coasting  privileges.  As  a  result,  this  representative  of 
the  Spanish  governor  general  agreed  that  all  ports  of  the  islands  at  which  the  authority 
of  Spain  was  maintained  or  which  were  occupied  bySpanish  troops  would  be  considered 
as  open  to  all  vessels  engaged  in  legitimate  cMinineree  and  flying  either  the  Spanish  or 
American  flag,  provided  officers  in  eiiamv  ..t  \  (-.sel-;  were  of  Spanish  birth  or  nationality 
(they  could  not  trust  Filipino  crew^  iMcaii.-i  ot  ilieir  synijathies  with  the  insurgents), 
and  "provided  the  United  States  military  governor  would  vouch  by  cablegram  at  the 
time  of  sailing  of  vessels  from  Manila  that  they  contained  nothing  objectional.  Upon 
pressing  the  representative  for  further  latitude  of  trade  in  Spanish  possessions  he 
agreed,  on  behalf  of  his  principal,  to  add  the  ports  of  Yligan,  Dumaguete,  and  Surigao 
on  like  conditions,  but  with  the  further  provi.so  that  application  and  consent  for  vessels 
to  enter  them  should  be  previously  made  and  obtained.  He  was  then  pressed  to  include 
the  ports  of  Calbayog  and  Carrigarra,  but  replied  that  his  government  had  no  troops 
there  — only  Indian  ofHcials  — and  that  it  could  not  guarantee  protection  or  safety  to 
vessels  entering  the  same.  Asked,  Spanish  authority  having  ceased  there,  if  he  would 
consider  that  the  vessels  then  had  the  j'ight  to  enter,  he  replied  that  the  ports  were  in 
the  same  condition  as  those  in  the  island  of  Luzon,  in  the  possession  of  the  revolution- 
ary forces,  and  that  the  Spanish  Government  could  not  be  held  responsible  for  any 
damage  to  entering  vessels  which  might  result.  No  further  concessions  were  obtainable, 
as  it  was  said  the  governor  general,  under  present  conditions,  was  powerless  to  grant 
them.  Inquiry  was  made  by  this  office  if  Spaniards  to  take  charge  of  vessels  could  be 
secured  to  carry  on  this  trade,  and  reply  was  received  that  they  could  be  secured  with- 
out any  difficulty.  Thereupon  the  circular  inclosed,  marked  B,  was  issued  for  the  infor- 
mation of  all  parties  concerned,  it  being  considered  to  contain  the  best  terms  in  further- 
ance of  the  interests  of  Manila  merchants  which  could  be  secured  at  this  time.  It  was 
drawn  up  and  ratified  by  the  Spanish  governor  general's  representative  in  order  that  the 
Spanish  Government  might  be  held  to  a  faithful  performance  of  its  obligations. 

The  circular  is  not  understood  to  be  of  the  nature  expressed  in  the  protest.  It  is 
viewed  as  a  conces.sion  and  in  no  wise  as  a  prohibition  on  the  part  of  the  Spanish  Gov- 
ernment, which  is  at  liberty  to  close  its  ports  to  outside  commerce  and  influences  if  it 
elects  to  do  so.  .\  goviiinnint  almost  //(  extremis  mortis,  as  certainly  the  Spanish  Gov- 
ernment in  the  central  Philipiiinc  Islands  must  be  considered  to  be  a  I  pn-int,  has  the 
lawful  right  to  shut  temporarily  all  of  its  ports,  whether  declared  of  enti\'  or  otherwise, 
and  whatever  the  business  interests  of  outside  merchants,  be  they  foreigners  or  citizens 
of  its  domain.    This  is  a  declared  international  right  fully  accepted. 

I  can  not  perceive,  therefore,  that  any  present  action  can  be  adopted  to  further  the 
interests  of  the  protestants,  and  accepting  in  good  faith  the  action  of  the  Spanish  author- 
ities in  all  previous  negotiations,  as  vouched  for  by  them,  and  as  it  is  necessary  to  do  in 
the  ab.sence  of  proof  to  the  contrary.  I  can  not  see  that  there  exists  jtist  cause  for  com- 
plaint against  the  United  States  authorities.  I  am  still  in  correspondence  in  regard  to 
all  these  matters  and  may  be  able  to  secure  more  advantageous  conditions,  although  a 
disinterested  party  might  casually  conclude  that  this  vigorous  attack  on  the  policy  or 
intention,  or  possibly  the  integrity  of  constituted  authority,  on  the  part  of  resident 
merchants  might  tend  to  diminish  future  persistent  efforts  for  their  welfare. 
Verv  respectfully,  ycjiir  obedent  servant, 

E.  S.  Otis, 
Major  General,  U.  S.  V., 
28  United  States  MilUary  Governor  in  the  Philippines. 


434  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

The  correspondence  was  brought  to  a  satisfactory  conclusion  upon  November  8th  by 
the  following  commuuication  : 

Sir:  I  linve  thp  honor  to  acknowlcflife  the  receipt  of  your  cominunication  of  the  4th 
instant  wlifi-iiii  you  inform  this  office  (liat  tlif  aclion  of  cci-taiii  piolcstants  (  *  *  sub- 
lectsresidiim  :inil  doin-  business  here)  slionhl  not  he  <<'nsl(lrii.(l  in  any  wise  as  the  action 
of  the  otficiai  ivpivMiuative  of  their  Kovcnuuvni  in  tliis  >  iiy  fmili^a- ihan  his  notarial 
functions  air  conci  rn>d.  I  am  pleased  to  accept  this  construction,  and  shall  give  the 
matter  no  flirt liiT  consideration.  . 

As  ri'gards  tin-  parties  protestant  whose  joint  and  very  satisfactory  communication 
you  inclosed  and  is  ajjpreciated.  I  am  certain  that  they  will  soon  be  firmly  convinced 
that  thf  United  States  autlioriiies  liav<'  not  omitted  to  make  continued  effort  to  advance 
their  business  interests  m  e\  er\-  \va\-  possilile.  It  atipcars  to  me,  however,  that  they 
have  not  a  lull  aopreeiaiion  of  t  lie 'diiiicidl  ies  wlucli  the  government  of  the  United 
States  establislied'lieiv  liave  l,een  obli-<'d  to  contend  with. 

1  am,  sir,  very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant,  E.  S.  Otis, 

Major  General,  U.  8.  V.,  United  States  Military  Governor. 

The  clearance  of  vessels  continued  to  give  annoyance,  as  the  political  conditions  in 
the  southern  islands  were  constantly  changing,  and  the  coasting  trade  agreement 
between  the  Spanish  and  American  officials  could  not  be  satisfactorily  executed,  as 
correspondence,  of  which  the  following  communications  are  copies,  clearly  indicates  : 

Office  United  States  Military  Governor 
IN  THE  Philippine  Islands, 

Manila,  P.  I.,  November  12,  1898. 
Captain  of  the  Port,  Manila,  P.  I. 

Sir:  I  am  directed  to  inform  you  that  the  military  governor  has  just  received  a 
cablegram  from  Uoilo,  dated  the  8th  instant,  and  cabled  from  Capiz  on  the  Uth  instant, 
of  which  the  following  is  a  translation : 

"  ILOILO,  November  S,  1898. 
"Governor  General  to  General  Otis, 

"Military  Governor,  Manila  : 
"Your  telegram  of  present  date  received.     I  order  consul,  Hongkong,  not  to  send 
cargo   whatever  in  consideration  of  what  your  excellency  indicates.    I  spoke  of  the 
affair  to  the  commander  of  the  Charleston." 

This  in  response  to  a  telegram  from  this  office,  dated  November  1,  1898,  of  which  the 
following  is  a  copy  : 
"Governor  General,  Iloilo  .- 

"Spanish  consul,  Hongkong,  cleared  vessel  flying  British  flag  on  coasting  trade  to 
southern  ports,  Luzon,  thence  to  Manila.  Vessel  arrived  from  Legaspi  and  has  been 
permitted  to  enter  under  protest.    This  clearance  viewed  as  in  violation  of  agreement. 

"Otis, 
"  United  States  Military  Governor  in  the  Philippines." 
Very  respectfully, 

C.  H.  Murray, 
Captain,  Fourth  U.  S.  Cavalry,  Aid. 


Office  United  States  Military  Governor 
in  the  Philippine  Islands, 

Manila,  P.  I.,  November  %5,  1898. 
Captain  of  the  Port,  Manila,  P.  I. 

Sir:  I  am  directed  to  return  to  vou  the  inclosed  letter  of  Messrs.  Smith,  Bell  &  Co., 
and  to  sav  in  rcplv  thai,  as  is  well  known,  a  circular  was  issued  from  tliis  ofliee  on 
October '2(i,  isns,  aimonncini;  tliat  under  a  mutual  agreement  betwe,.n  llie  rnited  States 
and  Spanish  authorities  vessels  flying  either  the  American  or  Simnisli  flag  could  be 
dispatched  for  Tacloban  and  other  southern  ports  named,  provided  due  notice  by  cable 
was  given  the  governor  general  at  Iloilo  that  they  were  engaged  in  legitimate  com- 

In  the  case  of  the  vessel  of  the  Compania  Martima,  the  Satvadora,  which  had  a  like 
experience  with  the  vessel  Cebii,  the  militai  y  yoveiiior  Pie- laphed  the  governor  general 
at  Cebu,  on  the  16th,  stating  that  the  \  .-sel  had  cieared  iiuni  tliis  port  October  28th  for 
Iloilo,  Cebu,  and  Tacloban;  that  the  vessel  was  turned  l.acl^  from  Cebu  and  not  per- 
mitted to  proceed  to  Tacloban  to  the  Kivat  los>  <.t  nnichants,  as  the  Cebu  authorities 
reported  that  they  could  not  permit  vessel  to  en  Pi- any  jjorts  excepting  those  styled  ports 
of  entry.    To  this  cablegram  General  Rios  reiilied  as  inilows: 

"Regret  what  has  occurred  with  steamer  s,ilr,i<i<,r,t  in  Cebu.  Attribute  it  to  inter- 
ruption of  leletii-apli  lines  tluil  exists,  luakin-  mv  notice,  winch  I  repeat  by  mail,  arrive 
late.  Betfiiiuu  your  <'\i-ellenc\  ipat  lieieaiter,  at  tlie  same  time,  to  notify  me  and  the 
governor  tlenrTal  in  ( 'eiiu  wlien  yes.,.i  ,|oes  no!  previously  touch  at  Iloilo." 

It  wouid  s,.,  Ill  from  tiK'  aliove  disjialeli  of  tlie  liitli,  that  ei titer  the  Spani.sh  authorities 
in  the  south m  inlands  are  not  keepin-  faiili  (wliicli  is  not  charged  nor  believed),  or 
that  they  liave  n(-lect,ed  toiuform  oflieers  al  the  various  ports  of  the  agreements  which 
have  been  enh  nil  into.  Under  present  conditions  il  is  not  possible  to  comply  with 
General  liioss  late  request,  as  there  are  no  opportunities  to  cable  either  Iloilo  or  Cebu, 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  435 

since  the  cable  company's  staff  at  Cebu  has  been  removed  on  account  of  threatened 
danger  from  insurgents.  Conditions  therefore  seem  to  be  such  that  the  Spanish  author- 
ities are  not  able  to  keep  their  agreement  because  of  the  action  of  the  public  enemy,  and 
might  plead  excuse  for  any  sceininj;  violation  of  the  same.  Vessels  hereafter  clearing 
for  the  southern  ports,  iiaincd  in  tl\c  noiicc  with  which  you  have  been  furnished,  will 
be  obliged  to  clear  assmniiiL;-  all  attindant  risks. 

Further  action  will  be  taken  in  the  matter  of  the  Cebu  to  ascertain  what  remedies 
can  be  applied  in  instances  of  such  a  character. 

Very  respectfully,  C.  H.  Murray, 

Captain,  Fourth  U.  S.  Cavalry,  Aid. 

The  requests  of  certain  merchants  for  permission  to  pass  their  merchandise  through 
the  customs  as  Spanish  goods  under  the  former  Spanish  tariiT  rates,  on  the  plea  of 
purchase  in  Spain  before  declaration  of  war  and  inability  to  present  it  sooner,  continued 
throughout  the  year.  They  were  presented,  many  of  them  individually,  and  some 
through  their  consuls.  Every  case  was  based  upon  a  slightly  different  statement  of 
facts,  which  was  fully  considered  in  replies.  Applications  made  through  the  consul  for 
Germany  show  the  character  of  this  correspondence  : 

Office  United  States  Military  Governor 

IN  THE  Philippine  Lslanp.s, 

Manila,  P.  J.,  October  5,  ISfJS. 
Hon.  Dr.  Fr.  Kruger, 

Consul  fur  Germany  at  the  Port  of  Manila. 

Sir:  Referring  to  your  note  of  the  1st  instant,  I  have  the  honor  to  state  that  the 
reason  for  deferring  the  application  of  the  United  States  customs  tariff  and  regulations 
from  October  1st  to  November  10th  was  to  gain  sufficient  time  to  make  iiKutittcations 
therein  in  certain  particulars  in  order  to  better  adapt  them  to  existing:  conditions.  It 
was  discovered  that  errors  had  been  committed  in  the  preparation  or  compilation  of 
these  regulations,  and  it  was  with  the  desire  to  make  the  necessary  corrections  that  the 
postponement  was  ordered. 

A  slight  concession  was  granted  to  the  merchants  of  Manila,  which  was  thought 
would  not  prejudice  United  States  interests,  and  it  was  considered  that  sufficient  notice 
was  given  to  place  them  oil  ih.irmiard  and  allow  them  opportunity  to  protect  them- 
selves. The  interests  of  the  Manila  merchants  are  so  conflicting  that  no  rule  of  general 
action  could  be  adopted  which  would  be  satisfactory  to  all,  and  the  requests  submitted 
by  the  merchants  in  whose  behalf  you  write  have  received  greater  eonsjdeiation  than 
those  of  merchants  of  the  United  States  do  when  a  change  of  tariil  duiies  are  made. 
There  a  tariff  law  takes  effect  as  soon  as  enacted,  and  the  rule  of  carrai  mi/i/'O-  applies. 

The  proof  which  will  be  required  t')  show  that  merchandise  from  Spanisii  ports  prior 
to  April  2.5,  1898,  will  be,  indeiieudeiit  of  the  aerustomed  manifests  of  eamo,  bills  of 
lading,  and  the  usual  consular  ceitilicaiis,  ;i  eeriiiieat<'  fnnu  ilie  United  Stales  consular 
agent  at  the  Spanish  port  of  shipment  i<>  I  he  eiieei  that  the  goods  were  (lurchased  prior 
to  April  i5th,  and  in  case  there  is  no  L' nitcd  States  consular  agent  at  such  port  then  a 
certificate  of  a  consular  agent  of  Great  Britain  at  such  port  as  the  goods  were  so  pur- 
chased. 

Very  respectfully,  your  most  obedient  servant, 

E.  S.  Otis,  Military  Oovernor. 


Office  United  States  Military  Governor 

in  the  Philippine  Islands, 

Manila,  P.  I.,  December  21,  1S9S. 
Hon.  Dr.  Fr.  Kruger, 

German  Consul,  Manila,  P.  I. 

Sir:  I  have  the  honor  to  a<-kno\vle<lge  the  receipt  of  your  communication  of  the  19th 
instant,  with  inclosure,  \\hi(  li  rei(  is  to  merchandise  shipped  from  Spain  and  recently 

received  in  this  port,    c -einini;  -.ikIi  goods  you  refer  to  an  order  issued  from  this 

office  on  September  uiiih,  last,  in  which  directions  were  given  that  goods  secured  or  pur- 
chased in  Spain  prior  to  .\]>ril  -loth,  last,  would  be  received  at  this  port  until  November 
10th  under  the  former  Spanish  tariff  regulations. 

That  order  clearly  indicates  that  such  merchandi.se  received  here  after  the  last-named 
date  would  be  suljject  to  the  .same  duties  as  the  goods  of  all  other  neutral  nations,  the 
United  States  included. 

Not\vitli>tanding  the  instructions  contained  in  this  order,  goods  purchased  in  Spain 
by  Manila  ruorehants  which  arrived  here  as  late  as  the  present  month  have  been 
admitted  under  the  conditions  expressed  in  that  ordei-,  the  inercliants  showing  satisfac- 
torily that  delay  in  making  shipments  was  lieyond  their  control. 

In  respect  to  the  entry  of  these  ^oods  you  say  thai  ceiiain  proofs  of  purchase  in 
Spain,  as  regards  time  and  circumstances,  which  wi  re  presented  by  the  merchants, 
have  not  been  accepteil  by  the  <-ollecior  of  customs.  On  this  point  you  quote  my  letter 
of  October  5th,  indicatinu  the  |,i-o,,is  it  will  be  necessary  for  the  merchants  to  furnish, 
among  which  was  incduded  the  toUow  ing: 

"A  certificate  from  the  rint< d  stales  consular  agent  at  the  Spanish  port  of  shipment 
to  Uie  clfect  that  the  goods  were  purchased  prior  to  April  :i5th,  and  in  case  there  is  no 


436  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

United  States  consular  agent  at  such  port  then  the  certificate  of  the  consular  agent  of 
Great  Britain  at  such  port  that  the  goods  were  so  purchased." 

You  state  that  the  merchants  interested  gave  the  best  proofs  thej-  could  under  the 
circumstances,  and  that  it  was  impossible  to  secure  the  certificate  of  the  British  consul 
at  Barcelona  (acting  for  the  United  States)  as  to  shipment;  that  under  the  proof  the 
merchandise  has  not  been  admitted  as  desired. 

Undoubtedly  the  customs  authorities  have  acted  within  the  instructions  received 
from  this  office  in  demanding  a  consular  certificate,  and  the  subject  now  becomes  a 
matter  for  further  deliberation  and  further  instructions.  Your  request  is  that  the  col- 
lector of  customs  be  authorized  to  return  the  gaurantees  which  the  merchants  had 
given  in  order  to  have  the  goods  passed,  and  that  their  affidavits,  made  betore  the  Brit- 
ish consul  at  Barcelona,  be  accepted  in  lieu  of  the  consular  certificate  which  orders 
have  prescribed. 

The  request  will  receive  attention,  and  you  will  be  informed  soon  of  conclusions 
reached. 

Very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant,  E.  S.  Otis, 

Military  Governor. 

After  full  investigation  this  application  was  denied,  as  were  all  others  of  like  import 
which  were  submitted  about  this  time.  In  arriving  at  conclusions,  the  possibility  of 
purchasing  goods  in  Spain  under  a  continuing  contract  for  purchase,  or  placing  orders 
for  them  under  an  agreement  for  delivery  at  some  future  distant  date,  was  considered, 
as  well  as  the  confiictlng  interests  of  merchants  who  were  stoclicd  or  had  recently  pur- 
chased elsewhere  than  in  Spain,  and  who  antagonized  favorable  action  on  the  applica- 
tions. 

The  Spanish  prisoiiers  gave  annoyance  and  were  a  menace  to  public  tranquillity  and 
the  health  of  the  city.  Requests  for  permission  to  expatriate  them  were  preferred  on 
several  occasions,  but  such  action  could  not  be  taken  without  the  consent  of  both  Spain 
and  the  United  States,  since  the  disposition  of  the  Philippine  Islands  awaited  the  result 
of  treaty  stipulation.  The.se  prisoners  might  yet  be  needed  in  the  islands  by  Spain  for 
military  service.  When  Manila  capitulated,  many  of  them  were  ill,  and  required  care- 
ful attention  and  special  treatment.  All  the  necessary  articles  and  appliances  were 
furnished  the  Spanish  officers  with  which  to  bestow  the  needed  care.  The  prisoners 
soon  commenced  to  improve  in  physical  condition,  but  having  no  employment, 
indulged  too  frequently  in  reprehensible  conduct,  and  were  an  object  of  suspicion  by 
our  officers,  who  thought  that  they  would  require  close  restraint  should  hostilities  with 
the  Filipinos  ensue.  The  old  antipathy  between  insurgent  and  Spanish  soldiers,  which 
in  the  first  few  weeks  of  our  occupation  of  the  city  was  intense,  and  which  manifested 
itself  in  slight  rioting,  followed  in  one  instance  by  the  murder  of  an  insurgent  officer 
near  one  of  the  gates  of  the  walled  city,  was  gradually  disappearing,  and  Spanish 
officers  and  enlisted  men  began  to  mingle  in  friendly  intercourse  with  insurgent  troops. 

No  accurate  lists  of  numbers  had  been  made,  nor  could  one  be  prepared  from  the 
rolls  of  organizations  obtainable.  Finally,  on  October  1st,  the  provost  marshal  general 
was  directed  to  make  an  accurate  count  of  all  present.  For  this  purpose  he  caused  the 
various  organizations  to  form,  at  the  same  hour,  at  the  places  where  they  were  severally 
quartered,  and  had  one  of  his  officers  with  each  of  the  organizations  to  verify  numbers 
by  actual  count.    This  method  of  verification  was  repeated  on  subsequent  occasions. 

Under  the  terms  of  the  capitulation  the  Spanish  officers,  though  prisoners  of  war, 
were  permitted  to  immediately  supervise  the  affairs  of  the  organizations  to  which  they 
belonged.  In  the  demoralization  which  followed  the  condition  of  prisoners  of  war,  their 
authority  was  greatly  diminished  ;  and  the  general  who  was  nominally  in  command  of 
these  Spanish  forces  made  formal  request  to  impose,  through  adequate  punishment,  a 
more  efficient  discipline.    This  was  denied  in  the  following  letter : 

Office  United  States  Military  Governor 
IN  THE  Philippine  Islands, 

Manila,  P.  I.,  November  2S,  1898. 
Gen.  Francisco  Rizzo, 

Comvianding  Spanish  Forces,  Manila,  P.  I. 
General  :  Referring  to  the  request  made  by  you  a  few  day  since,  that  officers  of  the 
Spanish  Armv  be  permitted  and  assi-trd  to  enforce  against  their  men,  now  prisoners  of 
war,  the  disciplinary  measures  oi  tin  Sjaiiish  military  code,  I  have  the  honor  to  reply 
that  after  mature  deliberation  on  tlic  sjk  <ial  points  contained  in  the  request  submitted, 
the  conclusion  has  been  reached  thut  conditions  do  not  permit  the  American  authorities 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  437 

to  grant  all  that  has  been  asked.  They  will  endeavor  to  do  what  they  can  consistently 
to  preserve  good  conduct  on  the  part  of  the  prisoners,  and  with  that  end  in  view  instruc- 
tions have  been  given  to  retain  tliem  witliin  the  walled  city  after  5  o'clock  in  the  even- 
ing, and  to  compel  thrni  to  relifc  to  tlicir  I'c^iicciivc  li:irr;i<-ks  ;itt<-r  tlic  tiour  of  8. 

The  American  authoi-iiics  :irc  rcs]Minsililc  for  (  he  care  of  tlM-<c  prisoners,  and  must  see 
that  they  receive  hunuuu' trialuicul  in  acfonlaiu-o  wii  h  the  dii'ta  Ics  and  spirit  of  their 
own  military  code,  and  tlnrefore  no  promises  can  be  given  as  to  the  methods  they  will 
apply  in  exercising  supervision.  It  is  our  desire  to  do  all  we  can  to  carry  out  the  wishes 
of  the  Spanish  officers  who  are  looking  after  the  welfare  of  their  men,  but  it  will  readily 
occur  to  you  that  under  prevailing  conditions  we  can  not  enter  into  any  agreements 
which  fetter  in  any  wise  a  free  latitude  of  action  in  the  special  cases  which  may  arise. 
I  am,  General,  with  great  respect,  your  obedient  servant, 

E.  S.  Otis, 
Military  Governor. 

Early  in  October  certain  Spanish  officers,  prisoners  of  war,  asked  for  permission  to 
depart  for  Spain  on  account  of  illness,  and  their  I'equests  were  favorably  indorsed  by 
General  Rizzo.  Applying  to  the  War  Department  for  instructions  in  these  cases,  I  was 
directed,  on  October  7th,  to  grant,  in  my  discretion,  requests  of  this  character.  Where- 
upon, on  application  in  writing,  accompanied  by  the  proper  disability  certificate  of  a 
Spanish  surgeoji  and  the  approval  of  the  general  officer  present  and  supervising  Spanish 
alTairs,  passports  with  permission  to  return  to  Spain  were  given.  A  considerable  num- 
ber took  advantage  of  this  privilege  before  the  general  authority  to  send  home  the 
prisoners  was  received.  On  December  14th  the  Spanish  authorities  served  upon  me 
notice  of  the  contemplated  discharge  of  the  native  troops  held  in  Manila  as  prisoners. 
Although  it  was  known  that  a  good  many  of  the  three  thousand  of  these  prisoners  had 
deserted  to  the  insurgents,  it  was  deemed  important  to  weigh  the  probable  results  of 
this  contemplated  communicated  action,  and  the  following  letters  were  prepared  and 
delivered : 

Captain  General  Rizzo, 

General  of  Division  of  the  Spanish  Army,  Manila,  P.  I. 
General:  I  have  the  honor  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your  cc)minunication  of 
this  morning,  in  which  you  inform  me  you  are  about  to  di-<  liarL;c  iiom  tlii'  Spanish 
service  the  Spanish  native  troops  held  as  United  States  prisoners  of  war  in  liiis  city. 

I  beg  that  yon  dofer  yonr  contemplated  action  in  this  matter  of  dise ha  me  nntil  I  may 
be  able  to  nialce  inipiiiy  as  x.o  the  condition,  intent,  and  former  )>laces  of  ilomicile  of 
these  troops,  lliai  I  iiia.\  aei  nnderstandingly  with  regard  to  theni.  As  piisom  rs  of  war, 
under  the  artieles  oi  Caoii  nlatlon,  they  should  remain  under  guard  wiihin  I  lie  city  and 
under  the  immediate  supervision  of  their  officers  until  instructions  as  to  their  final  dis- 
position are  received  from  Madrid  and  Washington. 

You  will  therefore  please  suspend  all  actions  relating  to  their  discharge  until  I  may 
be  able  to  communicate  further  with  you. 

I  am,  very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant,  E.  S.  Otis, 

Major  General,  U.  S.  V., 
United  States  Military  Governor  in  the  Philippi^ies. 


Office  United  States  Military  Governor 
IN  the  Philippine  Islands, 

Manila,  P.  I.,  December  17,  189S. 
Division  General  Francisco  Rizzo, 

Commanding  Spanish  Forces,  Manila,  P.  I., 
General  :  In  further  response  to  your  letter  of  the  Hth  instant,  regarding  your  con- 
templated action  in  tlie  matter  of  discliarnini;-  S|>anisli  native  ti-oojjs  lield  in  this  city  as 
prisoners  of  war,I  have  tlie  honor  to  infoini  .\ou  that  exhaustive  iiKiuiry  lias  been  made 
as  to  their  permanent  lioiins  ;iiia  [n'ssihle  conduct  should  tlie\-  lie  disciiarged  at  this 
time.  It  has  been  ascei'tained  that  a  ver\- large  number  of  I  hem  eaiiie  from  the  southern 
islands,  and  that  some  of  them,  thougli  of  Luzon,  would  he  afraid  to  icturn  ro  their 
homes,  even  if  discharged.  Those  living  in  the  southern  islands  should  he  sent  there; 
those  of  Luzon  who  are  afraid  to  return  to  their  homes  should  fie  kejit  here  in  .Manila. 
There  are  others  of  these  natives  who  might  give  trouble  in  tlie  city  if  disciiarged,  and 
they  should  be  kejit  under  restraint. 

All  the  native  in., ip-,  therefore,  will  be  continued  in  their  present  status  as  prisoners 
of  war,  to  remain  in  restraint  under  the  immediate  supervision  of  their  officers  until 
the  chief  authorities  of  the  dominion  of  Spain  and  the  United  States  give  final  direc- 
tions as  to  their  disposition.  This  is  in  conformity  with  the  articles  of  capitulation  of 
August  14th,  last. 

Very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant,  E.  S.  Otis, 

Major  General,  U.  S.  V., 
U>iited  States  Military  Governor  in  the  Philippines. 


438  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

These  natives  were  subsequently  discharged  in  Manila.  Some  were  taken  to  a  west- 
ern Luzon  province  and  released,  and  others  were  permitted  to  go  from  the  city  in  any 
direction  they  wished,  or  to  remain  in  it  if  they  desired.  It  was  subsequently  a  notice- 
able fact  that  they  became  the  most  formidable  troops  in  Aguinaldo's  array,  fought 
splendidly  at  Caloocan,  where  they  lost  in  casualties  a  large  portion  of  their  numbers. 

About  this  date  Spanish  officers,  with  their  families,  were  arriving  in  the  city  from 
the  southern  islands.  Some  of  them  had  been  exercising  command  of  native  troops, 
which  were  disbanded  there  or  had  deserted  to  the  enemy,  or  they  were  not  desired  in 
the  Spanish  military  organizations  still  retained  at  the  south.  They  came  ostensibly 
to  secure  transportation  to  Spain  by  vessels  plying  between  Manila  and  Barcelona. 
Lingering  with  us  a  considerable  period,  and  not  knowing  their  numbers,  request  was 
made  upon  the  Spanish  authorities  for  their  names  and  intention,  and  the  further 
request  was  made  that  the  United  States  authorities  be  notified  in  future  of  the  fact  of 
the  arival  of  any  Spanish  officers  from  southern  ports. 

The  United  States  authorities,  after  entering  Manila,  had  continued  in  place  the  Span- 
ish officers  who  had  exercised  charge  of  the  large  city  prisons,  where  about  two  thousand 
suspects  and  convicts  were  confined.  General  Hughes,  the  provost  marshal  general,  who 
had  supervision  of  these  prisons,  detected,  while  inspecting  the  August  and  September 
prison  accounts,  fraudulent  transactions  in  which  these  officers  were  concerned.  He 
thereupon  placed  them  in  arrest  and  submitted  the  charges  of  "conspiracy  to  embezzle 
public  funds  in  violation  of  the  laws  of  war,"  and  "embezzlement  in  violation  of  the 
laws  of  war,"  when  they  were  brought  before  a  military  commission  for  trial.  The 
result  of  the  court's  long  and  patient  investigation,  during  which  the  accused  officers 
had  the  benettt  of  the  best  American  and  Spanish  legal  advice  obtainable,  and  of  their 
own  selection,  was  the  conviction  of  two  of  them,  and  the  acquittal  of  the  third  upon 
an  admittedly  proven  alibi.  The  two  who  were  convicted  were  each  sentenced  to  pay  a 
fine  in  "the  sum  of  S2,500  in  gold  coin  of  the  United  States,  and  to  be  confined  at  hard 
labor  in  such  place  of  confinement  as  may  be  designated  by  the  reviewing  authority  for 
a  period  of  three  years."    The  review  of  the  case  is  in  language  as  follows  : 

In  the  foregoing  case  of  Carlos  Avmerich,  Branlio  Zorita,  and  Jose  Ruiz,  jointly  tried 
by  a  military  coinniission  for  coiispjiai-y  to  onbcz/.lc,  a  iwl  111.'  .■inlir/,/.lcinfnl  ..f,  i.iil)lic 
funds,  the  .•oiriuiissinu  has  adj  mli;.  ,1  a  HiMlinu  ni  ac<|iiillal  as  to  Call.. >  A  yUK'iich,  .'Vi- 
dentlyconsi.l.-rini;  retain  .n  i.l.ai..'  snhniill.d  In  il  and  tch.linu  I.,  c^la  l.lisli  an  alilii  as 
to  this  ac-cus.'il,  as  having  an  inipurluut  bearing  upon  th.'  ./asc,  t..  111.'  .■xlrnt,  at  l.'asi,  .^f 
raisinu  a  r.'asi.nalile  doubt  as  to  his  participation  in  tlie  oll'enses  all.';,'.'.!.  In  tliis  view 
the  rt\i(  winu  a  uthoritv  does  not  concur,  believing  that  the  evid.ii.  .•  of  r.c  .rd  .■..lulu- 
sivelv  i'>ta)>li-h.s  t lie  criminal  responsibility  of  the  said  Aynierich  J..iMtly  wiili  tli.'  ..th.'i- 
accused  under  both  charges,  and  is,  therefore,  unable  t.>  coni-nr  in  th.'  lin.iini;  .  .f  acquittal 
in  his  case.    Orders  have  already  been  issu.'il  f.>r  his  r.l.-i^.'  l'r..ni  .•..nii  inan.ni. 

The  findings  and  sentences  adjudge. 1  th.-  oIIi.t  two  a.-.-u-^.i.  i.,  wji,  llranlio  Zorita 
and  Jose  Ruiz,  are  approved.  In  view  of  t  h.' e.inlin.nKiil  ahfa.l.\-  served  by  tliein  and 
thecireunistan.'.'s  snrr.inii.linu  this  eas.^,  .h.an.'.l  in  .■.•riain  respects  to  justity  the  exten- 
sion of  el. ■ni.n.'N.  lb- .■..iiiiii.  in.ad  at  Iiar.l  labor  for  tiinc  years  awarded  each  of  these 
accuse.l  is  ii'du.'.'.l  I'l  si\  in..iiilis.  As  mi  I  i'^a  l.'d,  t  li.'  s.'iitences  will  by  duly  executed 
and  so  niu.di  tlien-.if  as  r.'lat.'s  t.)  eonlln.'inent,  at  F.ilibi.l  I'rison. 

The  commission  took  up  the  trial  of  these  eases  on  November  22d  last,  and  gave  a 
long  and  patient  hearing  to  the  voluminous  testimony  introduced  and  the  lengthy  argu- 
ments of  the  prosecuting  officers  and  defendants'  counsel.  The  funds  which  it  was 
charged  that  the  parties  had  misappropriated  accrued  previous  to  the  date  of  United 
States  occupation,  but  were  subsequently  covered  as  expended  in  the  payment  of  fraud- 
ulent vouchers  manufactured  in  August  and  September  for  services  rendered  and  prop- 
erty delivered  for  the  benefit  of  the  prisons  prior  to  that  date.  They  therefore  belonged 
to  the  United  States  by  capture,  or  promised  surrender  under  the  capitulatory  articles. 
The  Spanish  authorities  labored  in  the  interests  of  the  accused,  and  the  date  on  which 
they  were  brought  before  the  military  commission  the  chief  of  staff  of  the  Spanish  gen- 
eral, who  subsequently  acted  as  assistant  counsel  for  one  and  submitted  an  able  closing 
argument  on  the  merits,  sent  in  a  written  apphcation  asking  that  they  be  remanded 
to  the  Spanish  authorities  for  trial,  representing  that  the  honor  of  Spain  was  involved. 
He  was  informed,  however,  that  the  United  States  tribunal,  which  had  been  directed  to 
judicially  determine  the  question  of  their  guilt  or  innocence,  had  not  been  ordered  until 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  439 

after  an  exhaustive  investigation  had  been  made  and  the  justness  and  expediency  of 
the  step  carefully  considered.  The  cases  were  not  published  until  March  13th,  after  the 
offenders  had  been  in  arrest  for  six  months.  Some  time  thereafter  and  on  April  19th, 
a  petition  was  presented,  headed  by  his  grace  the  archbishop  of  Manila  and  signed  by 
its  leading  inhabitants,  Spanish  and  foreign  mostly,  praying  for  the  release  of  Zorita, 
though  acknowledging  the  justness  of  his  sentence.  He  was  released  on  the  payment  of 
82,500  gold,  his  time  of  confinement  having  nearly  virtually  expired.  Ruiz  still  remains 
in  confinement.  No  decided  effort  by  friends  for  the  commutation  of  his  sentence  has 
been  made.  It  would  be  matter  for  satisfaction  if  the  same  action  could  be  applied  in 
his  case  as  in  that  of  Zorita. 

Another  case,  that  of  a  Spanish  newspaper  editor,  one  Antonio  Hidalgo,  charged 
with  "  publishing  and  circulating  seditious  newspaper  articles  in  violation  of  the  laws 
of  war,"  was  brought  before  a  military  commission  in  November  last.  The  accused  was 
found  guilty  and  sentenced  "  to  pay  a  fine  of  SoOO  in  United  States  gold  coin  to,  and  for 
the  use  and  benefit  of,  the  United  States ;  that  he  be  placed  and  kept  outside  of  the  lines 
of  the  territory  now  occupied  by,  and  within  and  under  the  jurisdiction  of,  the  military 
forces  of  the  United  States,  and  that  the  press,  type,  furniture,  material,  and  all  appur- 
tenances of  the  printing  office  of  La  Voz  E-spanola  be  confiscated  and  sold  for  the  use 
and  benefit  of  the  United  States." 

The  review  is  as  follows  : 

In  the  foregoing  case  of  Antonio  Hidalgo  the  record  discloses  that  the  accused  was 
accorded  an  impartial  trial,  his  rights  having  been  protected  at  every  stage  thereof. 
The  findings  are  in  accord  with  the  evidence,  and  the  sentence,  in  amount  and  char- 
acter of  punishment  awarded,  shows  that  the  commission  correctly  estimated  the  crim- 
inality which,  under  the  conditions  existing  at  the  time  of  their  commission,  was 
involved  in  the  offenses  which  the  accused  stands  convicted.  Such  a  sentence  the 
reviewing  authority  is  reluctant  to  modify. 

It  appears,  however,  from  facts  elicited  since  the  conclusion  of  the  trial  that  the 
accused  fully  appreciates  the  gravity  of  the  offenses  committed  by  him,  and  regrets 
their  commission.  He  has  furnished  satisfactory  proof  of  previous  good  character  and 
reputable  standing  in  this  community,  and  has  directly  and  through  influential  citizens 
petitioned  for  clemency.  In  view  of  these  facts,  and  in  the  belief  that  the  example  fur- 
nished by  this  trial  and  conviction  constitutes  sufficient  warning  that  the  military  gov- 
ernment here  established  possesses  and  will  exercise  the  power  necessary  to  protect 
itself  against  libelous  :i mi  scditimi^  puiilications  designed  to  asperse  its  character  and 
weaken  its  authority,  ilir  r.  \i(\>  inn  authority  is  pleased  to  remit  so  much  of  the  sen- 
tence as  relates  to  couii  M-ai  imi  of  pKjpi  rty  and  to  the  deportation  of  the  accused  beyond 
the  lines  now  occupied  l)y  the  military  forces  of  the  United  States. 

The  fine  imposed  is  reduced  to  S250,  gold  coin  of  the  United  States,  the  accused  to 
stand  committed  until  such  fine  is  paid;  the  confinement  under  this  sentence  not  to 
exceed  three  months. 

As  mitigated,  the  sentence  will  be  duly  executed. 

The  fine  was  paid  and  Hidalgo  released.  The  trial  produced  a  good  deal  of  excite- 
ment, both  on  account  of  the  standing  of  the  accused  in  the  community,  his  numerous 
friends  among  the  better  citizens,  and  the  novel  proceeding.  The  case  was  prosecuted 
for  the  sake  of  example  and  to  give  warning  to  the  proprietors  of  other  newspapers  of 
the  penalties  which  might  be  imposed  upon  them  if  thej'  continued  to  indulge  in  abuse 
and  calumny.    It  has  had  beneficial  effects. 

This  period  was  one  of  plotting  in  the  interests  of  the  insurgent  cause  and  men  of 
every  nationality  appeared  to  be  engaged  in  questionable  enterprises  promising  indi- 
vidual gain.  Rumors  of  the  purchase  and  introduction  of  arms  and  ammunition  at 
various  ports  on  the  Luzon  coast  were  incessant.  Admiral  Dewey  had  seized  a  vessel 
at  Cantagas  engaged  in  this  contraband  trade,  but  the  cargo  had  entered  the  interior. 
It  was  an  understood  fact  that  money  in  considerable  quantities  was  being  sent  to  the 
insurgent  junta  at  Hongkong,  which  was  then  presided  over,  or  at  least  advised,  by  an 
American  citizen  and  a  British  subject.  Insurgent  delegations  departed  for  Japan  and 
the  cities  on  the  Asiatic  coast.  All  this  occasioned  a  mass  of  correspondence  with 
United  States  representatives  stationed  in  these  countries.  Smuggling  and  illicit  trade 
of  a  varied  character  was  being  actively  conducted,  and  the  cunning  of  the  Filipino 
and  the  Chinese  was  difficult  to  contend  with.  Insurgent  newspapers  had  been  estab- 
lished in  our  midst  and  often  indulged  in  criticisms  of  the  manner  in  which  affairs  were 
being  conducted,  but  were  generally  busy  insinuating  that  the  United  States  offered 


440  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

nothing  advantageous  to  the  Filipinos,  who  had  expended  so  much  blood  and  treasure 
for  their  independence.  The  formerly  expressed  fear  that  Spain  M-oiild  return  had  given 
way  to  the  statement  that  it  was  the  intention  of  the  United  States  to  replace  her  in  the 
odious  domination  which  she  had  exercised  for  centuries.  The  better  class  of  Filipinos 
recommended  the  suppression  of  these  Filipino  newspapers,  and  to  my  question 
whether  the  people  believed  the  statements  found  in  them,  replied  that  they  did  and 
were  greatly  impressed.  The  editors  were  warned  and  became  more  temperate  in  their 
denunciations,  even  asking  assistance  to  place  before  the  people  the  true  condition  of 
affairs.  Able  articles  were  prepared  and  furnished,  at  my  request,  by  the  well  known 
scientist,  Doctor  Becker,  upon  the  true  theory  of  government  and  the  probable  inten- 
tion of  the  United  States  in  Luzon  and  other  islands.  They  were  generally  used  by 
these  editors  as  targets  for  such  unfriendly  criticisms  as  their  supple  and  peculiar  minds 
could  invent.  A  sanguinary  and  venomous  article  would  be  followed  for  three  or  four 
successive  days  by  temperate  productions  favoring  L^nited  States  protection  on  lines 
which  they  were  powerless  to  explain  or  understand. 

Questions  of  grave  import  were  being  constantly  thrust  upon  the  L'nited  States 
authorities,  some  having  decided  international  significanee  demanding  prompt  atten- 
tion. The  acting  American  consul  was  busy  with  political  and  commercial  problems, 
among  which  were  those  relating  to  the  acquisition  of  citizenship  or  the  participation 
by  foreign  vessels  in  the  inter-island  trade.  On  December  9th  he  was  informed  of  a 
decision  which  had  shortly  before  been  rendered  and  expressed  in  the  following  terms: 

The  effect  of  section  8,  article  1,  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  and  legisla- 
tion by  Congress  thereunder,  is  to  vest  the  exclusive  power  of  conferring  citizenship 
by  naturalization  in  Congress.  This  power  is  not  shared  by  State  or  Territorial  govern- 
ments, nor  by  military  governments  established  by  the  L^nited  States  in  the  exercise  of 
its  war  power. 

In  establishing  rules  on  the  subject,  Congress  has  provided  among  other  conditions 
upon  which  citizenship  will  be  conferred  upon  aliens,  excepting  those  having  service  in 
the  Army  or  Navy,  a  previous  residence  of  five  years  within  the  territorial  limits  of  the 
United  States.  It  is  very  clear  that  this  condition  has  not  been  complied  with  by  the 
within-named  applicant. 

United  States  citizenship  may  also  result  from  (1)  completed  conquest  and  incorpora- 
tion of  territory,  and  (2)  from  treaty.  No  act  of  the  individual  in  the  former  case  is 
necessary  other  than  election  to  become  a  citizen,  usually  manifested  by  continued 
domicile  within  the  territory  conquered  and  incorporated.  In  the  latter  case  it  is 
necessary  only  for  the  individual  to  comply  with  the  conditions  that  the  treaty  may 
establish.  Until  negotiations  have  proceeded  further  it  is  impossible  to  determine 
whether  the  within  applicant  can  avail  himself  of  either  of  these  methods. 

Applications  for  citizenship  can  not  be  acted  upon  at  the  present  lime ;  they  could 
mei'ely  be  received  and  filed. 

To  his  inquiry  with  regard  to  coasting  trade  privileges  he  was  informed  by  communi- 
cation as  follows : 

In  i-eply  to  your  note  of  yesterday  with  inclosure,  I  am  directed  to  state  that  the 
inclosure  granting  the  permission  of  the  Spanish  Government  to  do  certain  acts  as 
therein  explained  was  given  July  5th  last,  prior  to  L'nited  States  occupation  of  the  city 
and  harbor  of  Manila,  and  under  conditions,  both  in  this  i-espectand  in  so  far  as  the  out- 
side ports  of  Luzon  are  concerned,  which  have  materially  changed. 

Since  that  time  certain  agreements  have  been  entered  into  between  the  representa- 
tives of  the  United  States  and  Spain  which  the  action  contemplated  in  the  inclosure 
would  violate,  and  hence  can  not  now  be  carried  into  execution.  Vessels  can  not  be 
cleared  from  this  port  for  inter-island  ports,  under  the  Norwegian  flag. 

As  regards  the  tobacco  now  in  the  upper  country,  it  can  be  brought  to  this  port  by 
vessels  of  the  Maritime  Company,  sailing  under  the  American  flag.  That  company  has 
two  vessels  engaged  in  tliis  trade  which  will  be  able  to  bring  in  all  the  tobacco  grown  in 
the  upper  provinces,  and  at  uniform  transportation  rates  to  all  owners  concerned.  The 
Venus,  now  due  here,  will  sail  in  about  four  days  for  Aparri,  and  the  Sotin-ini.s.  now  en 
voyage  for  that  port,  will  soon  be  here,  and  as  soon  as  she  can  unload  will  return. 
Information  has  been  obtained  that  the  whole  tobacco  crop  can  be  moved  by  these  two 
vessels  and  in  sufficient  time  to  prevent  injury  to  the  crops. 

Your  inclosure  is  herewith  returned. 

The  sphere  of  United  States  action  in  the  Philippines  was  now  about  to  be  enlarged. 
During  the  last  interview  with  General  Rios's  staff  officer  on  the  subject  of  inter-island 
trade,  alluded  to  in  a  former  portion  of  this  report,  he  submitted  a  proposition  for  the 
relief  of  the  Spanish  garrison  at  Iloilo  by  our  troops,  saying  that  General  Rios  would  be 
pleased  to  turn  that  city  over  to  the  United  States  authorities  and  withdraw  to  Zam- 
boanga.     The  proposition  was  discussed,  but  immediate  action  was  not  considered 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  441 

practicable,  and  he  was  requested  to  convey  to  the  general  our  appreciation  of  his  offer 
and  report  that  permission  would  be  sought  to  accept  it  as  soon  as  the  Paris  treaty 
negotiations  indicated  iinmistalsably  that  the  United  States  would  succeed  to  the 
government  of  the  islands.  About  December  13th  a  petition  was  received,  signed  by 
tbe  business  men  and  firms  of  Iloilo,  asking  for  American  protection  there.  On  Decem- 
ber 14th  I  cabled  to  Washington  the  following: 

Bankers  and  merchants  with  business  houses  at  Iloilo  petition  American  protection 
at  Iloilo.  Spanish  authorities  are  still  holding  out,  but  will  receive  United  States  troops. 
Insurgents  reported  favorable  to  American  annexation.  Can  send  troops.  Shall  any 
action  be  taken  ? 

No  response  was  received  until  the  19th  of  that  month,  when  I  was  informed  that  the 
President  and  Secretary  of  War  were  absent  from  Washington,  and  that  consideration 
of  my  question  would  await  their  return,  which  would  be  shortly.  Appreciating  the 
great  desirability  of  securing  possession  of  this  city,  the  second  of  the  Philippines  in 
importance,  I  was  anxious  to  receive  an  atflrmative  answer  to  my  cable  question  of  the 
14th  instant.  It  was  i-eported  that  the  Spanish  troops  were  hard  pressed  by  the  insur- 
gents, who  had  made  an  attack  a  few  days  previous,  declaring  that  they  would  capture 
the  town  before  the  arrival  of  the  Americans.  It  was  also  stated  that  the  attack  had 
been  repulsed,  with  a  loss  to  the  insurgents  of  three  hundred  men. 

The  petition  for  protection  which  had  been  submitted  by  the  business  men  appeared 
to  me  to  furnish  sutHcient  ground  upon  which  to  base  intervention  in  their  behalf,  inde- 
pendent of  specific  instructions  from  Washington,  and  I  therefore,  in  conference  with 
Admiral  Dewey,  asked  that  one  of  his  war  vessels  convoy  troops  which  I  meditated 
sending  to  Iloilo  at  once.  This  the  Admiral  thought  it  not  wise  to  do,  as  we  were  await- 
ing authority  which  had  already  been  sought,  and  furthermore  that  he  was  of  the  opin- 
ion General  Rios  would  hold  out.  I  shared  with  him  this  latter  conviction  and  awaited 
directions.    On  December  23d  the  following  dispatch  was  received  : 

Washington,  December  23,  1S9S. 
Otis,  Manila: 

Answering  your  message,  December  14th,  the  President  directs  that  you  send  neces- 
sary troops  to  Iloilo,  to  preserve  the  peace  and  protect  life  and  property.  It  is  most 
important  that  there  should  be  no  conflict  with  the  insurgents.  Be  conciliatory,  but 
firm. 

By  order  of  the  Secretary  of  War. 

These  instructions  were  conveyed  to  Admiral  Dewey  and  I  cabled  the  following : 

Manila,  December  23,  1S98. 
General  Rios, 

Governor  General  Philippine  Islands,  Iloilo,  Panay. 
A  considerable  United  States  force.  Army  and  Navy,  will  leave  Manila  in  two  or 
three  days,  and  its  commanding  general  is  ordered  to  confer  with  you  at  Iloilo. 

Otis, 
United  States  Military  Governor. 

This  message  was  sent  to  Capiz,  a  northern  point  of  the  island  of  Panay,  then  the 
terminus  of  the  cable,  whence  messages  were  telegraphed  overland  to  Iloilo  before  the 
insurgents  had  destroyed  the  land  lines.  Cable  messages  were  sent  subsequently  by 
special  gunboats  which  reported  for  them  at  short  intervals.  The  next  morning  the 
superintendent  of  the  cable  company  surprised  me  with  the  information  that  two  gun- 
boats arrived  at  Capiz  the  day  before,  collected  all  telegrams,  and  left  for  Iloilo  at  5.35 
p.  31.;  that  my  dispatch  did  not  reach  the  cable  office  there  till  5.50  p.  m.:  that  the  cable 
operator  reported  that  General  Rios  would  leave  Iloilo  with  all  Spaniards  for  Lambagan 
the  afternoon  of  the  24th,  and  would  go  to  Manila  by  the  end  of  the  month.  Efforts 
were  immediately  made  to  communicate  by  other  means  with  General  Rios  before  he 
could  evacuate  the  city.  A  coasting  vessel  was  secured,  with  which  Lieutenant  Colonel 
Potter,  of  the  Engineer  Corps,  was  directed  to  proceed,  and  if  possible  communicate  in 
person  with  General  Rios,  requesting  that  he  continue  in  possession  of  the  city  until  the 
arrival  of  our  troops.    Colonel  Potter  departed  on  his  mission  that  night  and  nothing 


442  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

was  heard  from  him  until  the  morning  of  the  28th,  when  he  returned.  He  reported  that 
General  Rio.s  had  evacuated  on  the  evening  of  the  24th,  thirty-nine  hours  before  his 
arrival ;  that  he  found  the  insurgents  in  possession  of  the  city ;  that  he  had  landed  and 
held  an  interview  with  the  consul  for  Great  Britain,  and  that  the  town  was  quiet, 
Aguinaldo's  flag  flying,  and  that  he  could  not  reach  any  conclusions  as  to  the  probable 
results  of  General  Miller's  arrival;  that  he  saw  the  latter  on  the  evening  of  the  27th  and 
reported  to  him  fully  the  situation  as  he  had  found  it.  On  the  morning  of  the  27th  I 
telegraphed  Admiral  Dewey,  at  Cavite,  as  follows  : 

Nothing  from  Colonel  Potter.  Capiz  reports  having  seen  vessel  offshore  last  evening 
and  thinks  that  possibly  insurgent  authorities  there  would  not  permit  landing.  If  Pot^ 
ter  remains  at  Hollo,  Rios  still  holds  out.  Should  he  arrive  here  within  the  next  twelve 
hours,  Rios  has  evacuated. 

I  thereafter  telegraphed  Admiral  Dewey  the  substance  of  two  dispatches  as  soon  as 
delivered,  which  were  as  follows  : 

ILOILO,  December  21,. 

Treaty  of  Paris  signed ;  my  Government  orders  me  to  go  to  Manila,  where  I  shall 
arrive  atend  of  month, and  in  accordance  with  your  excellency  will  hasten  repatriation. 

General  Rios. 
Also, 

Steamer  wliich  arrived  yesterday  at  Capiz  is  Spanish  gunboat  Elcano.  Hollo  evacu- 
ated on  the  24th. 

This  last  message  was  received  from  the  cable  company.  I  also  telegraphed  the 
Admiral  that  "  Colonel  Potter  not  having  reported,  I  am  inclined  to  think  that  Span- 
iards still  hold  Hollo."    I  then  cabled  the  following : 

Adjutant  General,  Washington  : 

Iloilo  expedition  left  last  night.  Roi>cirti(l  tluit  Spanish  forces  evacuated  24th  instant. 
Report  not  confirmed.  General  Miller  Hilly  iusti  udcd  as  to  action  whether  Spanish 
forces  there  or  not.  Action  to  acc<>i>l  liilly  with  I'resident's  directions.  Will  cable 
results  as  soon  as  possible.    Expedition  sliould  reach  Iloilo  to-morrow  morning. 

As  soon  as  Colonel  Potter  had  received  instructions  to  proceed,  as  above  indicated, 
the  following  was  Issued  : 

General  Okdeks,  )  Headquaiiters  Department  Pacific 

No.  39.  j  AND  Eighth  Army  Corps, 

Manila,  P.  J.,  December  2U,  1898. 
I.— Brig.  Gen.  ^Marcus  P.  Miller,  U.  S.  V.,  is  assigned  to  the  command  of  the  follow- 
ing-named troops,  viz: 

Light  Lath  rv  G,  Sixth  U.  S.  Artillery. 
Eighteenth  T.  S.  Infantry. 
Fifty-iirst  Iowa  Infantry. 
And  will  proceed  with  them  to  Iloilo,  island  of  Panay,  by  transports  Newport,  Ari- 
zona, s,ud  Pennsylvania,  under  such  naval  escort  as  the  rear  admiral  commanding  the 
Asiatic  squadion  may  furnish  him,  and  there  execute  the  special  instructions  he  will 
receive  from  these  headquarters. 

The  troops  will  constitute  a  separate  brigade  within  the  meaning  of  the  Seventy- 
third  Article  of  War,  to  be  known  and  designated  as  the  First  Separate  Brigade  of  the 
Eighth  Army  Corps.  They  will  be  equipped  and  supplied  as  orders  already  and  here- 
after to  be  issued  indicate. 

The  following-named  officers  will  constitute  the  staff  of  the  First  Separate  Brigade 
of  the  Eighth  Army  Corps  : 

First  Lieut.  C.  G.  Woodward,  Third  U.  S.  Artillery,  aid,  acting  assistant  adjutant 
general. 

Capt.  Jolin  B.  Jeflterey,  U.  S.  V.,  quartermaster. 

Capt.  C.  R.  KrauthofT,  commissary  of  subsistence,  U.  S.  V.,  commissary. 
Maj.  E.  R.  Morris,  brigade  surgeon,  U.  S.  V.,  chief  surgeon. 

By  command  of  Major  General  Otis.  Thomas  H.  Barry, 

As.iistant  Adjutant  General. 

General  Miller  and  the  Iowa  regiment  of  volunteers  had  recently  arrived.  The  regi- 
ment remained  on  the  transport  prepared  for  departure.  Light  Battery  G,  Sixth  Regi- 
ment U.  S.  Artillery  and  the  Eighteenth  Infantry  had  been  directed  to  hold  themselves 
in  readiness  for  this  expected  service.  Carefully  prepared  instructions  were  then  issued, 
of  which  the  following  is  a  copy  : 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  443 

Office  United  States  Military  Governor, 
Headquarters  Department  Pacific  and  Eighth  Army  Corps, 

Manila,  P.  I.,  December  •:!/,,  ]S98. 
Biis.  Gen.  Marcus  P.  Miller,  U.  S.  v., 

Commanding  Flrsl  Separate  Brigade,  KigJdIi  Army  Corps. 
Sir:   In  obedieiK-c  lo  tlic  instriictii)n>  ol'  llic  I'residfnt  of  the  Inilid  States,  dated 
the  23d  instant,  directing  iliai   tnicii^  !»■  >.cnt  to  Iloilo,  island  of  I'anay,  ihnv  "to  pre- 
serve tlie  peace  tuid  proli'fl  lite  and  propnly,"  yonreoninuuid  has  Ijrcn  s,lc<-ted  for  this 
duty  and  lias  been  ordered  to  depart  tlicrclor  on  Monday  next,  tLie  -liJlLi  instant. 
fbose  instructions  contain  tlie  following  cautionary  language  : 

"It  is  most  important  that  there  should  be  no  conflict  with  the  insurgents.    Be  con- 
ciliatorv,  but  firm." 

Wlien  tltcv  were  given  it  was  supposed  that  the  Spanish  forces  in  Iloilo  and  in  con- 
flict with  the  insurgent  inhaliitants  of  tin'  island  would  r^'lain  Ihcir  liol.i  of  the  city 
until  (he  airival  of  United  States  troops,  when  they  would  Iraii-ffi-  all  authority  to  the 
latter  and  pi'a<-eal)ly  cxacuate.  From  cable  dis()atclics  received  ihis  morning  from 
northern  Panay,  it  is  feared  that  t!ie  Spanish  troops  may  surrender  the  city  to  the 
insuii;iiits  fx  i<'>re  \(iur-  arrival,  in  which  event  your  duties  will  become  more  compli- 
cated and  will  lecjuire  di'lieale  and  skillful  action  for  successful  prosecution.  However, 
everv  jiossihle  pret-autionary  measure  has  been  taken  to  retain  Spanish  forces  there. 
Yest'erday  a  telegram  was  sent  to  northern  Panay,  the  limit  of  lelcKraphic  eommnnica- 
tion  Willi  Iloilo,"advising  the  commanding  -cntTal  of  those  forces  of  yoiu-  <'arly  depart- 
ure for  that  port,  and  this  evening  a  fast  vessel  will  be  dispatched  carrying  the  same 
information,  but  it  is  possible  that  these  measures  may  fail  to  accomplish  desired  ivsults. 
In  the  event  of  your  arrival  at  Iloilo  prior  to  the  departure  of  the  Spanish  troops 
therefrom,  you  will  communicate  with  their  commanding  general,  inviting  him,  in 
accordance  with  an  existing  mutual  understanding,  to  then  remove  his  forces,  to  permit 
you  to  take  formal  possession  of  the  city  and  thereupon  with  his  consent  you  will  pro- 
ceed to  occupy  the  same  with  your  command.  If,  on  the  contrary,  you  find  the  city  to 
be  in  the  possession  of  the  insurgents,  you  will  proceed  with  great  caution,  avoiding  all 
manifestation  of  mediated  forcible  action  and  undue  display  of  force.  You  will  place 
yourself  in  communication  with  the  insurgent  authorities  thn>ugh  the  represeuiative 
men  of  Iloilo,  whom  \'ou  will  take  from  Manila  witli  you  on  your  voyage,  w  ho  will  use 
their  best  endeaxois  io  bring  to  a  successful  determination  any  difflcnliies  wiiieh  may 
present  lliemselves.  You  will  make  known  to  the  inhabitants  the  purpose  of  t  ln'  Inited 
States,  which,  having  succeeded  to  all  the  riglits  of  Spain  in  the  Philii>pine  Islands, 
under  treal\- stipulations  following  con(iuest  in  the  Eastern  and  Western  liemispheres, 
intends  to  e'siahlish  anions;  them  anellicii.nt  and  most  stable  form  of  government  which 
shall  fully  pi-ofcci  them  in  all  lh>'ir  jirivate  interests  and  liberties,  in  which  they  shall 
have  representation,  ami  wliich  will  -eeui-e  foi-  them  increasing  and  abundant  pros- 
perity. As  the  slight  jiroof  of  yoiu-  declared  intention,  .x'ou  will  release  unto  them  the 
Spanish  native  sokliei-s  seni  heie  h\  the  Spanish  <;overnment,  who,  through  the  eftbrts 
of  the  United  States  authorities,  will  he  retni-ned  to  their-  iiom(>s  in  Panay,  who  will 
accompany  you  and  who  are  graleful  foi'  the  superxision  which  those  authorities  have 
exercised  over  them,  '^'on  \\ill  lind  the  repre^enlal  i  \  e  people  ol  Iloilo  a  superior  class 
and  amenable  to  reason,  and  it  is  bi'lu'ved  that  they  will  place  conlldence  in  the  faith 
and  good  intentii>ns  of  the  United  Stales  and  will  accord  yon  a  most  favorable  recep- 
tion No  midne  haste  will  be  made  and  the  rights  ot  your  (iovernment  will  be 
fully  niadi'  known  and  insisted  upon.  Contlict  between  troops  will  be  avoided  unless 
it  becomes  neci'ssary  for  defense.  Should  \'>\\  be  ahl<'  toetiect  a  landing  as  a  result  of 
your  negotiations  .vbu  will  disembaik  onl.\  a  snilicient  i)ortion  of  your  command  to 
subserve  iiresi'Ut  purposes  —  the  n.-maimler  being  held  on  tra  nsp-n-ts  awaiting  lurfher 
instructions.  Should  you  not  be  able  to  ellei-t  a  landing  wilhonf  contlict,  you  will  bold 
your  forces  on  your  transports  in  the  vicinity  of  Iloilo  and  await  further  directions 
from  these  headquarters.  Hut  in  all  these  matters  you  must  be  governed  lo  a  great 
extent  by  your  own  good  .i  ndgment  after  a  careful  deliberation  upon  conditions,  having 
in  view  the  instructions  of  the  President  of  the  United  States  to  avoid  armed  repression. 
The  government  which  you  are  called  upon  to  establish  at  Iloilo  will  be  one  of  mili- 
tary occupation.  Upon  taking  possession  it  will  be  your  duty  to  issue  an  order  pro- 
claiming such  a  government  within  the  territory  occupied  or  controlled  by  United 
States  forces  under  your  command.  The  municipal  laws  of  the  territoi-y  occupied,  such 
as  afTect  pri\-ate  rights  of  persons  and  property  and  provide  for  the  punishment  of 
crime,  are  to  he  considered  as  continuing  in  force  so  far  as  compatible  with  the  new 
order  of  things,  unless  susjiended  or  supeiseded  by  proiier  military  authority.  The 
judges  and  other  olticials  connected  with  the  administration  of  these  laws  may,  if  they 
accept  tlie  authority  of  the  United  States,  continue  to  admini-ier  the  ordinary  law  of 
the  land  as  between  man  and  man,  but  under  tla-  super\ision  ol'  the  -aid  military 
authorities.  The  local  courts  thus  continued  in  power  shall  not,  however,  exercise 
jurisdiction  over  any  crime  or  ortense  committed  by  any  person  belonging  to  the  Arm.y 
of  the  United  States,  or  any  retainer  of  the  Army,  or  person  serving  with  it,  or  any 
person  furnishing  or  transporting  army  supplies,  nor  over  any  crime  or  offense  com- 
mitted on  either  of  the  same  by  any  inhabitant  or  temporary  resident  of  said  territory. 
In  such  cases,  except  when  courts-martial  liave  cognizance,  jurisdiction  to  trj'  and 
punish  is  vested  in  military  commissions  and  provost  courts  which  will  be  convened 
(by  you)  from  time  to  time  as  occasion  may  require. 

For  the  purpose  of  providing  for  the  prompt  punishment  of  crime  in  cases  where  the 
civil  courts  may  fail,  from  whatever  cau.se,  the  military  commissions  and  provost 
courts  will,  in  addition  to  the  exercise  of  powers  above  indicated,  be  vested  with  juris- 
diction concurrent  with  the  civil  courts  to  hear  and  determine  all  crimes  and  olien.ses 
committed  by  inhabitants  or  temporary  residents  within  tlie  limits  of  United  States 
occupation.  Of  these  crimes  and  offenses,  those  which  are  capital  and  such  others  as 
you  may  desire  to  refer  to  it  will  be  brought  to  trial  before  the  military  commission, 


444  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

aud  those  which  are  not  capital,  which  may  be  adequately  punished  with  the  punish- 
ing powers  of  provost  courts,  may  be  referred  to  them  for  trial.  Trials  by  civil  courts 
however,  will  be  preferred  where  there  is  satisfactory  reason  to  believe  that  justice  will 
be  done. 

In  all  sentences  imposed  by  military  commissions  and  provost  courts  the  punish- 
ments awarded  shall  conform,  as  far  as  possible,  in  character  and  degree  to  the  laws  of 
the  United  States,  or  of  either  of  the  States,  or  to  the  customs  of  war.  The  proceedings 
of  military  commissions  after  being  acted  upon  by  you  will  be  forwarded  to  these  head- 
quarters for  the  action  of  the  commanding  general.  The  punishment  awarded  by 
provost  courts  shall  not  exceed  confinement,  with  or  without  hard  labor,  for  a  period  of 
one  year,  or  a  flne  of  81,000,  or  both.  The  sentences  of  these  courts  do  not  require 
approval,  but  may  be  mitigated  or  remitted  by  you.  Copies  of  orders  on  these  subjects 
the  provisions  of  which  control  the  action  of  the  military  courts  established  in  this 
city,  will  be  furnished  you  for  your  information  and  guidance  and  for  application  under 
conditions  similar  to  those  prevailing  here. 

It  will  be  necessary  for  you  to  create  a  government  for  the  determination  of  city 
affairs  under  the  direct  supervision  of  a  provost  marshal,  to  appoint  officers  and  assist- 
ants for  the  collection  and  care  of  revenue,  and  to  conduct  postal  affairs.  The  customs 
regulations  in  force  here  will  be  applied  by  you  at  Iloilo,  and  an  officer  connected  there- 
with has  been  directed  to  report  to  you  for  appointment  as  collector  of  customs,  who 
will  be  provided  with  copies  of  all  customs  resulations  and  the  necessary  blank  forms. 
You  will  be  furnished  with  the  requisite  assistants,  thorousrhly  supplied,  to  establish 
upon  your  arrival  all  necessary  mail  facilities,  and  von  willapply  in  this  department 
the  postal  laws  of  the  United  States  (xoveinment. 

Iloilo  is  an  important  point  of  inii  y,  and  to  secure  competent  aid  for  dutv  in  connec- 
tion with  the  port  you  will  consult  (  aptain  Dyer  of  the  Navy,  commanding  officer  of 
the  Baltimore,  which  eticortaynur  transports,  who  has  a  thorough  practical  acquaint- 
ance with  such  matters. 

In  establishing  your  administration  you  will  consult  various  orders  and  regulations 
governing  all  these  subjects  at  this  port  — making  your  actions  conform  thereto  in  all 
essential  particulars.  No  further  instruction  can  be  given  you.  Much  must  depend 
upon  your  tact  aud  discretion  and  your  ability  to  meet  varying  circumstances  as  they 
arise.  However,  should  you  fail  to  secure  a  peaceable  entry  into  the  city,  you  will 
report  fully  your  proceedings  to  these  headquarters  request  further  instructions. 

By  command  of  Major  General  Otis. 

Thomas  H.  Barry. 
Assistant  Adjutant  General. 

On  the  evening  of  General  Miller's  departure  the  following  was  also  furnished  him  : 

Headquarters  Department  Pacific  and  Eighth  Army  Corps, 

^  Manila,  P.  I.,  December  26,  1S98. 

Brig.  Gen.  M.  P.  Milj.er,  U.  S.  V.,  >  .  . 

Commanding  First  Separate  Brigade,  Eighth  Army  Corps. 

Sir:  1  am  dircctrd  by  the  major  general  commanding  to  furnish  vou  with  the  fol- 
lowing iiistrui-tio!!  - : 

In  casr  the  Spimivii  forces  have  evacuated  Iloilo,  you  will,  on  approaching  that  city, 
keep  your  transports  Arizona  and  P''nuxii/ra„ia  well  to  the  rear  aud  beyond  the  view  of 
the  inhabitants  of  Iloilo,  and  you  wiil  tak.-  inio  fiie  Iloilo  waters  vour  naval  escorts,  the 
BaUi7nore  and  Callao,  and  the  trans|ioi  i  \ ,  ...  1  r,iio7i,  on  which  are  the  native  Spanish 
troops,  with  your  vessel,  the  Neivpori.  \' nw  will  make  known  to  the  insurgent  authori- 
ties the  object  of  bringing  the  large  foive  witli  you,  which  is,  viz  :  To  take  po.ssession  of 
other  ports  in  the  islands,  if  conditions  and  circumstances  are  favorable,  but  that  it 
may  be  necessary  to  keep  troops  at  Iloilo  until  definite  instructions  concerning  other 
ports  of  the  islands  are  received  from  Washington. 

Very  respectfully,  Thomas  H.  Barry, 

Assistant  Adjutant  Oeneral. 

General  Miller,  in  command,  escorted  by  the  United  States  steamship  Baltimore, 
.sailed  on  the  evening  of  the  26th,  and  as  Colonel  Potter  did  not  return  until  the  morn- 
ing of  the  28th,  we  were  without  any  information  for  thirty-six  hours.  In  the  mean 
time  reports  were  brought  that  Aguinaldo  had  expressed  satisfaction  with  the  situation, 
as  fighting  would  certainly  commence  at  Iloilo  upon  the  landing  of  our  troops,  which 
would  excite  the  natives  in  Luzon  to  active  hostilities.  He  had  issued  orders,  it  was 
intimated,  to  oppose  lauding,  but  feared  that  a  considerable  force  of  Tagalos  sent  there 
would  not  be  in  time  to  participate.  It  was  afterwards  learned  that  these  special  insur- 
gent troops  did  not  reach  Panay  until  December  29th. 

In  the  foregoing  instrustions  mention  is  made  of  representative  men  of  Iloilo  and 
Spanish  native  soldiers,  whom  General  Miller  was  directed  to  take  with  him,  the  first 
to  assist  in  making  the  object  of  the  United  States  known  and  the  latter  in  proof  of 
good  intentions.  The  .soldiers  referred  to  were  sent  by  General  Rios  to  Manila  for  dis- 
charge from  the  Spanish  military  service,  without  permission  or  warning.  Thej^  were 
about  two  hundred  of  a  lot  numbering  six  or  .seven  hundred,  and  were  Visayans 
belonging  mostly  to  Panay,  while  the  remainder  were  Tagalos.    They  were  discharged 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  445 

upon  arrival  in  the  harbor,  though  not  paid  ofl;  as  the  Spanish  authorities  pleaded  lack 
of  sufficient  public  funds,  and  request  was  submitted  to  permit  them  to  land  in  thecity. 
After  much  deliberation,  it  was  decided  to  land  such  of  them  as  desired  to  remain  in 
Luzon  on  the  northern  shore  of  Manila  Bay,  and  to  send  to  Panay  those  who  desired  to 
go  south.  The  two  hundred,  who  were  accompanied  by  their  families,  elected  to  go 
south.  They  were  placed  upon  a  Government  transport,  rationed,  each  given  a  small 
amount  of  money  from  the  public  funds,  and  departed  for  their  homes  with  General 
Miller's  command.  The  representative  business  men  had  come  up  from  Iloilo  a  short 
time  before  for  the  purpose,  as  they  asserted,  of  arranging  matters  with  the  Americans 
so  that  there  might  be  a  peaceful  solution  of  affairs.  They  were  introduced  by  some  of 
the  native  citizens  in  whom  confldence  was  placed,  and  expressed  themselves  as  desir- 
ous of  having  the  United  States  troops  go  to  Iloilo,  and  to  accompany  them  in  order 
that  they  might  prevail  upon  the  people  to  receive  them  without  opposition.  These 
men  were  intelligent  and  apparently  very  much  in  earnest,  and  General  Miller,  who 
was  present  at  the  last  conference,  shared  fully  my  opinion  as  to  their  honesty.  He  took 
them  with  him  on  his  own  transport  and  gave  the  best  accommodations  the  vessel 
offered,  free  of  charge.  Upon  arrival  at  Iloilo,  he  sent  them  into  the  city  to  prepare  the 
way  for  him  and  they  were  seen  no  more.  He  landed  the  discharged  native  soldiers  on 
the  Panay  coast,  and  it  is  believed  that  they  joined  the  insurgent  ranks  without  taking 
much  time  for  consideration.  It  was  subsequently  ascertained  that  while  temporarily 
sojourning  in  Manila  one  of  these  representative  men  quietly  visited  Malolos,  and 
received  Aguiualdo's  orders,  which  he  carried  with  him  to  his  people. 

Lieutenant  Colonel  Potter,  when  returning  from  Iloilo,  had  met  the  command  of 
General  Miller  and  had  reported  the  situation  to  him  when  some  distance  north,  off  the 
Panay  coast.  Upon  receiving  his  report,  and  being  ignorant  of  General  Miller's  move- 
nients,  I  returned  him  at  once  with  the  following  instructions : 

Headquarters  Department  Pacific  and  Eighth  Army  Corps, 
Manila,  P.  I.,  December  2S,  ISyS. 
Brig.  Gen.  Marcus  P.  Miller,  U.  S.  V., 

Commanding  First  Separate  Bric/ade,  Ehfhtli  Army  Corps,  Iloilo,  P.  I. 

Sir:  Lieutenant  Colonel  Polin-  has  Jn  ~i  :ini\(d  and  reported  the  situation  at  Iloilo. 
He  reports  the  evacuation  by  tlic  S|,;iujsli  f.M<  rs,  and  that  the  insurgents  are  in  full  pos- 
session ;  he  further  reports  thai  llms,  mil  limitics  were  anticipating  your  arrival,  and 
that  then- was  a  widely  prevailing  sontinicnt  in  I  he  city  in  favor  of  receiving  your  forces 
witliout  ri'sisiance.  All  of  this,  (Oldnel  Pottir  informed  me,  he  made  known  to  j'ou 
when  he  consulted  you  yesterday  on  liis  ivtnrn  trip. 

To  meet  this  state  of  affairs  your  inst iiu-tions  need  modification,  although  it  is 
believed  vou  will  sra^P  the  situation  as  piescnicd  ;ind  he  governed  by  conditions.  Your 
instructions  hid  vou  to  he  conciliatory  but  tiiin,  ami.  further,  that  you  will  not  make 
any  great  display  of  force,  but  seek  to  gain  i)()ssrssion  of  the  city  through  peaceable 
negotiations,  not  exercising  undue  haste ;  that  should  you  fail  to  secure  a  peaceable 
entry  into  the  city  you  will  report  fully  your  proceedings  to  these  headquarters  and 
request  further  instructions. 

By  firmness  and  conciliatory  action  it  is  believed  that  you  will  be  able  to  land  your 
force  without  conflict,  but  you  will  make  as  strong  a  display  of  the  same  as  possible, 
landing  them  and  taking  possession  of  the  city  t'or<il)ly,  if  more  pacific  measures  are 
without  avail.  It  is,  of  course,  necessary  now,  in  this  siage  of  the  proceedings,  to  occupy 
Iloilo,  and  the  manner  of  doing  so  must  be  hii  lo  your  discretion,  avoiding  conflict  if 
possi))lc.  hut  accepting  it  if  necessary  to  ac<-oniiilish  tlic  object. 

Infornialion  received  here  is  to  the  cI1.m-i  ihai  ilic  insurgent  forces  are  weak  in 
strenglli  even  when  united  — that  they  aie  noi  iniiied,  hut  are  divided  in  their  senti- 
ments hiward  the  United  States  Government,  \\u-  majoiiiy  lieiug  friendly  disposed. 

No  further  instructions  can  be  given  you,  and  there  is  no  disposition  to  limit  your 
discretionary  action.  Conduct  affairs  in  accordance  with  the  <lemands  of  the  situation, 
having  in  view  always  the  necessity  of  occupying  the  city  with  y<iur  troops. 

Colonel  Potter  will  return  as  soon  as  you  report  to  him  the  situation,  unless  you  wish 
to  retain  him  for  a  short  time  to  acquaint  him  witli  results  of  action  already  taken  or 
action  which  you  meditate. 

Very  respectfully,  E.  S.  Otis, 

Major  General,  U.  S.  V.,  Commanding. 

LATER. 

Since  writing  the  above  I  am  in  receipt  of  inrormation  from  the  Malolos  government, 
which  was  gathered  yesterday.  Its  former  cahin<t  r'esit:ned  a  few  days  ago  because  of 
its  inability  to  agree  with  .\gninaldo  and  his  c<iniidential  advisers.  A  new  provisional 
cabinet  has  been  appointed,  consisting  of  men  hostile  to  American  annexation,  among 
whom  are  a  number  of  army  officers.    These  men  are  closely  watching  the  results  of 


446  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

your  expedition  and  greatly  hope  that  you  will  be  obliged  to  use  force  to  gain  Iloilo. 
They  think  that  conflict  there  would  inspire  the  people  here  to  take  up  arms  against  the 
Americans.  It  is  therefore  still  quite  necessary  to  avoid  force  if  vou  can  do  so  and  still 
succeed. 

E.  S.  Otis, 
Major  General,  U.  8.  V.,  Commanding. 


Headquaeteks  Department  Pacific  and  Eighth  Army  Corps, 

Manila,  I'.  J.,  December  2S.  189S. 
Lieut.  Col.  C.  L.  Potter. 

Chief  Engineer  Officer,  Department  Pacific  and  Eighth  Army  Corpx. 
Sir  :  Since  delivering  to  you  instructions  for  General  Miller,  I  am  in  receipt  of  a  dis- 
patch from  Admiral  Dewey  saying  it  is  not  practicable  to  send  the  Callao  to  Iloilo,  and 
he  further  thinks  the  proper  thing  now  to  do  is  to  recall  the  expedition,  as  the  insur- 
gents are  in  full  possession  and  will  probably  not  give  up  without  a  flght.  This  expres- 
sion of  view  on  the  part  of  the  Admiral  only  coiitirms  my  view  that  you  should  use 
ev(i>-  iKis^il.lc  means  of  conciliation,  and  still  I  am  not  of  the  belief  that  the  expedition 
can  !>(■  ntuiiK'd.  Better  that  we  leave  the  war  vessel  and  a  small  force  to  confront  Iloilo 
and  M-adti-  tiie  force  to  other  ports  in  the  southern  islands,  where  troops  are  very  much 
needed  at  the  present  time.  You  will  therefore  inform  General  Miller  to  be  governed  by 
these  views  as  nearly  as  possible.  I  will  try  and  send  further  information  in  regard  to 
the  condition  of  the  islands  to-morrow  or  next  day.  Notwithstanding  all  this,  I  still 
hold  to  my  view  that  Iloilo  must  be  taken. 

Very  respectfully,  E.  S.  Otis, 

Major  General,  V.  S.  V.,  Commanding. 

Lieutenant  Colonel  Potter  sailed  as  soon  as  he  had  received  these  instructions.  I  then 
cabled  to  the  Adjutant  General  of  the  Army  such  information  as  I  had  obtained  from 
Iloilo,  adding  in  my  dispatch  that  I  could  not  arrive  at  conclusions  as  to  results,  and 
would  not  hear  from  there  for  four  days,  as  cable  communication  had  been  destroyed  ; 
the  Spanish  forces  had  evacuated  all  stations  in  the  .southern  islands,  except  Zambo- 
anga,  by  orders,  as  they  asserted,  from  Madrid.  On  December  30th  I  cabled  Washington 
that  — 

All  niililary  siati.^us  out-^ide  of  Luzon,  with  tlie  ex<epiiini  of  Zamboanga,  turned 
ovei'  liy  S|ianiai '1>  i-i  i  iilialiitanis,  who  may  be  d<Mi()nii  naieil  insurgents  with  more  or 
less  liiisnlit,\-  III  tlM'  riiiieii  Slates.  Some  points  we  can  take  without  friction,  and  could 
have  taken  nearly  all  ontsiil,"  of  Luzon  peaceablj'  lieture  the  ilikl  and  24th  of  the  month, 
when  Spain  withdrew  her  forces  without  our  knowledge.  Am  waiting  to  hear  results 
from  Iloilo,  and  am  meditating  action  in  islands  of  Leyte,  Samar,  and  Cebn,  in  all  of 
which  Luzon  insuigents  have  been  at  work  for  several  months.  Conditions  here  at 
Manila  and  cliaracter  of  inhabitants  not  understood  in  the  United  States.  Large  num- 
ber of  insurgent  troops  still  in  the  fleld,  scattered  throughout  Luzon  provinces,  and 
about  6,000  outside  this  city,  which  contains  large  number  of  sympathizers,  who  have 
threatened  uprising.  Former  insurgent  cabinet  disrupted.  Provisional  one  formed, 
consisting  mostly  of  irresponsible  men  who  demand  ecmiiilcte  independence  and  war 
with  the  United  States.  ri|,  -itnation  requires  delieale  manipulation,  and  our  troops 
here  can  not  lie  \\i<le|y  >r:iitei,.i  at  present.  Great  inaJoritNof  men  of  property  desire 
annextion,  others  seek  lersunal  advancement  and  i>liin.lei-,  and  promises  of  which  hold 
insurgents  together,  but  already  much  dissatisfaeti  .n  in  ranks  and  conflicts  with  inhab- 
itants in  middle  provinces.  Will  report  furt  lier  in  a  lew  days.  Am  in  consultation  with 
Admiral  Dewey,  now  engaged  in  effort  to  st^iM  -liipiMents  of  insurgent  arms  from  China 
and  Japan  through  meditated  seizure.  We  will  pmliably  send  another  force  south  within 
a  short  time. 

General  Miller's  first  report  was  received  at  these  headquarters  on  the  morning  of 
December  30th,  and  was  as  follows : 

Headquarters  First  Bric4ade,  Eighth  Army  Corps, 
On  Board  Transport  Newport, 
Iloilo  Harbor,  P.  I.,  December  -28,  lS9S  —  $ p.m. 
Adjutant  General, 

Department  of  the  Pacific  nnd  Kiijhth  Army  Corps. 
Sir:  I  have  the  honor  to  report   that  niycummand  arrived  in  the  harbor  of  Iloilo 
about  10  a.  m.  to-day.    The  Ari-.inm  and  I'ennxyliyniin  were  left  at  Point  Luzaron,  thirty 
miles  away.    The  Baltimore  and  Xticiturt  anchored  oft'  the  city. 

An  aid  of  the  commandinii  general,  ^Martin  Delgado,  immediately  reported  aboard 
my  ship.  I  gave  him  an  intei\  iew.  He  reported  that  the  commanding  general  desired 
to  know  "if  we  had  anytliing  against  them  —  were  we  going  to  interfere  with  thetn  .'" 
I  informed  him  that  I  had  written  a  letter  stating  to  his  eommanding  oftieer  and  the 
peoiile  of  HmiIo  tlie  nliject  of  my  visit,  and  would  send  the  letter  over.  .Veeordingly, 
Lient.  ,M.  K.  Haiiiill.  Third  Artillery,  and  two  volunteer  aids  and  the  (•nmmissi<in  went 
to  visit  the  commanding  general.    They  were  met  by  a  subcommittee,  of  the  committee 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  447 

of  which  R.  Lopez  was  president,  General  Delgado  being  present.  INIy  aids  gave  them 
mv  letter  (a  copy  inclosed).  Thev  wanted  to  know  of  Lieutenant  Barroll  almost  at  the 
very  first  whether  he  had  any  instructions  for  them  from  Aguinaldo.  He  answered  no; 
buf  tint  the  instructinn';  were  from  Major  General  Otis,  commanding  the  Philippine 
Islands  I'liited  siatrs  iorcs.  After  reading  the  letter  they  claimed  that  they  had  no 
po\vei-  to  act  ill  cascx  aitiiiing  their  federal  government,  but  promised  to  meet  me  on 

"When  we  entered  their  tlag  was  flying  from  two  places  in  the  city.  At  3  P.  M.  to-day 
it  was  not  flying.  I  presume  this  was  because  my  letter  claimed  the  authority  of  the 
Spanish  Government  over  Hollo,  as  it  was  abandoned  by  the  Spanish  troops. 

They  were  polite,  but  1  think  them  determined  not  to  give  us  control,  except  we  use 
force  when  they  will  yield  without  much  fltjlitiiii;-.  They  have  taken  charge  of  the  cus- 
tomhouse and  post  otiicc.  Tlu-y  kii.iw  that  uur  tn.op  ships  arc  ort' Point  Luzaron,  there- 
fore I  ordered  them  in  to-iii-ht  -  not  nearer  than  six  miles.  rr,    •    ^ 

The  city  is  quiet,  but  the  white  citizens,  especially  Americans,  are  afraid.  Their  force 
is  estimated  at  800  well-armed  men,  1,000  badly-armed  men,  1,000  men  with  guns,  pikes, 
etc.:  ammunition  not  supposed  to  be  abundant.  .    . 

I  am  told  now  that  the  members  of  the  commission  are  afraid  to  express  an  opinion 
in  our  favor.  The  fact  that  their  people  are  in  possession  of  the  city  has  changed  the 
views  of  the  many  wavering  ones.  The  longer  they  remain  in  possession  collecting 
customs,  running  post  otHces,  the  more  they  will  be  confirmed  in  the  idea  that  they  can 
do  it.  I  should  recommend  that  force  be  used  at  once,  in  which  case  I  desire  the  Calluo, 
or  some  other  light-draft  boat,  and  the  California  heavy  artillery  battalion  sent  down 
till  the  i)lace  is  taken.  With  the  forces  now  here  and  that  in  addition  I  would  not 
to  Are  a  single  shot,  as  the  native  troops  would  never  move  out.    I  will  keep  you 


e  xpe 
infoi 


Very  respectfully,  „      M.  P.  ilii.i.KR, 

Brigadier  General,  U.S.  V.,  Commanding  First  Sep<ir>il<'  nngndc. 


The  following  is  a  copy  of  the  inclosure  referred  to  in  the  above  communicatKjn  : 

Headquarters  First  Brigade,  Eighth  Army  Corps, 
On  Board  Transport  Newport, 

Iloilo  Harbor,  P.  I.,  December  -38,  1S9S. 
Commanding  Officer  of  the  Troops  at  Ii.oilo,  Island  of  Panay, 

AND  THE  People  of  Iloilo  and  the  Island  of  Panay  : 

The  troops  under  my  command  appeared  here  under  an  order  of  the  President  of  the 
United  States  of  America  promulgated  by  Major  General  Otis,  commanding  all  of  the 
troops  of  the  United  States  in  the  Philippine  Islands.  It  is  accompanied  by  the  United 
States  naval  ship  Baltimore,  sent  by  Admiral  Dewey,  commanding  the  United  States 
squadron  in  these  Asiatic  waters.  ^^^      . 

When  these  orders  were  communicated  to  me  it  was  supposed  that  the  troops  ot  Spain 
were  still  in  possession  ot' Ilnilo.  and  that  the  transfer  of  possession  and  governmental 
authority  would  he  li\-  ilicm  t<>  iciniscn  lativcs  ni'  iht.' Government  of  the  United  States, 
which  has  sii.-orcd.Mrhv  virtu. -.it  ciiii.|ii,sr  -ui.pl''. united  by  treaty  stipulatiou.s,  to  all 
the  rights  heretofore  exercised  l)ySi.a.in  in  the-,.'  islands.  Upon  arrival  I  And  that  the 
city  of  Iloilo  is  in  the  reported  possession  of  native  troops.  The  intention  of  this  letter 
is  to  place  mvself  in  communication  with  those  now  exercising  authority  at  Iloilo,  with 
the  view  to  the  accomplishment  of  my  mission  to  this  place  as  above  indicated. 

This  communication  will  be  handed  you  by  my  aid,  Lieut.  M.  K.  Barroll,  Third 
Artillery,  who  is  accompanied  by  four  gentlemen,  former  residents  of  Iloilo,  who  will 
make  known  to  you  more  in  detail  the  purposes  of  the  presence  of  my  command  at  this 

There  accompany  my  command  on  the  steamship  Union  certain  Spanish  soldiers, 
natives  of  the  island  of  Panay,  whom  it  is  my  purpose,  at  a  later  date,  to  release  with 
the  privilege  of  returning  to  their  homes,  an  act  which  it  is  hoped  will  be  interpreted  as 
an  evidence  of  the  good  will  of  the  major  general  commanding  in  the  Philippines, 
under  whose  orders  I  am  acting. 

I  shall  be  pleased  to  receive  a  call  from  representatives  of  tho.se  to  whom  this  com- 
munication is  addressed  on  board  the  transport  Newport  at  as  early  an  hour  as  your 
convenience  will  allow.  ^  ^, 

Very  respectfully,  M.  P.  Miller, 

Brigadier  General,  U.  8.  v., 
Commanding  First  Separate  Brigade,  Eighth  Army  Corps. 

General  Miller's  second  report,  dated  December  30th,  and  forwarded  by  a  merchant 

vessel,  is  as  follows  : 

Headquarters  First  Separate  Brigade, 

On  Board  Transport  Newport, 

Iloilo  Harbor,  P.  I.,  December  30,  isys. 
Adjutant  General  Department  of  the  Pacific  and  i:i(;i£tii  Army  Corps: 

Sir:  I  want  to  report  that  a  committee  of  people  havini;  cix  il  control  of  the  city  of 
Iloilo  and  claiming  also  control  of  the  island,  met  me  heiv  .\.  -teiilay  at  (>  p.  m.,  and 
astain  claimed  that  thev  could  not  turn  over  the  coniiol  ,,r  lloit.,  i,,  n.y  coininand  with- 
out consnltiiiK  Aguinaldo.  Should  they  am-.,.  I,. do  ir  t  lieir  lives  and  projxTty  would  be 
in  danirer.  After  a  long  fcilk,  settint;  fortli  llie  intention  o|-,>ur  ( ii>yeriiinent,  exi-laining 
the  kind  of  government,  and  reading  to  them  extracts  of  your  letter  of  instructions  in 
reference  to  the  same  matter,  I  told  them  there  was  no  time  to  consult  Aguinaldo,  and 


448  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

ray  demand  was  that  the  President  of  the  United  States,  as  successor  to  the  rights  of 
Spain  in  these  islands,  required  them  to  turn  over  the  control  of  the  city  of  Uoilo.  I 
then  asked  them  directly :  -'Sliould  we  land,  would  you  meet  us  with  armed  resist- 
ance?" They  could  not  answer  that  question.  I  asked  them  if  they  would  not  have 
their  troops  march  out  of  the  city  and  permit  us,  their  friends,  to  move  in  without 
resistance  to-morrow,  the  31st  instant.  They  requested  time  to  consult  with  the  com- 
mittee that  they  represented,  promising  to  return  with  a  definite  reply  at  noon,  Decem- 
ber 30th  (to-day). 

Lieutenant  Colonel  Potter,  corps  engineer,  arrived  here  yesterday  evening  with  a 
letter  of  instructions  from  you  to  me.  It  is  my  intention  to  land  troops  in  twenty-four 
hours,  after  having  served  notice  on  the  foreign  consuls  of  the  city  and  the  people  to 
that  eftect. 

The  estimate  of  armed  native  troops  to-day  is  3,500,  who  are  said  to  be  massed  in  the 
city  and  at  Jaro  and  Molo,  and  six  or  seven  thousand  from  the  mountains  armed  with 
bolos,  who  are  massed  at  the  same  places. 

I  think  I  should  have  the  Twentieth  Kansas  Regiment  sent  to  me  as  soon  as  pos-sible; 
20,000  rounds  of  .45  calibre  ammunition  for  Galling  guns  should  be  supplied.  Two  field 
mortars  (3.6  inches),  with  equipments  and  supply  of  ammunition,  should  be  sent  to  me 
at  once. 

I  forward  this  communication  by  the  steamer  Union. 

M.  P.  Miller, 
Brigadier  Genera!,  U.  S.  V.,  Commanding  Brigade. 

General  Miller's  next  report  is  dated  December  31st,  and  was  received  on  January  2d. 
It  is  as  follows  : 

Headquarters  Separate  BRiG.\Df:, 

Iloilo  Harbor,  P.  I.,  December  30,  189S. 
Commanding  General  Department  of  the  Pacific,  Manila,  P.  I. 

Sir:  I  have  just  concluded  second  conference  with  commission  representing  the 
native  government  at  Iloilo.  They  submitted  a  communication,  copy  inclosed  here- 
with : 

This  communication  was  supplemented  by  verbal  statements  that  if  we  insisted  on 
landing  our  troops,  but  without  arms  and  as  friends,  they  could  not  answer  for  the 
attitude  of  the  people,  but  that  the  army  would  endeavor  to  restrain  the  people.  If 
we  landed  in  force  they  would  not  answer  for  attitude  of  either  army  or  people.  This 
means,  plainly,  armed  resistance  to  our  landing. 

A  large  number  of  native  troops  have  been  brought  to  the  city  within  the  past  thirty- 
six  hours.  Best  estimate,  12,000,  2,500  of  which  are  armed  with  riilcs,  the  remainder  being 
armed  with  bolos  only.    Their  ammunition  supply  reported  limited. 

The  situation  is  further  complicated  ijy  petition  of  Iloilo  merchants,  representing  the 
larger  part  of  mercantile  interests  then  .  coi^y  of  wliicli  find  herewith. 

I  understand.  General,  that  it  was  :ii  tin-  icnic-^t  of  many  of  the  parties  signing  this 
petition  for  protection  of  life  and  prdjn n y  ,it  Iloilo  that  this  expedition  was  organized 
and  dispatched  to  this  point;  that  tlnir  innitst  was  largely  its  justification.  Their 
present  attitude  contradicts  their  previous  petition  in  a  measure,  and  as  Uw  situation, 
if  forced  by  me  by  a  landing  of  Linited  States  troops,  prom i.ses  gi-eat  loss  of  life  among 
noncoinbatants  and  destruction  of  private  property  at  Iloilo,  I  have  deemed  it  best 
to  delay  compliance  with  my  orders  for  a  sufl3cient  time  to  communicate  the  above 
information  to  you  and  receive  your  instructions.  I  am  further  infiuenced  to  this  delay 
because  of  the  fact  that  before  making  the  formidable  attack  upon  Iloilo  now  necessary, 
it  would  be  incumbent  upon  me  to  give  the  usual  notice  looking  to  the  removal  of  non- 
combatants  to  points  of  safety. 

I  entertain  no  doubt  of  my  ability  to  take  and  hold  Iloilo  with  mj'  present  force,  but 
in  view  of  excitement  prevailing  among  inhabitants  of  the  city  and  island  as  reported 
to  me,  and  the  large  number  of  people  assembled  in  the  city,  it  might  be  prudent  to  send 
an  additional  regiment  to  this  point. 

Two  steam  launches  suitable  for  towing  rowboats  for  use  in  landing  troops  are  much 
needed. 

Very  respectfully,  M.  P.  Miller, 

Brigadier  General  Commanding. 

The  inclosure  reads : 

(Translation  of  the  letter  from  President  Lopez,  of  the  federal  government  of 
Bisayas,  to  General  Miller.) 

General  :  Upon  the  return  of  your  commissioners  last  night  we  determined  and  dis  - 
cussed  in  a  definite  manner  the  situation  and  the  attitude  of  this  reason  of  Bisayas,  i  n 
regard  to  its  relations  and  dependence  upon  the  central  government  of  Luzon  ;  and  in 
view  of  what  these  commissioners  have  manifested,  I  have  the  honor  to  notify  you  that, 
in  conjunction  with  the  people,  the  army,  and  committee,  we  insist  upon  our  pretension 
not  to  consent,  in  our  present  situation,  to  any  foreign  interference  without  express 
orders  from  the  central  government  of  Luzon,  upon  which  we  state  once  more  that  we 
depend,  and  with  which  we  are  one  in  ideas,  as  we  have  been  until  now  in  .sacrifices. 

Therefore,  if  you  insist  on  your  side  upon  disembarking  your  forces,  this  is  our  final 
attitude. 

May  God  give  you,  etc.  R.  Lopez, 

Iloilo,  December  30,  1898.  President. 

To  General  Miller.  Vice  Secretary. 

The  petition  of  merchants  bore  the  signatures  of  the  leading  business  men  of  Iloilo, 
was  of  date  December  29th,  and  read  as  follows : 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  449 

General  Miller, 

Coinmanding  United  States  Forces,  Iloilo  Bay : 
We,  the  undersigned  merchants  of  Iloilo,  beg  you  to  take  into  consideration  our  large 
interests  and  the  probable  result  of  a  conflict  with  the  natives,  which  in  our  belief  would 
seriously  prejudice  and  harm  the  trade  of  these  islands  for  years  to  come.    We  ask  you 
to  consider  the  orders  they  have  received  from  their  chief,  Aguinaldo,  of  Malolos. 

General  Miller  further  reported  on  same  date  (probably  a  later  hour  of  the  day)  that 
the  situation  remained  unchanged,  except  it  was  rumored  that  two  hundred  armed  men 
arrived  at  Iloilo  from  Negros.    He  continued  : 

I  this  morning  reiiuested  the  commanding  oflicer  of  thr  Jia/fimnre,  it'<-onipatible  with 
his  instructions,  to  take  such  measures  as  he  deemed  uecis-ai  y  ici  piwint  the  entrance 
of  vessels  carrying  armed  men  into  tlie  lUnUt  Uiver.  He  Im  [.piniMl  in  ai'lcr  I  got  my 
letter  written,  and  I  brought  the  subject  up.  Orally  be  inlornud  uw  liiat  he  had  no 
right  to  do  this ;  that  under  his  instructions  he  does  not  feel  authorized  to  commence ijie 
attack,  and  acts  in  defense  of  our  cxpeilition  onlv. 

The  insurgents  have  occupied  an  old  star  tori  at  the  point  of  the  peninsula,  the  site  of 
Iloilo,  the  fire  of  which  sweeps  beaches  on  which  we  propose  to  land.  My  troops  have 
got  to  commence  the  attack  ;  I  therefore  shall  put  a  mountain  and  gatllng  gun  in  boats 
and  open  fire  on  their  fort  and  a  storehouse  near  it  filled  with  troops,  at  2,500  vards,  thus 
inviting  the  captain  of  the  Baltimore  to  help  defend  us  by  attacking  the  enemy  to  the 
best  eftect. 

We  are  aware  that  on  the  successful  accomplisliment  of  this  contest  depends  the 
future  speedy  yielding  of  insurrectionary  niovenienis  in  the  islands.    The  insurgents 
raised  their  flag  over  the  fort  this  morning.    Tlie  action  as  above  entitled  will  be  con- 
tingent on  future  instructions  to  be  received  from  the  department  commander. 
Very  respectfully, 

M.  P.  Miller, 
Brigadier  General,  U.  8.  A. 

The  excitement  in  Manila  and  Malolos  over  this  Iloilo  afl'alr  became  rapidly  more 
intense  and  manifested  itself  in  unmistakable  signs  of  danger  to  the  still  languishing 
peace  should  an  attack  be  made  by  our  troops  upon  that  city.  Agulnaldo's  government 
was  now  in  full  possession  of  very  radical  men,  the  majority  of  whom  desired  war  in 
any  event,  and  it  was  in  a  great  measure  dominated  by  his  army.  These  men  desired 
some  immediate  action  on  the  part  of  the  United  States  by  which  they  might  be  able  to 
arouse  the  opposition  of  the  inhabitants  against  its  troops,  and  anticipated  hostilities 
at  Iloilo  appeared  to  them  to  oflfer  the  desired  material. 

I  had  also  incidentally  heard  from  Iloilo  that  General  Miller  would  probably  meet 
with  insurgent  opposition  should  he  attempt  to  make  a  landing  there.  Knowing  the 
great  desire  of  the  United  States  Government  to  maintain  peace  by  all  honorable 
means,  maturely  considering  the  situation  in  Luzon  which  had  been  so  quickly  devel- 
oped, meditating  the  transfer  later  of  more  troops  to  Iloilo  when  the  unnatural  excite- 
ment should  be  allayed,  and  an  opportunity  presenting  itself  to  communicate  with 
General  Miller  by  a  British  man-of-war,  whose  captain  courteously  offered  to  take  any 
message  I  might  desire  to  send,  I  sent  on  the  evening  of  December  29th  the  following 
hastily  prepared  communication : 

Headquarters  Department  Pacific  and  Eighth  Army  Corps, 

Manila.,  P.  I.,  December  29,  189S. 
Brig.  Gen.  Marcus  P.  Miller,  U.  S.  V., 

Commanding  First  Separate  Brigade,  Eighth  Army  Corps,  Iloilo,  Panay. 

Sir  :  This  will  be  delivered  to  you  by  Captain  Montgomery,  of  the  British  navy,  who 
leaves  for  Iloilo  in  the  morning  I  enclose  copy  of  our  translation  of  a  cablegram 
received  to-day  in  eiplur,  tnmi  wiilch  you  will  understand  the  position  and  policy  of 
our  Government  toward  i  h(-c  i-,|ands. 

Do  not  be  in  haste  witli  ,\(.ui  m-otiations  for  the  surrender  of  the  city.  Should  there 
be  strong  and  very  decided  opiiosilion  to  your  entry,  backed  by  considerable  force,  do 
not  be  in  haste.  It  will  not  do  to  bombard  the  city,  nor  will  it  do  to  let  the  natives  loot 
and  burn  it.  Foreigners  have  large  possessions  there  and  a  great  deal  ol  money  in  the 
banks.  You  can  remain  in  the  harbor  with  your  force.  If  you  meet  with  decided  or 
strong  opposition,  await  there  further  instructions,  and  if  necessary  I  can  direct  a  por- 
tion of  your  force  to  other  ports  in  the  southern  islands,  where  you  will  not  meet  much, 
if  any,  opposition.    I  trust  in  your  discretion. 

Very  truly,  yours,  E.  S.  Otis, 

Major  General,  U.  S.  V.,  Commanding. 

I  contemplated  at  the  time  the  sending  of  the  First  California  Volunteers  to  the 
southern  waters  as  soon  as  conditions  at  Manila  would  justify  the  weakening  of  the 
military  force  here,  and  immediately  directed  that  regiment  to  be  put  in  readiness  for 
29 


propc 
newn 


450  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

embarkation.  It  was  placed  on  board  five  small  merchant  vessels  preparatory  to  sail- 
ing at  any  directed  moment,  was  retained  thereon  for  several  days,  when  Luzon  affairs 
indicating  that  it  might  be  required  for  use  in  Manila  in  a  short  time  it  was  returned  to 
its  former  barracks. 

The  cablegram  referred  to  in  the  above  letter  to  General  xMiller  was  the  proclamation 
of  the  President  received  in  cipher.  The  translation  was  completed  about  an  hour 
before  the  letter  was  written,  and  was  transmitted  to  General  Miller  to  inform  him  of 
the  policy  which  the  Government  intended  to  pursue.  Neither  its  contents  nor  feasi- 
bility of  immediate  issue  had  been  carefully  considered.  No  direction  for  its  publica- 
tion had  been  given  and  it  was  not  supposed  that  it  would  be  proclaimed  at  Iloilo.  The 
general,  however,  under  the  impression  that  it  had  been  transmitted  for  publication, 
issued  it  very  soon  after  it  was  received,  and  in  his  letter  of  January  6th  informed  me  as 
follows : 

Three  days  ago  I  sent  to  the  governing  committee  (R.  Lopez,  president,)  a  copy  of 
the  letter  of  instructions  of  the  President,  and  asked  that  they  permit  the  entry  of  my 
ti"oops  No  answer  has  been  received,  and  I  expect  none.  I  had  copies  of  the  Presi- 
dent's instructions  translated  into  Spanish  and  distributed  to  the  people  in  various 
ways,  and  am  informed  that  the  people  laugh  at  it:  The  insurgents  call  us  cowards, 
and  are  fortifying  the  old  fort  at  the  point  of  the  peninsula,  and  are  mounting  old 
smooth-bore  gnnsloft  liv  Uw  Spnniaids.  They  arc  intrenching  everywhere,  are  bent  on 
having  one  fight,  and  aVr  <•.  ,,,iiu,..,|  <,f  victory.  As  I  infoimcd  you  in  my  letter  of  yes- 
terdav  I  believe  \v<'  can  now  cai>i  urc  llic  cii\  w\\\\  tiic  turcc  now  present,  and  with  the 
assi-;t"a'nce  of  the  Navv  witlidiit  llu'  lo^s  ot  iriucli  lilcanil  wiihout  much  destruction  of 
,•  and  sh.ail,;  \vr  dcslrov  it  all  1  believe  it  v.oulil  b(>  <  if  advantage  to  t  lie  city,  as  a 
ilv  wonlil  li"l)nill  up  soon.  The  chai-acter  ut  t  lie  naliv.^s,  lia\int;  been  underthe 
suliius;atioii  ..r  Spain  s,,  l(aiir,  is  such  that  once  well  imnishcd  ihey  will  snl)niit  to  fate. 
The  people  are  siiiierNtiliuus  and  believe  in  fate,  and  now  believe  that  late  will  give 
them  victory. 

His  letter  of  the  previous  day,  January  5th,  is  as  follows : 

Headquaktebs  First  Separate  Brigade,  Eighth  Army  Corps, 
On  Board  Transport  Newport, 
Iloilo  Harbor,  P.  I.,  January  5,  1899. 
Adjutant  General  Department  ok  the  Pacific  and  Eighth  Army  Corps: 

Sir:  I  have  the  honor  to  report  the  situation  as  quite  serious.  The  native  troops 
now  numberover  4,000  well-armed  men.  There  are  more  than  12,000  armed  with  bolos 
and  miscellaneous  weapons.  They  are  constantly  intrenching  about  the  fort  and  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Iloilo  River.  I  do  not  allow  any  one  on  shore,  as  the  insurgent 
commander  sent  me  word  that  he  would  not  be  responsible  for  our  unarmed  men  in 

Last  evening  about  G.40  o'clock,  just  at  dark,  while  at  supper,  the  captain  of  the  water 
boat  went  toward  the  rear  of  the  boat,  where  the  guard  was  stationed,  and  suddenly 
sprang  at  the  guard  with  a  knife,  cut  the  head  of  one  of  the  guards  through  the  skull, 
and  the  other  one  on  the  arm  and  jaw.  The  latt-r  wa-  knocked  overboard  and  then 
struck  by  the  native  on  the  head  with  an  oar.  (Jne  native  Mien  jumped  overboard  and 
escaped:  the  two  others  were  secured.  A  boat  from  I  he  ship  was  lowered  and  picked 
up  the  soldier  in  the  water,  who  is  not  badly  hurt.  The  soldier  cut  on  the  head  is  likely 
to  die,  but  there  is  a  slight  hope  for  his  recovery. 

I  think  the  longer  we  wait  before  attack  the  harder  it  will  be  to  put  down  the  msur- 
rection. 

The  city  is  entirely  at  the  mercy  of  the  Baltimore,  and  with  her  assistance,  advancing 
under  her  guns  and  Cautain  Bridgmau's  battery,  I  have  no  doubt  we  can  drive  the 
insurgents  out  of  the  city,  but  their  army  will  confront  us  outside.  That  situation 
would  be  intolerable,  even  if  firing  ceases.  I  would  therefore  recommend  that  a  force 
sufficient  to  beat  them  badly  in  the  open  field  should  be  prepared  ready  to  send  down, 
if  required,  after  the  city  is  taken.  I^et  no  one  convince  you  that  peaceful  measures  can 
settle  the  difficulty  here,  unless  you  first  .settle  matters  peacefully  in  Manila  and  Luzon 
Island. 

******** 

The  English  and  German  warships  and  all  other  large  vessels  in  the  harbor  have 
daily  received  refugees  from  the  city.  Many  of  the  city  people  with  their  effects  are 
leaving  on  small  coasting  steamers  for  neighboring  islands. 

Order  appears  to  be  maintained  in  the  city,  except  for  Americans,  who  feel  humiliated 
and  want  to  get  .at  them.  ^,  ^  ^, 

Very  respectfully,  M.  P.  Miller, 

Brigadier  General,  U.  8.  V.,  Commanding. 

After  fully  considering  the  President's  proclamation  and  the  temper  of  the  Tagalos 
with  whom  I  was  daily  discussing  political  problems  and  the  friendly  intentions  of  the 
United  States  Government  toward  them,  I  concluded  that  there  were  certain  words  and 
expressions  therein,  such  as  ".sovereignty,"  "right  of  cession,"  and  those  which  directed 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  451 

immediate  occupation,  etc.,  thougti  most  admirably  employed  and  tersely  expressive  of 
actual  conditions,  might  be  advantageously  used  by  the  Tagalo  war  party  to  incite  wide- 
spread hostilities  among  the  natives.  The  ignorant  classes  had  been  taught  to  believe 
that  certain  words,  as  "sovereignty,"  "  protection,"  etc.,  had  peculiar  meaning  disas- 
trous to  their  welfare  and  significant  of  future  political  domination,  like  that  from 
which  they  had  recently  been  freed.  It  was  my  opinion,  therefore,  that  I  would  be  jus- 
tified in  so  amending  the  paper  that  the  beneficent  object  of  the  United  States  Govern- 
ment would  be  brought  clearly  within  the  comprehension  of  the  people,  and  this  con- 
clusion was  the  more  readily  reached  because  of  the  radical  change  of  the  past  few  days 
in  the  constitution  of  Aguinaldo's  government,  which  could  not  have  been  understood 
at  Washington  at  the  time  the  proclamation  was  prepared.  It  was  also  believed  that 
the  proclamation  had  been  induced  partially  by  the  suggestions  of  the  naval  authorities 
here,  which  three  weeks  previous,  and  while  affairs  were  in  a  specific  and  comparatively 
quiet  state,  had  recomended  "that  the  President  issue  a  proclamation  defining  the 
policy  of  the  United  States  Government  in  the  Philippine  Islands  and  assuring  the 
inhabitants  that  it  is  ourintention  to  interfere  as  little  as  possible  in  the  internal  att'airs 
of  the  islands.  That  as  soon  as  they  developed  their  capability  for  self-government 
their  powers  and  privileges  will  be  increased.  That  will  allay  the  spirit  of  unrest." 
These  authorities  at  that  time  recommended  the  government  of  the  islands  as  a  terri- 
tory with  a  civilian  as  a  governor,  to  be  followed  later  by  a  naval  and  military  commis- 
sion, to  determine  questions  of  a  naval  and  military  character. 

The  amended  proclamation  was  thereupon  prepared,  and  fearing  that  General  Miller 
would  give  publicity  to  the  former,  copies  of  which,  if  issued,  would  be  circulated  soon 
in  Luzon,  I  again  dispatched  Lieutenant  Colonel  Potter  to  Iloilo,  both  to  ascertain  the 
course  of  events  there  and  to  advise  the  commanding  general  of  the  dangers  threaten- 
ing in  Luzon,  and  which  might  be  augmented  if  any  action  was  taken  which  the  insur- 
gents could  make  use  of  in  furtherance  of  their  unfriendly  designs.  General  Miller 
thought  his  action  in  making  publication  of  the  proclamation  on  January  3d  correct,  as 
he  had  not  been  instructed  to  the  contrary,  and  his  opinion,  he  contended,  was  con- 
firmed by  a  War  Department  dispatch  which  I  had  directed  Colonel  Potter  to  deliver  to 
him,  and  which  he  had  received  on  January  6th.  He  was  satisfied  that  the  use  he  had 
made  of  the  proclamation  was  that  contemplated  by  the  War  Department  authorities, 
but  it  was  not  long  before  it  was  delivered  at  Malolos  and  was  the  object  of  venomous 
attack. 

Nothing  further  of  great  moment  transpired  at  Iloilo  for  several  successive  days,  and 
we  return  to  the  narrative  of  Manila  events.  General  Miller,  however,  remained  eager 
for  battle,  and  with  his  command  restive  under  the  taunts  of  the  natives  and  criticisms 
of  foreign  citizens,  he  repeatedly  asked  for  permission  to  attack  the  city.  Complications 
of  a  civil  nature  were  also  arising,  as  shown  in  his  communication  of  January  8th,  of 
which  the  following  is  a  copy : 

Headquarters  First  Separate  Brigade,  Eighth  Army  Corps, 
On  Board  Transport  Newport, 
Iloilo  Harbor,  P.  I.,  Sunday,  Januarij  S,  1899  —  2  p.  m. 
Adjutant  General  Department  of  the  Pacific  and  Eighth  Army  Corps. 

Sir  :  I  have  the  honor  to  report,  for  the  information  of  the  major  general  command- 
ing, that  the  situation  here  is  not  improving  since  my  last  report.  I  have  not  landed 
the  Fifty-first  Iowa  on  the  island  opposite  to  Iloilo,  as  two  boat  crews  of  troops  of  the 
Fifty-first  Iowa  landed  on  the  5th  instant  and  were  met  by  over  75  to  100  natives  armed 
with  various  weapons,  rifles,  shotguns,  and  knives,  who  asked  them  their  business  and 
warned  them  off  with  threats  of  bringing  out  more  troops  if  they  did  not  go  away.  The 
men  of  the  regiment  are  well,  and  the  colonel  does  not  desire  to  land  under  such  circum- 
stances of  hostility.  The  insurgents  are  still  at  work  fortifying;  last  night  they  sunk 
four  mud  scows  at  the  mouth  of  Iloilo  River  to  prevent  passage  of  our  Navy.  This  did 
not  annoy  us,  as  the  Petrel's  place  for  action,  if  we  have  one,  is  undisturbed. '  The  city  is 
so  completely  under  the  control  of  the  warships  of  the  Navy  that  we  are  indiflereut  as 
to  what  the  insurgents  do.  When  the  time  comes  nothing  can  save  insurgents  in  thecitv 
but  flight.  The  suljitct  most  distmbiiiLr  to  our  American  minds  is  that  a  Dutch  ship  is 
loading  with  siijrai- ;  uiio  sliall  r,,ll,rt  the  duly  is  a  question.  Captain  Evans  and  I  dis- 
cussed the  <iuesti(>n  last  evening  without  conclusion.  The  duties  will  amount  to  $5,000, 
quite  a  snug  sum,  with  which  the  insurgents  will  be  able  to  buy  machine  guns,  etc.,  if 
we  leave  them  alone.    Other  ships  arriving  will  add  more  and  more  to  their  revenues. 


452  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

The  port  ought  to  be  closed,  if  it  is  a  practical  thing,  after  due  notice  to  foreign  gov- 
ernments We  need  here  two  good  steam  launches  capable  of  towing  a  line  of  rowboats 
rapidly  for  landing  purposes.  We  can  not  get  them  here  without  seizing  them,  and  the 
good  ones;  arc  nndor  tho  protection  of  foreign  flags. 

As  ti>  tlic  iiisursinls  yielding  to  the  order  of  the  President  and  allowing  occupation, 
it  will  not  l)(  <luiic  unless  the  central  government  at  .Malolos  directs  them  to  do  so.    If 
we  have  to  tiglit  at  Manila  and  here,  I  should  think  it  better  to  strike  the  first  blow  here, 
as  with  the  assistance  of  the  navy,  result  in  our  favor  can  scarcely  be  doubted. 
Very  respectfully,  M.  P.  Mii.ler, 

Brigadier  General,  U.  S.  V.,  Commanding. 

F'ull  olHcial  Iloilo  correspondence,  which  was  carried  on  about  this  date,  together 
with  reported  interviews  on  the  situation,  will  be  found  in  the  accompanying  report  of 
Brigadier  General  Hughes,  U.  S.  V.,  now  commanding  there.  They  are  of  interest  and 
of  considerable  importance  as  showing  the  then  existing  attitude  of  Spanish  civil  offi- 
cials toward  our  Government. 

The  amended  proclamation  of  January  4th  appeared  in  the  English,  Spanish,  and 
Tagalo  languages,  and  was  published  in  Manila  through  newspapers  and  posters.  The 
English  text  was  as  follows  : 

PROCLAMATION. 

Office  of  the  Military  Governor  of  the  Philippine  Islands, 

Manila,  P.  I.,  January  h,  1899. 
To  the  People  of  the  Philippine  Islandi^  : 

Instructions  of  His  E.xcellency  the  President  of  the  United  States  relative  to  the 
administration  of  affairs  in  the  Philippine  Islands  have  been  transmitted  to  me  by 
direction  of  the  honorable  the  Secretary  of  War,  under  date  of  December  28,  1898.  They 
direct  me  to  publish  and  proclaim,  in  thr  most  public  manner  to  the  inhabitants  of 
these  islands  that  in  the  war  against  Spain  tlx  Iniica  siat.s  forces  came  here  to  destroy 
the  power  of  that  nation  and  to  give  thf  l.li<>in^rs  .it  \,r:u-r  nnd  individual  freedom  to 
the  Philippine  people;  that  we  are  here  as  friends  of  tlie  Filipinos;  to  protect  them  in 
their  homes,  their  employments,  their  individual  and  religious  liberty,  and  that  all  per- 
sons who,  either  by  active  aid  or  honest  endeavor,  cooperate  with  the  Government  of 
the  United  States  to  give  effect  to  these  beneficial  purposes,  will  receive  the  reward  of  its 
support  and  protection. 

The  l>resi<lcnt  of  the  United  States  has  a.ssumed  that  the  municipal  laws  of  the  coun- 
try in  ri-s|HM  t  to  private  rights  and  property  and  the  repression  of  crime  are  to  be  consid- 
ered as  continuinu  in  force  in  so  for  as  thev  be  applicable  to  a  free  people,  and  should  be 
administertMl  hv  the  onlinarv  tril>unals  of  juslici-,  presided  nxor  by  representatives  of 
the  people  an.  I'll  lose  in  !lio!.,.ml,  ^vi,l|.a(hy  will.  Ih.m  in  I  b.ir  d.'sir.-.  r.,r  -...>d  govern- 
ment; that  lh.-tHn,M).,ns:,n.l  .1 1 1 1  i-s  .-..nn.rl.'d  Willi  .-i  vil  ;i  n.l  muni. -i  pal  a.lniinistration 
aretobeperf.>rmed  bv  sii.-h  oili.-ei  -  as  wisli  to  accpt  tli.' assjstan.-e  ,,i  ih..  1  m ted  States, 
chosen  in  so  far  as  it  ma\'  he  )ira.'iieal)k'  from  the  inhabitants  ..t  th.>  islands;  that,  while 
the  management  of  pubii.-  i.r.M'<ily  and  revenues  and  the  ns.'  of  all  jinbli.-  means  of 
transportation  are  to  bee. Ml. liuie.l  under  the  military  autlmriti.'s,  until  such  authori- 
ties can  be  replaced  bv  civil  aaunnistration,all  private  pioperly,  whether  of  individuals 
or  corporations,  must  be  respected  and  prot.'.ted.  If  private  properly  be  taken  for 
military  uses  it  shall  be  paid  for  at  a  fair  valuati.m  in  eash  if  possible,  and  when  pay- 
ment in  cnsh  is  not  practicable  at  the  time,  re.eipts  ili.  ivlor  will  be  given  to  be  taken  up 
and  ILinidated  as  soon  as  cash  becomes  availabl.'.  TIm'  p.irts.if  the  Philippine  Islands 
shall  b.M.|M>n  b.  ihe  c.mim.  I'ce  of  all  foreign  naii.>n-.  an.l  -....ds  and  merchandise  not 
prohibil.'.l  lor  mililarv  r.M-ons  by  the  military  antlioiii  i,^  -hall  be  admitted  upon  pay- 
ment .)f  such  duties  an.l  eliai-es  as  shall  be  in  invr,-  ai  ili.'  urn.'  of  importation. 

The  President  concludes  Ins  instructions  in  lln-  foll.iwiie^  lanunaKc: 

"Finally,  it  should  be  111.' .■arnest  and  pai-am..nni  aiin..t  111.'  A.I  ministration  to  win 
the  confidence,  respect,  an.l  air.ction  of  ih.-  inha.ldlants  of  tli.'  Philiiipines  by  insuring 
to  them  in  every  possible  wav  ili.'  full  ni.'asure  .if  individ  nal  riulitsand  liberty  which  is 
the  heritage  of  a  free  peo))!.',  ami  by  provin-  t.i  them  that  tlie  mission  ot  the  United 
States  is  one  of  beneficent  as-.iinilaii.in,  wlii.-h  will  substitute  the  mild  sway  of  justice 
andrightfor  arbitrary  ml.'.  In  Ui.'  fullillm.'nt  of  this  high  niissi.m,  while  upholding 
the  temporary  administrali.m  of  aliUirs  for  the  greatest  good  of  the  govt'rned,  there  will 
be  seduonsly  maintained  the  strong  arm  of  authority  to  repress  disturbance,  and  to 
overcome  all  obstacles  to  the  bestowal  of  the  blessings  of  good  and  stable  government 
upon  the  people  of  the  Philippine  Islands." 

From  the  tenor  and  substance  of  the  above  instructions  ot  the  President,  I  am  fully 
of  the  opinion  that  it  is  the  inti'iiMon  of  the  rnil.-d  Siai.'s  ( ;<ivernment,  while  directing 
attairs  ncnerallv,  to  app.nnt  tli.'  ivpi-.-.n  la  I  i  v.'  men  now  f.irming  the  controlling  ele- 
mentof  the  Filipinos  to  civil  posiiions  .,f  I  insi  ami  ivs|,..iisibility,  and  it  will  be  my  airn 
to  appoint  thereto  such  Filipinos  as  may  be  acceptable  to  tlie  supreme  authorities  at 
Washington  ,  ^      ■, 

It  is  also  mv  belief  that  it  is  the  intention  of  the  United  States  Government  to  draw 
from  the  Filipino  people  so  much  of  the  military  force  of  the  islands  as  is  possible  and 
consistent  with  a  free  and  well-cmstituted  s<>vernni.nt  of  the  country,  and  it  is  my 
desire  to  inaugurate  a  policy  of  I  hat  ebaraet.r.  I  am  also  .■.nivine.'d  that  it  is  Ihe  inten- 
tion of  the  United  States  Government  losiM'k  the  .■siablisbm.Mit  ■  if  a  most  libtTal  gov- 
ernment for  the  islands,  in  which  Ml.'  iieople  themselv.s  shall  haveastull  leiiresentation 
as  the  maintenance  of  law  and  order  will  permit,  and  which  shall  be  susceptible  of 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  45^ 


development,  on  lines  ofiDcreased  representation  and  the  bestowal  of  increased  powers, 
into  a  government  as  free  and  independent  as  is  enjoyed  by  the  most  favored  provinces 
of  the  world.  ^.,.    .  ,  ,  ■        i. 

It  will  be  my  constant  endeavor  to  cooperate  with  the  Filipino  people,  seeking  the 
good  of  the  country,  and  I  invite  tlieir  full  contidence  and  aid. 
^  E.  8.  Otis, 

Major  General,  U.  S.  V.,  Military  Governor. 

Before  publication  of  this  proclamation  I  endeavored  to  obtain  from  able  Filipino 
residents  of  the  city  an  expression  of  opinion  as  to  its  probable  effect  upon  the  popula- 
tion, but  was  not  much  encouraged.  A  few  days  thereafter  they  declared  the  publication 
to  have  been  a  mistake,  although  the  foreign  residents  appeared  to  believe  the  procla- 
mation most  excellent  in  tone  and  moderation,  offered  everything  that  the  most  hostile 
of  the  insurgents  could  expect,  and  undoubtedly  would  have  a  beneficial  influence.  It 
was  received  by  the  better  classes  of  natives  with  satisfaction,  as  it  was  the  first  author- 
itative announcement  of  the  attitude  ^\»hich  the  United  States  assumed  toward  the 
islands  and  declared  the  policy  which  it  intended  to  pursue,  and  because  the  declared 
policy  was  one  which,  in  their  opinion,  conditions  imperatively  demanded  should  be 
imposed  for  the  interests  of  the  Filipino  people  who  were  incapable  of  self-government. 
The  publication  separated  more  widely  the  friendly  and  war  factions  of  the  inhabitants 
and  was  the  cause  of  exciting  discussion. 

The  ablest  of  insurgent  newspapers,  which  was  now  issued  at  Malolos  and  edited  by 
the  uncompromising  Luna,  he  who  had  been  an  openly  declared  enemy  of  the  United 
States  from  the  time  Manila  capitulated,  subsequently  commanded  an  insurgent  army 
and  was  assassinated  while  exercising  chief  military  command  of  the  insurgent  forces, 
attacked  the  policy  of  the  United  States  as  declared  in  the  proclamation,  and  its  assump- 
tion of  sovereignty  over  the  islands,  with  all  the  vigor  of  which  he  was  capable.  He 
went  further  and  contended  that  the  policy  as  declared  was  merely  a  subterfuge  to  tem- 
porarily quiet  the  people  until  measures  could  be  inaugurated  and  applied  to  put  in 
practice  all  the  odious  features  of  government  which  Spain  had  employed.  Everything 
tended  simply  to  a  change  of  masters  for  the  Filipino  people  without  amelioration  of 
condition.  This  paper  was  published  in  Tagalo,  had  a  considerable  circulation,  and  was 
assisted  by  other  Tagalo  publications.  No  statement  reflecting  upon  the  United  States 
Government  and  its  troops  in  Manila  was  too  base,  untruthful,  or  improbable  for  news- 
paper circulation,  and  unfortunately  received  credit  by  the  more  ignorant  of  the  natives, 
although  the  subject  of  ridicule  or  indignant  comment  by  the  abler  Filipinos.  Agui- 
naldo  met  the  proclamation  by  a  counter  one  in  which  he  indignantly  protested  against 
the  claim  of  sovereignty  by  the  United  States  in  the  islands,  which  really  had  been  con- 
quered from  the  Spaniards  through  the  blood  and  treasure  of  his  countrymen,  and  abused 
me  for  my  assumption  of  the  title  of  military  governor.  Even  the  women  of  Cavite 
province,  in  a  document  numerously  signed  by  them,  gave  me  to  understand  that  after 
all  the  men  were  killed  off  they  were  prepared  to  shed  their  patriotic  blood  for  the  liberty 
and  independence  of  their  country.  The  efforts  made  by  Aguinaldo  and  his  assistants 
made  a  decided  impression  on  the  inhabitants  of  Luzon  outside  of  Manila,  who  acquired 
an  unfavorable  opinion,  to  say  the  least,  of  an  American  citizen,  whom  of  course  few  of 
them  had  ever  seen.  The  insurgent  army  was  especially  affected  by  this  tirade  of  abuse 
of  Americans,  but  agreeably  so,  as  it  had  met  and  conquered  the  soldiers  of  Spain  and 
only  awaited  an  opportunity  to  demonstrate  its  invincibility  in  war  with  the  United 
States  troops  cooped  up  in  Manila  and  whom  it  had  commenced  to  insult  and  charge 
with  cowardice.  Shortly  before  this  time  the  insurgents  had  commenced  the  organiza- 
tion of  clubs  in  the  city,  in  which  now,  I  was  informed,  amounted  to  ten  thousand. 
The  chief  organizer  was  a  shrewd  mestizo,  a  former  close  companion  of  Aguinaldo,  by 
whom  he  had  been  commissioned  to  perform  this  work.  He  was  a  friend  and  associate 
of  some  of  our  officers;  was  engaged  iu  organizing  the  clubs  only,  as  he  stated,  to  give 
the  poorer  classes  amusement  and  education  ;  held  public  entertainments  in  athletics  to 
whicli  our  officers  were  invited,  and  in  which  our  soldiers  were  asked  to  participate. 
Gradually  arms  were  being  secretly  introduced  and  bolos  were  being  manufactured  and 
distributed.  The  arms  were  kept  concealed  in  buildings,  any  many  of  them  were  subse- 
quently captured.    The  Chinamen  were  carrying  on  a  lucrative  business  in  bolo  making. 


454  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

but  the  provost  marshal  had  cruelly  seized  considerable  of  their  stock.  These  clubs 
had  received  military  organization  and  were  commanded  by  cunning  Filipino  officers 
regularly  appointed  by  the  Malolos  government.  The  chief  organizer  departed  after 
organization  had  been  perfected  and  thereafter  became  a  confidential  adviser  in  Malolos 
affairs.  This  organization  was  the  subject  of  grave  apprehension,  as  it  was  composed  of 
the  worst  social  element  of  the  city,  and  was  kept  under  police  supervision  as  closely  as 
possible.  It  was  also  dreaded  by  the  better  class  of  Filipino  inhabitants,  many  of  whom 
believed  themselves  selected  for  assassination  on  account  of  their  expressed  desires  for 
American  protection.  The  streets  of  the  city  were  thronged  with  unarmed  insurgent 
officers  and  enlisted  men  from  the  numerically  increasing  insurgent  line  on  the  out- 
skirts, proud  of  their  uniforms  and  exhibiting  matchless  conceit,  amusing  to  our  men, 
who  were  apparently  unconcerned  observers,  but  who  were  quick  to  take  in  the  rapidly 
changing  conditions. 

In  the  midst  of  this  suppressed  excitement  the  city  was  comparatively  quiet,  crime 
well  suppressed,  and  business  interests  were  flourishing.  The  merchants  were  active  to 
take  advantages  of  all  avenues  of  trade  possible.  Vessels  were  sent  to  the  China  coasts 
for  products  to  supply  the  southern  ports,  entered  and  cleared  at  the  port  of  Iloilo  against 
the  protest  of  General  Miller,  and  paid  the  accustomed  charges  on  dutiable  goods  and 
products  to  the  insurgents,  who  had  installed  themselves  there.  United  States  consuls 
at  Singapore  and  Hongkong  asked  the  perplexing  question  whetlier  vessels  could  be 
cleared  for  Iloilo  and  Cebu,  and  could  be  answered  evasively  only,  as  follows : 

Manila,  P.  I.,  January  9,  1S99. 
United  States  Consul  General  Wildman,  Hongkong. 

United  States  not  yet  administering  civil  aflfairs  at  either  Iloilo  or  Cebu.  No  new 
consular  action  as  to  these  ports  should  be  inaugurated  at  present. 

Otis. 

The  Manila  Chamber  of  Commerce  took  this  matter  up  for  investigation  and  saw 
that  the  rights  of  merchants  in  ports  virtually  at  war  with  the  United  States  were 
denied.    I  was  called  upon  for  an  explanation  and  addressed  its  secretary  as  follows  : 

Sir:  I  am  in  receipt  of  the  communication  of  the  Manila  Chamber  of  Commerce  of 
yesterday,  the  I'^tli  instant,  in  which  I  am  informed  that  "the  American  consul  at  Hong- 
kong (l.cliiics  to  liJsiKitcli  st^.iiiiir-^  or  vessels  for  Cebu  and  Iloilo;  also,  that  American 
autlioiities  hell-  will  !ioi  allow  a  steaniei-  to  come  herewith  permission  to  proceed  to 
Cebu,  ami  ie(|iii'st  inlbririal  ion  as  to  ilie  course  to  be  pursued  in  the  immediate  future 
by  the  AiiiiTieaii  uuLhoriLics  with  regard  to  the  above  named  ports." 

In  reply.  1  lia\  e  the  honor  to  inform  you  that  the  United  States  consul  at  Hongkong 
haviim,  oil  the  lit  li. instant,  made  inquiry  in  the  matter  of  clearing  vessels  at  Hongkong, 
for  Iloilo  and  i  i  bii.  was  answered  on  the  9th  instant,  by  cable,  as  follows : 

"The  United  States  not  yet  adininistorinu-  civil  affairs  at  cither  Iloilo  or  Cebu.  No 
new  consular  action  as  to  t  liese  j.oi-ts  should  l)e  inaimmated  at  inesenl ." 

This  message  to  tin'  Ameriea  n  (•onsiii  i-  not  coiisidei-ed  ant  hori  i  i  ve  by  any  means,  as 
we  have  no  auLhoi-it>-  to  irive  him  ditcci  ions,  and  the  matter  of  clearing  vessels  at  Hong- 
kong rests  entirely  within  his  discretion. 

To  the  categorical  questions  which  you  submit  I  am  pleased  to  return  answer  as 
follows : 

To  the  flnst  question  my  answer  is:  Not  by  any  act  of  the  United  States  authorities 
at  Manila. 

To  the  second  question  I  reply  that:  Trade  can  be  conducted,  in  so  fiir  as  the  United 
States  authorities  now  in  occupancy  of  these  islands  are  concerned,  the  same  as  for- 
merly. Vessels  will  be  cleared  from  this  port  for  ports  of  the  islands  until  instructions 
received  from  my  Government  indicate  a  contra i-,\-  course  of  action. 

To  the  third  question  I  can  only  answer  thai  :  All  the  i  n-i  i  actions  thus  far  received 
from  my  Government  are  embodied  in  the  pioelaniation  issued  from  this  office  on  the 
4th  instant,  which  I  inclose  and  to  which  I  respectfully  refer. 

The  consul  for  Great  Britain  wished  to  know  why  a  British  steamer  had  been  sus- 
piciously dealt  with  and  was  replied  to  as  follows : 

Sir:  I  have  the  honor  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your  communication  of  this 
date,  and  to  .say  in  reply  that  the  matter  referred  to  tlierein  will  be  investigated  It  is 
reported  that  the  steamer  Zwcvmi  arii\  cd  troin  sinuaijoie  with  a  general  cargo,  a  part  of 
which  it  appears  is  destined  for  Iloilo  li\  -a  nn  Mssei.  from  ic  ports  received  and  decla- 
rations made  it  was  believed  that  she  had  on  l>oai(l  e(nnraliand  of  war.  The  reports 
received  justified  the  action  which  has  been  taken  in  so  far  as  search  was  concerned. 

And  again  inquiring  concerning  seizure  at  Manila  of  a  small  steamer,  in  which  a 
British  subject  claimed  to  be  interested,  he  received  the  following  reply : 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH     WAR.  455 

ManiI/A,  p.  I.,  JitniKtry  :,  ISO!). 
Hon.  H.  A.  Ramsuen, 

H.  B.  M.  Consul,  Manila,  P.  I. 
Sir:    I  have  tbe  honor  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your  communication  of  the 
:Ust  ultimo,  inclosinisr  copies  of  correspondence  between  youi'selfand  Messrs.  Holliday, 
Wise  &  Co.,  in  the  niatter  of  tlir  seizure  by  the  United  States  authorities  of  the  steamer 
Lac/una  <le  Ban  in  the  Pasig  Hiver. 

The  seizure  of  this  vessel  became  ncccssaiy  for  Government  purposes,  and  before  it 
was  made  the  owner  of  the  same  had  Im  iii  cdiisidted.  Later,  Mr.  Ashton,  in  your  com- 
pany, called  upon  nie  at  this  olflcr,  wh.ii  I  assured  him  that  the  Government  would 
not  "allow  the  steamer  to  engage  in  privai.'  trade  on  the  Pasig  River,  and  that  it  was 
prepared  to  make  good  to  parties  concermd  any  loss  which  <i.)V(rmniMit  action  would 
entail.  At  the  time  of  this  conference  I  was  niidcr  tlic  iinpivs^ioii  iliat  the  captain  of 
the  port  had  given  permission  for  this  boat  t<>  navi^ato  th^  I'asm  itivcr,  l)ut  have  been 
informed  to  the  contrary.  It  is  hoped  that  this  matter  caii  be  satisfactorily  adjusted  in 
a  few  days.  „    „    ^ 

Verv  sincerelv,  yours,  E.  S.  Otis, 

United  States  Military  Governor. 

In  the  mean  time  the  local  Spanish  authorities  were  present  and  desired  to  close  up 
the  pending  international  business.  As  early  as  December  28th,  I  was  informed  by  the 
superior  Spanish  officer  present  that  the  treaty  of  peace  had  been  concluded  and  that 
he  wished  to  take  up  the  settlement  of  affairs.  I  replied  that  I  had  not  received  any 
information  or  instructions  in  the  matter,  but  as  soon  as  received  would  cooperate  with 
him  in  every  way  possible.  On  the  following  day  he  applied  for  permission  to  leave  the 
islands.  He  was  a  prisoner  of  war,  in  fact,  supervising  the  affairs  of  the  Spanish 
prisoners  present  in  Manila.  A  high-toned  gentleman,  a  most  courteous  and  accom- 
plished officer,  our  official  relations  had  always  been  pleasant  and  agreeable.  I  replied 
to  his  application  in  the  following  terms : 

Office  of  the  United  States  Military  Governor, 

Manila,  P.  I.,  December  29,  189S. 
Division  General  Francisco  Rizzo, 

Commanding  Spanish  Forces,  Manila,  P.  I. 
Gkxki^a  r, :  I  have  the  honor  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your  letter  of  this  instant 
i-c(|Ui'stiiiL;  passport  to  return  to  Spain  next  month,  and  in  niily  thereto  T  hasten  to 
iiiloi-iii  \du  iliat  you  are  free  to  leave  at  any  time  you  may  desire,  au.l  that  it  will  give 
me  i;ic:'it  pleasure  to  render  you  every  assistance  that  you  may  need  in  making  the 
necessary  preparations  for  your  departure  on  so  long  a  voyage. 

I  am.  General,  with  much  esteem,  your  obedient  servant,  B.  S.  Otis, 

Major  General,  U.  8.  V.,  United  States  Military  Governor. 

Shortly  thereafter  General  Rios,  general  of  division  of  the  Spanish  army,  who  had 
been  commanding  in  the  south,  arrived  in  Manila.  He  had  been  directed  by  his  gov- 
ernment to  supervise,  as  acting  governor  general,  Spanish  interests  in  the  islands,  and 
at  once  addressed  himself  vigorously  to  the  settlement  of  affairs  and  the  shipment  of 
Spanish  prisoners,  for  which  I  had  received  authority.  In  personal  conferences,  through 
numerous  communications  and  written  requests,  he  occupied  considerable  of  the  time 
of  the  United  States  authorities,  although  it  was  yet  impossible  to  consider  many  of  the 
matters  which  he  presented,  since  the  Paris  treaty  had  not  received  ratification.  A  few 
responses  to  the  letters  he  submitted  indicate  the  variety  of  the  subjects  which  he 
wished  promptly  attended  to  and  the  difficulties  of  compliance.    Tliey  are  as  follows : 

Office  United  States  Military  Governor 
IN  the  Philippine  Islands, 

Manila,  P.  I.,  January  'J,  1899. 
His  Excellency  Diego  de  los  Rigs  y  Nicalau, 

General  of  Division,  Spanish  Army,  Manila,  P.  I. 
General:  I  have  the  honor  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your  letter  of  this  instant, 
referring  to  embarkation  of  Spanish  troops,  prisoners  of  war,  on  the  11th  instant,  and 
to  say  in  reply  that  there  is  no  objection  on  the  part  of  the  United  States  Government, 
and  that  I  will  give  appropriate  instructions  to  the  officials  having  charge  of  such  busi- 
ness to  have  your  excellency's  desires  consummated. 

Very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant,  E.  S.  Otis, 

Major  General,  U.  S.  V., 
United  States  Military  Governor  in  the  Philippines. 


456  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

January  10,  1S99. 

Genkkai.  :  In  :i  hitiried  (•(iniiiiunication  of  last  evening,  sent  in  response  to  your 
lettei-  of  yi'stci'd.iy,  in  wliieli  you  iiiCurni  me  flint  you  must  discliarge  in  Mindanao, 
about  '-'.oiK)  troops  who  were  taken  there  from  tlie  Visayan  and  Luzon  islands,  and 
further  say  that  it  is  inipossiblf  to  seatter  them  to  tlieir  lioines,  I  suggested  that  the 
Visayans  miuht  he  taken  to  lloilo  and  I  will  see  that  the  necessary  orders  are  given  to 
thel'Uiled  States  authorities  there  to  [H'l-mit  them  to  land  upon  arrival.  The  Luzon 
men  will  piolialjly  give  great  ti-oul)leit  they  are  brought  into  the  harliorot  Manila 
at  the  present  time.  Many  of  those  already  received  here  escaped  from  the  authorities, 
and  with  the  convicts  sent  li>-  you  have  fixed  themselves  in  Manila,  where  they  give  a 
good  deal  of  annoyance.  W'r  ean  not  receive  any  more  of  these  troops  in  the  city  at 
pre.sent,  aiid  I  wisli  you  would  delay  sending  them  to  this  island.  After  a  short  period 
we  may  be  able  to  take  them  and  send  them  to  their  respective  homes.  I  am  very 
desirous  of  giving  thi.s  matter  full  consideration  before  arriving  at  further  conclusions. 

I  would  like  to  be  informed  of  the  approximate  number  of  Visayans,  and  also  the 
number  of  Luzon  men  you  intend  to  bring  north,  stating  each  class  separately. 


January  12,  1899. 

Generai.  :  I  have  the  honor  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your  communication  of 
the  10th  instant,  in  which  you  request  me  to  direct  my  ofHcers  to  hand  over  to  tlie  chiefs 
of  the  several  departments  of  the  Spanish  hacienda  certain  public  documents  belonging 
to  the  Spanish  Government,  etc. 

•In  repl.y  permit  me  to  state  that  since  our  late  conversation  on  this  subject  I  tele- 
graphed my  Government  of  your  desire  in  this  particular  and  I  have  not  yet  received 
any  response. 

Being,  as  I  am,  entirely  ignorant,  in  so  far  as  ofBcial  information  is  concerned,  of  the 
relations  existing  between  Spain  and  the  United  States  at  the  present  time,  I  do  not 
think  I  have  the  power  to  act  favorably  upon  your  request  until  the  instructions  of  my 
Government  are  received. 

January  1/,,  1899. 
Generai.:  I  have  the  honor  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your  letter  of  the  21st 
instant,  referring  to  your  wisli  to  appoint  a  Spanish  clerk  in  the  Manila  post  office,  and 
in  reply  would  say  that  I  am  unable  to  grant  your  request,  as  the  appointment  of  all 
postal  clerks  is  under  the  exclusive  control  of  the  Post  Office  Department  of  the  United 
States. 

January  16,  1899. 
Generai. :  I  have  the  honor  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your  letter  of  the  loth 
instant  just  received,  referring  to  the  embarkation  of  about  400  Spanish  troops,  pris- 
oners of  war,  on  the  steamship  Monserrat,  and  to  say  in  reply  that  there  is  no  objection 
on  the  part  of  the  United  States.  Appropriate  instructions  will  be  given  to  the  officials 
having  charge  of  sucli  business  in  order  that  your  excellency's  desires  may  be  consum- 


January  20,  1899. 

General:  I  have  the  honor  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your  letter  of  yesterday 
received  this  morning,  in  which  you  inform  me  that  there  are  about  630  native  troops 
there  belonging  to  the  Visayas. 

As  soon  as  you  desire  to  assemlde  the  men  and  turn  them  over,  I  can  send  them  to 
lloilo  under  proper  guard.  (  Oneeruing  the  Luzon  men,  we  will  be  glad  to  send  them  to 
some  point  nearer  Manila  llian  Alhay. 

I  have  instructed  General  HurIks  to  make  all  necessary  arrangements  for  the  ship- 
ment of  the  Visayans  and  he  will  confer  with  any  officer  you  may  be  pleased  to  name 
in  regard  to  the  matter. 

General:  I  have  given  instructions  to  the  custodian  and  treasurer  o(  laiiilie  funds 
to  permit  any  committee  whom  you  may  appoint  to  examine  the  books  and  iccoids  of 
that  office  for  the  period  of  time  previous  to  Amerie.an  occupation  of  Manila. 

The  treasurer  will  be  pleased  to  show  you  exliiliits  of  tli.'  contents  of  the  safes  of  the 
treasury  as  reported  by  hoard  of  otlieers  ap|iointed  under  authoiity  from  these  head- 
quarters. The  safes  were  sealed  after  tliis  hoard  had  inventoried  tlie  contents  and  have 
not  since  been  opened. 

January  25,  1899. 
General  :  I  have  tlie  honor  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your  letter  of  the  24th 
instant,  and  in  reply  to  say  that  I  have  directed  the  captain  of  the  port  to  permit  the 
ladies,  children,  and  Mr.  Richard  Fernandez  and  his  assistant,  now  on  the  General  Alva, 
to  land.  I  have  also  directed  him  to  permit  the  officers  upon  that  vessel  to  visit  you  on 
official  business,  and  to  permit  a  small  party  to  land  daily  for  the  purpose  of  purchasing 
supplies. 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  457 

January  M,  IS'M. 

General:  I  have  the  honor  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your  letter  requesting- 
that  the  regimental  records,  books,  and  documoiits  belonging  to  the  Spanish  troops 
foimcrly  occupying  <'ertain  liariacks  in  this  riiy  be  iviurnedto  yon.  In  accordance 
with  your  request  I  will  instruct  llicprovosi  Mi:ir>hal  .i;i'ncial  to  turn  over  to  any  officer 
whom  youniay  name  to  recMvr  ilw  sun.'.  , -ill  iv,'.,i,ls  b,l,,iiging  to  Spanish  regiments 
which  are  in  the  possession  (,f  the  I  nited  Slates  uuthniilUs.  '^  ^  » 

It  should  be  remembered  that  at  the  time  Inited  Stat.s  ocinpation  of  the  city  com- 
menced a  great  deal  of  public  property  was  aliaadonrd  bv  the  Spanish  officials,  never 
having  been  turned  overunder  the  terms  ot  capitulation.  The  I'nited  States  authorities 
have  collected  and  preserved  all  such  property  in  so  far  as  it  was  possible  for  them  to 
do  so. 

Manila,  P.  I.,  J^Mmmrw  26,  7S.'y.'y. 
Brig.  Gen.  \  icente  Arizmendiz, 

Spanish  Army,  Manila,  P.  I. 
Sir  :  I  am  directed  by  the  military  governor  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your  letter 
of  the  21th  instant,  referring  to  a  commission  of  the  Spanish  armv  of  which  vou  had 
been  appointed  president  by  his  excellency  General  Diego  de  los  Rios,  Spanish  armv 
and  in  reply  to  say  that  he  has  not  yet  received  any  Information  a'^  to  th,-  terms  of  the 
treaty  of  peace  between  the  Governments  of  Spain  and  the  Unihd  stal.  -.  now  awaiting 
ratification,  and  that  he  is  not  therefore  at  this  time  prepared  to  eni.r  upon  the  subject 
of  the  tinal  disposition  of  Spanish  troops,  records,  funds,  and  property  under  the  control 
of  the  United  States  forces  in  the  Philippine  Islands. 

Very  respectfully,  C.  H.  Murray, 

Captain,  Fourth  U.  S.  Cavalry,  Aid. 

-,T.    T^       ,,  ^  „  Manila,  January  no,  1S99. 

His  Excellency  Diego  de  los  Rios  y  Nicalau, 

Division  General,  Sp((ni.sh  Army,  Manila,  P.  I. 
General  :  I  have  the  honor  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your  communication  of 
yesterday,  and  beg  to  reply  that  instructions  have  been  given  to  the  United  States  officer 
who  was  placed  in  supervisory  charge  of  the  building  containing  the  mint  to  give  the 
necessary  orders  to  enable  you  to  carry  out  your  expressed  wish. 

Very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant,  E.  S.  Otis, 

Major  General,  U.  8.  V.,  United  States  Military  Governor. 

January  31,  1>!9;). 
General:  Rei)lying  further  to  your  communication  of  the  17th  instant  to  that  por- 
tion of  the  same  wliieh  a^ks  that  "permission  be  given  foi-  tlie  \viiii.ira\\-al  o'i'evir\thin"- 
concerning  the  settlement  in  hand,  and  which  does  not  all'eet  ilie  treasury  of  tlu'esiali^ 
lishment,  properly  speaking,"  I  have  the  honor  to  state  that  1  liaye  r.ce'jye.l  as  vet  no 
instructions   from    the    I'nited  States  (ioyerii  irieiit   eonreini  ivi;   ihese   inalleis,   and  am 

awaiting  ratitication.  I  am.  tlierefore,  iiowerles,  to  aet  inull'i^la  iiilin"i\  iii'ilil'l  receive 
information  and  directions  from  Washingt.^i,  which  will  doubtless  be  furnished  me  as 
soon  as  the  proposed  treaty  receives  validity. 

In  the  mean  time  I  shall  be  glad  to  further  your  desires  in  every  way  in  so  far  as  I  am 
able,  and  it  will  be  possible  for  me  to  adopt  some  preliminary  measures,  subject  to 
future  contirmation.    *    *    * 

The  inference  may  be  drawn  from  the  tenor  of  the  foregoing  replies  to  the  written 
application  of  General  Rios,  that  time  was  sought  to  properly  meet  his  demands.  Time 
was  required  to  consider  fully  what  specific  action  was  necessary  to  guard  United  States 
interests  and  its  rights  under  the  treaty,  which  was  not  yet  of  validity,  not  having 
received  ratification.  But  it  was  also  deemed  inexpedient  to  enter  upon  any  course  of 
proceedings  which  should  embarrass  the  United  States  Government  in  case  the  pro- 
posed treaty  should  ultimately  fail  of  confirmation.  Not  until  January  31st  were  the 
preliminaries  of  any  decided  course  determined  upon,  except  in  so  far  as  the  repatria- 
tion of  prisoners  and  the  surrender  of  strictly  military  property  and  records  were  con- 
cerned. Then  a  board  of  officers  was  appointed  for  the  purpose  shown  in  Department 
orders  of  that  date,  which  reads  as  follows : 

4.  A  board  of  officers,  to  consist  of  Maj.  Charles  McOlure,  chief  paymaster  of  the 
department;  Maj.  C.  U.  Gantenbein,  Second  Oregon,  U.  S.  V.,  and  Second  Lieut  M  A 
Hildreth,  First  North  Dakota,  U.  S.  V.,  is  hereby  appointed  to  meet  and  confer  with  a 
committee  named  by  his  excellency  Division  General  Diego  de  los  Rios  y  Nicalau  Span- 
ish army,  for  the  purpose,  as  stated,  "of  clearing  the  accounts  of  the  Spanish  Gov- 
ernment in  the  1  iilippines."  The  board  will  determine  upon  some  definite  course  of 
procedure  by  which  the  Spanish  committee  can  have  access  to  all  records  and  documents 
no\y  111  pos.session  ot  the  Lnited  States  authorities  which  it  may  desire  to  consult,  and 
will  arrange  therefor.    No  property  or  records  can  be  delivered  until  the  proyMsed  treaty 


458  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

receives  validity  tliroush  ratitication,  and  tlio  board  will  continue  its  sessions  antici pa- 
tnm  that  event  whon  <T.tinit<.  in>^tru,-ti.. us  looking  t<.a  settlement  of  public  affairs,  j  udi- 
ciafindexecuti%V  •  .  iM.ronv.vrrt.  Thr  iMKud  will  ascertain  fully  the  desires  of  the 
comn^ttlels  to  the  na.u.v  and  iuH  cxtct  .,i  Us  desired  action  and  give  it  every  puss,- 
ble  facility  consistent  with  the  present  status  ol  atiairs. 

On  January  31st  two  hundred  and  one  commissioned  otflcers  and  two  thousand  five 
hundred  and  forty-one  enlisted  men,  prisoners  of  war,  and  about  two  hundred  sick  offi- 
cers, also  prisoners,  who  departed  individually  under  privileges  specially  granted,  had 
sailed  for  Spain.  Several  thousand  remained  within  the  walled  town,  whose  probable 
conduct  in  the  event  of  serious  disturbances  within  the  city  was  the  subject  of  much 
speculative  discussion. 

From  August,  1898,  to  the  time  the  treaty  of  Paris  came  from  the  representatives  of 
the  contracting  Governments,  the   insurgents  had  maintained  their   military    lines 
around  Manila  on  the  plea  that  they  desired  to  be  prepared  to  meet  the  soldiers  of  Spain, 
should  she  return  to  her  late  possessions.    As  soon  as  the  result  of  the  treaty  negotia- 
tions became  known,  the  dishonesty  of  that  plea  became  fully  apparent.    Then  the  crisis 
in  the  insurgent  government  was  at  hand.    Aguinaldo  and  his  able  adviser,  Mabini,  the 
man  who  had  furnished  the  brains  for  the  radical  element  and  who,  in  fact,  was  the 
government,  proposed  to  transfer  the  declaration  of  open  hostilities  from  Spain  to  tlie 
United  States.    This  the  conservative  members  of  the  cabinet  and  congress  would  not 
countenance,  and  the  result  was  their  withdrawal.    Mabini  was  able  to  form  a  new  cab- 
inet with  himself  as  dictator,  and  to  dominate  the  remaining  members  of  congress. 
Independence  was  the  cry  and  the  extermination  of  the  Americans  the  determination. 
They  sought  an  excuse  to  inaugurate  hostilities,  but  the  United  States  had  kept  strictly 
within  its  legal  rights  and  had  simply  performed  its  international  obligations.    Repeated 
efforts  were  made  to  secure  some  mark  of  recognition  for  their  government  from  the 
American  authorities,  some  of  which  appeared  to  be  quite  cunningly  devised.    I  was 
addressed  by  so-called  ministers  of  state  on  diplomatic  subjects,  and  was  visited  by 
accredited  members  of  the  Malolos  government.    The  various  foreign  consuls  resident 
in  Manila  were  officially  informed  by  this  government  of  its  proceedings  and  furnished 
with  copies  of  its  so-called  decrees.    Never  since  the  time  Aguinaldo  returned  to  Cavite 
in  May  of  1898  and  placed  himself  under  the  masterful  spirit  of  Mabini  had  he  the 
slightest  intention  to  accept  the  kind  offices  and  assistance  of  the  United  States,  except 
as  they'might  be  employed  to  hold  Spain  throttled  while  he  worked  the  scheme  of  self- 
aggrandizement.    His  success  was  not  in  the  least  astonishing,  as  after  the  various 
islands  had  driven  out  the  few  remaining  and  discouraged  soldiers  of  their  openly 
declared  enemy,  they  naturally  turned  to  Luzon  for  some  form  of  central  government, 
the  islands  of  the  south  being  well  aware  of  their  inability  to  maintain  successful  sepa- 
rate and  distinct  political  establishments.    The  crude  one  in  process  of  formation  in 
central  Luzon  offered  itself  through  its  visiting  agents  and  was  accepted  in  part  (not- 
withstanding race  animosities  and  divergent  business  interests)  and  very   probably 
because  no  other  alternative  offered.    The  eight  months  of  opportunity  given  the  ambi- 
tious Tagalo  by  the  hold  on  Spain  which  the  United  States  maintained  was  sufficient 
also  for  him  to  send  his  troops  and  designing  men  into  the  distant  provinces  and  hold 
the  unarmed  natives  in  subjection  while  he  imposed  military  authority,  and  thus  in 
December,  1898,  we  find  in  northern  and  southeastern  Luzon,  in  Mindoro,  Samar,  Leyte, 
Panay,  and  even  on  the  coast  of  Mindanao  and  in  some  of  the  smaller  islands,  the 
aggressive  Tagalo,  present  in    person,  and  whether  civilian  or   soldier,   supreme   in 
authority.    Tlie  success  which  attended  the  political  efforts  of  Aguinaldo  and  his  close 
associates,  and  gave  them  such  sudden  and  unexpected  power  was  not  calculated  to 
induce  them  to  accept  subordinate  positions  in  a  reestablished  government,  and  the 
original  premeditated  intention  to  control  supremely  at  least  a  portion  of  the  Filipino 
people  had  become  firmly  fixed.    The  cry  for  liberty  and  independence  (really  license 
and  despotism  under  their  governing  methods)  and  the  vile  aspersions  of  the  motives 
of  the  United  States,  which  they  have  widely  circulated,  have  served  them  to  stir  up 
distrust  and  fear  of  the  American  among  the  people  to  a  considerable  extent,  especially 
those  of  Tagalo  origin.    The  charge  which  they  continually  brought,  until  December 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAlt.  459 

last,  that  the  United  States  administration  in  power  intended  to  restore  the  islands  to 
Spain,  which  until  then  was  the  chief  cause  of  discontent  and  excitement.,  and  in  the 
asserted  truth  and  ciiculation  of  which  they  were  greatly  assisted  by  the  Spanish,  resi- 
dent and  representative,  fell  tlat  when  the  result  of  the  labors  of  the  Paris  treaty  com- 
missions became  known.  Then  the  pretext  that  the  United  States  was  about  to  substi- 
tute itself  for  Spain,  continuing  all  her  former  governing  abuses,  including  the  imposed 
authority  of  the  hated  friar,  was  resorted  to  and  had  its  effect  on  the  ignorant  masses. 
Whatever  action  the  United  States  might  now  take,  except  to  immediately  withdraw 
its  authority  and  subject  the  people  to  anarchj'  and  the  European  vast  property  inter- 
ests in  these  islands  to  destruction,  could  be  so  tortured  as  to  support  this  pretext.  It 
was  eagerly  waited  for  by  the  now  irresponsible  band  of  conspirators  at  Malolos,  few  of 
whom  had  anything  to  lose  and  everything  to  gain  by  inciting  hostility.  The  United 
States  proclamation  issued  on  the  4th  of  January  offered  them  the  first  opportunity 
and  was  the  opportunity  which  they  desired.  No  sooner  was  it  published  than  it 
brought  out  a  virtual  declaration  of  war  from,  in  this  instance  at  least,  the  wretchedly 
advised  President  Aguinaldo,  who,  on  January  5th,  issued  the  following : 

The  government  of  the  Philippines  has  considered  it  its  duty  to  set  forth  to  the  civi- 
li/.ed  [MiwiTs  the  fiMis  ilrhTiniiiiiisj,-  tho  rui)ture  of  its  amicable  roUitions  with  the  Army 
of  thr  1  iiitcd  skii.'s  (if  AiiiiTi,  :i  in  1  licsc  islands,  to  the  end  that  tln'v  inn  v  t  liereby  reach 

thiM vK-iKiii  th:ii  !,  loriiiy  I'liri,  \\:i\,-  done  everything  possible  to  avoid  it,  although 

at  till'  i-dst  (if  many  rights  uselessly  sacriticed. 

After  the  naval  combat,  which  occurred  on  May  1st  of  last  year,  between  the  Spanish 
squadron  and  that  of  America,  the  commander  of  the  latter  consented  to  my  return 
from  Hongkong  to  this  beloved  soil,  and  he  distributed  among  the  Filipinos  some  rilles 
found  in  the  arsenal  at  Cavite,  doubtless  with  the  intention  of  reestablishing  the  revo- 
lution, somewhat  quieted  by  the  convention  of  Biac-na-bato,  in  order  to  have  the  Fili- 
pinos on  his  side. 

The  people,  intluenced  by  the  declaration  of  war  between  the  United  States  and 
Spain,  understood  the  necessity  of  tishtine:  for  their  libertv,  feeling  sure  that  Spain 
would  be  destroyed  and  rendeved  i  iicapalile  dfleadin^,'  them  along  the  road  to  prosperity 
and  progress.  The  Filipin.is  iiaile.l  my  advent  with  Joy,  and  I  had  the  honor  of  being 
proclaimed  leader  on  acei Hint  ot  i  lie  services  which  1  had  rendered  in  the  former  revo- 
lution. 

Then  all  the  Filipinos  without  distinction  of  classes  took  arms,  and  every  province 
hastened  to  expel  fi-om  its  frontiers  the  Spanish  forces.  This  is  the  explanation  of  the 
fad  that,  after  the  lapse  of  so  short  a  period  of  time,  my  government  rules  the  whole  of 
Luzon,  the  Visaya  Islands,  and  a  part  of  Mindanao. 

Although  the  North  Americans  took  no  part  in  these  military  operations,  which  cost 
no  little  blood  and  gold,  my  government  does  not  disavow  the  tact  that  the  destruction 
of  the  Sjianish  s(|uadron  and  the  uift  ot  some  rifies  from  the  arsenal  to  my  )^oolllo  influ- 
enced the  iiroyress  of  (iiir  arms  lo  some  extent.  It  was  also  taken  f'oi  m-a"iited  that  the 
American  foices  wouhl  iKcessarily  sympathize  with  the  revelntioii  whiidi  llie\-  had 
mana,n(ii  lo  encourage,  and  wliich  had  saved  them  much  blood  and  t;i-eat  liardships; 
and,  abo\e  all,  we  entertained  absolute  confidence  in  the  history  and  traditions  of  a 
people  which  fought  for  its  independence  and  for  tlie  abolition  ofslavery,  which  posed 
as  the  champion  liberator  of  oppressed  peoples;  we  felt  ourselves  under  the  safeguard 
of  a  free  people. 

The  Americans,  seeint,^  the  friendly  disposition  of  the  Fdipiiio  people,  disembarked 
forces  at  the  lown  ot  Paranaiine  and  took  uji  positions  all  aloiii:  the  line  occiipied  hvmy 
troops,  as  far  as  M  -y  luliiij,  takiim  possession  of  manv  Ireiiclies  oecnpied  liv  mv  people 
by  theemiiloyiiieni  of  astuteness,  not  iinaccomiiaiiied  by  violence.  They  lVa-ce(:i  a  capit- 
ulation on  the  garrison  of  Manila,  which,  inasmuch  as  it  was  invested  bv  my  troops, 
was  comiielled  to  surrender  at  the  first  attack.  In  this  I  took  a  very  active  part 
although  I  was  not  notified,  my  forces  reaching  as  far  as  the  suburbs  of  Malate,  Ermita' 
Paco,  Sampaloc,  ;ind  Tondo. 

Notwithstandinjr  these  services,  and  altliough  the  Spaniards  would  not  have  surren- 
deriMl  lint  lor  the  tact  that  my  troops  had  closed  every  avenue  of  escape  to  the  towns  of 
the  inlerioi-,  tlie  American  generals  not  only  ignored  me  entirely  in  the  .stipulations  for 
capitulation,  hut  also  re(iuested  that  jay  forces  should  retire  from  the  port  of  Cavite  and 
the  siitiurbs  of  Manila. 

I  represented  to  the  American  generals  the  injustice  done  me,  and  requested  in 
friendly  terms  that  they  should  at  least  expressly  recognize  my  cooperation,  but  they 
utterly  declined  to  do  so.  Nevertheless,  being  alwa\'s  desirous  of  showing  friendliness 
and  good  feeling  toward  those  who  called  themselves  liberators  of  the  Philippine  people 
I  ordered  my  troops  to  evacuate  the  port  of  Cavite  and  the  sulmrbs  of  Ermita,  Malate' 
Sampaloc,  and  Tondo,  retaining  only  a  portion  of  tiie  siibiirh  of  Paco. 

In  spite  of  these  concessions,  not  many  days  passed  before  Admiral  Dewey,  without 
any  reason  whatever,  arrested  our  steam  lauiKdies  which  had  been  plying  in  the  bay  of 
Manila  with  his  express  consent.  Almost  at  the  same  time  I  received  a  letter  from 
(Jeneral  Otis,  commander  of  the  American  army  of  occupation,  demanding  that  I 
should  withdraw  my  forces  beyond  the  lines  of  a  map  which  he  also  sent  me,  and  which 
showed  within  the  lines  the  town  of  Pandacan  and  the  hamlet  of  Singalong,  which 
never  have  belonged  to  the  municipal  area  of  Manila  and  its  suburbs. 

In  view  of  this  unjustifiable  attitude  of  both  American  leaders,  I  summoned  a  coun- 
cil of  my  generals  and  asked  the  advice  of  my  cabinet,  and  in  conformity  with  the 


460  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

opinion  of  both  bodies  I  named  commissioners,  wlio  placed  themselves  in  communica- 
tion with  these  Americans.  Although  Admiial  Dewey  received  in  an  iiixilcnt  manner 
and  with  aggressive  phrases  my  cninniissiontrs,  whom  he  did  not  ixiniit  tw  -prtik,  I 
yielded  to  the  friendly  suggestions  of  (it  in  ral  <  )tis,  withdrawingmy  fon-i-  to  t)ic  desired 
line  for  the  purpose  of  avoiding  contact  with  his  troops.  This  gave  rise  to  many  misun- 
derstandings, but  I  hoped  that  once  the  Paris  conference  was  at  an  end  my  people  would 
obtain  the  independence  promised  them  by  the  consul  general  in  Singapore,  Mr.  Pratt, 
and  that  the  friendship  formerly  assured  and  proclaimed  in  manifestoes  and  speeches 
would  be  established  by  the  American  generals  who  have  reached  these  shores. 

But  it  did  not  turn  out  thus.  The  .said  generals  accepted  my  conce.ssions  in  favor  of 
peace  and  friendship  as  indications  of  weakness.  Thus  it  is  that,  with  rising  ambition, 
they  ordered  forces  to  Iloilo  on  December  26th,  with  the  purpose  of  acquiring  for  them- 
selves the  title  of  conquerors  of  that  portion  of  the  Philippine  Islands  occupied  by  my 
government. 

Such  procedure,  so  foreign  to  the  dictates  of  culture  and  the  usages  observed  by  civi- 
lized nations,  gave  me  the  right  to  act  without  observing  the  usual  rules  of  intercourse. 
Nevertheless,  in  order  to  be  correct  to  the  end,  I  sent  to  General  Otis  commis.sioners 
charged  to  solicit  him  to  desist  from  his  rash  enterprise,  but  they  were  not  listened  to. 

My  government  can  not  remain  iudilterent  in  view  of  such  a  violent  and  aggres.sive 
seizure  of  a  portion  of  its  territory  by  a  nation  which  has  arrogated  to  itself  the  title, 
champion  of  oppressed  nations.  Thus  it  is  that  my  government  is  disposed  to  open 
hostilities  if  the  American  troops  attempt  to  take  forcible  possession  of  the  Visaya 
Islands.  I  denounce  these  acts  before  the  world,  in  order  that  the  conscience  of  man- 
kind may  pronounce  its  infallible  verdict  as  to  who  are  the  true  oppressors  of  nations 
and  the  tormentors  of  human  kind. 

Upon  their  heads  be  all  the  blood  which  may  be  shed.  Emilio  Aguixaldo. 

Malolos,  January  5,  ISit;/. 

A  number  of  copies  of  this  unfortunate  declaration  were  speedily  sent  out  for  circu- 
lation among  the  people,  when  an  eflort  was  made  to  recall  them  and  substitute  an 
amended  edition,  but  a  few  had  found  their  way  to  Manila  and  were  eagerly  sought 
after  by  the  citizens.  That  evening  the  insurgent  newspaper,  entitled  The  Herald  of  the 
Revolution,  published  a  supplement  in  which  the  following  appeared : 

OFFICIAL  MANIFESTO  OF  THE  PRESIDENT  OF  THE  KEVOLUTIONARY  GOVERNMENT  ! 

To  my  Brothers,  the  Filipinos,  and  to  All  Respectable  Consuls  and  Other  Foreigners: 

A  proclamation  of  Mr.  E.  S.  Otis,  major  general  of  the  United  States  Volunteers, 
appeared  in  Manila  papers  vesterday,  compelled  me  to  issue  the  present,  with  a  view 
to  expose  to  all  who  read  and  understand  the  present  document  my  most  solemn  pro- 
test against  the  whole  contents  of  the  said  proclamation,  the  duties  of  my  conscience 
toward  God,  my  political  compromises  toward  my  beloved  people,  and  my  private  and 
official  relationship  with  the  United  States  nation,  all  of  which  forced  me  to  do  so. 

The  General  Otis  called  himself  in  the  said  proclamation  military  governor  of  the  Phil- 
ippine Islands.  I  protest  one  and  a  thousand  times,  with  all  the  energy  of  my  soul, 
against  such  authority. 

I  solemnlv  declare  that  neither  at  Singapore,  Hongkong,  nor  here  in  the  Philippines 
did  I  ever  agree,  bv  word  or  in  writing,  to  recognize  the  sovereignty  of  America  in  this 
our  lovely  country.  On  the  contrary,  I  declare  that  I  returned  to  these  islands,  trans- 
ported by  the  United  SUites  man-of-war,  on  the  19th  of  May  last,  with  the  decided  and 
fli-m  intention  to  fight  the  Spaniards  in  order  to  reconquer  our  liberty  and  independ- 
ence. I  have  thus  declared  in  my  official  proclamation  dated  May  24th,  and  I  have  like- 
wise published  in  a  manifest  addressed  to  the  Filipino  people  on  the  12th  of  June  last, 
when  in  my  native  village  of  Kawil,  I  exhibited  for  the  first  time  our  holy  national  flag 
as  a  sacred'ejublem  of  that  sublime  aspiration,  and  finally,  .so  it  was  confirmed  by  the 
American  general,  Mr.  Merritt,  antecessor  of  Mr.  E.  S.  Otis,  in  the  manifest  which  he 
addressed  to  the  Filipino  people  days  before  he  intimateU  the  Spanish  general,  Mr. 
Jaudenes,  the  surrender  of  the  city  of  Manila,  in  which  manifest  he  clearly  and  posi- 
tivelv  said  that  the  army  and  navy  of  the  United  States  came  here  to  give  us  our  liberty 
and  destrov  the  bad  rule  of  the  Spanish  Government.  To  say  all  at  a  time,  nationals 
and  foreigners  are  witnesses  that  the  army  and  navy  of  the  United  States  stationed 
here  have  acknowledged  the  fact  of  the  belligerency  of  the  Filipinos,  who.se  flag  has 
triumphantly  crossed  our  seas  before  the  eyes  of  the  foreign  nations  here  represented 
by  their  i-espective  consuls. 

As  in  General  Otis's  proclamation  he  alluded  to  some  instructions  edited  by  His 
Excellencv  the  President  of  the  United  States,  referring  to  the  administration  of  the 
matters  iii  the  Philippine  Islands,  I,  in  the  name  of  God,  the  root  and  fountain  of  all 
j  ustice,  and  that  all  of  the  right  which  has  been  visibly  granted  to  me  t<3  direct  my  dear 
brothers  in  the  difficult  work  of  our  regeneration,  protest  most  solemnly  against  this 
intrusion  of  the  United  States  Government  on  the  sovereignty  of  these  islands. 

I  equallv  protest  in  the  name  of  the  Filipino  people  against  the  said  intrusion, 
because  as  "they  have  granted  their  vote  of  confidence  appointing  me  president  of  the 
nation,  although  I  don't  consider  that  I  deserve  such,  therefore  I  consider  it  my  duty  to 
defend  to  death  its  liberty  arid  indenendence. 

Fiuallv,  I  protest  against  such  ah  unexpected  act  of  sovereignty  of  the  United  States 
in  these  islands,  in  the  name  of  all  the  proceedings  which  I  have  in  my  possession  with 
regard  to  my  relationship  with  the  United  States  authorities,  which  unmistakably  prove 
that  the  United  States  did  not  take  me  from  Hongkong  to  fight  the  Spaniards  for  their 
benefit,  but  for  the  benefit  of  our  liberty  and  independence,  for  which  purpose  the  said 
authorities  verbally  promLsed  me  their  most  decided  assistance  and  efficacious  coopera- 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  4()1 

tion  ;  and  so  should  yon  all  my  dear  brothers  understand,  in  order  that  we  may  united 
act  according  to  the  idea  of  our  liberty  and  independence,  which  wore  our  most  noble 
desires,  and  assist  with  your  work  to  obtain  our  aim  with  the  strength  which  our  old 
conviction  may  afford  and  must  not  go  back  in  the  way  of  glory  which  we  have  obtained. 

The  unmistakable  intention  of  Aguinaldo,  as  shown  in  these  proclamations,  taken  in 
connection  with  the  well  known  fact  that  what  remains  of  his  congress  was  subservient 
to  Mabini's  dictation,  was  ample  notice  to  the  troops  to  prepare  for  hostile  demonstra- 
tions on  the  part  of  the  insurgent  army.  Greater  precautionary  measures  were  directed 
and  taken  in  the  way  of  redistributing  organizations  throughout  the  city,  in  advancing 
and  strengthening  (though  still  far  within  our  own  mutually  conceded  military  lines) 
our  posts  of  observation,  and  for  the  quick  response  of  the  men  if  summoned  for  defen- 
sive action.  Otherwise  no  change  in  the  conduct,  condition,  or  temper  of  the  troops  was 
observable.  So  quietly  were  these  precautions  effected  that  Filipino  citizens,  noticing 
the  apparent  indifference  of  our  men,  warned  me  repeatedly  of  the  danger  to  be  appre- 
hended from  a  sudden  simultaneous  attack  of  the  insurgents  within  and  without  the 
city,  and  were  quietly  informed  that  we  did  not  anticipate  any  great  difficulty.  Another 
very  noticeable  proof  of  premeditated  intent  on  the  part  of  the  insurgents  was  preceived 
in  the  excitement  manifested  by  the  natives  and  their  removal  in  large  numbers  from 
the  city.  All  avenues  of  exit  were  tilled  with  vehicles  transporting  families  and  house- 
hold effects  to  surrounding  villages.  The  railway  properties  were  taxed  to  their  utmost 
capacity  in  carrying  the  fleeing  inhabitants  to  the  north  within  the  protection  of  the 
established  insurgent  military  lines.  Aguinaldo,  by  written  communications  and  mes- 
sages, invited  his  old-time  friends  to  send  their  families  to  Malolos,  where  their  safety 
was  assured,  but  Hongkong  was  considered  a  more  secure  retreat  and  was  taken  advan- 
tage of.  A  carefully  prepared  estimate  showed  that  forty  thousand  of  the  inhabitants 
of  the  city  departed  within  the  period  of  fifteen  days. 

Early  in  the  month  I  had  cabled  the  authorities  at  Washington  that  open  hostilities 
at  Iloilo  meant  war  throughout  the  islands,  and  that  I  had  cautioned  General  Miller 
and  the  troops  at  Iloilo  Harbor;  and  on  the  9th  instant  I  received  a  joint  dispatch 
signed  by  the  Secretaries  of  the  Army  and  Navy  and  addressed  to  Admiral  Dewey  and 
myself,  conveying  the  instructions  and  suggestions  of  the  President,  which  were  in  part 
as  follows  : 

Am  most  desirous  that  contlict  he  ;i\<>irto<l.  Ynuv  sliitemcnt  Miat  a  conllictat  Iloilo 
or  at  any  other  southern  ports  means  unr  in  :ill  the  islaniN  increases  that  desire.  Such 
conflict  would  be  most  iiiiruitiiiiate  <•<  msiileii  n-  ilie  preMiii,  and  might  have  results 
unfavorably  affectin.i;  Ihe  iiiimv.  (ila.l  you  did  ii,,i  i.einiii  Mille,-  t,,  bring  on  hostili- 
ties. Time  given  the  iiisur-:ents  can  noi  injure  us,  and  uiusi  weaken  and  discourage 
tliem.  They  will  see  oin-  Ii.u.n  .dent  purposes  and  recognize  Ihat  l,el'oie  we  can  give 
them  good  government  our  sovereignty  must  be  conceded  and  unquestioned.  Tact'and 
kindness  most  essential  al  tliis  (ime.  *  *  *  We  accepted  the  Pliiliiiiiines  from  high 
duly  in  the  interesls  of  tlnir  inlialiitanis  and  for  linuiaMit  v  and  civilization.  Our  sac- 
rltices  were  made  witli  this  humane  uioli\.'.  W<'  d.'siiv  lo  I'lni.rove  I  he  condition  of  the 
inlialiitants,  se(diiuu  Ih.'ir  pea.'e,  liherly.and  pursuil  .,f  i  lieir  liigliesl  u'ood.  *  *  *  Will 
send  couiniission.'rs  11- you  I  hink  des: i-ahle  h.  c.  ».|.erale  wi!  Ii  you  hoth  in  vour  delicate 
task.  They  can  not  leaA-e  hei-e  for  two  w<-eks  or  reacdi  Manila  tor  two  months.  *  *  *  If 
possible  to  hasti-n  repatrialion  of  SpaiMsli  soldiers  liefore  Ihe  I  ivalv  is  ratified  it  will  be 
done.  *  *  *  Hope  good  eouns.d  will  prevail  aniouK  ilie  inhabitants  and  that  you  will 
find  means  to  avoid  bloodshed  and  rest(jre  tramiuillity  to  thai  unhappy  island.  How 
is  the  health  of  Miller's  command  ? 

When  this  dispatch  was  shown  Admiral  Dewey  he  immediately  rennirked  that  he 
had  recommended  a  commission,  and  desiring  to  be  in  accord  with  him  I  cabled  as  fol- 
lows : 

Manila,  P.  I.,  Jananri/ 10,  is'.ni. 
Adjutant  Genekai-,  Wnnhington. 

Have  conferred  with  Admiral  Dewey.  We  think  commissioners  of  tact  and  discre- 
tion could  do  excellent  work  here.  Great  dilticulty  is  that  leaders  can  not  control  igno- 
rant classes.    Health  of  Miller's  coinmand  good. 

I  also  cabled : 

Our  troops  well  in  hand  and  confident  that  we  can  meet  emergencies.  Long  confer- 
ence last  night  and  concessions  asked,  but  insurgents  have  no  definite  idea  of  what  they 
want.  Further  conference  to  be  held.  If  peace  kept  for  few  days  more  immediate  danger 
will  have  passed. 

The  injunctions  of  His  Excellency  the  President  of  the  United  States  to  exert  our- 


462  OREGON    volunteers'   in    SPANISH    WAR. 

selves  to  preserve  the  peace  had  an  excellent  effect  upon  the  command.  Officers  and 
men,  confident  of  their  ability  to  successfully  meet  the  declared  enemy,  were  restless 
under  the  restraints  which  had  been  imposed  and  were  eager  to  avenge  the  insults 
received.  Now  they  submit  very  quietly  to  the  taunts  and  aggressive  demonstrations 
of  members  of  the  insurgent  army  who  continue  to  throng  the  streets  of  the  business 
portions  of  the  city. 

Subsequent  to  January  5th,  and  before  the  President's  message  had  been  received,  I 
was  approached  by  influential  Filipino  gentlemen  (through  an  agent,  an  American 
citizen,  they  fearing  tliat  their  individual  safety  would  be  endangered  should  they  call 
in  person,)  who  expressed  a  strong  desire  for  continued  peace  and  an  harmonious  settle- 
ment of  difficulties.  Thej^  asked  me  to  appoint  a  commission  which  could  confer  with 
one  to  be  appointed  by  the  Malolos  government,  with  a  view  to  working  out  a  plan  for 
the  adjustment  of  the  conflicting  political  interests  of  the  parties  concerned.  Reply 
was  made  that  the  so-called  Malolos  government  could  not  be  officially  recognized  by 
word  or  act,  but  that  I  would  gladly  call  a  board  of  officers  to  confer  M-ith  one  which 
General  Aguinaldo  might  appoint.  The  gentlemen  made  two  or  three  hurried  trips  to 
Malolos,  and  on  .lanuary  9th  I  received  the  following  communication  : 

MAL0L08,  Jdnuary  9,  ISU'j. 
Maj.  Gen.  E.  S.  Otis, 

General  of  the  American  Forces  of  Occupation  in  Manila. 

General:  I  have  been  informed  after  the  interview  betweeu  the  commissioners  of 
my  government  and  Mr.  Carman  that  there  will  be  no  inconvenience  on  your  part  in 
naming,  as  commanding  general,  representatives  that  will  confer  with  those  whom  I 
will  name  for  the  same  object. 

Although  it  not  being  explained  to  me  the  reason  why  you  could  not  treat  with  the 
commissioners  of  mj-  government,  I  have  the  faculty  for  doing  the  same  with  those  of 
the  commanding  general,  "who  can  not  be  recognized."  Nevertheless,  for  the  .sake  of 
peace,  I  have  considered  it  advisable  to  name,  as  "commanding  general,"  a  commission 
composed  of  the  following  gentlemen:  Mr.  Florentino  Flores,  Eufrasio  Flores,  and 
Manuel  Arguelles,  that  they  may  together  represent  me  and  arrive  at  an  accord  with 
those  whom  you  will  name,  with  the  object  of  using  such  methods  as  will  normalize  the 
actual  situation  created  by  the  attitude  of  your  Government  and  troops. 

If  you  will  deign  to  attend  to  said  commissioners  and  through  these  methods  come  to 
some  understanding,  "if  only  temporary,"  that  will  insure  the  peace  and  harmony 
among  ourselves,  the  Filipino  public  would  reach  a  grateful  glory. 

I  am  yours.  General,  with  the  highest  consideration,  your  most  respected  servant, 

Emilio  Aguinaldo. 

Reply  was  at  once  made  to  Aguinaldo's  peculiar  letter,  and  was  expressed  in  the 
following  terms: 

Headquarters  Department  Pacific  and  Eighth  Army  Corps, 

Manila,  P.  I.,  Januarys,  1S99. 
General  Emilio  Aguinaldo, 

Commandinff  Revolutionary  Forces,  Malolos,  P.  I. 

General:  I  have  the  honor  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your  communication  of 
to-day,  and  am  much  plea.sed  at  the  action  you  have  taken.  I  greatly  regret  that  you 
have  not  a  clear  understanding  of  my  pDsition  and  motives,  and  trust  that  my  explana- 
tion, assisted  by  the  conference  I  have  invited,  will  make  them  clear  to  you. 

In  my  official  capacity  I  am  merely  the  agent  of  the  United  States  Government  to 
conduct  its  affairs  under  the  limits  which  its  constitution,  laws,  precedents,  and  specific 
instructions  prescribe.  I  have  not  the  authority  to  recognize" any  national  or  civil 
power  not  already  formally  recognized  by  my  Government,  unless  specially  authorized 
to  do  so  by  the  instructions  of  the  Executive  of  the  United  States.  For  this  reason  I 
was  unable  to  receive  officially  the  representatives  of  the  revolutionary  government, 
and  endeavored  to  make  that  inability  clear  to  the  distinguished  gentlemen  with  whom 
I  had  the  pleasure  to  converse  a  few  evenings  since.  You  will  bear  witness  that  my 
course  throughout  my  entire  official  connection  with  atfairs  here  has  been  consistent, 
and  it  has  pained  me" that  I  have  not  been  able  to  receive  and  answ(-r  communications 
of  the  cabinet  officers  of  the  government  at  Malolos,  fearing  that  I  might  be  erroneously 
charged  with  lack  of  courtesy. 

Permit  me  now,  briefly.  General,  to  speak  of  the  serious  misunderstanding  whicli 
exists  between  tine  Filipino  people  and  the  representatives  of  the  United  States  Govern- 
ment, and  which  I  hop..'  lliat  our  commissionei's,  by  a  thorough  discussion,  may  be  able 
to  dispel.  I  sinct!'  1  i.  ii  x  c  that  all  desire  peace  and  harmony,  and  yet  by  the  macln- 
uations  of  evil-dis;  ii-;  we  have  been  influenced  to  think  that  we  occupy  the 

position  of  adver-  -  li  Filipinos  appear  to  believe  that  we  meditate  attack,  while 
lam  underthesiii  I  id,  i~  oi  the  President  of  the  United  States  to  avoid  conflict  in 
every  way  possible.  My  troops,  witnessing  the  earnestness,  the  comparatively  disturbed 
and  "unfriendly  attitudeof  the  revolutionary  troops,  and  many  of  thecitizens  of  Manila, 
conclude  that  active  hostilities  have  been  determined  upon,  althougli  it  must  be  clearly 
within  the  comprehension  of  unprejudiced  and  reflecting  minds  that  the  welfare  and 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  463 

happiness  of  the  Filipino  people  depends  upon  the  friendly  protection  of  the  United 
States.  The  hand  of  Spain  was  forced,  and  she  has  acknowledged  betore  the  whole 
world  that  all  her  claimed  rishts  in  this  country  have  departed  by  due  process  of  law. 

This  treaty  acknowle.l-menl,  will,  the  coiuliti..nswhi<;h  aecomi.niy  it,  awaits  ratifica- 
tion by  the  Senate  nf  the  IniUMl  States;  and  th.^  a.'ti.m  nt  ,1s  i  .;n-n;<s  nuist^  also  be 
secured  before  the  Kxe.-ulive  of  iha!  (iuvernmenl  ean   iMurlnini  a  (blii.i  le  poliev.     f  hat 


policy  must  coiit 


I'nited  Stales  .■xprcssed  Ihroiifrh  its 


renresentatives  in  Congress.  iM.i'tlni!  action  the  Filipino  penple  sleuil.l  \v:u(,n  least. 
before  severing  the  existing  IVien.lly  i  ela  lions.  I  am  governwl  by  a  de.-in;  to  iiiri  h.r  tin' 
interests  of  the  Filipino  peopl.-and  .Miall  continue  to  labor  w'tli  Hiai  end  in  view,  liieie 
shall  be  no  conflict  of  forces  if  1  am  able  to  avoid  it ;  and  still  1  shall  endeavor  to  luaiii- 
tain  a  position  to  meet  all  emergencies  that  may  arise.  ,    .     ■,■     ^ 

Permit  me  to  subscribe  myself,  General,  with  the  highest  respect,  your  most  obedient 

'^'■^'"'*'  B.  S.  OTIS, 

Major  General,  U.  8.  V.,  Commanding. 

The  following  order  calling  aboard  was  thereupon  issued,  and  the  president  of  the 
same  was  directed  to  arrange  for  a  meeting  with  the  commission  appointed  by  Agui- 
ualdo  as  soon  as  practicable : 

Special  Orders,  1  Headuuarters  Department  Pacific 

No.  9.  J  AND  Eighth  Army  Corps, 

Manila,  P.  I.,  January  9,  1S9S. 
[Extract.] 

S.  Brig.  Gen.  R.  P.  Hughes,  U.  S.  V.,  Col.  .Tames  F.  Smith,  First  California  Volunteers, 
Lieut.  Col.  E.  H.  Crowder,  Judge  Advocate,  U.  S.  Volunteers,  a,re  hereby  aiipomted  a 
commission  to  meet  a  commission  of  like  number  appointed  by  General  Aguinaldo,  and 
to  confer  with  regard  to  the  situation  of  aftairs,  and  to  arrive  at  a  mutual  understand- 
ing of  the  intent,  purposes,  aim,  and  desires  of  the  Filipino  people  and  the  jieople  ol  the 
United  States,  that  peace  and  harmonious  relations  between  these  respective  peoples 
inav  bt' cnntiiuied.  ,„  ^^    „ 

i',y  coniinand  of  Major  General  Otis.  Thomas  H.  Barry, 

Assistant  Adjutant  General. 

The  representative  boards  engaged  in  joint  conference  on  the  evening  of  the  day  the 
order  was  issued,  and  had  repeated  and  prolonged  evening  sessions,  sometimes  extend- 
ing far  into  the  night.  Minutes  of  proceedings  were  kept  and  submitted,  and  the 
various  extended  arguments  indulged  in  were  duly  reported  to  me  after  the  adjourn- 
ment of  each  special  session.  The  board  representing  the  insurgent  interests  could  not 
give  any  sati.sfactory  explanation  of  the  qualirted  sovereignty,  measure  of  protection, 
or  specific  autonomy  which  it  thought  should  be  vested  in  or  enjoyed  by  the  respective 
governments,  nor  present  any  practical  plan  for  the  solution  of  the  vexed  political  prob- 
lems which  constantly  arose  in  the  progress  of  the  discussion.  It  conceded  the  fact  that 
the  protection  of  the  United  States  was  essential  to  the  welfare  and  integrity  of  the 
islands,  but  could  not  determine  how  that  protection  should  be  applied ;  certainly  not 
to  the  extent  of  interference  with  internal  affairs  further  than  the  collection  of  customs, 
possibly,  from  which  source  the  United  States  might  receive  a  compensation  for  the  pro- 
tection furnished.  They  begged  for  some  tangible  concession  from  the  United  Slates 
Government  — one  which  they  could  present  to  the  people  and  which  might  serve  to 
allay  the  excitement.  Nothing  could  be  accomplished  without  the  sacrifice  of  some  of 
the  attributes  of  sovereignty,  and  certainly  that  could  not  be  done  by  any  existing 
authority. 

Finally,  the  conferences  became  the  object  of  insurgent  suspicion,  and  of  amusement 
to  those  who  did  not  wish  beneficial  results.  The  newspapers  announced  that  a  peace 
commission  was  about  to  be  sent  from  the  United  States,  and  it  was  observed  that  the 
volunteers  were  not  being  sent  home  as  the  newspapers  announced  had  been  ordered. 
What  was  the  meaning  of  this  commission  when  one  was  in  session  already  and  why 
were  the  regular  regiments  being  dispatched  from  the  United  States?  The  UnitedStates 
authorities  were  merely  endeavoring  to  gain  time  to  place  themselves  in  position  to 
impose  slavery  on  the  Filipinos. 

The  members  of  the  insurgent  board  inquired  of  our  officers  as  to  these  matters. 
Upon  the  report  of  facts  by  General  Hughes  I  informed  him  that  I  would  address  him 
an  explanatory  letter  which  he  could  present,  if  he  chose,  at  the  next  and  last  confer- 
ence, and  accordingly  sent  him  the  following  communication  : 


464  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS   IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

Office  Uxited  States  Military  Governok 
IN  the  Philifpine  Islands, 

Manila,  P.  I.,  January  25,  1899. 
Brigadier  General  Hughes, 

Chairman  of  committee  appointed  to  meet  a  committee  appointed  by  General  Affui- 
naldo  to\confer  with  regard  to  the  situation  of  affairs  and  to  arrive  at  a  mutual 
understandi'np  of  the  intent,  purposes,  aim,  and  desires  of  the  Filipino  people  and 
the  people  of  the  United  States. 

Sir:  I  am  informed  that  tlie  Filipino  people  do  not  place  confidence  in  our  good 
intentions  whicli  thc.v  :iic  Mcking  from  this  conference.  The  factthat  the  President  has 
appointed  a  (•<imiiii--inii  ^i  .in-^  to  have  confirmed  them  in  their  impressions.  It  might 
be  well,  then  to K.  i.:  uiv.  \  .m  a  brief  history  of  events  haying  relation  to  these  commis- 
sioners.   Tliey  ari'  a^  fullnws: 

Early  in  December  Admiral  Dewey  and  myself  received  instructions  from  Washing- 
ton to  report  the  condition  of  affairs  and  offer  suggestions.  Upon  December  7th  Admiral 
Dewey  telegraphed  as  follows  : 

"Iti<  strunarly  ur^ed  tliat  the  President  is-;ue  a  ("'"clamation  defiiiin>jr  tlip  policv  of 
theUniiiMl  st;t!e- ( idViTiinn'iif  in  tlic  Philipi>iM.  I>l;m.|- an.',  -Iinwin-- t  Iw  inhabitants 
that  it  i>  .>iir  iiitratiMn  to  i  iitci-fcrc  in  tljc  iiilci  nal  ali;;irv  ,,r  iIk^  riiili  |,|.i  n.^s  as  little  as 
possilili';  tlial  as  iht-y  dcv(  Idp  their  capaliililir- .it  li.  i\ .  riiiiniit  lli.ir  puwns  and  privi- 
leges will  be  increased.  That  will  allay  tin-  spirit  ut  luiiest.  Tiie  .Spanish  soldiers  should 
be  e.K palliated  as  soon  as  possiliU- ;  tliey  aii'  a  source  of  discord  and  danger." 

And  the  .\(liiiiral  iroes  on  to  say  tliat  a  force  of  several  regiments  raised  from  among 
the  best  insurgent  troops  and  otfieercd  by  the  best  of  their  leaders  would  do  much  to 
disarm  opposition. 

Upon  this  suggestion  1  think  the  proclamation  was  issued.  Later  Admiral  Dewey 
cabled  (I  think  some  time  about  the  1st  of  January,  lam  not  aware  of  the  date,)  that  he 
thought  the  appointment  of  a  commission  by  the  President  would  be  an  excellent  thing. 
On  January  9th  I  was  asked  by  the  Washington  authorities  what  I  thought  of  the 
appointment  of  a  commission  to  confer  with  the  revolutionary  authorities,  and  I  replied 
that  I  thought  it  might  do  excellent  work  here.  Before  this  date,  early  in  January,  I 
had  been  requested  by  prominent  Filipinos  to  appoint  a  coraniitt«e  from  my  own  com- 
mand to  meet  a  like  committee  to  be  appointed  by  General  Aguinaldo.  This  was  done 
on  January  9th,  one  day  before  receiving  the  Washington  dispatch  asking  if  I  thought 
the  appointment  of  a  commission  by  the  President  would  be  advantageous.  Hence, 
what  might  be  styled  the  two  commissions  have  no  relationsliip  whatever.  The  one  of 
which  you  are  president,  sitting  to  ascertain  the  .lesires  of  tlie  Filipinos  and  having  no 
authority  to  grant  concessions  except  b\  p.  iini-vion  of  the  \\  ashington  authorities  ;  the 
other  commission,  appointed  from  Wasliiiv.'^tdn.  comes  with  full  instructions  from  the 
President  of  the  United  States  and  empowered  to  act  for  him. 

On  January  loth  I  telei;raphed  to  Washington  as  follows  : 

"Conditions  iuiprovini;  ;  confidence  of  citizens  returning;  business  active.  Confer- 
ence held  Satinday  :  insuigents  presented  following  statement,  asking  that  it  be  cabled: 
'Undersigned  eomraissioners commander  in  chii'f  of  rcvolutionar>-  army  of  these  islands 
state  to  commissioners  of  General  Otis  that  aspirati.m  Kili]iiuo  i'jr.)ple"is  independence, 
witli  restrictions  resulting  from  conditions  wliicli  its  -dvermiient  aurc  with  American 
when  latter  agree  to  ofHcially  recognize  the  former.'  Xo  conclusi(jn  reached;  another 
conference  to-morrow  evening.  I  understand  insurgents  wish  qualified  independence 
under  United  States  protection." 

To  this  despatch  no  reply  has  been  received. 

Upon  another  matter,  viz,  the  sending  of  regular  troops  here,  the  purpose  of  which 
has  been  greatl.\-  misunderstood,  you  may  communicate  tlie  following  dispatch,  received 
on  December  7th: 

"General  Otis,  Manila  : 

"The  Secretary  of  War  directs  you  to  send  Astor  Battery  home  on  first  returning 
transport.  If  you  can  spare  volunteers  to  take  first  returning  ships,  send  them  in  the 
order  of  their  arrival.  Six  regular  regiments  are  in  course  of  preparation  to  report  to 
you.  It  is  probable  that  part  of  them  will  sail  direct  from  this  coast  by  waj'  of  canal  — 
thus  to  give  you  good  transports  available  for  service  from  San  Francisco." 

The  meaning  and  intent  of  this  dispatch  was  to  return  the  volunteer  troops  as  soon 
as  possible  and  to  send  part  back  by  the  transports  then  in  the  harbor,  if  practicable. 
The  Astor  Battery  was  sent  home,  but  I  declined  to  send  other  volunteer  troops  at  that 
time,  as  the  revolutionary  government  had  assumed  a  threatening  attitude,  notwith- 
standing our  great  desire  for  peace  and  harmony.  The  orders  from  Washington  have 
not  changed.  I  still  have  authority  to  return  the  volunteer  troops,  so  that  they  can  be 
discharged  in  the  United  States,  by  any  returning  vessels  available,  but  I  decline  to 
return  them  as  long  as  we  are  threatened  with  active  hostilities.  Lender  the  articles  of 
capitulation  still  prevailing  with  Spain,  as  there  has  been  no  ratification  as  yet  of  a 
treaty,  I  am  obliged  to  hold  Manila  and  its  defenses,  but  no  hostile  act  will  be  inaugu- 
rated'by  the  United  States  troops. 

Very  sincerely  yours,  E.  S.  Otis, 

Major  General,  U.  S.  V.,  United  States  Military  Governor. 

The  commissioners  held  their  final  joint  conference,  I  think,  on  January  25th.  With 
the  insurgent  representatives  it  was  one  continued  plea  for  some  concession  which 
would  satisfy  the  people.  One  of  them  was  a  man  of  excellent  legal  ability,  who  had 
occupied  an  important  judicial  position  at  Cebu  under  the  Spanish  Government  for  a 
number  of  years.    He  had  recently  arrived  in  Manila,  and  on  the  invitation  of  Agui- 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  465 

naldo  had  visited  Malolos.  He  was  animated  witti  a  desire  to  restore  liarmonious  rela- 
tions, or  at  least  to  effect  a  temporary  peace  until  the  existing  excitement  could  be 
allayed,  when  the  people  might  listen  to  reason.  He  secured  the  appointment  of  Agui- 
naldo's  board  and  was  named  thereon  as  the  most  important  member,  but  he  was  so 
circumscribed  by  specific  instructions  that  he  could  not  accomplish  anything.  I  charged 
him  with  playing  a  false  part,  basing  the  charge  on  a  knowledge  of  his  legal  acquire- 
ments. He  confessed  that  he  was  fully  aware  of  the  untenable  position  he  occupied, 
and  was  powerless  under  the  circumstances.  He  was  an  adept  at  legal  fiction  and  could 
discover  pregnants  both  negative  and  po.sitive  in  every  international  postulate.  The 
appointment  of  the  President's  commission  had  caused  so  much  speculation,  both  as  to 
membership  and  object,  that  I  desired  to  correct  mistaken  impressions  and  to  take  away 
further  opportunity  for  deliberate  falsehood,  and  knowing  that  this  gentleman  still  held 
friendly  relations  with  the  Malolos  authorities  and  desired  to  know  the  truth  in  the 
matter,  I  sent  him  the  following  unofl3cial  letter: 

Manila,  P.  I.,  Febmartj  .>,  ISU'.K 
Hon.  Florentine  Torres,  Manila,  P.  I. 

My  Dear  Sir:  I  am  In  receipt  of  a  Washington  dispatch  dated  the  1st  instant, 
which  informs  me  that  the  gentlemen  who  expect  to  serve  on  the  proposed  commission 
on  the  part  of  the  United  States  will  reach  Hongkong  on  the  -.'Ist  of  the  month.  They 
will  probably  arrive  here  about  the  "iSth. 

So  many  inaccuracies  have  been  spread  abroad  concerning  lln'  id.  ntitv  of  the  gentle- 
men of  the  commission  that  I  desire  to  make  explanation.  Tin  y  arc  .Messrs.  Denby, 
Schurman,  and  Worcester.  Respecting  the  first,  he  is  doubtless  well  known  as  the  late 
United  States  minister  to  China ;  the  second  is  the  president  of  Cornell  University,  one 
of  the  leading  institutions  of  learning  of  the  United  States;  the  third  is  Professor 
Worcester,  of  the  University  of  Michigan,  also  one  oi  our  leading  educators  and  who 
has  a  personal  acquaintance  with  the  Philippines,  he  having  spent  some  time  here.  He 
is  a  friend  of  Dr.  Bourns,  of  our  health  board,  who  formerly  made  a  tour  of  the  Philip- 
pine Islands  in  the  interest  of  science.  . 

I  am  sure  that  the  reputation  of  these  gentlemen  will  commend  them  to  the  Filipino 
people  as  men  of  probity,  abilitv,  and  most  humane  sentiments,  having  at  heart  the 
interest  of  that  people.  Admiral  Dewey  and  myself  have  also  been  placed  on  this  com- 
mission—the Government  following  the  policy  pursued  with  reference  to  Cuba  and 
Porto  Rico.  My  own  inclinations  and  desire  are  not  to  .serve  thereon,  being  simply  a 
soldier,  buti  must  obey  the  rommands  of  my  Government. 

It  is  quite  important  that  friendly  relations  be  maintained  in  every  way  among  all 
of  us,  and  I  am  doing  my  utmost  to  that  end.  A  great  deal  of  friction  has  been  caused 
by  the  action  of  troops,  resulting,  I  am  certain,  from  a  misunderstanding  of  conditions. 
Our  soldiers  are  frequently  insulted  and  threatened  within  our  own  lines,  but  thus  far 
have  quietly  submitted,  obeying  their  instructions.  If,  however,  these  threatening 
demonstrations  should  proceed  so  far  as  to  endanger  life,  I  might  not  be  able  to  hold 
them  in  check.  I  trust  that  the  revolutionary  authorities  will  exercise  every  endeavor 
to  put  a  stop  to  demonstrations  similar  to  those  witnessed  during  the  past  two  days. 
I  am,  with  great  respect,  your  obedient  servant, 

E.  S.  Otis. 

A  few  days  before  the  above  letter  was  written  and  on  January  2(Dth,  I  was  surprised 
by  the  receipt  of  a  letter  from  Aguinaldo  because  of  the  boldness  with  which  he  therein 
indicated  his  purpose  to  continue  his  assumptions  and  establish  their  correctness  by  the 
arbitrament  of  war.  I  cabled  itin  cipher  to  Washington  in  accordance  with  his  request, 
as  it  contained  such  suggestive  announcements  of  the  course  of  conduct  he  was  likely 
to  pursue.    The  cablegram  and  my  reply  to  the  communication  are  as  follows : 

Manila,  P.  I.,  January  27,  1S99. 
Adjutant  General,  Washington. 

The  following  received : 

"Philippine  National  Government, 

''Office  of  Secretary  of  Foreign  Affairs. 
"Maj.  Gen.  E.S.  Otis, 

"  Commander  in  Chief  of  American  Forces  of  Occupation  in  Manila. 

"  My  government  has  promulgated  the  political  constitution  of  the  Philii)pine  Repub- 
lic, which  is  to-day  enthusiastically  proclaimed  by  the  people,  because  of  its  conviction 
that  its  duty  is  to  interpret  faithfully  the  aspirations  of  that  people  — a  people  making 
superhuman  efforts  to  revindicate  their  sovereignty  and  their  nationality  before  the 
civilized  powei's. 

"  To  this  end,  of  the  governments  to-day  recognized  and  observed  among  cultured 
nations,  tlipv  have  adopted  the  form  of  government  most  compatible  with  their  aspira- 
tions, endeavoring  to  adjust  their  actions  to  the  dictates  of  reason  and  of  right,  in  order 
to  demonstrate  their  aptitude  for  civil  life. 

30 


466  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

"And,  taking  the  liberty  to  notify  your  excellency,  I  confidently  hope  that,  doing 
justice  to  the  Philippine  people,  you  will  be  pleased  to  inform  the  Government  of  your 
nation  that  the  desire  of  mine,  upon  being  accorded  official  recognition,  is  to  contribute 
to  the  best  of  its  scanty  aliility  to  the  establishment  of  a  general  peace. 

"  May  God  keep  your  excellency  many  years. 

"EMILIO   AGtJINALDO. 

[Seal  of  the  revolutionary 
government  of  the  Philippines.]  "A.  Mabini. 

"Malolos,  Janwtry  '.'.3,  1899." 

Otis. 

Headquarters  Department  Pacific  and  Eighth  Army  Corps, 

Manila,  P.  7.,  January  29,  1899. 
Gen.  Emilio  Aguinaldo, 

Commanding  Philippine  Revolutionary  Forces,  Malolos,  P.  I. 
General:  I  have  the  honor  to  inform  you  that  I  received  a  communication  dated 
the  23d  instant,  signed  by  you  and  purp<ii-ting  to  be  issued  from  the  office  of  the  secre- 
tary of  foreign  aft'airs  of  the  "  Pliili]>ini'e  n;iliniial  '-government." 

I  am  pleased  to  further  intoriii  ,\nii  iliai  n  triiiislalimi  of  that  communication  into  the 
English  language,  as  shown  in  Ihe  :i.-eniniian yin-  ji;iiier,  has  been  cabled  in  full  to  the 
United  States  authorities  at  Washington. 

I  am,  General,  with  great  respect,  vour  obedient  servant, 

E.  S.  Otis, 
Major  General,  U.  S.  V.,  Commanding. 

In  the  mean  time  General  Miller's  command  was  retained  in  the  harbor  of  Iloilo.  It 
continued  to  be  greatly  dissatisfied  because  It  was  not  allowed  to  seize  the  city.  The 
Fifty-first  Iowa  Volunteers  had  remained  on  its  transport  since  leaving  San  Francisco, 
a  period  of  more  than  seventy  days.  It  was  very  necessary  to  disembark  it  for  sanitary 
reasons,  and  any  attempt  to  do  so  on  the  Panay  coast  or  the  adjacent  small  islands 
would  have  resulted  in  conflict  with  natives.  It  was  directed  to  return  to  this  harbor, 
where  upon  arrival  it  was  placed  at  Cavite,  relieving  the  Tennessee  regiment,  which  was 
brought  to  this  city.  On  January  20th  General  Miller  wrote  that  it  would  be  his  aim  "to 
maintain  the  existing  conditions  of  friendly  relations  with  these  people,"  and  continued  : 

The  people  here  will  follow  the  conditions  in  Luzon  and  will  permitour  military  occu- 
pation of  Iloilo  as  soon  as  ordered  Irom  the  central  government.  Outwanllv  tiiehest 
terms  of  friendship  exist  personally  hetween  us.  I  have  informed  them  veil'ially  that 
they  could  go  on  with  their  usual  oecupations,  afloat  and  ashore,  without  interference 
from  us ;  that  seizures  wc  made  were  necessities  merely  to  enable  us  to  get  along  from 
day  to  day  and  that  nothing  would  be  taken  otherwise.  They  are  satisfied  apparently, 
believe  me  most  implicity,  and  everything  is  pleasant. 

There  were  two  or  three  matters  outside  of  the  enforced  policy  of  nonmilitary  action 
which  greatly  troubled  General  Miller.  He  had  gone  from  Manila  prepared  to  establish 
civil  government  and  had  with  him  his  officers  of  the  port  and  of  customs.  The  mer- 
chant vessels  entering  and  leaving  Iloilo  with  subsistence  and  merchandise  and  plying 
their  trade  between  that  point,  Manila,  Singapore,  and  the  Chinese  coast,  paying  duty 
to  the  Iloilo  insurgents  in  defiance  of  protest,  became  objects  of  suspicion,  and  their 
transactions  enabled  the  avowed  enemy  to  obtain  food  and  reap  revenue  much  to  the 
detriment  of  our  interests.  The  Spanish  native  military  organizations  which  had  been 
performing  sfervlce  In  the  south  continued  to  be  brought  to  Manila  in  spite  of  our 
repeated  objections,  on  the  plea  that  Spain  could  do  nothing  else  with  them,  and  it  was 
difficult  to  see  how  she  could.  Those  of  them  who  were  natives  of  the  central  islands 
were  sent  to  Panay,  and  those  having  former  homes  in  Luzon  were  scattered  there, 
although  we  entertained  the  belief  that  they  would  be  gathered  to  attack  us. 

To  General  Miller's  complaint  concerning  the  transactions  of  merchants  and  his 
request  to  be  permitted  to  close  the  Iloilo  port,  or  compel  all  traders  to  pay  the  accus- 
tomed duties  to  his  proper  officers,  he  was  instructed  in  communications  of  Januarj' 
16th  and  21st  as  follows: 

Headquarters  Department  Pacific  and  Eighth  Army  Corps, 

Manila,  P.  I.,  January  16,  1898. 
The  Commanding  General, 

First  /Separate  Brigade,  Eighth  Army  Corjys,  Iloilo,  Island  of  Panay. 
Sir  :  Replying  to  the  letter  of  Captain  Evans  of  January  13th,  forwarded  by  you  on 
same  date,  I  am  directed  to  state  that  the  case  is  well  put  by  Captain  Evans  under  the 


OREGON    VOLUNTEKRS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  467 

President's  reeont  proclamation,  except  the  President  directs  in  tliat  proclamation 
that  all  the  ports  in  the  actual  possession  of  the  land  and  naval  forces  of  the  United 
States  will  be  open  to  the  commerce  of  the  world.  The  port  of  Iloilo  is  not  in  the  actual 
possession  of  tlie  United  States  forces,  as  they  merely  occupy  the  harbor. 

The  objections  which  present  themselves  to  the  course  recommended  by  Captain 
P^vans  are: 

1.  Until  the  ratification  of  the  treaty  of  peace  the  United  States  has  not  the  legal 
right  to  occupy  the  port  of  Iloilo,  except  by  the  consent  of  Spain.  Spanish  authority 
over  the  southern  islands  of  the  Philippines  remains  intact  until  the  treaty  is  ratified 
If,  liowpver,  Spain  had  turned  over  the  port  of  Iloili)  to  the  United  States,  ili"cn  tlie  ques- 
tion uf  Ifiiiil  riglit  as  between  the  United  States  and  Sjiain  would  have  been  settled  and 
the  Unitc<l  States  would  tiien  have  succeeded  to  the  ri<rhis  of  Spain  in  so  far  as  the  col- 
lection of  duties  is  concerned.  Spain  did  not  turn  it  over  lo  tlie  United  States  authori- 
ties, tier  aetion,  viewed  in  the  mildest  lii;lit,  was  that  of  a  simple  abandonment,  for 
which  she  is  resi...nsible.  As  far  as  the  Ur.itcd  Stales  are  concerned,  Spain,  under  a 
strict  inteiinetatioii  of  international  law,  has  siill  ihe  right  to  enter  that  port  and  col- 
lect duties  until  tliat  right  is  terminated  by  treaty  ratification. 

•I.  The  closing  of  the  port  and  the  collection  of  duties  on  merchandise  taken  from  the 
island  would  be  an  acknowledgment  on  our  part  that  the  self-constituted  authorities  at 
Iloilo  stand  in  the  position  of  belligerents  or  enemies  of  the  United  States,  which  posi- 
tion we  do  not  recognize.  They  are  (Spanish  subjects  reallv  until  the  ratification  of  the 
treaty)  recognized  as  a  friendly  community  with  whom  we  are  at  peace. 

^.  Should  foreign  vessels  accept  clearance  papers  from  the  Iloilo  captain  of  the  port 
it  would  be  difl^cult  to  understand  the  position  in  which  ihey  would  place  themselves! 
UndouI>tedly  such  action  would  give  rise  to  grave  questions,  possibly  involving  interna- 
tional coniiilieation;  and  should  they  seek  to  clear  through  your  authorities  after  hav- 
ing aekiiowlidged  the  insurgents  at  Iloilo  by  paying  duties  to  them,  then  Ihey  would 
reeosnize  either  Spanish  or  insurgent  authority  at  Iloilo  and  that  of  the  United  States 
in  the  harbor. 

They  probably  would  do  everything  that  both  the  insurgent  and  United  States  author- 
ities would  demand  of  them  and  make  under  protest  any  payment  which  might  be 
demanded.  Conditions  are  so  complicated  that  these  headquarters  do  not  feel  at  liberty 
to  give  positive  instructions  for  your  guidance,  and  they  will  be  sought  from  Washing- 
ton, which  as  soon  as  received  will  be  transmitted  to  you. 

In  the  mean  time  j-ou  will  not  make  any  demand  on  the  merchants  nor  interfere  bv 
any  overt  act  of  force  with  the  commerce  of  the  port.  It  might  be  well  to  assert  United 
States  right  to  conduct  the  commerce  of  the  port,  but  you  can  state  that  you  have  rep- 
resented the  case  to  the  proper  authorities  and  are  awaiting  instructions.  Any  forcible 
act  of  detention  or  seizure  might  produce  most  unsatisfactory  results. 

I  inclose  your  prepared  communication  intended  for  the  British  vice-consul  It  is 
unolijectionable  and  should  be  sent  to  him. 

Since  writing  tlie  above  I  understand  from  Captain  Montgomery,  of  the  British  navy 
who  has  just  returned  from  Iloilo,  that  he  discussed  all  these  matters  with  the  Iloilo 
merchants,  endeavoring  to  come  to  some  arrangement  which  would  be  satisfactory  to 
the  I  niti'd  States.  He  reports  that  he  advised  the  merchants  and  the  English  consul 
to  trivc  a  promise  in  writing  to  pay  duties  in  the  future  upon  all  goods  now  taken  out  to 
whomsoever  they  might  be  due  after  affairs  had  become  adjusted. 
Very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

Thomas  H.  Barry, 
Assistant  Adjutant  General. 

Headquarters  Department  Pacific  and  Eighth  Army  Corps, 

„i_    ^  ^  Manila,  P.  I.,  January  21,  1899. 

The  Commanding  General, 

Mrst  Separate  Brigade,  EirjhtJi  Army  CorjJS,  Iloilo,  Panay. 

Sir  :  I  am  directed  to  inform  you  that  there  will  be  sent  out  to-day  by  stea  mer  AV  Paul 
to  Iloilo  a  number  of  discharged  native-Spanish  troops,  to  wit,  to  the  number  of  about 
IXK).  These  discharged  soldiers  hve  in  the  southern  islands,  and  it  is  thoii-ht  that  they 
will  give  less  trouble  if  landed  at  Iloilo  than  if  landed  at  other  points.  You  will  there- 
fore please  receive  them  at  Iloilo  or  in  the  vicinity.  The  vessel  transporting  them  with 
its  guard  — a  company  of  the  First  Tennessee  Volunteers  — will  be  directed  bv  vou  to 
return  immediately  to  this  port. 

In  regard  to  the  collection  of  duties  on  merchandise  at  Iloilo,  you  were  informed 
that  your  suggestions  on  that  subject,  received  through  Colonel  Potter,  would  be  sub- 
mitted to  Washington  for  decision.  They  were  so  submitted,  and  the  following  cable- 
gram has  been  received  in  response : 

an^-ro    71^     -7  "Washington,  January  19. 

"Otis,  Manila:  " 

"The  President  desires  no  forcible  measures  to  be  used  for  the  nresent  in  collectins?- 
customs  duties  at  Iloilo.  ^^^  ^s, 

"CORBIN." 

You  will  therefore  be  guided  by  these  instructions,  which  are  in  line  with  those  sent 
you  from  these  headquarters.  Matters  here  remain  in  a  very  excited  condition  and 
conflict  with  the  insurgent  troops  is  avoided  only  by  the  skillful  supervision  of  oflicers. 
Please  report  the  condition  of  aftairs  at  Iloilo. 

Very  respectfully,  yours,  Thomas  H.  Barry, 

Assistant  Adjutant  General. 

Still  General  Miller  was  greatly  dissatisfied  with  his  surroundings.  He  could  not 
perform  military  service,  nor  could  he  conduct  business  afialrs.    He  was  kept  watching 


468  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

and  waiting  under  very  unpleasant  circumstances,  which  grew  more  irltsome  every 
passing  day.  On  February  3d,  the  day  previous  to  the  opening  of  actual  hostilities  at 
Manila,  he  wrote : 

Headquarters  First  Separate  Brigade,  Eighth  Army  Corps, 
On  Board  Transport  Newport, 

IloUo  Harbor,  P.  I.,  February  3,  lSi)'J. 
The  Adjutant  General, 

Department  of  the  Pacific,  Eighth  Army  Corps. 
Sir-  I  have  the  honor  to  report  the  military  situation  here  unchanged.    The  insur- 
gents are  reported  to  be  placing  another  gun  in  position.    This  is  outside  and  near  the 

'"^KsuS3^int;:v;":n"n"lay'having  a  little  tix,uble.  Two  companies  in  the 
main  barracks  demanilr. I  s,,iiir  yn\-  and  better  food,  and  threatened  to  take  up  their 
•irmsand  eo  back  into  the  luunti  vif  they  were  not  paid.  The  row  is  not  yet  settled. 
Some  f  15,000  — export  and  import  duty —  have  been  received  in  the  collector's  office,  and 
I  presume  the  troops  want  a  part  of  that.  ^    *  ..w   *  *v. 

Reports  from  the  southern  islands,  Negros  and  Cebu,  are  to  the  effect  that  these  peo- 
ple realize  that  they  can  not  succeed  with  an  independent  government  and  want  us  to 

^'^'l^stm  feeUhat  this  place -Iloilo-  ought  to  be  captured.  Such  a  step  would  deprive 
the  insurgents  of  large  receipts  from  customs,  cripple  their  means  to  pay  the  soldier.s, 
and  aroufe  the  people  favorable  to  us  in  the  southern  islands  to  express  more  freely 
their  true  sentiments.  I  am  well  satisfied  that  a  great  proportion  of  the  inhabitants  of 
Panav,  Negros,  and  Cebu  are  favorable  to  our  occupation  at  once. 

A  ikrge  proportion  of  the  supplies  for  the  Iloilo  people  come  from  the  American 
steamers  from  Manila,  a  trade  which  is  carried  on  through  the  collector  of  the  port  of 
Manila  with  the  insurgents  at  Iloilo.  Is  there  no  way  to  stop  this  trade?  Cutting  off 
supplies  in  this  way  will  help  to  bring  these  people  to  terms.  I  can't  understand  how 
such  a  business  can  be  carried  on  against  the  best  good  of  our  country. 

Very  respectfully,  ^^    p   Miller, 

Brigadier  General,  U.  S.  V.,  Commanding. 

During  this  period  rapidly  succeeding  significant  events  were  fast  approaching  a 
state  of  war  and  strongly  indicated  the  fixed  dete.mination  of  the  insurgent  govern- 
ment to  drive  the  United  States  from  Luzon  as  soon  as  it  could  gather  its  armed  men  in 
sufficient  numbers.  It  had  appropriated  the  railway,  every  engine,  and  most  of  its 
rolling  stock.  It  was  perfecting  its  intrenchments  around  us,  planting  its  guns,  concen- 
trating its  troops,  and  bringing  up  its  army  supplies,  though  still  publicly  asserting  its- 
desire  for  peace.  With  the  cunning  which  it  had  always  attempted  to  practice  in  its 
amateur  diplomacy  it  endeavored  to  force  the  United  States  to  commit  the  first  physical 
act  of  hostility  in  the  way  of  musketry  fire,  in  order  to  appeal  to  the  sympathies  of  the 
foreign  public  for  a  seemingly  oppressed  people,  which  it  falsely  claimed  to  represent. 
In  this  it  signally  failed.  The  knifing  and  attempted  shooting  of  our  picket  sentries 
brought  no  hostile  response,  except  the  killing,  by  the  intended  victim,  of  the  assassin 
who  had  so  dexterously  used  the  knife  upon  him.  The  excitement  within  the  city  was 
very  noticeable,  and  the  cruelty  of  the  "Americano"  was  the  theme.  No  one  seemed  to 
be  possessed  of  any  fixed  determination  but  the  Tagalo.  All  others  were  watching  for 
new  demonstrations  and  waiting  for  developments.  Manila  is  unparalleled  for  diver- 
sity of  race  and  babel  of  tongues;  also  for  its  grade  of  enlightenment  from  barbaric 
ignorance  to  the  highest  civilized  stage.  Rumors  innumerable  and  of  the  most  varied 
character  filled  the  atmosphere.  To-day  attack  was  imminent,  and  to-morrow  friendly 
councils  were  about  to  prevail.  One  fairly  well  acquainted  with  the  scheming  In  prog- 
re.ss  and  the  trend  of  events  could  not  reach  any  satisfactory  conclusions  on  the  proba- 
bilities of  war,  and  to  one  unacquainted  therewith  sane  conclusions  were  impossible.  I 
endeavored  to  inform  Admiral  Dewey  of  the  actual  situation  from  day  to  day,  and  a 
few  extracts  from  hastily  dictated  letters  of  that  time  will  show  how  hard  it  was  to 
formulate  opinion.  These  brief  extracts  are  also  an  index  to  swiftly  recurring  events. 
The  following  are  furnished  :  Manila,  P.  I.,  January  16, 1899. 

I  have  been  too  busy  to  write,  but  had  there  been  anything  special  to  conimunicate 
should  have  done  so.  The  city  is  now  very  quiet  and  people  are  again  appearing  <>n  the 
streets,  seemingly  confident  that  no  immediate  disturbances  are  likely  to  ensue.    *    *    * 

Our  conferences  with  General  Aguinaldo's  commissioners  are  still  in  progress,  ihe 
commissioners  had  a  long  session  on  Saturday  evening  and  meetagain  to-n^^^'row  even- 
ing.   The  conferences  seem  to  have  quieted  the  atmosphere  very  much.    The  Malolos 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  469 

congress  on  Saturday,  I  undcrstiind,  disposed  of  some  radical  questions  ijy  vote.  Indi- 
cations are  that  the  United  States  Government  received  favorable  consideration.  I  do 
not  look  for  anything  to  develop  in  the  next  few  days,  but  we  are  obliged  to  keep  up 
constant  vigilance. 

January  19,  1S99. 

*  *  *  Everything  remains  quiet  in  the  city.  It  is  rumored  this  morning  that  insur- 
gents sa\-  \vi'  ari'  only  tiyiiig  to  prolong  our  conference  until  we  can  receive  more  troops, 
and  that  the  coininissioii  appointed,  or  to  be  appointed,  by  the  President  is  only  another 
rnse  to  gain  time.  Tlicir  army  seems  to  be  more  or  less  excited  and  Is  considi'iing  the 
matter  Tvlicther  it  woultl  not  be  policy  to  destroy  us  all  at  once,  before  we  can  get  any 
moio  soldiers.  Ail  this  may  be  called  street  rumor,  but  it  is  very  actively  circulated. 
The  insurgent  army  is  becoming  very  tired  of  doing  nothing  and  demands  blood.  Busi- 
ness is  being  transacted  as  usual ;  a  good  many  people  on  the  streets  and  quite  a  num- 
ber returning  again  to  town. 

January  21,  1S99. 
I  was  very  sorry  when  I  learned  yesterday  that  you  had  withdrawn  the  Monterey 
and  Concord.  I  said  last  night  that  there  was  no  immediate  prospect  of  trouble.  By 
that  expression  I  meant  that  there  would  be  no  outbreak  for  a  day  or  two.  From  my 
information  this  morning  I  am  convinced  that  the  insurgents  intend  to  try  their  hand 
in  a  very  sliort  lime  — how  soon  lean  not  tell.  They  will  not  now  permit  us  to  cross  their 
lines  and  have  been  verv  insulting  to  our  officers,  calling  to  them  that  very  shortly  that 
they  would  '.;ive  ns  liati'le.  My  \n-<\  iiit'ornia  I  ion  is  that  tliey  have  fully  (U>termined  to 
attack  from  liotli  ont-ide  aiiu'  witliin  tin  eily  ix/fore  our  addilioiial  tioops  arrive,  and 
the  least  siiark  nia\-  sla:i  a  coullam'ation.  Vour  war  \essels  placed  as  formerly  will  not 
ineile  th.an  lo  attack,  hiil  will  add  to  tli.ar  fears  of  sueeess  in  rase  they  begin  it.  They 
are  no  l.ni-er  amenable  lo  reasi,n;  the  Inwei-  eleirants  have  gaiiu-d  control  and  their 
colli;!  es>  i-^  powerless  lo  niai\a'-;e  them.  '11  le  b;  St  Mlipjnos  in  the  city  sa.v  that  they  are 
going  to  ali.ack  tlie  cit,\',  and  thai  they  will  do  it  ver\-  soon,  enteitaining  the  insane  idea 
that  tliey  can  drive  us  out.  8hf)uld  they  attack,  the  tight  will  be  over  before  your  ves- 
sels can  reach  the  points  where  they  were  formerly  placed. 

I  am  sending  out  to-day  for  Uoilo  a  transpoii  with  (iOO  discharged  native-Spanish  sol- 
diers who  live  in  the  southern  islands,  and  am  trying  to  get  rid  of  about  l,.500of  these 
native  troops  whose  homes  are  in  Luzon.  They  are  all  insurgents  now  and  give  us 
trouble  in  the  city. 

January  23,  1899. 

*  *  *  No  excititing  developments  this  morning.  Another  conference  was  held  yes- 
terday between  Aguinaldo's  and  our  representatives,  resulting  in  very  little.  It  was 
adjourned  until  next  Wednesday.  Aguinaldo  is  insisting  upon  the  recognition  of  inde- 
pendence and  the  return  of  the  Ahhie  and  the  launches.  I  understand  that  the  Malolos 
congress  passed  the  prf)poscd  constitulion  witli  the  clause  inserted  which  Mabini 
insisted  on,  viz,  "Placing  tin-  jiow  ei-  i  e  i  he  bands  .if  Aguinaldo  to  declare  war." 

The  city  is  very  quiet.  ^'esier(la>  we  ;'oi  rid  ,,f  j,(;  of  the  discharged  Spanish  native 
troops,  sending  them  i\o\\n  Ww  li.iy.  WC  have  slill  remaining  ,".15  of  the  Macabebes  who 
are  afraid  to  go  out  of  Manila,  and  aiionl  :;(io  oi  her  ii:iii\es  who  want  to  stay  here. 

I  had  a  long  talk  wilh  (eai  ral  Kio-  .\-.-:|cr(lay.  Il^-ays  liiat  t  bei-e  are  li4  officers  with 
servants,  on  his  vessel,  and  consiibiable  monev.  which  be  would  liiie  to  have  remain 
there,  and  71  passenu'irs,  1m  sides  t  be  sold  iers  and  ci'ew  ;  t  liat  tbeoliicers  belong  to  organ- 
ization- w  bicli  have  been  disbanded,  and  that  tbey  came  liei-i'  with  their  families  and 
proixaiN  with  liie  intention  (jf  going  back  lo^^pain  by  first  available  transport  at  their 
own  expense,  and  be  does  not  v/ant  the  soldiers  or  troops  to  land.  I  have  directed  the 
captain  of  the  port  to  l.-md  the  officers  and  passengers  and  to  keep  the  vessel  in  the 
harbor.  *  *  *  .Xoi  ding  this  morning  from  Washington.  The  dispatch  of  yesterday 
directed  me  to  make  siienuous  efforts  to  have  insurgents  release  Spanish  prisoners 
whom  they  hold.  1  reijlied  that  my  influence  was  not  great  at  present,  and  that  I  had 
made  such  an  effort  to  release  the  Spanish  priests  that  I  was  now  accused  of  being  in 
partnership  with  the  archbishop. 

January  3i,  1S99. 

Things  look  a  little  ominous  to-da.y.  You  have  undoubtedly  .seen  in  the  papers  an 
account  of  yesterday's  affairs  at  Malolos,  viz :  The  proclaiming  of  the  constitution,  the 
proclaiming  of  Aguinaldo  as  president,  captain  general,  and  everything  else,  and  the 
speech  delivered  by  Paterno,  in  which  he  announced  that  they  would  drive  the  invader 
fromthesoil.  l-A-erything  points  to  their  deterininatlon  to  attack  us,  if  tbe,\- can  per- 
suade themselves  that  Ibey  can  do  so  successfull,\-,  before  the  rci;idar  regimeids  arrive. 
This  isconflrmed  in  a  great  many  ways  and  I  am  sure  ji  is  the  poli<>_s  on  whi<di  they  are 
at  present  proceeding.  They  may  succeed  in  burning  a  i)ortion  of  the  town,  but  little 
else,  I  imagine. 

January  25,  1S99. 

1  am  in  receipt  of  your  letter  of  this  morning.  I  do  not  consider  that  the  war  is  over 
for  the  present.  The  insurgents  would  attack  at  once  it  they  could  be  convinced  that 
their  efforts  would  meet  with  success.  Tlie  leading  Filipinos  of  tlie  cit.v  are  afraid  to 
come  near  me,  and  are  in  a  very  excited  condition.  TIk ■>  know  the  dangers  of  an  out- 
break at  any  moment,  and  we  are  holding  all  troops  well  in  hand  constantly.  The 
business  men  of  all  nationalities  are  intently  watching  developments.  'I'be  revolu- 
tionary government  seems  to  be  in  the  ascendancy,  and  our  former  Filipino  friends  who 
favored  annexation  a  short  time  ago  are,  for  personal  safety,  giving  a  sort  of  adlierence 
to  the  Malolos  government.  All  this  I  fully  know,  and  a  great  deal  more  which  I  can 
tell  you  first  opportunity,  but  which  it  would  not  be  prudent  to  write. 

The  Cavite  Filipinos  went  out  to  join  the  insurgent  ranks  during  the  inspection  and 
review  in  that  zone  by  their  secretary  of  war  — at  least  sol  think— and  they  can  quickly 
go  back  to  the  ranks  at  any  time  they  ma.y  be  called  upon  to  do  so. 


470  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

February .?,'  ISiiO. 

One  of  the  *  *  *  launches  arrived  yesterday,  cleared  from  Hongkong ;  she  is  one 
of  the  three  of  which  *  *  *  wrote,  and  concerning  which  I  reported  tliat  from  infor- 
mation received  here  that  I  was  quite  certain  was  about  to  bring  arms.  Upon  arrival 
her  cargo  tallied  with  her  manifest  and  she  was  apparently  all  right.    *    *    * 

The  officer  in  charge  explained  that  she  was  about  two  days  late  in  arriving  owing  to 
bad  weather,  which  compelled  her  to  lie  off  the  coast.  These  two  days  gave  her  time  to 
run  to  the  coast  and  discharge.    *    *    * 

Yesterday  afternoon  General  MacArthur,  whose  troops  north  of  the  Pasig  have 
experienced  trouble  with  the  insurgents  who  have  passed  over  his  lines,  sent  Major 
Strong,  his  adjutant  general,  out  to  the  officer  in  command  to  demand  an  explanation. 
Strong,  on  passing  our  lines,  was  placed  under  a  strong  insurgent  guard  and  taken  to 
Mandaloyau,  a  point  on  the  Pasig  a(  ro'^s  the  Sun  Juan  River.  There  he  found  the 
officer  in  charge  and  quite  a  considi^-i^iblr  in-urunMit  force  taking  from  several  boxes  a 
quantity  of  n&w  revolvers  and  Mausir  ililc^  which  had  just  been  received.  Spanish 
prisoners  were  there  (the  Spanish  i)iis.iii<  in  whom  the  insurgents  hold)  putting  the 
parts  of  the  rifles  together  and  making  tliini  really  for  distribution.    *    *    * 

There  has  been  a  great  deal  of  friction  aluii-;  the  lines  the  past  two  days,  and  we  will 
be  unable  to  tamely  submit  to  the  insultiim  coiiduet  and  threatening  demonstrations 
ol  these  insurgents  much  longer.  1  am  iiifoi  mcd,  nowcvci-,  that  the  cliicf  men  of  the 
insurgent  government  desire  to  avoid  :mi\-  cunllici  at  pnscni  :  i«issiiiiy  fur  ilic  reason 
that  they  are  expecting  to  receive  arms  \ei->  Mnm.  pos^ilily  l)ecause  iiie.x-  lear  they  may 
not  be  successful  at  the  present  time,  ami  |M)s-ilil\-  because  the\-  may  have  a  behef  that 
they  can  secure  what  they  desire  without  conflict.  They  are  constantly  asking  me  to 
make  concessions,  that  they  may  be  able  to  control  their  troops.  They  have  seized  a 
number  of  our  men,  and  some,  I  think,  inside  our  lines.  Yesterday  I  sent  Lieutenant 
Haaii,  of  the  Engineer  Corps,  to  Malolos  to  secure  the  release  of  the  men ;  he  did  not 
return  last  evening,  but  telegraphed  me  from  Malolos  that  he  would  explain  his  delay 
on  his  return,  which  he  intimated  would  be  to-day. 

The  city  is  quiet,  though  there  is  a  vast  amount  of  underlying  excitement.  We  are 
constantly  losing  our  employes.  Yesterday  seven  of  our  men  at  our  Malacanan  quarters 
left  us  suddenly  to  join  the  insurgents,  so  we  are  now  very  shorthanded.  They  stole  and 
took  with  them  whatever  they  could  And  of  value,  one  of  them  driving  oixt  of  the  lines 
Colonel  Barry's  carriage,  which  we  consider  lost  property. 

Notwithstanding  these  ominous  signs,  unremitting  exertions  were  continually  being 
made  for  a  satisfactory  solution  of  affairs.  On  the  11th  of  January  I  had  sent  my  adju- 
tant general.  Colonel  Barry,  to  Malolos,  directing  him  to  bear  a  written  message  to  Agui- 
naldo,  procure  a  personal  interview  with  him  if  possible,  acquaint  him  fully  with  the 
efforts  we  were  making  to  preserve  the  peace,  and  impress  upon  him  the  necessity  for 
more  conservative  action  on  the  part  of  his  troops.  At  this  time  a  visit  by  an  ofllcer 
at  the  insurgent  capital  was  not  considered  an  agreeable  pastime,  as  he  was  liable  to 
receive  gross  insults.  Colonel  Barry,  however,  met  with  little  difficulty,  presented  him- 
self .at  Aguinaldo's  headquarters,  and  requested  of  his  secretary  permission  to  pay  his 
respects  in  person,  stating  that  he  was  the  bearer  of  an  important  communication  con- 
cerning which  General  Otis  desired  him  to  confer  with  the  general.  Aguinaldo's  secre- 
tary received  the  letter,  stating  that  he  would  present  it  and  make  known  General  Otls's 
request.  Soon  after  he  returned,  conveying  General  Aguinaldo's  regrets  that  press  of 
business  did  not  permit  him  to  accord  the  personal  Interview  requested,  and  the  colonel 
was  referred  to  President  Mabini,  of  the  cabinet.  Mabini  received  him  graciously,  and 
quite  a  lengthy  interview  followed.  Mabini  assured  him,  in  substance,  that  the  insur- 
gent government  had  exerted  itself  to  maintain  friendly  relations  with  the  Americans ; 
had  thus  far  succeeded;  that  it  would  continue  to  make  exertion  to  this  end,  but  that 
it  could  not  control  its  people  beyond  a  certain  point,  as  they  were  greatly  excited  ;  that 
his  government  would  do  all  in  its  power  to  effect  an  amicable  adjustment  of  pending 
difficulties.  The  communication  which  Colonel  Barry  presented  was  the  one  of  January 
9th  in  response  to  Aguinaldo's  letter  of  that  date,  in  which  he  announced  the  appoint- 
ment of  the  insurgent  commission  and  which  appears  on  a  former  page. 

I  will  now  quote  from  my  report  to  the  Adjutant  General  of  the  Army  of  April  6th, 
in  which  I  submitted  a  statement  of  the  services  of  our  troops  during  February,  and 
endeavored  to  present  succinctly  the  more  important  actions  with  resulting  causes  from 
which  war  ensued  : 

During  the  latter  part  of  January  the  insurgents  along  their  established  lines  and 
within  the  city  exhibited  increased  aggressiveness,  assuming  a  defiant  attitude,  so  much 
so  that  our  troops  were  gathered  well  in  hand  to  meet  any  demonstrations  which  might 
be  attempted.  Insurgent  armed  parties  entered  far  within  our  lines  and  defied  our 
troops  to  resist  their  approach.  To  arrest  these  proceedings,  our  officers,  and  citizens  of 
Manila  connected  with  the  insurgent  government,  were  sent  to  insurgent  general  officers 
at  various  places  along  their  lines  to  request  that  they  keep  their  men  in  check,  which 


OREGON    VOLUNTKEKS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  471 

the  latter  invariably  promised  to  do,  paying,  however,  little  heed  to  their  promises. 
On  February  1st  a  small  detachment  belonging  to  our  engineer  company  was  arrested 
\yithin  our  "territory  and  sent  to  Malolos.  This  act  brought  on  the  following  corre- 
spondence : 

"Headquarters  Department  Pacific  and  Eighth  Army  Corps, 

"Manila,  P.  I.,  February  2,  1S99. 
"General  Emilio  Aguinaldo, 

"Commanding  Filipino  Hevolutionary  Forces,  Malolos. 

"  Generai,  :  I  have  the  honor  to  inform  you  that  a  small  party  of  engineers,  consist- 
ing of  a  sergeant  and  four  privates,  who  are  engaged  in  making  surveys  for  the  comple- 
tion of  the  map  of  Manila,  which  the  Engineer  Corps  is  now  busy  in  perfecting,  has 
been  missing  for  two  or  three  days  and  is  reported  to  be  confined  in  Malolos.  The 
detachment  was  sent  ovit  to  do  work  witliin  the  city,  witli  directions  to  eontine  itself  to 
the  city  and  suhurban  lines.  Whv  tlu'v  wiv  arr.sti-d  I  do  not  understand,  nor  can  I 
imagine  for  what  reason  tliev  are  held  at  Malilu^.  1  ajn  also  informed  that  a  citizen 
connected  with  H<frprr-s  Werkh/.  newspaj.er.  r.f  New  York,  engaged  in  taking  views  for 
that  paper,  has  also  been  arrested  and  held  as  a  prisoner.  I  know  nothing  of  this  except 
from  report,  nor  do  I  know  who  the  man  is.  I  am  also  informed  that  a  private  soldier 
who  went  beyond  the  lines  without  authority,  and  for  what  motive  I  do  not  know,  is 
also  held  as  a  prisoner.  ,      . 

"I  send  my  staff  oflicer,  Lieutenant  Haan,  of  the  Engineer  Corps,  to  make  inquiries 
and  request  your  action  in  this  matter.  

"  I  am  doing  everything  possible  to  preserve  the  peace  and  avoid  all  friction  until  the 
Filipino  people  can  be  made  fully  acquainted  with  the  sentiments  and  intentions  of  the 
Ameriean  ( iovernuK  lit,  when  I  am  confident  they  will  appreciate  the  endeavors  of  the 
United  States  and  will  au;iin  look  upon  that  country  as  their  friend  and  protector.  I 
also  fully  believe  that  the  present  unrest  is  the  result  of  the  machinations  of  evil-dis- 
posed persons. 

"I  am.  General,  most  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

"  E.  S.  Otis, 
"  Major  General,  U.  S.  V.,  Commanding." 

"  Malolos,  February  h,  1899. 
"  Major  General  Otis, 

"Chief  of  the  Forces  of  Occupation  of  Manila  and  Cavite. 
"General:  In  reply  to  your  letter  of  February  2d,  I  have  the  honor  to  state  that 
the  sergeant  and  four  American  soldiers  of  the  Engineer  Corps,  to-day  liberated,  were 
detained  within  our  territory,  beyond  our  advanced  lines  on  Solis  Street,  examining 
our  intrenchments  and  defenses  at  a  distance  of  less  than  200  meters. 

"  The  said  individuals  carried  a  revolver,  knives,  a  compass,  plans  of  Manila  and  its 
suburbs,  a  book  with  topographical  notes,  a  measuring  tape,  a  machete,  two  penknives, 

"I  'deeply  regret  that  these  soldiers  have  been  taken  within  our  lines,  according  to 
the  testimony  of  our  ofbceis'  witnesses  of  our  detention.  Inasmuch  as  there  exists  a 
decree,  daltnTc  uidher  'JOtli,  whieli  pr(>hil>its  all  foreigners  from  approaching  our  defen- 
sive works,  takinir  i>h<>t"L'rapliic  views  of  the  same,  drawing  plans, or  entering  our  terri- 
tory witii  arms,  althouifh  fi-ee  transit  is  permitted  all  who  are  unarmed. 

"The  correspondent  of  Harper's  Weekly  was  arrested  in  San  Juan  del  Monte  taking 
photographic  views,  and  tlie  proof  of  this  is  that  in  care  of  Colonel  Miguel  he  has  been 
sent  his  camera  and  his  horse. 

"  I  must  state  that  in  consideration  of  the  friendship  of  the  Filipino  people  for  the 
Americans  the  said  soldiers  have  not  been  imprisoned,  but  detained  in  accordam-e  with 
the  spirit  of  the  decree  of  October  20th  last.  They  have  been  lodged  in  the  (iobierno 
Militar  and  have  been  issued  the  daily  rations  of  our  olHcers.  If  they  have  been  uncom- 
fortable it  is  due  to  the  excessive  sobriety  of  our  race  and  soldiers,  who  are  accustomed 
to  eat  but  little  and  sleep  on  the  hard  ground. 

"With  these  explanations  I  believe.  General,  you  will  understand  the  motive  for  the 
detention  of  your  soldiers  to-day  liberated  and  who  have  been  treated  with  all  due  con- 
sideration. 

"I  therefore  hope  that  your  determination  may  be  another  motive  on  which  to  base 
our  friendly  relations  witl'i  the  great  American  Republic,  and  in  consideration  of  this  I 
also  decree  the  liberty  of  the  correspondent  referred  to. 

"I  am.  General,  as  ever,  your  obedient  servant,  Emilio  Aguinaldo." 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  insurgent  government  insisted  that  this  engineer  party 
was  arrested  outside  of  our  small  field  of  operations,  which  I  am  confident  was  not  the 
fact,  but  the  correspondence  is  given  to  show  the  efforts  of  the  American  authorities  to 
sustain  the  peace.  During  all  this  time  our  officers  and  men  were  insulted  and  openly 
proclaimed  to  be  cowards ;  our  outposts  were  attacked  at  night,  and  the  impression 
became  general  that  the  insurgents,  notwithstanding  our  efforts,  would  indulge  soon  in 
open  attack,  in  the  belief  apparently  entertained  by  them  that  they  would  meet  with 
feeble  resistance.  During  the  entire  month  of  January  they  had  labored  incessantly  to 
strongly  intrench  their  lines  and  place  their  artillery  in  position,  and  boasted  freely  of 
their  intentions  to  soon  drive  the  American  forces  out  of  Manila.    On   the  night  of 


472  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

Febi-nary  2d  they  sent  a  strong  detachment  to  draw  the  fire  of  our  outposts,  which  tools 
up  a  position  immediately  in  front  and  within  a  few  yards  of  the  same.  The  outpost 
was  strengthened  by  a  few  of  our  men,  who  silently  bore  their  taunts  and  abuse  the 
entire  night.  This  was  reported  to  me  by  General  MacArthur,  whom  I  directed  to  com- 
municate with  theofflcer  in  command  of  the  insurgent  troops  concerned.  His  prepared 
letter  was  shown  me  and  approved,  and  the  reply  received  (both  papers  found  in  General 
MacArthur's  accompanying  report)  was  all  that  could  be  desired.  However,  the  agree- 
ment was  ignored  by  the  insurgents,  and  on  the  evening  of  February  4th  another 
demonstration  was  made  on  one  of  our  small  outposts,  which  occupied  a  retired  posi- 
tion at  least  one  hundred  and  fifty  yards  within  the  line  which  had  been  mutually 
agreed  upon  —  an  insurgent  approaching  the  picket  and  refusing  to  halt  or  answer  when 
challenged.  The  result  was  that  our  picket  discharged  his  piece,  when  the  insurgent 
troops  near  Santa  Mesa  opened  a  spirited  fire  on  our  troops  there  stationed. 

The  insurgents  had  thus  succeeded  in  drawing  the  fire  of  a  small  outpost,  which 
they  had  evidently  labored  with  all  their  ingenuity  to  accomplish,  in  order  to  justify 
in  some  way  their  premeditated  attack.  It  is  not  believed  that  the  chief  Insurgent 
leaders  wished  to  open  hostilities  at  this  time,  as  they  were  not  completely  prepared  to 
assume  the  initiative.  They  desired  two  or  three  days  more  to  perfect  their  arrange- 
ments, but  the  zeal  of  their  armj-  brought  on  the  crisis  which  precipitated  their  pre- 
meditated action.  They  could  not  have  delayed  long,  however,  for  it  was  their  object 
to  force  an  issue  before  American  troops,  then  en  route,  could  arrive  in  Manila. 

We  now  take  up  for  review  the  more  important  affairs  of  the  second  period  of  the 
year  which  this  directed  report  must  present  — the  period  extending  from  February  4, 
1899,  to  the  present  date. 

The  returns  of  the  United  States  troops  rendered  on  January  31st  gave  a  numerical 
strength  present  in  the  Philippines  of  eight  hundred  and  nineteen  commissioned  ofHcers 
and  twenty  thousand  and  thirty-two  enlisted  men.  Of  these  seventy-seven  ofHcers  and 
two  thousand  three  hundred  and  thirty-eight  enlisted  men  were  absent  in  Cavite  and 
at  Hollo  Harbor.  These  numbers  included  all  officers  and  enlisted  men  belonging  to 
the  line  or  attached  to  staff  corps,  a  good  many  of  whom  had  been  detached  for  service 
in  the  various  branches  of  civil  administration  which  had  been  inaugurated  or  reetab- 
lished.  On  February  2d  I  cabled  to  Washington  that  the  deaths  in  all  organizations 
since  their  ai-rival  in  the  islands  numbered  two  hundred  and  twenty,  of  which  forty-one 
were  due  to  the  casualties  of  battle  and  accident,  that  sixty-four  had  been  caused  by 
typhoid  fever,  forty-three  by  smallpox,  twenty-two  by  dysentery,  eight  by  malarial 
fevers,  and  the  others  were  due  to  various  diseases ;  that  the  prevalence  of  smallpox 
cau.sed  apprehension,  but  that  the  entire  command  had  been  vaccinated  several  times, 
and  twelve  physicians,  mostly  resident,  had  been  engaged  several  weeks  in  vaccinating 
natives  ;  that  nine  per  cent  of  the  command  was  then  reported  sick,  but  that  the  great 
majority  of  all  ailments  were  slight  in  character.  Subtracting  from  the  entire  numerical 
strength  of  all  troops  present  in  the  islands,  those  at  Cavite  and  Iloilo,  the  sick,  those 
serving  in  the  civil  departments,  and  those  belonging  strictly  to  and  doing  duty  in  the 
staff  organizations,  the  effective  men  of  the  line,  officers  and  soldiers,  were  about 
fourteen  thousand.  Of  these,  three  thousand  belonged  to  the  provost  guard  and  were 
expected  to  check  the  demonstrations  of  the  natives  and  preserve  order  within  Manila. 
The  troops  were  occupying  a  great  many  buildings  located  in  the  various  parts  of  the 
city,  and  it  was  the  declared  intention  of  the  secret  hostile  organizations  in  our  midst  to 
burn  them  as  soon  as  our  troops  should  be  called  to  the  lines  of  defense  determined 
upon  in  order  to  resist  the  insurgent  attack  from  without,  as  well  as  to  destroy  by  Are 
the  more  important  business  sections.  For  this  purpose  they  had  provided  themselves 
with  a  considerable  quantity  of  kerosene  oil,  some  of  which  had  previously  been  seized 
or  confiscated.  It  was  necessary,  therefore,  to  detail  an  efficient  permanent  guard  to 
protect  each  bari-ack  building,  which  was  made  up  partially  of  special  duty  men.  And 
it  might  be  remarked  here  that  a  curious  feature  of  the  insurgent  plan  of  making  war, 
which  its  soldiers  invariably  practiced  for  two  months  after  active  hostilities  com- 
menced, was  to  burn  property  indiscriminately,  following  Russia's  example  during 


OREGON    VOLUNTEKRS    FN    SrANlSH    WAK.  473 

Napoleon's  advance  on  Moscow,  of  which  they  had  heard,  or  Spain's  practice  in  the 
islands  when  the  natives  were  considered  to  deserve  chastisement. 

After  estimating  the  necessities  for  the  proper  protection  of  the  city,  it  was  ascer- 
tained that  we  had  abont  ten  thousand  men  availalable  with  whom  to  meet  Aguinaldo's 
concentrated  army,  variously  estimated  at  from  twenty  to  thirty  thousand,  but  we  had 
the  interior  of  the  circumscribed  half-circle  which  was  occupied  by  his  troops  — his 
flanks  resting  on  Manila  Bay  north  and  south  of  the  city  and  about  five  miles  distant 
from  each  other,  and  his  center  about  four  miles  east  of  the  walled  town,  cut  by  the 
Pasig  River.  The  river  was  not  fordable  and  there  were  no  means  of  crossing  it,  except 
by  small  boats,  hence  insurgent  troops  of  one  wing  could  not  give  support  to  the  other 
in  order  to  meet  any  emergency  of  battle  which  might  arise.  We  therefore  had  no  fear 
for  results  in  so  far  as  the  eflPorts  of  the  encircling  force  were  concerned.  To  a  Washing- 
ton dispatch  of  inquiry  received  about  February  1st,  I  replied  that  in  case  hostilities 
were  forced  upon  us  we  could  handle  Aguinaldo's  army,  and  only  feared  the  burning  of 
the  city  by  tlie  unfriendly  partially  organized  portion  of  the  inhabitants. 

Several  weeks  previous  to  this  date  we  had  moved  the  Nebraska  regiment  from  its 
barracks  In  the  thickly  settled  Binondo  district  to  the  high,  unoccupied  ground  at  Santa 
:ilesa,  the  most  eastern  suburb  of  the  city,  where  it  was  placed  in  camp.  This  change 
was  made  for  sanitary  reasons  solely,  as  the  regiment  had  been  suffering  from  a  very 
high  rate  of  sickness  caused  by  unhealthy  locality.  The  new  location  was  within  the 
view  and  the  range  of  the  Mauser  rifles  of  the  insurgents  along  the  San  Juan  River  por- 
tion of  their  line.  During  the  latter  part  of  January  I  was  informed  by  good  Filipino 
authority  that  the  insurgents  meditated  an  attack  on  these  troops  and  was  advised  to 
remove  them  or,  in  their  exposed  place,  the  insurgents  would  kill  them  all.  General 
MacArthur,  who  commanded  north  of  the  Pasig,  warned  Colonel  Stotseuberg,  who  com- 
manded that  regiment  and  camp,  and  placed  two  guns  of  the  Utah  Artillery  in  position 
a  short  distance  removed  therefrom.  It  was  expected  that  the  insurgents  would  make 
the  initiative  at  this  point  and  they  acted  strictly  in  accordance  with  our  anticipations. 

General  Aguinaldo  Avas  now  at  the  zenith  of  his  power.  He  had  recently  repressed 
rebellion  which  had  raised  its  head  in  central  Luzon.  He  had  assembled  a  pliant  con- 
gress, many  members  of  which  had  been  appointed  by  him  to  represent  far  distant 
congressional  districts,  and  which  had  voted  him  the  dictator  of  the  lives  and  fortunes 
of  all  the  Inhabitants  of  the  Philippines.  He  dominated  Manila,  and  when  he  ordered 
that  the  birthday  of  the  martyred  Rizal  should  be  appropriately  observed  there,  busi- 
ness was  paralyzed  and  not  a  native  dared  to  pursue  his  accustomed  daily  labors.  Not 
a  province  had  the  courage  to  oppose  his  appointed  governors,  backed  by  their  Tagalo 
guards,  although  a  few  of  those  governors  had  previously  sufTered  martyrdom  for  the 
zeal  exhibited  in  collecting  money  and  sequestering  private  property.  The  southern 
Islands  were  obedient.  The  appointed  governor  for  one,  and  that  one  not  eager  for  inde- 
pendence, wrote  in  January : 

To  the  Honorable  President  of  the  Revolutionary  Government  of  the  Philippines  : 

Honorable  Sir:  This  government  has  received  the  respected  communication  from 
the  presldcucv  under  your  coiuniand,  ordering  that  under  no  pretext  wliatevcr  are 
American  or  other  foix^iirn  troops  to  be  peruiilteci  to  land  on  tins  island,  wlneli  order  it 
willbeniv  pleasant  duty  to  comply  with  as  far  as  llieseanly  foives  nn.ler  ni y  eonimand 
will  permit.  1  have,  under  to-day's  date,  ordered  the  oflu-lals  nnth'r  my  command  in 
charge  of  the  towns  of  this  province  to  follow  the  same  instructions,  under  pain  of  the 
most  severe  penalties. 

I  have  the  honor  to  reply  as  above  to  the  communication  before  cited. 
God  guard  you  for  many  years  for  our  liberty  and  independence. 

He  was  hailed  from  Europe  as  the  savior  of  his  country  and  as  first  of  "  the  generous 
and  noble  Tagalo  people,"  and  was  assured  of  "the  sympathy  of  all  liberal  and  noble 
nations."  He  was  called  upon  to  take  a  prominent  part  in  United  States  polities,  and 
those  extending  the  invitation  said : 

President  Aguinaldo  : 

Dear  Sir  :  In  the  interest  and  welfare  of  the  Ulipino  Republic,  I  take  the  liberty  to 
write  you  regarding  an  educational  work  to  he  published  in  this  country  representing 


474  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

the  views  of  the  antlexpaiislon  party,  or  the  people  who  wish  to  see  a  free  and  independ- 
ent Philippine  republic. 

The  object  of  this  work  is  to  increase  public  sentiment  against  annexation  of  the 
Philippines.  Therefore,  believing  that  some  facts  from  the  pen  of  your  honor  would 
strengthen  the  cause,  I  am  authorized  to  ask  certain  questions. 

First.  Will  you  kindly  state  the  percent  of  those  who  wish  annexation  to  the  United 
States,  if  such  there  be? 

Second.  Will  the  natives  take  constant  interest  in  political  affairs  under  self-govern- 
ment ? 

Third.  Are  they  upon  recognition  ready  to  drop  their  arms  and  enter  upon  an  enter- 
prising industrial  life? 

After  answering  these  questions,  a  short  article  regarding  the  Philippine  feeling 
toward  this  country  and  their  wished  for  Independence  will  be  appreciated,  and  I  am 
confident  will  very  materially  strengthen  this  cause  in  the  election  to  decide  the  policy 
of  onr  country. 

Hopingyour  sincere  love  for  your  people  will  insure  an  immediate  reply,  I  remain, 
Very  respectfully. 

He  was  confident  that  the  great  majority  of  people  of  the  United  States  justified  him 
in  his  rebellion,  and  as  for  its  soldiers  whom  he  had  shut  up  in  Manila,  many  sympa- 
thized with  his  people  in  their  struggle  for  independence  and  would  not  fight  him.  To 
an  unbeliever  in  this  last  conviction  he  said,  "Go  to  the  lines  at  Santa  Ana  and  be  con- 
vinced," and  the  man  went  and  pretended  to  believe.  The  encouragements  and  friendly 
advice  he  received  from  foreign  parts  through  newspapers  and  communications  from 
admirers,  absent  delegates,  and  representatives  assured  him  of  an  easy  solution  of  the 
war  problem  before  him  if  he  could  strike  while  only  a  few  volunteers  confronted  him 
and  before  the  regulars  then  en  route  could  arrive.  He  therefore  confidently  concen- 
trated his  well  armed  and  ammunitioned  forces  to  man  the  holes  his  troops  had  been 
weeks  in  digging  and  where  they  would  be  secure  from  attack  in  any  event,  even  if  suc- 
cess did  not  attend  his  efforts  to  slaughter  the  Americans  or  drive  them  into  the  waters 
of  the  bay.  These  preparations  consummated,  he  prepared  the  outlines  of  his  declara- 
tion of  war,  the  full  text  of  which  was  published  at  Malolos  and  very  shortly  after  his 
hostile  shots  were  first  responded  to  by  our  troops,  and  without  considering  cause  or 
intent.  The  longed  for  opportunity  had  arrived  and  he  hastened  to  embrace  it.  The 
declaration  was  circulated  in  Manila  the  next  morning,  and  read  as  follows : 

GENERAL  ORDER  TO  THE  PHILIPPINE  ARMY. 

Nine  o'clock  p.  m.,  this  date,  I  received  from  Caloocan  station  a  message  communi- 
cated to  me  that  the  American  forces,  without  prior  notification  or  any  just  motive, 
attacked  our  camp  at  .San  Juan  del  Monte  and  our  forces  garrisoning  the  blockhouses 
around  the  outskirts  of  Manila,  cnusinf^  losses  among  onr  soldiers,  who,  in  view  of  this 
unexpected  aggression  and  of  tlir  decided  attack  ot  the  aggressors,  were  obliged  to 
defend  themselves  nntil  tlie  lirinn  beeanie  general  all  along  the  line. 

No  one  can  deplore  more  tlian  1  this  rupture  of  hostilities.  I  have  a  clear  conscience 
that  I  have  endeavored  to  avoid  it  at  all  costs,  using  all  my  efforts  to  preserve  friendship 
with  the  army  of  occupation,  even  at  the  cost  of  not  a  few  humiliations  and  many  sac- 
rificed rights. 

But  it  is  my  unavoidable  duty  to  maintain  the  integrity  of  the  national  honor  and 
that  of  the  army  so  unjustly  attacked  by  those  who,  posing  as  our  friends  and  libera- 
tors, attempted  to  dominate  us  in  place  of  the  Spaniards,  as  is  shown  by  the  grievances 
enumerated  in  my  manitVst  ot  January  8th  last;  such  as  the  continued  outrages  and 
violent  exactions  committed  against  the  people  of  Manila,  the  useless  conferences,  and 
all  ray  frustrated  efforts  in  favor  of  peace  and  concord. 

Summoned  by  this  unexpected  provocation,  urged  by  the  duties  impo.sed  upon  me 
by  honor  and  patriotism  and  for  the  defense  of  the  nation  intrusted  to  me,  calling  on 
God  as  a  witness  of  my  good  faith  and  the  uprightness  of  my  intentions  — 

I  order  and  command  : 

1.  Peace  and  friendly  relations  between  the  Philippine  force  and  the  American  forces 
of  occupation  are  broken,  and  the  latter  will  be  treated  as  enemies,  with  the  limits  pre- 
scribed by  the  laws  of  war. 

2.  American  .soldiers  who  may  be  captured  by  the  Philippine  forces  will  be  treated 
as  prisoners  of  war. 

3.  This  proclamation  shall  be  communicated  to  the  accredited  consuls  of  Manila,  and 
to  congress,  in  order  that  it  may  accord  the  suspension  of  the  constitutional  guaranties 
and  the  resulting  declaration  of  war. 

Given  at  Malolos,  February  4,  1899. 

Emilio  Aguinaldo, 

Oeneralin  Chief. 

TO  THE  PHILIPPINE  PEOPLE. 

By  my  proclamation  of  yesterday  I  have  published  the  outbreak  of  hostilities  between 
the  Philippine  forces  and  the  American  forces  of  occupation  in  Manila,  unjustly  and 
unexpectedly  provoked  by  the  latter. 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  475 

In  mv  manifest  of  January  sth  last  I  puhlislu'd  the  Krievanc.'s  suffered  by  the  T'hilip- 
pine  forces  at  the  hands  of  llie  army  of  o.-cupaliou.  Tlie  .-onstant  outrages  and  taunts, 
which  have  caused  the  misery  of  thr  people  of  Manila,  and,  linally,  the  useless  coufei^ 
ences  and  the  contempi    shown    the  Philippine  governmeut   prove  the  premeditated 

''\"k\io\v'that  war  has  always  produced  great  losses ;  I  know  that  the  Philippine 
people  have  not  vet  recovired  trom  past  losses,  and  are  not  in  the  condition  to  endure 
others  Hut  1  also  luiow  l)v  experience  how  bitter  is  slavery,  and  by  experience  I  know 
that  we  isliould  sacritice  all  on  the  altar  of  our  honor  and  of  the  national  integrity  so 

"'T'have  tried  to  avoid,  as  far  as  it  has  been  possible  for  nie  to  do  so,  armed  conflict,  in, 
niv  endeavors  to  assure  our  independence  and  pacific  means  and  to  avoid  more  i-ostly 
sai-ritiees.  Hut  all  mv  ell'orts  have  been  useless  against  the  measureless  piide  of  the 
American  (Jovernment  and  of  its  representatives  in  these  islands,  who  have  treated  me 
as  a  rebel  lieivuise  I  defend  the  sacred  interests  of  my  country  and  do  not  make  myself 
an  instr\imiiil  of  their  dastardly  intentions.  ^       ^-^ 

Past  (aniiMi'iis  will  have  convinced  you  that  the  people  are  strong  when  they  wish 
to  be  so  W  itliMut  arms  we  have  driven  from  our  beloved  country  our  ancient  masters, 
and  without  arms  we  can  repulse  the  foreign  invasion  as  long  as  we  wish  to  do  so. 
Providence  always  has  means  in  reserve  and  prompt  help  for  the  weak  in  order  that 
they  may  not  be  annihilated  by  the  strong;  that  justice  may  be  done  and  humanity 

Be  ni)t  discouraged.  Our  independence  has  been  watered  by  the  generous  blood  of 
our  martyrs.  Blood  which  may  be  shed  in  the  future  will  strengthen  it.  Nature  has 
never  despised  generous  sacrifices.  ,   ^    .,     . 

But  remember  that  in  order  that  our  eflforts  may  not  be  wasted,  that  our  vows  may 
be  listened  to,  that  our  ends  may  be  gained,  it  is  indispensable  that  we  adjust  our 
actions  to  the  rules  of  law  and  of  right,  learning  to  triumph  over  our  enemies  and  to 
conquer  our  own  evil  passions. 

Emilio  Aguinaldo, 

Malolos,  February  5,  1S99.  President  of  the  Philippine  Republic. 

The  battle  of  Manila,  which  commenced  at  half-past  8  o'clock  on  the  evening  of  Feb- 
ruary 4th,  continued  until  5  the  next  evening.  Its  details  were  fully  reported  on  April 
6th  last,  and  it  is  not  necessary  to  present  them  anew.  I  insert  a  short  extract  from  that 
report  to  show  the  determination  of  the  insurgents  to  provoke  conflict: 

During  the  entire  month  of  January  they  had  labored  incessantly  to  strongly  intrench 
their  lines  and  place  their  artillery  in  position.  *  *  *  On  the  night  of  February  2d 
they  sent  in  a  stronij  deta.-hnient  to  draw  the  fire  of  our  outpost,  which  took  up  a  posi- 
tion immediately  in  front  of  and  witliin  a  few  yards  of  the  same.  The  outpost  was 
strengthened  hv'a  few  men,  wht)  silently  bore  the  detachment's  taunts  and  abuse  the 
entire  night.  This  was  reported  me  by  General  MacArthur,  whom  I  directed  to  com- 
municate with  the  oJhcer  in  command  of  the  insurgent  troops  concerned.  His  prepared 
letter  was  shown  me  and  aoproved,  and  the  reply  (both  papers  found  in  General  Mac- 
Arthur's  accompanving  report)  was  all  tliat  could  be  desired.  However,  the  agreement 
entered  into  was  ignored  by  the  insurgents,  and  on  the  evening  of  February  4th  another 
demonstration  was  made  on  one  of  our  small  outposts,  which  occupied  a  retired  posi- 
tion, at  least  150  yards  within  the  line  which  had  been  mutually  agreed  upon,  an  insur- 
gent approaching  the  picket  and  refusing  to  liall  or  answer  when  challenged.  The  result 
was  our  picket  discharged  his  piece,  when  the  insurgent  tn>ops  near  Santa  Mesa  opened 
a  spirited  fire  on  our  troops  there  stationed. 

The  engagement  was  one  strictly  defensive  on  the  part  of  the  insurgents  and  of  vigor- 
ous attack  by  our  forces,  although  during  the  night  it  was  confined  to  an  exchange  of 
fire  between  the  opposing  lines  on  the  north  from  the  Pasig  River  to  the  Lico  road,  a 
distance  of  about  two  miles,  with  an  occasional  shot  on  the  south  side  in  the  vicinity  of 
Paco,  and  a  few  straggling  shots  on  the  extreme  left  in  the  direction  of  Caloocan. 
Admiral  Dewey  had  placed  two  vessels  a  short  distance  ofl"  shore  to  the  north  and 
one  to  the  south  of  our  flanks,  where  they  rested  on  Manila  Bay,  and  shortly  after  day- 
break on  the  Sth  I  telegraphed  him  :  Heavy  firing  all  along  our  north  front  at  midnight 
and  at  4  A.  M.  Casual  firing  at  Paco.  Several  casualties  in  Tondo  district.  Charleston 
and  Callao  could  give  efficient  aid  in  that  vicinity,"  and  at  G.50  A.  m.  I  wired  him  that 
"firing  continues;  few  casualties;  a  .sharp  raking  fire  of  one-half  hour  just  to  north  of 
blockhouse  on  Vitas  Pass  would  reach  insurgent  line  and  demoralize  them."  This  was 
efl'ected,  and  the  Monudnock  on  the  south  was  also  doing  good  service.  At  midnight 
General  Anderson,  who  commanded  all  troops  south  of  the  Pasig,  consisting  of  King's 
and  Ovenshine's  brigades,  was  directed  to  hold  them  in  readiness  to  receive  a  morning 
attack,  but  not  to  attack  until  further  instructed.  Our  immediate  interests  lay  to  the 
northeast  and  comprised  the  pumping  station  and  deposito  of  the  waterworks,  which 
it  was  necessary  to  secure,  although  we  had  provided  for  their  loss,  in  so  far  as  the  army 
was  concerned,  by  erecting  a  number  of  distilling  plants  along  the  river  banks,  by  which 


476  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

good  water  could  be  obtained.  Stotsenburg  had  attacked  early  in  the  morning,  drove 
the  enemy  from  the  blockhouses  in  his  front,  and  reported  that  he  could  capture  the 
powder  magazine  and  waterworks  (deposito  meaning,  through  pumping  station  under- 
stood at  the  time,)  if  desired.  MacArthur  had  been  pressing  back  the  enemy  in  his 
entire  front,  inflicting  heavy  loss.  He  had  called  for  troops  to  fill  gap  on  Stotsenburg's 
left,  and  a  battalion  of  the  First  Tennessee  Regiment  of  the  provost  guard,  under  the 
command  of  its  colonel,  was  sent  to  him,  and  the  following  correspondence  by  telegraph 
ensued: 

General  MacArthur:  Stotsenburg  reports,  "Have  captured  blockhouses  6  and  7; 
burned  6.  Can  capture  powder  magazine  and  waterworks  if  desired."  Battalion  P'irst 
Tennessee  has  passed  to  report  to  you.  Let  Stotsenburg  go  ahead  with  aid  of  Tennessee, 
if  conditions  permit,  and  capture  magazine.  Waterworks  must  wait.  Not  prudent  to 
advance  small  force  so  far  out 

Otis. 

General  OTIS:  Am  niaUini;  iii.|uiiies  at  varicms  parts  of  line  to  determine  expediency 
of  iiiovinii  SiMisiMiliiu-  a-  .Mill  sii--e^(,s..  av  Id  extend  entire  line  fmni  Maraqnina  to 
Caln,,ran.  --h.i-,,  i,liiii--< -u.r, -- ,,n  li-hl  nia>  have  induced  them  to  ret  ire  on  the  left. 
Tills  I  am  now  t  r\  iim  to  a>oita  i  n.  I  lo  you  approve  of  this  movement  if  I  tind  it  expe- 
dient ? 

MacArthur. 

General  MacArthur  :  Do  not  think  extension  of  onr  line  from  Maraquina  to  Caloo- 
can  prudent.  Our  Hank  would  be  greatly  exposed  at  Maraquina.  You  had  all  your 
available  troops  underarms  all  night,  and  portions  of  them  must  have  rest  and  sleep, 
so  that  you  could  not  place  more  than  3,000  men  on  line  permanently.  I  think  Stotsen- 
berg  meant  reservoir  and  not  waterworks. 

Otis. 

The  Nebraska  regiment  and  Tennessee  battalion  advanced  rapidly  during  the  morn- 
ing and  captured  the  powder  house  and  deposito,  and  the  South  Dakota  regiment  on 
the  left  drove  the  enemy  from  all  their  iatrenchments  as  far  to  the  westward  as  the 
Lico  road,  and  about  noon  the  following  telegram  was  sent  to  General  MacArthur: 

Reported  that  insurgent  troops  were  arriving  all  night  and  this  morning  for  service 
in  your  front.  Think  line  you  suggest  from  coast  to  Chinese  hospital  your  proper  one, 
not  permitting  Stotsenberg  to  expose  your  right  flank  unnecessarily. 

The  insurgents  had  firm  possession  of  the  railway  and  all  of  its  rolling  stock,  and 
were  utilizing  it  to  the  best  advantage  in  forwarding  to  Caloocan  its  troops  from  the 
north.    To  my  dispatch  General  MacArthur  i-eplied  as  follows  : 

Have  your  dispatch.  Will  act  accordingly  and  try  and  occcupy  Chinese  hospital  and 
extend  the  line  to  the  left  from  that  point  We  have  everything  now  to  include  block- 
house 4,  and  1  have  no  doubt  when  Colonel  Kessler  gets  a  gun,  which  I  have  sent  to  the 
front,  we  will  demolish  and  occupy  the  hospital  if  it  is  still  defended  by  the  insurgents. 
At  11.20  a.  m.  .Siutseuburg  is  crossing  San  Juan  River  at  the  bridge.  Have  authorized 
him  to  proceed  according  to  your  advice,  but  to  be  prudent  and  not  go  too  far,  as  the  left 
of  the  insurgent  line  still  holding  on,  or  at  all  events  not  yet  occupied  by  us. 

This  line  was  established  during  the  afternoon,  and  General  MacArthur  had  little  to 
contend  with  for  the  remainder  of  the  day,  his  chief  difficulty  thereafter  coming  from 
the  rear,  from  which  an  occasional  hostile  shot  was  flred,  and  in  the  evening  he  tele- 
graphed he  had  everything  at  the  front  with  the  exception  of  two  companies  of  the 
Montana,  and  continued  :  "If  you  will  look  at  the  map  you  will  see  that  my  line  extends 
from  a  point  opposite  San  Pedro  Macati  to  the  bay.  It  will  hardly  be  possible  to  bring 
anybody  in  to-night,  as  new  demands  may  arise.  I  suggest,  but  do  not  request,  that  a 
battalion  be  sent  here  for  an  extraordinary  reserve,  to  be  placed  along  the  Lico  road  to 
Calle  Iris. 

Two  companies  were  borrowed  from  the  provost  guard  and  placed  as  requested. 

The  troops  of  General  Anderson  became  eager  to  attack  the  enemy  early  on  the  morn- 
ing of  the  5th,  and  at  7.48  o'clock  permission  was  granted,  the  general  being  cautioned  : 
"  Do  not  advance  too  far,  and  look  out  for  your  flanks  and  the  Monadnock." 

General  King  had  asked  to  swing  his  brigade,  the  left  of  which  rested  on  the  Pasig 
near  Santa  Ana,  to  the  left,  thereby  driving  the  enemy  in  his  front  to  the  river,  where  he 
would  have  them  at  his  mercy.  This  was  authorized,  and  the  Californias,  Washingtons, 
and  Idahos  responding  with  great  vigor,  the  movement  was  attended  with  signal  suc- 
cess.   The  insurgent  casualties  here  were  very  heavy  and  many  were  drowned  in  the 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH     WAR.  477 

Pasig,  having  attempted  to  cross  it  to  escape  punishment.  Meanwhile  the  right  of 
Anderson's  line,  which  was  confronted  by  an  almost  impenetrable  thicket,  was  meeting 
with  serious  difficulties.  It  had  driven  the  insurgents  from  their  intrenchments  on  the 
extreme  right,  but  at  the  center  in  the  jungle  and  swamp  they  held  on  with  great  tenac- 
ity. This  position  was  pressed  by  a  portion  of  the  Fourteenth  Infantry,  under  Captain 
Murphy,  and  Wheeler's  troop  of  the  Fourth  Cavalry,  which  advanced  slowly,  shooting 
the  insurgents  in  their  formidable  intrenchments,  which  they  had  constructed  therein, 
as  they  refused  to  yield.    At  11  o'clock  a.  m.  I  telegraphed  General  Anderson  as  follows  : 

Establish  your  final  line  from  coast  opposite  Pasay  to  San  Pedro  Macati.  This  gives 
you  a  short  line  and  command  of  all  the  roads  leading  to  the  north  and  fairly  open 
country.  You  can  undertake  it  as  soon  as  Murphy  overcomes  difficulty  in  his  front. 
The  North  Dakotas  can  advance  along  coast  of  bay  near  Pasay.  You  can  attend  to  all 
this  as  soon  as  you  are  sure  of  capturing  San  Pedro  Macati. 

And  I  thereupon  telegraphed  Admiral  Dewey  as  follows  : 

Have  directed  Anderson  to  establish  southern  line  between  Pasay  and  San  Pedro 
Macati  on  Pasig.  He  will  move  down  as  soon  as  he  has  full  possession  of  San  Pedro 
Macati,  which  will  soon  fall  into  his  hands.  Will  you  keep  vessel  to  the  front  to  assist 
advance  down  coast? 

General  Anderson  seemed  doubtful  if  his  troops  could  obtain  possession  of  the  indi- 
cated line  (the  Pasig  and  San  Pedro  Macati  road)  that  afternoon  on  account  of  the  diffi- 
culty experienced  at  his  center.  He  had  telegraphed  from  Batterj'  Knoll,  right  of  Paco 
bridge,  at  12.30  p.  m.: 

King  has  taken  Santa  Ana;  200  prisoners.  Many  Filipinos  reported  killed.  Our  loss 
unknown  ;  believed  not  to  be  heavy.  Ovcnsliine  has  t'lcarcd  his  front  on  !iis  rit;lit,  driv- 
ing them  back  to  our  old  intrenchments.  (apt.iin  Mur[>l\y  said  to  lia\  !■  advanced  to 
blockhouse  14,  but  insurgents  still  hold  flankinj;  position  oi'i  his  rii^hi.  Have  sent  down 
one  gun  which  has  opened  on  them,  but  do  not  know  with  what  results.  Firing  still 
continues.  Last  seen  of  Smith  (colonel  of  California  regiment,  meaning)  was  advancing 
on  the  right  with  two  battalions  and  entering  San  Pedro  Macati.  Prevent  insurgent 
reijnforcenients  crossing  river. 

And  later  he  telegraphed  from  Paco  bridge  as  follows  : 

Major  General  Anderson  presents  his  compliments  and  says  that  he  has  sent  all 
available  troops  to  rout  insurgents  on  Captain  Murphy's  flank,  but  that  present  force  is 
inadeauate  to  accomplish  this.  He  requests  that  he  be  reenforced  with  a  battalion  from 
General  Hughes's  command,  and  with  these  he  is  confident  he  can  drive  insurgents  out. 

Another  battalion  of  the  Tennessee  regiment  was  borrowed  from  the  provost  mar- 
shal and  was  conducted  by  my  aid,  Captain  Sanders,  to  the  center  of  this  line,  but  did 
not  arrive  until  the  ground  had  been  carried. 

I  had  sent  Lieutenant  Colonels  Crowder  and  Potter  to  make  known  to  General 
Anderson  the  particulars  of  the  movement  desired,  and  finally,  fearing  that  some  mis- 
understanding might  result,  explained  to  Lieutenant  Colonel  Barry,  my  Adjutant  Gen- 
eral, all  particulars,  making  careful  reference  to  the  map,  and  dispatched  him  to  confer 
with  General  Ovenshine.  He  went  direct  to  that  officer,  whose  troops  on  the  right  of 
the  line  had  returned  to  the  original  position  of  the  morning,  fearing  the  shells  from  the 
guns  of  the  Monadnock,  which  struck  uncomfortably  near.  When  Colonel  Barry 
explained  fully  to  him  what  was  expected  of  his  troops  he  at  once  took  up  the  advance, 
swinging  a  part  of  his  line  to  the  left,  attacking  the  enemy  in  the  flank  —  whom  he  .soon 
routed  and  drove  beyond  the  range  of  fire— and  placed  his  entire  hnc  firmly  on  the 
Pasay  road. 

At  4.80  o'clock  Colonel  Barry  telegraphed  me  as  follows  : 

Have  just  returned  from  the  fight  in  front  of  Murphy's  position.  Insurgents  driven 
out  in  sharp  fight  when  General  Ovenshine  advanced  toward  Pasay.  Little  loss  to  our 
forces,  but  insurgents  badly  handled.  Many  killed.  Will  see  General  Anderson,  then 
return  to  Malacanan.  Wordhas  just  been  received  that  Ovenshine  has  taken  Pasay 
without  resi.siance.    Anderson  at  San  Pedro  Macati.    Will  return  to  Malacanan. 

At  4.45  I  telegraphed  General  Anderson  as  follows  : 

First  North  Dakota,  Fourteenth  Infantry,  and  Fourth  C^avalry  on  Pasay  road.  King 
must  fall  out  and  take  position  on  that  road  to-night.  That  will  be  vour  permanent 
line.  If  you  can  spare  Tennessee  return  it.  May  be  trouble  in  Tondo  and  Binondo 
to-night.  MacArthur's  troops  occupying  position  far  in  advance  of  this  morning  and 
all  on  the  line. 


478  OREGON    V0LUNTEF:RS    in    SPANISH    WAR. 

During  the  night  of  February  4th  and  the  following  day  the  inhabitants  of  the  city 
were  greatly  agitated,  fearing  for  their  personal  safety.  Streets  were  almost  deserted, 
except  by  our  troops.  Two  or  three  attempts  were  made  to  assemble  by  the  secret  mili- 
tary organizations,  but  were  promptly  checked  by  Brigadier  General  Hughes,  the  pro- 
vost marshal  general,  who  had  admirably  placed  and  retained  his  force  at  the  most 
important  points.  His  action  was  quick  and  decisive.  Early  on  the  morning  of  the  oth 
his  police  companies  so  effectively  delivered  their  fire  upon  these  assembling  organiza- 
tions that  they  were  dispersed  and  discouraged.  Their  loss  in  killed  could  not  have 
exceeded  fifty  or  sixty,  but  they  made  no  further  very  dangerous  demonstrations  until 
the  night  of  February  23d,  when  they  suffered  a  severe  experience  for  their  temerity. 
At  the  close  of  the  day  on  the  5th  Admiral  Dewey  inquired  concerning  the  situation, 
and  was  replied  to  as  follows : 

Situation  satisfactory.  On  south  we  hold  road  from  Tasay  to  San  Pedro  Macati  On 
the  north  we  hold  the  water  reservoir.  San  .luaii  del  Monte,  and  all  lilocUlionses 
Country  pcarcful  and  city  quiet.  Troops  foii-ht  niagniflcentlv.  Iiisurnviit  dead 
between  500  and  1,000.  Lots  of  prisoners  and  2  Krupp  guns  caiitured  In^ur-'^ents 
demoralized.    We  owe  gratitude  for  your  great  aid. 

Our  casualties  for  the  day  in  killed  and  wounded  numbered  about  two  hundred  and 
fifty.  Those  of  the  insurgents  will  never  be  known.  Our  hospitals  were  filled  with 
their  wounded,  our  prisons  with  their  captured,  and  we  buried  seven  hundred  of  them. 
Their  loss  was  estimated  at  three  thousand,  and  considering  the  number  who  died  on 
the  field  of  battle,  might  be  deemed  conservative. 

On  February  6th  it  was  ascertained  that  Colonel  Smith,  with  his  Californians,  had 
not  halted  at  San  Pedro  Macati,  but  had  pursued  the  fieeing  enemy  up  the  Pasig  River. 
No  one  seemed  to  know  definitely  his  location,  except  that  it  was  somewhere  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  towns  of  Pasig,  Pateros,  or  Taguig.  He  had  gone  on  with  two  battalions 
of  his  regiment  and  occupied  these  villages,  receiving  the  written  surrender  of  the 
inhabitants.  General  Anderson  was  directed  to  withdraw  him  at  once  to  the  Pasay 
road,  which  he  did  not  reach  until  the  8th  of  the  month.  The  enemy  took  possession 
of  the  towns  which  he  had  evacuated  upon  his  directed  withdrawal,  and  celebrated 
victory.  They  had  been  collecting  to  the  east  of  the  town  of  Pasig  and  on  the  .south,  and 
there  was  danger  that  they  would  cut  oft"  Smith's  retreat,  in  case  he  did  not  fall  back 
without  delay  to  his  directed  position. 

A  movement  from  the  southern  line  was  not  considered  advisable,  as  the  bulk  of 
insurgent  troops  were  again  concentrating  on  the  north  in  the  vicinity  of  Caloocan,  and 
the  short,  admirable  southern  line  which  we  had  established  was  easily  defended  and 
could  spare  troops  for  any  emergency  at  the  north. 

On  the  morning  of  the  6th  our  attention  was  given  to  the  large  number  of  partisans 
or  bushwhackers,  mostly  in  the  rear  of  our  lines,  who  were  continually  firing  from  nipa 
huts,  or  other  places  of  concealment,  upon  our  passing  transportation,  messengers,  and 
detachments.  Nearly  all  the  barrack  guards  had  been  forwarded  to  the  front,  and  the 
provost  guard  was  widely  dispersed  on  the  outskirts  of  the  city.  In  some  instances  it 
was  necessary  to  resort  to  radical  measures  and  destroy  many  of  the  nipa  huts  which, 
situated  in  the  bamboo  and  banana  thickets,  gave  protection  to  scattered  insurgents 
who  doubtless  belonged  to  the  interior  organizations  or  city  Insurgent  militia.  The 
day  was  devoted  to  the  removal  of  the  dangerous  and  threatening  obstacles  and  the 
burial  of  the  dead.  About  noon  Colonel  Stotsenburg  telegraphed  from  Deposito,  or 
water  reservoir,  the  following : 

General  MacArthur  instructs  ini'  to  wire  sungeslions  about  waterworks.  They  .should 
be  taken  and  line  of  \n\K-  ocrui)ic(l  and  guarded.  1  think  I  can  do  it  from  here,  and  if 
necessary  run  tlic  pumps,  occupying  tlir  high  ground  in  the  rear,  and  connecting  with 
the  left  of  the  First  Division  at  San  IVdro  Macati.  My  command  consists  of  the  First 
Nebraska,  Tennessee  battalion,  the  2  companies  of  the  Colorado  regiment,  and  4  pieces 
of  artillery.  There  is  no  engineer  at  the  waterworks  and  no  coal.  I  do  not  think  we 
shall  find  any  difficulty  between  here  and  there. 

Stotsenburg's  command  was  augmented  by  a  battalion  of  the  Twenty-third  Infantry 
from  the  provost  guard,  under  the  command  of  Major  Goodale,  and  he  was  directed  to 
proceed  and  carry  out  his  plan.    Later  that  evening  I  sent  for  General  Hale,  who  com- 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  479 

mauded  the  right  brigade  of  MacArthur's  line,  informing  him  that  I  had  just  received 
information  that  a  part  of  Stotsenburg's  command  was  in  difftculty,  having  been 
attacked  by  insurgents,  and  that  it  was  short  of  ammunition  and  without  water.  Hale 
at  once  proceeded  to  the  Deposito,  and  wired  me  that  Stotsenburg  upon  leaving  the 
water  \vorlis  had  ordered  Goodale  to  take  his  battalion  out  the  Maraquina  road, 
extending  his  right  to  connect  with  his  (Stotsenburg's)  left,  and  continued  : 

Although  I  had  not  contemplated  sending  any  troops  to  Maraquina,  I  did  not  con- 
sider it  desirable  to  change  orders  and  leave  Stotsenburg's  left  fiank  witliout  tlic  protec- 
tion he  was  anticipating,  and  as  there  was  little  resistance  met  lliroimli  tln'  district 
traveled,  and  as  we  heard  no  firing  on  our  left,  there  appeared  no  special  ilaii^'i'r  in 
(loodale's  position.  We  threw  some  shells  in  the  direction  of  tlie  liead(iu;uters  at 
Maraquina  to  show  them  that  they  were  covered  b.v  artillery  fire  and  to  deter  them 
from  any  attack  they  might  make  on  Goodale's  command. 

General  Hale  ascertained  that  the  reports  which  I  had  received  were  greatly  exag- 
gerated and  that  no  portion  of  Stotsenburg's  command  was  in  any  immediate  danger. 
He  at  once  adopted  measures  to  keep  open  communication  with  the  pumping  station, 
which  Stotsenburg  had  successfully  reached,  by  means  of  large  detachments  which 
patrolled  the  four  miles  of  road  between  Deposito  and  the  station,  and  the  following 
morning  I  received  this  telegram  from  General  Mac  Arthur: 

Stotsenburg  just  reoorts  that  he  has  found  the  missing  pump  machinery,  that  insur- 
gents have  abandoned  Maraquina,  and  that  10  companies  went  toward  Pasig.  This 
command  has  been  actively  engaged  since  Friday  and  wants  to  rest  to-day  and  to-mor- 
row. I  liave  authorized  liiiii  to  do  so  and  not  to  make  any  further  active  movement  of 
any  kind  witliout  speciHc  orders.  Large  band  of  insurgents,  armed  and  equipped,  mov- 
ing toward  Pasig.  Kecommend  sending  gunboat  up  river  to  prevent  them  crossing. 
Seem  to  be  concentrating  south  of  Pasig.  Captain  Randolph  is  now  here  and  I  can  give 
him  any  orders  you  wish. 

To  which  reply  was  made  : 

Order  Captain  Randolph  to  take  the  gunboat  to  San  Pedro  Macati  and  remain  in  that 
vicinity.  Information  will  be  forwarded  to  him  at  that  point.  Acknowledge  and  report 
action. 

The  gunboat  referred  to  was  a  former  Pasig  River  passenger  steamboat  known  as  the 
Laguna  de  Bay,  which  we  had  seized,  though  subsequently  purchased,  about  two  weeks 
before  active  hostilities  commenced,  for  service  on  the  Upper  Pasig,  should  occasion 
require.  On  her  we  had  placed  machine  and  6-pounder  guns  and  heavy  sheet-iron  pro- 
tection, and  detailed  for  duty  with  her  two  offlcers  and  sixty-five  men.  She  was  com- 
manded by  Captain  Randolph,  of  the  Third  Artillery,  and  afterwards  by  Captain  Grant, 
of  the  Utah  Artillery,  who  was  an  experienced  steamboat  man,  having  been  formerly 
engaged  as  a  captain  of  a  passenger  vessel  plying  the  northern  United  States  lakes.  She 
was  a  formidable  and  ugly-looking  craft,  drawing  four  feet  of  water,  gave  the  insurgents 
much  uneasiness,  and  subsequently  great  fear  whenever  on  the  Pasig  River,  in  the 
waters  of  the  Laguna  de  Bay,  or  in  the  rivers  of  Bulacan  province  she  chanced  to 
appear.  She  was  fearlessly  handled  and  was  considered  to  be  equivalent  to  a  regiment 
of  men  whenever  engaged.  Her  repeated  successes  led  us  to  purchase  and  put  in  defen- 
sive condition  three  other  small  light-draft  river  steamboats  or  launches,  which,  though 
inferior  to  the  Luguna  de  Bay  as  fighting  machines,  have  rendered  excellent  service. 

The  insurgent  troops,  which  Colonel  Stotsenburg  reported  as  moving  upon  the  town 
of  Pasig,  at  the  head  of  the  river  of  that  name,  were  those  which,  in  connection  with  the 
insurgents  of  the  south,  it  was  believed  were  about  to  concentrate  to  resist  Colonel 
Smith  and  his  two  lost  battalions  of  the  California  regiment  then  in  that  vicinity,  which 
on  the  6th  had  been  ordered  to  withdraw  immediately  to  their  intended  position  at  San 
Pedro  Macati. 

On  February  7th  division  commanders  looked  to  the  means  of  readily  supi)lying 
their  troops  with  ammunition,  subsistence,  and  water,  and  whatever  else  might  be 
needed.  For  this  service  we  had  only  the  primitive  transportation  of  the  country.  A 
few  days  before  the  fighting  commenced  Major  Devol,  transportation  quartermaster  of 
the  command,  had  been  directed  to  assemble  his  hired  carts  at  a  certain  locality  in  the 
city  upon  the  first  indication  of  active  hostilities  and  to  be  prepared  to  seize  and  assem- 
ble there,  also,  all  wheeled  vehicles  of  which  he  could  obtain  possession.    These  iiistruc- 


480  OREfiON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

tions  he  carried  out  most  effectively,  and  the  firing  line  was  at  all  times  supplied  with 
ev^ery  essential  requirement.  Citizens  who  suffered  losses  thereby  were  instructed  to  sub- 
mit their  claims,  which  were  promptly  settled,  and  over  $7,000  (Mexican)  were  paid  to 
them  on  these  particular  accounts.  A  good  many  unauthorized  seizures  were  made  by 
enlisted  men  going  to  and  returning  from  the  front  sent  in  many  instances  for  ammuni- 
tion and  rations.  This  was  checked  under  formal  orders  issued  on  the  7th  instant,  and 
all  inhabitants  were  compensated  who  thereby  suffered. 

On  the  morning  of  the  7th  Colonel  Stotsenburg  reported  that  he  had  found  all  miss- 
ing parts  of  the  pumping  machinery.  Steps  were  at  once  taken  to  put  this  machinery 
in  order  and  in  the  course  of  two  days  the  city  was  receiving  an  abundant  water  supply, 
which  continued  since  thas  date. 

The  demoralization  of  the  insurgents,  which  the  rough  handling  they  had  unexpect- 
edly received  from  the  American  mode  of  conducting  warfare  hitherto  unknown  in 
these  islands,  and  pronounced  by  them  to  be  new  and  unsoldierly,  continued  for  two  or 
three  days.  The  leaders,  confessing  that  their  men  were  overmatched  by  our  troops, 
contended  that  they  could  overcome  by  numbers  what  was  lacking  in  individual  char- 
acteristics. They  commenced  at  once  a  reconcentration  of  all  their  forces  in  every  direc- 
tion, hastening  from  the  north  by  rail  every  available  man  whether  armed  with  rifle  or 
bolo.  Still  they  had  lost  a  good  many  of  their  original  soldiers,  who,  thoroughly  satis- 
fled  with  the  war  for  independence,  had  escaped  to  their  homes  in  distant  villages. 
There  was  no  lack  of  ammunition  or  subsistence  for  the  troops  on  the  north,  but  those 
on  the  south  had  lost  through  capture  all  the  rice  and  cartridges  which  they  had  stored 
near  their  original  lines  and  could  not  be  resupplied  without  ditflculty.  The  bolo  men 
of  the  city,  who  had  remained  quiet  since  the  afternoon  of  the  5th,  began  to  show  again 
a  turbulent  disposition,  and  as  early  as  February  8th  became  bold  and  defiant.  It 
became  necessary  to  make  new  combinations,  for  the  insurgents  still  persisted  in  the 
intention  to  carry  out  their  former  preconceived  plan  of  action,  which  was  to  be  an 
attack  on  our  front,  assisted  by  an  overwhelming  uprising  of  the  city  insurgent  militia. 

Our  southern  line  was  short  and  secure.  The  northern  line  had  a  sharp  protruding 
angle  at  the  Chinese  church,  one  and  one  quarter  miles  southeast  of  Caloocan  ;  thence 
it  extended  southeasterly  toward  the  deposito;  thence  south  to  the  Pasig  River  with  a 
strong  outpost  at  the  pumping  station,  four  miles  east  of  the  deposito.  The  left  of  this 
was  refused,  running  from  the  Chinese  church  to  Vitas  Pass  in  a  .southwesterly  direc- 
tion. Two  battalions  of  the  provost  guard  had  been  sent  to  the  pumping  station  and 
other  portions  of  it  had  been  placed  far  out  in  the  suburbs.  The  increased  insurgent 
activity  within  the  city  obliged  the  return  of  all  this  guard  for  city  service,  and  to  effect 
it,  the  Wyoming  battalion,  three  troops  of  the  Fourth  Cavalry,  the  North  Dakota  regi- 
ment, and  two  guns  of  Dyer's  Light  Battery  were  withdrawn  from  Anderson's  front. 
The  first  organization  relieved  the  Twenty-third  battalion  at  the  pumping  station.  The 
cavalry  and  artillery  troops  were  sent  to  General  MacArthur  for  use  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  Chinese  church,  and  the  North  Dakota  regiment  was  placed  in  Malate  (where  an 
uprising  was  threatened)  for  temporary  duty. 

General  MacArthur  had  requested  permission  to  swing  his  left  on  the  town  of  Caloo- 
can thereby  giving  him  an  excellent  continuous  and  direct  line  on  good  ground  from 
that  town  to  the  deposito,  but  was  requested  to  remain  as  quiet  as  possible  for  a  couple 
of  days  until  the  enemy  could  effect  complete  concentration  in  his  front,  when  another 
opportunity  to  punish  him  very  severely  would  be  presented.  This  he  did,  and  on  the  10th 
of  the  month  (it  having  been  i-eported  that  Luna  had  placed  about  four  thousand  insur- 
gents south  of  Caloocan  in  front  of  MacArthur's  refused  left)  he  was  directed  to  rectify 
his  alignment,  which  he  accomplished  on  the  afternoon  of  the  10th,  by  a  very  spirited 
attack  on  the  part  of  the  Montana,  Kansas,  and  Pennsylvania  Volunteers,  and  the 
Third  Artillery  (brigade  of  Brig.  Gen.  H.  G.  Otis)  swinging  on  the. Chinese  church  as  a 
pivot.  The  attack,  preceded  by  a  fire  of  thirty  minutes  from  the  guns  of  the  Navy  ves- 
sels on  and  in  front  of  Caloocan,  consisted  of  an  impetuous  charge  which  swept  away 
every  obstacle,  inflicting  great  dan)age  on  the  enemy,  who  fought  stubbornly  within  his 
intrenchments  for  a  time,  but  finally  fled  indiscriminately  to  the  rear.    Our  troops  pur- 


orp:gon  volunteers  in  Spanish  war.  481 

sued  beyond  the  line  which  it  was  intended  to  establish,  rushed  on  to  and  over  the  stone 
walls  which  surrounded  the  Caloocan  cemetery,  where  the  insurgents  had  placed  a 
strong  force,  which  they  well-nigh  destroyed.  Darkness  coming  on  the  troops  were 
quickly  recalled,  and  the  line,  with  the  left  resting  on  Caloocan,  was  occupied  — the 
extreme  left  being  i-efused  to  guard  against  any  movement  from  the  direction  of  the 
town  of  Malabon. 

During  the  afternoon  of  February  8th  I  received  the  following  dispatch  from  Admiral 
Dewey : 

Have  sent  tlag  of  truce  to  San  Roque  directing  withdrawal  of  insurgent  troops.  If 
white  flag  is  not  flying  at  9  A.  m.  to-morrow  shall  open  with  ships.  Please  direct  colonel 
commanding  to  occupy  San  Roque  after  insurgent  troops  leave.  This  is  most  impor- 
tant in  interest  of  navy. 

San  Roque  was  a  thickly  populated  village  connected  with  the  naval  station  at 
Cavite  by  a  causeway  over  a  narrow  intervening  sti-ip  of  Water  and  was  at  the  mercy  of 
the  guns  of  the  navj\  The  insurgent  troops  formerly  occupying  Cavite  had  taken  pos- 
session of  this  point,  where  they  had  been  augmented  by  considerable  accessions  from 
the  Cavite  province.  Our  own  troops,  consisting  of  the  Fifty-flrst  Iowa  Regiment,  two 
California  battalions  of  heavy  artillery,  the  Wyoming  Light  Artillery,  and  the  Nevada 
troop  of  dismounted  cavalry,  commanded  by  Colonel  Loper,  of  the  Fifty-flrst  Iowa  Reg- 
iment, occupied  Cavite  and  guarded  the  causeway  between  the  two  towns.  Upon 
receipt  of  the  Admiral's  telegram.  Colonel  Loper  was  properly  instructed,  and  at  9 
o'clock  on  the  morning  of  the  following  day  the  insurgents,  having  kerosened  San 
Roque,  flred  it  and  withdrew,  crossing  the  neck  which  joins  it  to  the  mainland.  Our 
troops  at  once  took  possession  and  by  persistent  eftbrts  saved  from  destruction  many 
of  its  best  buildings.  The  inhabitants  fled,  preceding  or  accompanying  the  insurgents, 
and  Colonel  Loper  stationed  guards  there  and  placed  a  force  across  the  narrow  neck  of 
land  at  a  point  about  a  mile  distant  from  Cavite,  where  he  confronted  the  insurgent 
intrenchments  on  the  main  shore,  where  troops  have  since  been  maintained  and  from 
which  point  they  have  operated  by  reconnoissance  as  far  as  old  Cavite  and  San  Fran- 
cisco de  Malabon. 

AtTairs  at  the  open'ports  of  Iloilo  and  Cebu,  for  which  foreign  and  domestic  mer- 
chant vessels  had  persistently  cleared,  furnishing  goods  and  paying  tribute  to  the  insur- 
gent authorities,  and  foreign  men-of-war  were  intently  watching  the  progress  of  events, 
gave  great  annoyance.  The  questions  presented  bristled  with  conundrums  of  a  political 
character,  and  the  United  States  consuls  on  the  Asiatic  coast  wanted  positive  informa- 
tion of  condition  and  status.  The  territory  was  no  longer  Spain's,  but  we  still  hesitated 
to  take  decisive  action  for  fear  of  provoking  the  insurgents,  or  really  giving  them  the 
excuse  to  attack  us  when  they  desired.  Now  this  last  obstacle  had  been  removed  by 
their  determined  onslaughts  on  Manila,  and  it  was  very  important  for  overmastering 
political  reasons  to  take  possession  of  these  southern  ports,  through  force  or  otherwise, 
as  circumstances  might  demand.  Notwithstanding  our  military  strength  at  Manila 
was  so  limited  that  we  could  not  pursue  into  the  interior  the  fleeing  enemy,  we  knew  our 
ability  to  worst  him  should  he  appear  anywhere  in  our  vicinity,  and  concluded  that 
exigencies  compelled  us  to  clear  up  the  fleld  which  we  were  confronting  at  Iloilo.  On 
February  7th  I  asked  authority  to  direct  General  Miller  to  take  the  place.  This  being 
received,  the  Tennessee  regiment,  which  had  been  acting  with  the  Manila  provost  guard, 
was  forwarded  to  that  point,  sailing  on  the  9th  instant.  On  the  evening  of  the  previous 
day  I  dispatched  Lieutenant  Colonel  Potter  with  the  following  instructions: 

Headqtjarteks  Department  Pacific  and  Eighth  Army  Corps, 

ManiUi,  P.  I.,  February  8,  1899. 
Brigadier  General  Miller,  U.  S.  V., 

Commanding  First  Separate  Srigade,  Eighth  Army  Corps,  Iloilo,  Panay. 
Sir:  The  commanding  general  directs  that  you  occupy  Iloilo  with  your  troops  as 
soon  as  practicable,  having  a  care  for  the  lives  and  property  of  the  inhabitants  of  that 
city  and  giving  to  citizens  the  necessary  notice  to  withdraw  therefrom  in  case  resistance 
is  anticipated. 

31 


482  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

The  admiral  commanding  the  United  States  naval  forces  on  the  Asiatic  station  will 
direct  the  commanding  officers  of  naval  vessels  In  the  harbor  of  Iloilo  to  support  you  in 
your  operations.  

Avoid  destruction  of  property  in  so  far  as  may  be  possible  with  successful  operations, 
and  endeavor  tu  pivvciii  drstruVtiou  of  same  by  native  troops. 

The  lirst  Tiniir<^.  c  nmim  nt  will  sail  for  Hollo  to-morrow  morning,  the  9th  instant, 
and  upon  its  airixal  \<>n  will  he  al>lf  to  make  your  dispositions. 

The  coiunumdiuK  k'H'ial  tinsts  to  your  ablility  and  discretion,  and  does  not  desire 
to  give  you  more  specific  instructions",  permitting  full  latitude  of  action  on  your  part. 
These  instructions  will  be  handed  to  you  by  Lieutenant  Colonel  Potter,  who  leaves  this 
evening  by  f^teamer  Biituaii.  He  will  remaiu  with  y(ni  until  you  arc  able  to  report  the 
results  of  your  action  in  executing  these  instructions,  wlien  you  will  dispatch  him  to 
these  headquarters  with  report  of  same. 

Very  respectfully,  Thomas  H.  Barry, 

Assistant  Adjutant  Oeneral. 

Shortly  after  Lieutenant  Colonel  Potterarrived  with  instructions,  and  on  the  morning 
of  the  10th  General  Miller  had  a  conference  with  the  commanding  officers  of  the  United 
States  war  vessels  in  the  harbor  and  with  certain  business  men  in  Iloilo,  when  the  time 
to  be  given  the  insurgents  to  surrender  or  evacuate  and  for  the  inhabitants  to  withdraw 
from  the  city  was  determined  upon.  With  the  navy  commanders  the  plan  of  battle,  in 
case  it  became  necessary  to  forcibly  take  the  place,  was  discussed,  but  not  fully  agreed 
upon.    The  results  arrived  at  are  given  in  the  following  communications : 

Headquarters  First  Separate  Brigade,  Eighth  Army  Corps, 
On  Board  Transport  Newport, 

Iloilo  Harbor,  P.  J.,  February  10,  1899. 
Commanding  General  Native  Forces,  Iloilo : 

Sir:  In  a  communication  from  Gen.  Roque  Lopez,  dated  December  31,  1S9S,  it  was 
stated  that  armed  resistance  would  be  ottered  to  the  forces  of  the  United  States  in  case 
thev  atteniplid  to  occupy  Iloilo  without  the  consent  of  General  Aguinahlo.  Tliis  com- 
munication was  rctVi-nd,  for  insi  ruci  ions,  to  Major  General  Otis,  commanding  the 
United  States  forces  in  the  Philippine  Islands.  After  a  long  delay  orders  have  arrived, 
and  I  am  now  directed  by  him  to  occupy  the  city  of  Iloilo  with  my  troops  as  soon  as 
practicable.  I  therefore  call  upon  you  to  deliver  \\\<  ilncity  of  Iloilo  and  adjacent  terri- 
tory, and  to  surrender  the  armed  forces  occupyim;  the  same  before  sunset  Saturday, 
the  nth  instant,  or  I  shall  proceed  with  my  troops  to  occupy  the  city  by  force.  It  is 
requested  that  you  give  warning  to  all  noncombatants  in  Iloilo,  Jaro,  and  Molo,  that  in 
caseof  resistance  their  city  and  villages  will  be  expos.d  to  l,.>mbardment.  Anyattempt 
on  your  part  in  the  interim  to  close  the  Iloilo  Kiv.i  or  to  throw  up  or  Improve  any 
defensive  works  will  at  once  be  met  by  Are  from  the  United  States  warships  and  my 
troops.  Free  ingress  and  egress  to  boats  going  to  and  coming  from  Iloilo  will  be  permit- 
ted until  sunset  Saturday,  the  11th  instanf.  After  this  time  all  communications  must 
be  under  flag  of  truce.  ^    ,  ,  ^ 

Official  communication  has  been  received  by  the  steamship  Butuan  of  the  complete 
defeat  and  scattering  of  the  insurgent  forces  in  the  neighborhood  of  Manila. 
Very  respectfully,  ^^    ^    ,, 

M.  P.  Miller, 
Brigadier  General,  U.  S.  V.,  Commandinu. 


Headquarters  First  Separate  Brigade,  Eighth  Army  Corps, 
On  Board  Transport  Newport, 

Iloilo  Harbor,  P.  I.,  February  10,  1899. 
To  the  British,  German,  and  American  Vice  Consulates: 

In  view  of  anticipated  hostilities,  notice  is  hereby  given  you  to  cause  all  persons  who 
are  under  your  protection  to  seek  a  place  of  safety  before  5  a.  m.  Sunday,  the  12ih  instant. 
Hostilities  may  commence  at  any  time  after  that  hour  and  date. 

Very  respectfully,  ,,    „   ,, 

M.  P.  Miller, 
Brigadier  General,  U.  8.  V.,  Commanding. 

Official  copies  also  respectfullv  furnished  commanding  officers  H.  M.  S.  Pigmy,  and 
U.  S.  S.  Boston,  and  U.  S.  S.  Petrel. 

By  command  of  Brigadier  General  Miller. 

Chas.  G.  Woodward, 
First  Lieutenant,  Third  U.  8.  Artillery,  Acting  Assistant  Adjutant  General. 

The  Tennessee  regiment  arrived  at  Iloilo  on  the  night  of  February  10th,  and  next 
morning,  about  9  o'clock,  four  commissioners  sent  by  the  inhabitants  boarded  the  New- 
port, General  Miller's  vessel,  to  discuss  the  situation.  While  in  conference  two  shots 
were  heard,  which  were  fired  from  one  of  the  war  vessels  as  warning  shots  to  the  insur- 
gents  who  were  engaged  in  throwing  up  entrenchments  at  or  near  the  fort  located  on  the 


ORKCJON    VOLUNTEKRS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  483 

city's  water  line,  against  which  proceeding  they  liad  been  warned  in  the  letter  furnished 
them  the  previous  day.  To  these  shots  the  insurgents  replied,  and  at  9.30  A.  m.  the  fort 
and  the  war  vessels  {the  Baltimore  and  Petrel)  became  actively  engaged.  The  army, 
not  anticipating  this  action,  had  made  very  little  preparations  for  landing  its  troops. 
The  navy  attack  was  followed  by  a  landing  of  its  men,  the  seizure  of  the  fort,  the  hoists- 
ing  of  the  United  States  flag  over  the  same,  and  the  entrance  of  the  men  to  thecity  —  the 
insurgents  retiring  before  landing  was  effected,  and  firing  the  town  during  their  retreat. 
Lieutenant  Colonel  Potter,  who  was  a  witness  and  participant  in  the  affair,  made  writ- 
ten report  of  the  events  which  came  under  his  observation.  The  vessels  which  he  men- 
tions, namely  the  A7-i2on(),  8t.  Paul,  and  Newport,  were  troop  transports ;  the  Boston  and 
Petrel,  vessels  of  the  Navy  ;  the  Hollo  and  Ylcenll,  launches.  Colonel  Potter  states  as 
follows: 

As  we  left  the  Arizona  we  saw  the  Boston^s  boats  about  halfway  to  the  shore.  The 
captain  of  the  81.  Paul  wanted  to  move  his  vessel  nearer  shore,  and  was  allowed  to  do  so. 
As  she  anchored,  her  starboard  boats  were  full,  and  we  towed  them  in  and  landed 
thfui,  while  tlie  Iloil<i,  wiiicii  came  up  (haviii--  been  relieved  at  tlic  Artzana  h\  the 
Vu'<nti,\v\\\c\\  li'fi  the  llallHiar  had  aiicliorc(i)  townl  in  thr  porl  li(>:i(s  a  lew  miiiutes 
later.  T\w  exact  linii'  of  this  lainlins  1  diil  nol  note,  l.nt  anci-wards  sa>\  a  recorded 
signal  from  the  Petrel  to  the  Jlosimi,  which  said  it  was  ii'  u'elork.  All  of  this  took  time, 
as  the  tide  was  running  very  strong.  From  our  launch,  as  we  preceded  the  St.  Paul  to 
her  anchorage  near  shore,  we  saw  the  flag  hauled  down  and  ours  go  up,  and  soon  after 
saw  the  navy  forces  advancing  from  the  fort  to  the  first  warehouse,  where  they  appeared 
to  stop  and  turn  back.  This  afterwards  proved  to  be  only  the  Pe/ref'.t  men,  who  landed 
on  the  other  side  of  the  fort,  where  we  had  not  seen  them,  while  tlie  I'.nxioii's  men  under 
Lieutenant  Niblack,  had  gone  uptown.  Not  knowing  this,  I  stai  led  un  the  road,  where 
I  was  met  by  a  signal  man  from  the  Petrel,  who  said  they  had  reeei  ved  a  message  from 
the  Petrel  that  we  must  be  careful  in  advancing  into  town,  as  a  ureat  many  insurgents 
were  left  in  the  buildings  as  well  as  in  rille  pits  which  were  dim  on  either  side  of  the 
street.  This  caused  us  to  wait  for  a.  sutiicieni  I'oice  to  oeeiiiiy  all  side  streets  and  advance 
cantiousl.v  (at  least  half  an  hourbeini;  thus  lost),  wlien,  tooiii-  surprise,  on  arriving  at 
the  customhouse,  we  found  Lieutenant  Niblack's  force  receiving  a  few  shots  from  the 
enemy  up  river,  but  they  had  come  to  this  point  without  seeing  any  insurgents,  or  hear- 
ing a  shot. 

At  the  first  shot  from  the  Boston  the  insurgents  began  firing  the  town  as  they  retreated 
up  town  along  the  main  street,  lire  hein<j:  aiijilied  to  both  sides  of  the  street.  I  saw  some 
places  where  they  had  failed  t.isei  liic,  hut  where  wood  sa  In  rated  with  coal  oil  was  piled 
against  doors.  Before  the  navy  \«a.s  through  with  the  boinhardment,  fires  had  been  set 
away  up  on  Calle  Real,  and  as  a  stioug  breeze  was  blowing  there  was  little  chance  of 
saving  anything  toleewai-il  of  tlie  tires. 

A  few  troops  with  General  M  iller  got  through  the  fires  just  beyond  the  customhouse, 
but  the  restof  us  were  cut  oil  tic  nn  .advancing  for  two  hours.  These  few  troops  advanced 
with  no  resistance,  and  took  .laio  and  Molo  bridges.  Fires  were  set  along  the  road  to 
the  Jaro  brid«-e  Ix  fore  any  jxissihle  landing  could  have  saved  them,  and  very  little  was 
burned  excejit  to  leewaid,  win  re  the  smoke  and  fiames  were  such  as  to  drive  back  com- 
pany after  comiiany  tiyin?;  to  get  to  the  lew  troops  in  front,  who  would  be  in  great  peril 
if  attacked  in  force.  But  all  attempts  failed  for  a  time.  I  saw  two  companies  of  Major 
Cheatham's  battalion  try  to  get  around  by  wading  on  the  beach,  but  they  were  driven 
back.  It  was  a  case  which  would  have  baffled  professional  firemen  with  a  complete 
apparatus  for  fighting  fire. 

General  Miller,  in  a  report  made  February  20th,  remarks : 

No  arrangement  or  agreement  with  the  senior  officer  of  the  Navy  was  made  that  he 
should  open  the  attack  without  conferring  with  me,  but  it  seemed  he  construed  my  letter 
to  the  insurgents  in  that  light  and  commenced  the  attack.  My  command  had  been  living 
on  the  rough  bay  ever  since  first  arriving.  With  great  diflicultv  we  had  gotten  possession 
of  two  li-hters  and  three  steam  laun(dies  to  traiisCer  coal  barges,  ele.,  from  supply  ships 
to  peiinaneiil  ships.  Al  the  time  of  the  attack  the  AVnii^r;- was  endeavorin-  to  tow  the 
barge  Carhi.i'iia  to  til-  X,ir,„,ri  lor  the  ))nr]M.se  of  placing  a  liulit  h.itlery  on  it.  The 
Arizmui  had  a  eoalini;  ship  alongside;  the  other  launch  was  ,;;  nmh-  to  the  St.  Paul. 
*  *  *  The  Navy  landed  their  forces  promptly,  and  found  n])on  arrival  at  the  plaza  an 
almost  impassable  barrier  of  tire  toward  Jaro  bridge.  I  think  a  i|ui(  ker  lanilini^  of  my 
troops  would  have  found  the  same  conditions  in  front;  as  it  was,  I  pnslied  Ihroni^h  the 
flameswith  what  force  I  could  get  throughand  saved  several  buildings  bevond  the  plaza, 
near  Jaro  bridge,  and  along  the  banks  of  the  Hollo. 

I  now  quote  from  the  accompanying  report  of  General  Hughes,  commanding  at  pre- 
sent in  the  Visayan  Islands  : 

Upon  receipt  of  this  information  ways  and  means  were  taken  by  the  insurgents,  then 
in  occupation  and  control,  for  burning  the  city.  Large  quantities  of  petroleum  were 
secured  and  stored  in  the  ayuntamiento,  Calle  Rosario,  Calle  San  Pedro,  etc.  In  the 
early  morning  of  February  11th,  before  any  shots  had  been  i\w<.\  oi  any  immediate  action 
was  evident,  these  supplies  of  oil  were  distributed  about  the  city  and  placed  in  dwell- 
ings, .shops,  stores,  etc.,  so  as  to  make  the  work  of  the  incendiaries  easy,  swift,  and  sure. 
The  statement  is  made  that  the  local  president  and  other  olticials  in  uniform  assisted  in 


484  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

the  distribution  of  the  petroleum,  aud  tlie  mayor  of  the  city,  Senor  Leon,  is  said  to  have 
followed  the  example  of  the  mayor  of  Moscow  by  setting  Are  to  his  own  house  before 
abandoning  the  citv,  which  had  been  confided  to  his  care. 

On  the  morning  of  the  llth  the  insurgents  were  discovered  putting  guns  in  position 
on  the  beach  for  defense,  and  as  this  was  in  violation  of  the  conditious  specified  by  Gen- 
eral Miller  in  granting  time  for  noncumliatants,  etc.,  to  make  their  dispositions  for  what 
might  occur,  the  naval  gunboat  I'ctnl  fired  two  warning  shots,  upon  which  the  land 
battery  being  put  in  position  opened  tire  on  the  Petrel,  which  opened  an  action  that  had 
not  been  contemplated  or  expected  on  the  part  of  either  the  troops  or  their  comman- 
ders until  the  following  morning. 

Firing  having  opened  between  the  hostile  forces,  the  incendiaries  in  the  city  imme- 
diately began  their  assigned  work,  and  the  city  was  soon  in  flames.  Meanwhile  the 
troops  were  being  landed  on  the  beach  and  the  right  bank  of  the  river,  and  working 
their  way  through  and  around  the  fire  succeeded  in  reaching  and  securing  possession  of 
the  bridge  across  the  Iloilo  River  leading  to  Jaro.  and  also  the  bridge  across  the  estuary 
on  the  road  to  Mol(\  Possession  of  these  points  assured  General  Miller's  possession  of 
the  city.    In  subinittinu  tlir  tact  to  thedepartment  commander  General  Miller  remarks  : 

"It  was  not  conii  nii'l.iii  (I  to  make  an  attack  before  the  hour  named  to  the  consuls, 
but  the  insurgent  f  >!(■(--  imving  begun  acts  of  hostility,  military  necessity  required  that 
action  should  lie  taken  and  followed  up.  Such  action  certainly  made  no  difterence 
resardini;  iIk  destruction  of  property,  as  it  was  a  matter  of  common  report  that  every 
preparation  liad  lucn  made  by  the  forces  of  the  insurgents  at  Iloilo  to  set  tire  to  the  city 
at  the  first  hostile  sliot." 

In  another  letter,  written  by  General  Miller  on  the  21st  of  February,  the  following 
remark  occurs: 

"  I  have  no  doubt  it  is  owing  to  the  premature  attack  that  any  of  the  buildings  are 
saved.    The  plan  was  one  of  total  destruction  by  fire." 

On  the  following  day  the  suburb  of  Jaro  was  taken  by  Major  Keller  with  a  battalion 
of  the  Eighteenth  Infantry  and  a  battery  of  machine  guns.  General  Miller  reported  as 
follows  : 

"Headquarters  First  Separate  BRir4.\DE,  Eighth  Army  Corps, 

''Iloilo,  P.  I.,  February  12,  1809. 
"Adjutant  General,  Department  of  the  Pacific  and  Eighth  Army  Corps  : 

"Sir :  I  have  the  honor  to  report  the  military  situation  as  very  vexatious.  We  have 
captured  Iloilo,  as  before  reported,  but  the  position  of  the  insurgents  has  been  such  that 
all  the  time  we  are  exposed  to  sharpshooters'  fire  with  the  Mauser  rifle,  and  no  one 
knows  when  he  is  safe.  Jaro  and  Molo  occupied  would  relieve  us  from  this  trouble,  but 
I  should  have  a  battalion  of  four  companies  more  to  liold  Molo.  To-day  at  2  p.  M.  I  sent 
a  reconnoissance  to  both  Jaro  and  Molo  — a  battalion  of  the  Tennessee  to  Molo  and  one 
of  the  Eighteenth  Infantry  to  Jaro.  At  Molo  no  enemy  was  found  ;  at  Jaro  the  enemy 
was  encountered  and  skirmishing  commenced  at  once.  The  insurgents  were  about  1,000 
strong.  Thev  threw  an  accurate  and  concentrated  flre.  They  fought  well,  but  finally 
retreated  to  Jaro  and  were  driven  bevond  it.  I  reenforced  the  first  battalion  with  the 
second,  and  we  hold  Jaro  to-night.  ""Second  Lieut.  F.  C.  BoUes,  Eighteenth  Infantry, 
attached  to  the  machine  battery,  was  wounded  llircmgli  the  left  leg  below  the  knee  and 
one  private  through  the  lung  and  another  through  the  leg.  Will  send  specific  report  as 
soon  as  possible.  Our  troops  of  the  Eighteenth  were  under  the  command  of  Major 
Keller,  and  afterward  the  two  battalions  were  under  the  command  of  Colonel  Van  Val- 
zah.  Major  Keller's  battalion,  assisted  by  the  machine  gun  battery,  under  Lieutenant 
Ostheim,  did  the  work.  Major  Keller  is  an  able,  fearless,  and  brave  officer;  also  Lieu- 
tenant Ostheim.  I  shall  make  recommendation  about  them  later. 
"Very  respectfully, 

'  "M.  P.  Miller, 

"Brigadier  General,  U.  S.  V.,  Commanding." 

On  the  14th  of  Februarv  Major  Keller  made  a  reconnoissance  in  the  direction  of  Santa 
Barbara,  and  4  miles  from  Jaro  he  encountered  the  enemy,  about  500  strong,  and  drove 
them  back  some  distance.    He  lost  1  noncommissioned  officer  killed  and  1  wounded. 

On  the  l!»th  of  February  a  reconnoissance  was  made  to  Oton  by  a  battalion  of  the  First 
Tennessee  Volunteers,  but  no  enemy  was  found. 

A  battalion  of  the  First  Tennessee  Volunteers  made  a  reconnoissance  in  the  direction 
of  San  Miguel  via  Mandurriao  on  the  2.5th  of  February.  The  enemy  was  found  a  short 
distance  beyond  Mandurriao  and  driven  back  without  loss  to  our  troops. 

The  military  operations  which  have  since  taken  place  in  Panay  will  be  noted  in  a 
later  portion  of  this  report.  As  soon  as  Iloilo  was  occupied  by  our  troops  a  government 
was  established  and  has  been  successfully  prosecuted. 

The  rapid  changes  in  the  spirit,  demeanor,  and  demonstrations  of  the  inhabitants  of 
Manila  of  all  classes  between  the  5th  and  10th  of  February  could  be  Mitnessed  only  in  a 
community  made  up  of  the  most  heterogeneous  elements.  On  the  6th  the  educated  busi- 
ness classes,  foreign  and  native  born,  were  surpri.singly  hopeful  that  hostilities  would 
soon  end.  The  natives  of  the  middle  and  working  classes  were  sullen,  though  undeter- 
mined. The  large  Chinese  laboring  population  rejoiced  over  the  punishment  of  their 
race  enemies  and  the  opportunity  offered  it  for  looting  the  country  from  which  the 
insurgent  forces  had  been  driven.    These  Chinese  had  followed  quite  closely  our  advan- 


ORKGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  4S5 

cing  lines  and  secured  many  minor  articles  of  property  which  by  them  were  considered 
of  value.  We  had  employed  them,  too,  extensively  to  perform  a  good  deal  of  the  work 
connected  with  supplying  the  troops  at  the  front,  and  they  performed  faithful  service. 
On  the  7th  business  became  active  again  and  the  streets  were  thronged  as  usual.  The 
night  was  the  most  exciting  portion  of  the  twenty-four  hours,  as  the  occasional  shots 
of  our  sentries,  the  burning  of  nipa  buildings  (the  work  of  incendiai-ies),  and  the  fre- 
quently detected  interchange  of  signals  between  the  insurgents  within  and  those  with- 
out the  city  lines  gave  constant  warning  of  the  danger's  which  threatened  us.  The 
means  of  supplying  subsistence  for  this  large  motley  population  presented  a  problem  for 
solution  in  which  new  conditions  continually  obtruded  themselves.  The  great  majority 
of  the  population  never  provides  for  the  morrow  and  depends  upon  the  numerous  city 
markets  for  its  daily  supply  of  food,  made  up  almost  exclusively,  rice  excepted,  of  the 
products  of  the  adjacent  country.  That  source  of  supply  had  been  virtually  closed  since 
the  latter  part  of  January,  and  inter-island  trafflc  had  been  arrested  by  the  event  of  war. 
On  February  8th  it  was  ofiicially  reported  that  the  insurgent  troops  to  the  east  of  the 
city  had  returned  to  the  mountains  and  those  to  the  south  had  disappeared,  where- 
upon orders  were  issued  to  permit  the  resumption  of  trade  along  the  Pasig  River  to  the 
Laguna  de  Bay.  This  it  was  expected  would  give  Manila  the  products  of  the  lake  coun- 
try, from  which  source  she  had  always  obtained  a  large  portion  of  articles  for  daily 
consumption.  No  sooner,  however,  was  this  trafflc  reopened  than  the  insurgents  seized 
the  Upper  Pasig  country  and  threw  a  large  force  into  the  towns  of  Pasig,  Pateros,  and 
Taguig,  which  it  advanced  to  Guadalupe,  within  riHe  shot  of  San  Pedro  Macati,  where 
the  left  of  General  Anderson's  line  rested.  The  bold  resumption  of  the  offensive  at  this 
point,  the  rapid  concentration  taking  place  at  the  north,  and  the  restoration  of  com- 
munication between  the  northern  and  southern  insurgent  armies  depressed  the  better 
social  element  of  the  city  and  correspondingly  elevated  the  hopes  of  the  hostile  military 
organizations  in  our  midst  Active  demonstrations,  in  attacking  troops  on  the  streets, 
setting  fires  in  thickly  populated  districts,  with  an  occasional  murder  or  assassination, 
were  resumed,  and  rendered  it  again  necessary  to  take  every  precautionary  measure  for 
the  city's  safety.  Orders  were  given  to  the  division  commanders  to  confine  the  duties 
of  their  men  within  the  city  to  the  protection  of  their  barracks,  and  not  permit  them  to 
pati'ol  the  streets,  as  the  provost  marshal  general  was  prepared  to  elTectually  repress 
any  attempt  on  the  part  of  the  inhabitants  to  inflict  serious  damage. 

On  the  evening  of  February  9th  I  wired  General  MacArthur  at  the  Chinese  church, 
the  advanced  angle  of  his  line,  the  following: 

Reported  that  the  insurgents  will  attack  at  3  o'clock  in  the  morning.  Their  plan  to 
attack  your  front  in  large  force  and  at  the  same  time  to  rise  in  your  rear  in  Ijico  district. 
They  have  been  entering  through  Vitas  swamps  all  day  and  landing  at  intersection  of 
Calle  Sande  and  Calle  de  Lemery  at  bridge.  Bolo  men  will  form  between  Vitas  district 
and  Lico  road. 

About  the  same  hour  General  MacArthur  telegraphed : 

It  has  been  necessary  to  reenforce  the  blockhouse  at  the  mouth  of  Vitas  Creek  on 
account  of  the  threatening  attitude  of  the  surrounding  population.  Please  have  the 
situation  examined  and  either  authorize  the  abandonment  of  the  blockhouse  entirely 
or  make  it  part  of  the  provost  duty  of  the  city.  The  company  there  is  from  Kansas, 
and  concentration  in  front  of  that  regiment  is  reported  as  still  in  progress. 

The  general  was  directed  to  hold  on  to  the  position,  it  being  considered  of  vital 
Importance,  and  assistance  was  sent  to  the  company  occupying  the  point.  Later  the 
general  was  instructed  in  telegram  as  follows  : 

Not  intended  that  you  should  keep  3  troops  at  Vitas  Creek  unless  necessary  to  pi-otect 
your  rear  from  contemplated  annoyance  on  part  of  inhabitants  of  section.  You  are  far 
out  and  General  Hughes  can  not  efficiently  reach  you.  The  bolo  men  of  Tondo  are  rest- 
less to-day. 

The  action  of  February  lOth,  already  hereinbefore  reported,  followed,  but  instead  of 
having  a  quieting  effect  on  the  hostile  portion  of  the  inhabitants,  appeared  to  incite 
them  to  greater  energy.  Rumors  of  meditated  uprisings  were  constant  and  were  only 
checked  by  the  untiring  watchfulness  of  the  provost  guard.  Fires  in  the  different  sec- 
tions of  the  city,  mostly  in  f  lie  outskirts,  were  of  nightly  occurrence. 


486  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

On  February  loth  the  provost  marshal  general  secured  an  order  issued  by  the  Malolos 
government  through  the  responsible  officer  who  had  raised  and  organized  the  hostile 
inhabitants  within  the  city  and  then  departed  for  the  insurgent  capital,  which  directed 
a  rising  that  evening,  and  which  for  barbarous  intent  is  uuequaled  in  these  modern 
times  of  civilized  warfare.    A  translation  reads  in  part  as  follows : 

First.  You  will  so  dispose  that  at  8  o'clocli  at  night  the  individuals  of  the  territorial 
militia  at  your  order  will  be  found  united  in  all  the  streets  of  San  Pedro  armed  with 
their  "  bolos"  and  revolvers  and  guns  and  ammunition,  if  convenient. 

Second.  Philipijine  faiiiilits  oiilv  will  be  respected.  They  should  not  be  molested, 
but  all  other  indlN Miials,  of  wiiat.'ver  race  they  may  be,  will  be  exterminated  without 
any  compassion  aftti-  \\\r  cxtcnnination  of  the  army  of  occupation. 

^Tliird.  The  dcl'iiulci'^  ol  ilic  Philippines  in  your  command  will  attack  the  guard  at 
Bilibid  and  liberate  \\v  pri^tnars  and  "  presidiarios,"  and,  having  acroniplished  this, 
they  will  bearnict!.  -avin-  to  ihcin.  "Brothers,  we  must  avenge  oursclv<s  on  tin-  Amer- 
icans and  externiiiiaii-  tiaiii,  that  we  may  take  our  revenge  for  the  infamies  and  treach- 
eries which  they  have  couimitted  upon  us.  Have  no  compassion  upcm  them  ;  attack 
with  vigor.  All  Filipinos  'en  masses'  will  second  you.  Long  hve  Filipino  independ- 
ence!" *  *  * 

Fifth.  The  order  which  will  be  followed  in  the  attack  will  be  as  follows :  The  sharp- 
shooters of  Tondo  and  Santa  Ana  will  begin  the  attack  from  without,  and  these  shots 
will  be  the  signal  for  the  militia  of  Trozo,  Binondo,  Quiapo,  and  Sampaloc  to  go  out 
into  the  streets  and  do  their  duty.  Those  of  Paco,  Ermita,  and  Malate,  Santa  Cruz  and 
San  Miguel  will  not  start  out  until  12  o'clock  unless  they  see  their  companions  need 
assistance.  ,„    ,,    ,    ^,    .    ^    ^ 

Sixth.  The  militia  will  start  out  at  3  o'clock  in  the  morning.  If  all  do  their  duty  our 
revenge  will  be  complete.  Brothers,  Europe  contemplates  us.  We  know  how  to  die  as 
men,  shedding  our  blood  in  defense  of  the  liberty  of  our  country.  Death  to  the  tyrants, 
war  without  quarter  to  the  false  Americans,  who  have  deceived  us  !  Either  independ- 
ence or  death ! 

Of  course  arrangements  were  made  to  immediately  check  this  contemplated  demon- 
stration, but  the  order  gave  us  our  flrst  positive  assurance  of  the  tactics  which  the  insur- 
gents intended  to  pursue  and  confirmed  the  rumors  of  intent  which  had  been  prevalent 
since  the  last  week  in  January.  This  fortunate  precaution  served  to  keep  very  active 
the  watchfulness  of  all  officers  charged  with  the  safety  of  the  city,  and  vigilance  was 
rewarded  on  the  night  of  February  22d,  when  a  directed  rising  was  attempted  and  was 
successful  in  its  inception  and  primary  stages.  Considerable  numbers  of  armed  insur- 
gents, passing  by  water  and  through  swamps  around  MacArthur's  left,  entered  Tondo, 
the  northern  district  of  the  city,  about  a  mile  to  the  rear  of  his  line,  and  there  con- 
cealed themselves,  awaiting  their  opportunity.  Shortly  after  dark  in  the  evening  a 
number  of  buildings,  some  of  considerable  importance,  situated  in  the  thickly  settled 
portion  of  Binondo,  were  simultaneously  fired,  having  been  previously  kerosened,  and 
while  the  city  fire  department  (a  department  the  membership  of  which  was  confined  to 
natives  who  had  always  proved  loyal)  was  making  great  efforts  to  extinguish  the  fires, 
or  at  least  hold  them  under  control,  the  fire  hose  was  repeatedly  cut  and  musketry 
shooting  commenced  very  near  them  at  the  north,  on  the  Tondo  and  Binondo  line. 
This  General  Hughes,  present  in  person,  soon  checked  with  his  troops,  driving  the 
attacking  parties  northward,  when  other  fires  broke  out  in  the  Binondo  district  near 
the  river  bank,  which  threatened  our  army  supplies.  These  were  quickly  extinguished 
and  the  armed  insurgents  again  driven  northward.  Early  the  next  morning  General 
Hughes  moved  against  this  enemy  secreted  in  Tondo,  which  may  have  numbered  one 
thousand  or  more,  drove  it  northward  toward  General  MacArthur's  lines,  although  it 
resisted  stoutly  from  its  concealments  in  the  bamboo  and  rice  paddies,  and  behind  barri- 
cades which  it  had  erected.  The  enemy's  casualties  numbered  about  five  hundred, 
while  General  Hughes's  loss,  owing  to  the  rapidity  and  fierceness  of  his  attack,  was  very 
slight.  This  punishment  put  an  end  to  the  dangerous  demonstrations  within  the  city 
on  the  part  of  the  insurgent  inhabitants,  and  thereafter  they  failed  to  respond  to  the 
orders  given  them  by  the  Malolos  government,  much  to  the  latter's  indignation,  which 
charged  them  with  a  lack  of  patriotism.  Since  February  23d,  few  shots  of  sentinels  or 
patrols  have  been  heard  within  the  confines  of  Manila,  and  those  in  the  nighttime, 
which  were  aimed  generally  at  the  towers  of  churches  and  convents  from  which  respon- 
sive signals  were  being  tran.smitted  to  the  signals  seen  at  prominent  points  occupied  by 
the  insurgent  troops. 


OREOON    VOLUNTEKRS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  4S7 

While  these  interesting  events  were  passing  in  Manila,  our  outer  lines  were  being 
placed  in  a  condition  of  defense  so  that  they  might  be  securely  held  by  fewer  troops, 
thus  giving  us  the  men  to  operate  with  and  initiate  attack  on  the  increasing  forces  of 
the  enemy,  who  were  becoming  quite  bold  again.  The  length  of  our  line  north  of  the 
Pasig  River  was  about  nine  miles,  and  it  was  necessary  to  maintain  it  for  the  safety  of 
the  city  and  the  protection  of  our  water  plant.  Besides  the  force  at  the  pumping 
station,  we  M'ere  obliged  to  keep  a  large  detachment  on  the  Mariquina  road  north  of 
the  station,  and  to  patrol  the  road  between  it  and  the  reservoir,  a  distance  of  about  four 
miles.  These  detached  troops,  which  were  commanded  by  Colonel  Stotsenburg,  invited 
the  attention  of  the  insurgents.  About  the  12th  instant  they  made  a  spirited  attack  on 
the  Mariquina  outpost,  but  were  signally  defeated  and  driven  several  miles  northward 
tlirough  San  Francisco  del  Monte  toward  Caloocan.  On  February  22d  the  First  Nebraska 
and  Wyoming  Volunteers  attacked  and  scattered  a  considerable  body  of  insurgents 
between  the  reservoir,  pumping  station,  and  Pasig  River,  which  had  placed  itself  in 
that  locality,  and  on  February  24th  a  detachment  of  the  Oregon  regiment  and  a  com- 
pany of  the  Nebraska  infantry  attacked  and  defeated  an  insurgent  force  north  of  the 
Mariquina  road.  Similar  actions  occurred  on  the  25th  and  27th  of  the  month,  when 
the  persistent  enemy  was  driven  northward  with  considerable  loss.  Again,  on  March 
.5th,  Gth,  and  7th,  portions  of  the  Nebraska,  Oregon,  and  Utah  troops  were  obliged  to 
attack  and  drive  off  other  bodies  of  insurgent  troops  which  appeared  near  the  pumping 
station  and  on  the  Mariquina  road.  These  expeditions  served  to  check  their  ardor  in 
that  direction,  and  they  began  to  pay  more  attention  to  other  portions  of  our  lines, 
becoming  very  annoying  in  the  vicinity  of  Caloocan  and  in  front  of  San  Pedro  Macati. 
At  these  points  the  troops  wanted  to  attack,  but  nothing  substantial  could  be  gained 
thereby  and  the  city  would  be  exposed  needlessly.  The  line  of  the  Pasig  was  considered 
as  the  first  requisite  to  improve  our  military  situation,  and  we  were  awaiting  the  arrival 
of  troops,  daily  expected.  The  Twentieth  Infantry  reported  February  23d,  and  the 
Twenty -second  Infantry  March  4th  and  5th.  This  gave  us  suflicient  additional  force  to 
take  the  initiative.  We  had  lost  the  Tennessee  Volunteers,  sent  to  Iloilo,  and  received 
two  additional  regiments,  and  our  enlisted  strength  for  duty  in  and  around  Manila,  the 
provost  guard  included,  numbered  nearly  fifteen  thousand  men.  A  provisional  brigade 
was  formed  consisting  of  the  Twentieth  and  Twenty-second  regiments  of  infantry,  three 
troops  of  the  Fourth  Cavalry,  a  section  of  Light  Battery  D,  Sixth  Artillery,  two  battal- 
ions of  the  Washington,  and  seven  companies  of  the  Oregon  Volunteers,  and  Brig.  Gen. 
Lloyd  Wheaton,  U.  S.  V.,  was  placed  in  command.  This  brigade  engaged  the  enemy  at 
Guadalupe  Ridge,  near  San  Pedro  Macati,  at  Pasig,  Pateros,  Cainta,  and  Taguig,  and 
drove  him  out  beyond  these  towns.  The  insurgents,  however,  concentrated  near  Taguig, 
and  made  a  spirited  attack  on  General  Wheaton's  troops  there,  inflicting  a  few  casual- 
ties, but  he  collected  his  forces  quickly  and  early  the  next  morning  made  a  counter 
attack,  which  the  insurgents  were  unable  to  withstand,  routed  them  and  drove  them 
fifteen  miles  down  the  shore  of  the  lake.  Their  losses  in  killed  and  wounded  numbered 
more  than  two  hundred,  while  General  Wheaton's  casualties  in  the  entire  six  days 
engaged  (between  March  10th  and  17th)  did  not  aggregate  thirty.  The  gunboat  Laguna 
de  Bay,  Captain  Grant,  of  the  Utah  Artillery,  commanding,  assisted  greatly  in  these 
affiiirs,  opened  the  river  to  the  lake  which  she  entered,  dispersed  the  insurgents'  ship- 
ping, which  consisted  of  launches,  cascoes,  and  innumerable  small  boats,  considerable 
of  which  were  captured.  Garrisons  were  established  at  the  towns  of  Pasig,  Pateros, 
and  Taguig,  with  one  gunboat  in  the  lake  and  one  in  the  river,  when  the  remainder 
of  the  brigade  was  returned  to  the  city  and  incorporated  in  other  organizations.  The 
line  of  the  Pasig  was  thus  established  and  the  insurgent  communication  between  their 
forces  to  the  north  and  on  the  south  was  permanently  interrupted. 

In  the  mean  time  my  native  scouts  were  obtaining  information  at  the  north.  Malolos 
had  become  a  war  depot;  also  Calumpit  and  Baliuag.  It  was  reported  that  the  former 
city  contained  a  very  large  quantity  of  rifle  ammunition  ;  that  the  intervening  country 
beyond  Caloocan  and  along  the  line  of  the  railroad  was  virtually  covered  with  defensive 
works,  intrenchments  having  been  constructed  every  few  hundred  yards.    Lieutenant 


488  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

General  Luna  boasted  of  having  available  on  the  short  line  fronting  General  MacAr- 
thur's  left  sixteen  thousand  men,  but  my  scouts  numbered  those  between  Caloocan  and 
Malolos  at  from  six  to  eight  thousand  and  verified  their  estimates  by  personal  observa- 
tion. This  concentrated  insurgent  force  was  then  our  true  objective,  and  it  was  believed 
that  it  would  stand  and  receive  our  attacks.  Our  troops  were  impatient  to  be  let  loose 
and  were  in  excellent  health  and  spirits. 

The  Fourth  and  Seventeenth  Infantry,  with  Major  General  Lawton  and  staff,  arrived 
from  New  York  City  between  the  10th  and  22d  of  March.  New  military  combinations 
were  made  on  March  17th,  General  Lawton  relieving  Major  General  Anderson,  who  had 
been  advanced  to  the  position  of  brigadier  general  in  the  regular  establishment  and 
directed  to  proceed  to  the  United  States.  Both  this  division  and  the  second,  that  of 
General  MacArthur,  were  given  three  brigades,  those  in  the  first  commanded  by  Briga- 
dier Generals  Ovenshine,  King,  and  Wheaton,  and  those  in  the  second  by  Brigadier  Gen- 
erals Hale,  Otis,  and  Hall.  To  secure  sufficient  force  for  the  northern  advance  it  was 
necessai-y  to  take  all  available  organizations  from  both  divisions,  but  Manila  and  the 
watei-works  must  remain  covered.  A  separate  column  for  General  MacArthur  was  made 
up  from  his  own  immediate  command,  composed  mo.stlyofthe  volunteers,  and  consisting 
of  the  brigades  of  Brigadier  Generals  Otis  and  Hale,  the  Colorado  regiment  being  left  to 
guard  the  deposito  and  pumping  station.  Brigadier  General  Wheaton  was  directed  to 
take  command  of  theleftof  this  line  from  La  Loma  to  Caloocan,  and  the  Kansans,  Mon- 
tanas,  Pennsylvanias,  and  a  battalion  of  the  Third  Artillery,  and  nearly  all  the  Utah 
Light  Artillery  were  relieved  therefrom  by  the  Oregon  Volunteers,  the  Third  and  Twenty- 
second  Infantry,  a  battalion  of  the  Twenty-third  infantry  of  the  provost  guard  subse- 
quently reporting,  and  two  or  three  days  thereafter  the  Minnesota  Volunteers,  which 
had  been  relieved  from  the  provost  guard  by  the  Twentieth  Infantry.  Brigadier  General 
Hall  was  assigned  to  the  right  of  this  line,  having  the  Colorado  and  Wyoming  troops, 
the  Fourth  and  Seventeenth  Infantry,  and  a  platoon  of  the  Utah  Light  Artillery.  He 
was  directed  to  make  a  demonstration  to  the  north  when  General  MacArthur  should 
take  up  his  advance,  for  which  everything  was  in  readiness  March  2Ith.  That  night  the 
troops  intended  to  take  part  in  this  particular  movement  were  withdrawn  from  the 
trenches  and  assembled  behind  La  Loma  and  the  Deposito,  and  very  early  the  next 
morning  proceeded  on  their  march.  General  MacArthur's  instructions  were  to  move  in 
two  columns  in  echelon  from  the  right,  the  right  brigade  (Hale's)  preceding  the  left 
(Otis's)  by  a  considerable  distance,  so  that  the  latter  would  cover  the  left  and  rear  of  the 
former  and  neutralize  any  attack  from  the  insurgents  in  that  direction,  who  were  very 
strong  from  Caloocan  to  Balintauag  on  the  Novaliches  road.  Wheaton,  whose  left 
rested  at  La  Loma,  and  who  was  expected  to  swing  to  the  left  on  Caloocan  at  the  proper 
time,  was  directed  not  to  move  until  specially  directed,  unless  MacArthur's  left  column 
should  become  seriously  engaged  and  need  assistance.  The  advancing  columns  were  to 
move  on  Novaliches  —  Hale's  brigade  to  that  point  by  San  Francisco  del  Monte  and 
Bagbag,  and  Otis's  keeping  to  the  left  and  retired  was  expected  to  strike  the  Novaliches 
road  near  and  to  the  right  of  Balintauag.  Crossing  the  Tuliaban  River,  fordable  at  Nova- 
liches, they  were  to  turn  to  the  westward  and  thence  proceeding  by  the  road  which 
strikes  the  railway  south  of  Polo  were  to  place  themselves  on  the  left  flank  of  the  enemy 
while  General  Wheaton  made  a  frontal  attack.  This  matured  plan  failed  in  part,  owing 
to  the  natural  obstacles  which  were  constantly  met  on  the  line  of  march.  Hale's  brigade 
moving  by  San  Francisco  del  Monte  encountered  serious  difHculties  there  and  beyond, 
and  was  obliged  to  drive  off  detachments  of  the  enemy,  by  which  it  was  unavoidably 
detained,  and  the  left  brigade  gained  the  advance.  It  was  attacked  by  the  insurgents, 
when  Wheaton  commenced  his  swinging  movement  to  the  left  and  diverted  their  atten- 
tion. The  brigade  struck  the  Tuliahan  River  some  distance  below  Novaliches,  crossed  its 
artillery  and  transportation  only  by  a  great  deal  of  labor,  because  of  the  high  banks  and 
the  dense  growth  of  brush,  while  the  right  brigade  continued  on  to  Novaliches  and  took 
the  designated  western  route.  This  march  was  exhausting  in  the  extreme,  and  the  entire 
day  was  consumed  when  the  right  bank  of  the  river  was  attained.  Early  the  next  morn- 
ing both  brigades  marched  toward  the  railway,  but  could  not  develop  a  line  northward 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  489 

in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Polo,  as  Intended,  on  account  of  the  swamps,  thick  masses 
of  brush,  and  tropical  undergrowth  through  which  the  artillery  and  transportation 
could  not  be  passed,  not  even  the  men. 

While  these  brigades  were  executing  this  movement  that  of  General  Wheaton  had 
engaged  the  enemy  with  great  spirit.  Some  time  before  evening  it  had  driven  him  from 
all  of  his  intrenchments  back  and  across  the  Tuliahan  River,  which  it  was  about  to  cross 
in  pursuit  when  its  advance  was  arrested  to  await  developments  on  the  enemy's  left 
flank  by  the  troops  expected  from  Novaliches.  The  next  morning,  as  soon  as  the  head 
of  that  column  had  about  gained  the  railway  line,  it  was  permitted  to  renew  the  attack, 
and,  quickly  passing  the  river  at  two  points  and  aided  by  the  flanking  troops,  com- 
pletely routed  the  enemy  and  drove  him  northward  and  beyond  Polo,  where  he  made  a 
determined  stand  the  following  day,  from  which  he  was  driven  by  General  MacArthur's 
united  troops  with  considerable  loss.  From  that  date  to  end  of  the  month  MaeArthur 
pressed  northward  the  enemy,  who  stubbornly  contested  every  village  and  locality 
having  defensive  advantages  and  burned  every  town  from  which  it  was  obliged  to 
retreat.  Our  troops  entered  Malolos,  the  insurgent  capital,  March  31st.  That  alleged 
government  had  removed  all  its  records  and  property,  and  its  army  set  fire  to  the  city 
when  it  retreated  on  Calumpit  and  Quingua  before  our  advance.  The  troops  needed  rest, 
and  it  was  necessary  to  repair  the  railway  over  which  the  advance  had  been  made  in 
order  to  forward  the  necessary  supplies.  The  line  of  communication,  too,  was  long,  con- 
sidering the  position  of  the  enemy  on  our  flank  and  the  few  troops  which  could  be 
spared  to  protect  it,  and  it  was  believed  that  a  water  base  could  be  established  at  Malolos 
which  would  make  available  for  the  fleld  an  additional  fifteen  hundred  men.  Our  cas- 
ualties from  the  commencement  of  hostilities  to  April  1st  were  twelve  ofllcers  and  one 
hundred  and  twenty-seven  enlisted  men  killed  and  forty-eight  oflicers  and  eight  hun- 
dred and  thirty-three  enlisted  men  wounded.  The  sick  among  these  troops  which  had 
advanced  to  the  north  increased  fifteen  per  cent,  due  mostly  to  their  exhaustive  labors 
and  to  heat  prostrations. 

Efl^orts  to  secui-e  a  water  line  of  communication  by  Manila  Bay  and  the  Malolos 
estuary  were  made  immediately  and  continued  for  more  than  two  weeks.  The  proper 
mouth  of  the  estuary  was  found  with  considerable  difllculty.  A  bar  had  formed  in  front 
of  it,  making  the  entrance  very  tortuous.  Up  this  two  of  our  gunboats  worked  their 
way,  but  encountered  well-driven  piles  and  other  obstructions  which  the  insurgents 
had  placed  there  and  around  which  mud  and  sand  had  collected,  making  the  water  too 
shoal  for  navigation.  Near  the  mouth  of  the  stream  a  dredge  was  used  and  the  gunboats 
removed  a  good  many  of  the  pile  obstructions,  but  satisfactory  results  could  not  be 
obtained  and  the  work  was  abandoned.  A  considerable  detail  of  soldiers  was  made  to 
put  in  sufficient  repair  for  immediate  use  the  railway  from  Manila  to  Malolos,  and 
Chinese  labor  was  hired.  The  track  had  been  considerably  damaged  by  the  insurgents 
and  a  number  of  bridges  partially  destroyed,  but  Major  Devol,  of  the  Quartermaster's 
Department,  overcame  all  difficulties,  and,  with  the  engines  captured  at  Caloocan,  gave 
Malolos  daily  railway  train  service. 

While  these  preliminaries  to  a  farther  northern  advance  were  being  made  General 
Lawton,  commanding  the  First  Division  of  the  corps,  was  directed  to  proceed  to  the  city 
of  Santa  Cruz,  on  the  south  shore  of  the  Lagana  de  Bay,  and  secure  a  number  of 
launches  and  a  Spanish  gunboat,  which  were  reported  to  be  concealed  in  a  narrow 
stream  passing  along  the  eastern  limit  of  that  city.  Returning,  he  was  directed  to  seize 
Calamba,  an  important  strategic  point  on  account  of  its  being  at  the  intersection  of 
important  roads  and  telegraphic  lines.  For  this  purpose  he  was  obliged  to  draw  troops 
from  the  lines  about  Manila  and  along  the  Pasig  River.  He  collected  and  concentrated 
parts  of  organizations,  numbering  all  told  one  thousand  five  hundred  and  nine  men, 
consisting  of  three  dismounted  troops  of  the  Fourth  Cavalry,  two  mountain  guns,  eight 
companies  of  the  Fourteenth  Infantry,  lour  companies  of  the  Idaho  and  four  of  the 
North  Dakota  Volunteers,  and  an  organization  of  two  hundred  sharpshooters,  largely 
drawn  from  the  Washington  regiment.  With  these  troops,  in  several  cascoes  towed  by 
three  of  our  gunboats,  he  proceeded  across  the  lake  on  April  9th.  captured  on  the  follow- 


490  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

ing  day  Santa  Cruz,  which  he  found  intrenched  and  strongly  defended,  drove  the  enemy 
several  miles  into  the  interior,  and  proceeded  to  secure  the  vessels  for  which  he  had  been 
sent.  The  water  of  the  lake  had  become  very  low  and  the  boats  could  not  be  passed  over 
the  bar  at  the  river's  mouth.  Reporting  this  fact  and  the  further  fact  that  he  could  not 
make  a  landing  at  Calamba  on  account  of  shoal  water,  a  dredge  was  sent  him  from 
Manila,  and  also  instructions  to  return  immediately  to  the  city  with  his  force  as  soon  as 
he  could  secure  possession  of  the  vessels  in  the  river,  as  his  services  were  required  here, 
and  that  the  taking  of  Calamba  was  not  imperative  at  this  time.  He  returned  on  April 
17th,  bringing  six  steam  launches  and  two  cascoes  which  the  enemy  had  concealed  near 
Santa  Cruz.  The  Spanish  gunboat  was  not  found,  and  was  subsequently  captured  at 
Calamba  with  machinery  in  good  condition,  but  without  her  guns,  which  the  insurgents 
had  taken  for  land  service. 

The  insurgents  at  the  north  were  becoming  very  bold  again.  They  had  worked 
around  in  the  swampy  country  to  the  westward  and  rear  of  Malolos,  and  down  along 
the  roads,  paths,  and  villages  to  the  eastward,  from  which  they  were  making  occasional 
nightly  incursions  on  the  railroad  for  the  purpose  of  destroying  it.  We  could  not 
remain  quiet,  as  we  did  not  have  sufficient  troops  to  maintain  the  long  lines  we  were 
holding  if  we  permitted  the  enemy  to  concentrate  and  take  the  initiative.  The  total 
strength  of  the  Eighth  Corps  present  in  the  Philippines  at  this  time  was  nine  hundred 
and  sixty-seven  officers  and  twenty-five  thousan'd  and  thirty-six  enlisted  men,  of  whom 
five  thousand  were  serving  at  Cavite  and  the  Visayan  Islands.  Of  these  eight  hundred 
and  thirty-six  were  of  the  Engineer,  Signal,  and  Hospital  Corps;  two  thousand  seven 
hundred  and  thirty-nine  were  sick  and  in  confinement  as  prisoners,  and  some  one  thou- 
sand five  hundred  were  on  special  duty  in  the  various  staff  departments  or  assisting  in 
civil  administration.  The  available  fighting  force  in  Luzon,  Cavite  excepted,  numbered, 
about  sixteen  thousand  five  hundred  men. 

General  Mac  Arthur  could  not  advance  beyond  Malolos  with  the  troops  at  his  disposal 
M'hile  the  enemy  so  seriously  threatened  his  flanks  and  line  of  communication.  To 
assist  him,  the  formation  of  an  independent  column,  to  consist  of  nearly  four  thousand 
men,  to  be  taken  from  Manila  lines  and  the  railway  guards,  and  to  move  to  the  north, 
on  the  flank  of  the  enemy,  was  determined  upon.  The  formation  and  movement  of  this 
column  was  intrusted  to  General  Lawton,  who  entered  upon  this  special  service  as 
soon  as  he  returned  from  Santa  Cruz.  He  concentrated  near  Calooean  the  Twenty- 
second  Infantry,  which  had  been  relieved  from  duty  on  the  railroad  a  short  time  previ- 
ous; eight  companies  of  the  Third  Infantry;  the  First  North  Dakota  X'olunteers;  four 
troops  of  the  Fourth  Cavalry  (one  mounted);  Hawthorne's  battery  of  light  guns,  portion 
of  Light  Battery  D,  Sixth  Artillery  ;  and  a  detachment  of-  the  Signal  Corps.  He  was  fur- 
nished with  such  transportation  of  the  country  as  could  be  secured,  and  was  instructed 
to  move  these  troops  along  the  base  of  the  mountains  by  Novaliches,  San  Josl',  and  Nor- 
zagaray,  where  the  balance  of  his  column,  consisting  of  eight  companies  of  the  Minne- 
sota and  seven  of  the  Oregon  Volunteers,  to  be  taken  from  the  railway  and  to  march 
from  Bocaue  by  way  of  Santa  Maria,  would  join  him.  The  last  named  troops  were  to 
escort  ten  days'  supplies  for  his  command  by  quartermaster's  transportation,  which 
had  just  been  received  from  the  United  States  and  was  then  being  put  in  readiness  for 
the  road.  These  movements  commenced,  and  the  railroad  south  of  Bigaa  being  thereby 
rendered  secure,  it  was  intended  that  General  Mac  Arthur  should  move  on  Calumplt, 
leaving  suflicient  force  between  Bigaa  and  Malolos  to  guard  his  line.  General  Lawton, 
after  concentration  at  Norzagaray,  was  directed  to  move  on  Baliuag,  from  which  point, 
the  swamps  being  drj',  he  could  act  on  an  enemy  opposing  MacArthur's  advance.  Gen- 
eral Lawton  started  from  near  Calooean  on  April  22d ;  encountered  some  opposition 
from  the  enemy  at  Novaliches  and  en  route  from  San  Jos6,  which  did  not  impede  his 
march  ;  but  soon  after  leaving  Novaliches  his  road,  a  well-defined  and  prominent  one  on 
all  Spanish  maps,  became  a  trail,  and  subsequently  a  ti-ail  crossing  or  passing  through 
rice  patches,  swampy  country,  and  unbridged  streams,  over  which  his  advance  was  con- 
ducted with  the  greatest  difficulty.  His  troops  proved  equal  to  the  occasion,  and  after 
he  had  lost  many  of  his  carrabaos,  or  water  buffalo,  from  heat  exhaustion,  they  cheer- 


OKE(K)N    VOLUNTKEKS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  491 

fully  hauled  the  transportation,  working  one  day  the  entire  time  for  three  miles  progress. 
He  in  person  reached  Norzagaray  on  April  25th  and  met  there  the  Bocaue  column,  which 
had  arrived  there  that  morning,  and  there  awaited  the  Bocaue  transportation  and  sup- 
plies, which  had  been  detained,  and  the  rear  of  the  Novaliehes  column. 

General  MacArthur  took  up  his  advance  on  the  24th.  The  Bagbag  and  Calumpit 
rivers,  over  which  the  railroad  bridges  had  been  partially  destroyed,  were  in  his  front, 
and  there  were  no  means  of  crossing  them.  The  country  was  low,  swampy,  and  consid- 
erable of  it  covered  with  brush,  rendering  it  very  difficult  for  military  operations,  and 
the  insurgents  had  constructed  strong  intrenc-hments  along  the  rivers  and  thought 
themselves  secure.  General  Hale  with  his  brigade  was  sent  to  the  eastward,  up  the 
Bagbag  River,  and  crossed  in  the  face  of  fierce  opposition  at  the  Quingua  Ford,  about 
four  miles  from  Malolos;  thence  swinging  down  the  right  bank  of  that  river  he  took 
the  enemy's  intrenchments  in  reverse,  inflicting  heavy  losses.  Wheaton,  who  now  com- 
manded a  brigade  of  the  division,  as  soon  as  Hale's  descent  had  somewhat  cleared  his 
front,  succeeded  in  crossing  his  troops  over  the  railway  bridge,  after  slight  repair,  and 
that  portion  of  Calumpit  south  of  the  river  of  that  name  was  lost  to  the  enemy  the  fol- 
lowing day.  Lieutenant  General  Luna  commanded  in  person  the  Insurgent  troops 
north  of  the  river  and  had  collected  a  considerable  force,  estimated  at  four  thousand 
men,  to  oppose  the  crossing,  while  three  thousand  were  held  at  Baliuag,  to  the  east.  To 
his  right  as  far  as  Hagonoy  strong  detachments  were  maintained,  and  also  to  his  left 
connecting  with  Baliuag.  In  the  face  of  this  opposition  MacArthur's  men  effected  the 
crossing  on  April  2Sth,  under  the  accurate  concentrated  fire  of  the  guns  of  the  Utah 
Light  Artillery,  commanded  by  Major  Young.  This  Are  drove  back  the  enemy  from  the 
river  bank  and  the  Kansas  men,  swimming  the  rapid  river,  were  enabled  to  secure  boat 
transportation  on  the  northern  shore.  Crossing  with  this  and  on  the  railroad  bridge  (of 
which,  though  a  span  had  been  dropped,  the  outer  rails  remained)  a  foothold  was  secured 
and  the  enemy  was  soon  after  driven  northward  up  the  railroad  track  for  a  distance  of 
two  miles. 

General  Lawton,  having  concentrated  his  force  at  Norzagaray  and  Angat,  drove  the 
enemy  to  the  north  and  westward  in  a  number  of  spirited  engagements  and  was  directed 
to  proceed  to  Baliuag.  A  short  time  thereafter  I  was  informed  that  two  thousand  armed 
Insurgents  were  about  to  march  north  from  San  Mateo,  a  place  eight  miles  northeast  of 
Manila,  under  the  command  of  General  Pilar;  that  it  would  pass  on  a  mountain  road 
with  the  intention  of  gaining  the  flank  of  Lawton,  who  was  directed  to  keep  his  scouts 
well  out  to  the  eastward  from  Norzagaray,  which  he  did  without  discovering  the 
e.x-pected  hostile  column  which,  to  the  number  of  one  thousand  had  passed  farther  to 
the  right  and  entered  the  country  to  the  northeast  of  Baliuag.  The  latter  place,  with 
large  stores  of  rice  and  sugar,  was  captured  in  a  spirited  attack  after  slight  opposition, 
the  enemy  retreating  northward,  while  General  Lawton,  maintaining  great  activity  to 
his  right  and  front,  felt  along  the  east  bank  of  the  Rio  Grande  in  the  vicinity  of  San 
Luis  to  ascertain  if  the  enemy  was  present.  He  was  detained  at  Baliuag  to  await  the 
delivery  of  rations  for  his  comma^id  by  way  of  Malolos  and  to  enable  General  MacAr- 
thur to  secure  an  advanced  point  in  a  more  open  country  and  discover  the  whereabouts 
of  the  retreating  enemy.    On  May  otli  he  was  instructed  as  follows: 

General  Lawton,  Baliuag  : 

Can  not  determine  definite  movement  until  MacArthur  gets  in  position  and  is  pre- 
pared for  further  action.  His  advance  is  at  San  Fernando.  In  the  mean  time  hold  pres- 
ent positions,  observing  any  movements  of  insurgents  to  the  north  and  east  of  you. 
MacArthur  is  confident  insurgents  retired  up  railroad  instead  of  passing  northeastward. 

On  the  same  day  the  following  telegram  was  sent  to  General  MacArthur: 

You  will  arrest  your  advance  at  San  Fernando.  It  is  impossible  to  ascertain  route 
taken  by  insurgents,  who  were  not  expected  to  make  a  stand  at  San  Fernando.  It  is 
believed  they  will  take  the  road  to  Arayat,  in  the  direction  of  San  Isidro.  They  have 
strong  intrenchments  at  flrst-iiamcd  place  Report  fully  conditions  and  casualties  as 
soon  as  practicable.    We  coiiifratuluii"  noih-  tioojjs. 

Gunboats  will  soon  start  to  seek  cntVancr  oi  Itio  (Jrande,  but  we  can  not  obtain  any 
encouraging  information.  The  river  from  Calumpit  north  is  navigable  ;  the  mouth  very 
difficult  of  access. 


492  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

Lawton  holds  Maasiu,  Balluag,  and  Quingua.  Had  quite  a  sharp  eugagement  cap- 
turing first-named  place.  Insurgents  attacked  Ovenshlne's  line  last  evening;  quickly 
repulsed.    They  have  appeared  on  the  lake  with  cascoes  and  are  very  active. 

On  May  6th  the  following  telegrams  were  sent,  which  show  the  situation  as  then 
understood  : 
Major  KOBBE,  Third  Artillery,  Malolos : 

You  will  take  command  of  all  the  troops  on  the  railway  between  Calumpit  and 
Marilao  and  so  dispose  them  as  to  furnish  the  best  protection  to  this  line  of  communica- 
tion. It  Is  reported  that  a  large  force  from  the  province  of  Morong  is  now  moving  to 
attack  General  I^awton's  riglii  by  way  of  Norzagaray  and  Angat.  It  is  possible  that  a 
portion  of  tliis  loicc  may  appear  at  Santa  Maria  and  attempt  the  destruction  of  the  rail- 
way in  tlial  vicinity,  \\itli  general  Law  ton's  force  at  Baliuag,  a  detachment  at  t^nin- 
gua,  and  another  at  Bagljag  Bridge,  it  would  appear  that  only  that  portion  of  the  line 
between  Guiguinto  and  Marilao  could  be  in  danger.  Bocaue  and  Bigaa  should  be  made 
strong,  having  detachments  well  out  toward  Santa  Maria.    Acknowledge  receipt. 


Manila,  May  r>. 
General  Lawton,  BuliiKiq  .- 

Please  report  localitir^at  wliich  rice  and  sugar  found  and  destroyed  by  your  scouts 
were  captured  and  wluit  -.1  ciion  of  country  your  .scouts  are  observing  to-day. 

MacArthur's  sncressat  SantuTomas  and  San  Fernando  greater  than  at  first  reported. 
Enemy's  loss  was  very  stvt  iv,  they  leaving  some  fifty  or'sixtv  tlcail  on  the  field  and 
probably  a  couple  of  hundred  Titles  *  *  *  Enemy  evideiuU  tliini^s  vou  are  supplied 
by  Angat.  The  insurgent  force  at  San  Mateo  was  ready  to  niov<>  last  niulit.  It  is  tairlv 
well  armed,  has  fair  amount  ainnumition  and  plenty  of  rice.  Subsistence  and  ammii- 
nitioii  transported  by  extra  men.  \\'atcli  well  by  scouting  parties  country  to  the  east  of 
you.  Thi'  repoited  line  of  enemy's  marcli  is  Xf)rzagaray,  Angat,  San  Rafael,  and  Bustos. 
Also  rumored  tliat  a  force  may  strike  at  Santa  Maria.  General  Hall  will  send  out 
detachments  to  watch  road  by  Novaliches.    Acknowledge  receipt. 

From  all  the  information  I  was  able  to  obtain,  and  from  the  fact  that  the  inhabitants 
of  the  Tarlac  province  and  to  the  north  of  the  same  were  not  strongly  in  sympathy  with 
the  rebellion,  I  was  convinced  that  Luna's  immediate  army,  which  had  confronted 
MacArthur's  troops,  would  retire  by  Arayat,  a  strong  natural  position  and  strongly 
intrenched,  into  the  Tagalo  province  of  Nueva  Ecija  covering  San  Isidro,  where  abun- 
dant supplies  could  be  obtained.  As  soon  as  MacArthur,  by  scouting  to  his  front,  had 
definitely  ascertained  and  reported  that  this  army  had  retreated  on  the  line  of  railroad 
the  situation  was  understood.  There  was  one  objective  army  on  the  line  of  railroad  and 
another  covering  the  country  in  front  of  Baliuag  and  to  the  east  of  the  Rio  Grande 
General  Lawton  was  detained  at  Balluag  scouting  to  his  north  and  east  for  several 
successive  days,  taking,  in  the  mean  time  Maasin,  which  he  occupied  with  his 
advance,  and  capturing  at  various  places  a  considerable  quantity  of  the  enemy's  food 
supplies,  which  had  been  stored  in  improvi.sed  granaries.  General  MacArthur  was 
directed  to  take  Bacolor  and  Guagua  to  his  left  and  rear,  and  thus  establish  a  water  base 
at  Guagua,  as  the  railroad  was  not  in  operation  beyond  Bagbag,  south  of  Calumpit,  and 
could  not  be  placed  in  condition  for  use  as  far  as  San  Fernando  in  less  time  than  ten 
days,  at  least,  and  the  bridges  not  for  two  or  three  weeks.  Fortunately  an  engine  and 
a  few  cars  had  been  captured  near  San  Fernando  and  could  do  service  north  of  Cal- 
umpit aftera  slight  repair  of  the  railway  track. 

On  May  7th  Captain  Grant,  of  the  Utah  Artillery,  with  two  gunboats,  was  instructed 
to  proceed  from  Manila  to  Guagua  with  supplies  for  MacArthur's  troops,  with  whom  he 
was  directed  to  communicate  at  that  point.  He  found  the  entrance  of  the  Guagua  River 
without  difficulty,  proceeded  upstream  until  Sexmoan  was  reached,  when  he  was  fired 
upon  by  some  five  hundred  of  the  enemy  strongly  intrenched  on  a  projecting  point  of 
the  river  ba,nk.  He  passed  the  point  without  responding,  swung  into  the  bank  imme- 
diately after  passing  it,  and  opened  a  deadly  fire,  striking  the  insurgents  in  flank  behind 
their  breastworks,  and  quickly  scattered  those  who  were  able  to  retire.  He  met  no  fur- 
ther opposition  until  Guagua  was  reached.  Then  he  boldly  ran  along  the  city's  wharves 
and  cleared  the  place  of  the  few  armed  insurgents  present,  who  set  fire  to  several 
buildings  and  retreated.  Landing  his  men,  he  pursued  the  enemy  a  short  distance,  then 
assisted  the  citizens  to  extinguish  the  fires  and  retired  to  his  boats.  The  San  Fernando 
troops  not  appearing,  he  returned  to  Manila  on  the  following  daj\    Before  Captain  Grant 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  493 

was  directed  to  proceed  to  Guagua  General  MacArthur  had  signified  his  ability  to  com- 
municate with  him  there,  but  subsequently,  and  after  Grant  was  beyond  recall,  he 
reported  that  his  situation  was  such  with  regard  to  the  enemy  that  he  did  not  consider 
the  movement  on  Bacolor  and  Guagua  prudent.  At  the  first  named  place  there  was 
quite  a  force  of  the  enemy  intrenched,  and  he  did  not  think  his  force  at  that  time  was 
sutflcient  to  drive  it  oft'  and  hold  the  Guagua  line  while  maintaining  also  his  line  of 
communication  by  rail.  As  soon  as  Captain  Grant  reported  at  Manila  he  was  directed  to 
find  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Grande  and  pass  up  that  stream  to  Calumpit,  which  place  he 
successfully  reached  without  marked  incident  on  May  10th.  He  was  then  directed  to 
proceed  up  the  river  and  clear  the  banks  of  insurgents  as  far  as  Candaba,  which  he 
accomplished,  having  a  sharp  engagement  at  San  Luis.  These  boats  could  navigate  this 
river  as  far  up  as  Arayat,  a  point  some  twelve  miles  northeast  of  San  Fernando,  and 
could  keep  that  line  open  without  much  difficulty  It  was  determined,  therefore,  to 
move  MacArthur's  troop  on  Luna's  flank,  as  a  further  immediate  advance  up  the  rail- 
road was  impracticable  because  of  the  impossibility  of  then  taking  supplies  by  that 
route;  and  after  wc  had  secured  tlie  Rio  Grande,  on  May  lltli,  I  telegraphed  MacArthur 
as  follows : 

No  intention  to  make  San  Fcinaiido  base  for  future  operations.  You  say  su))ply  by 
water  at  that  puint  iiiipraclicabic  and  n'c< instruction  of  railway  necessary.  Several 
days  yet  rtMHiiri'd  to  nacli  ('aluni|>ii  with  lailway,  and  probably  several  more  necessary 
to  reacli  San  Fernanilo.  Calumpit  will  be  the  base  and  troops  supplied,  for  a  timea't 
least,  by  eascoes  to  be  sent  there  at  once.  There  are  6  feet  of  water  in  Rio  Grande  to  Can- 
daba, and  it  is  practicable  for  light-draft  boats  to  reach  San  Isidro.  Your  first  objective 
is  c'andaba,  where  uunlioats  can  meet  you  ;  thence  probably  by  river  road  north.  One 
half  light  battery  and  your  convalescents,  of  which  100  South  Dakota  men  should  go  up 
to-day,  will  be  sent  you,  and  probably  2  battalions  Seventeenth  Infantry.  This  will  carry 
your  enlisted  force  to  about  4,000  and  should  be  ample  to  drive  any  force  enemy  can 
place  in  your  front.  General  Lawton  has  a  more  difHcult  problem.  Tlie  enemy  has  a 
large  force  at  San  Ildefonso  and  San  Miguel,  and  it  is  now  reported  that  Generals  Pilar 
and  Geronimo  have  reached  latter  point.  Should  J^awton  be  pressed  hard  it  maybe 
necessary  for  you  to  give  assistance  by  way  of  Candaba,  otherwise  he  will  join  you  on 
river  near  San  Isidro.  It  is  believed  that  gunboats,  eascoes,  and  launches  can  supply 
yon  on  river,  and  it  will  not  lie  necessary  for  your  train  to  carry  very  much  supply.  One 
battalKin  Sevente<nrii  Infantry  will  iirobably  be  sent  you  to-morrow  afternoon.  You 
will  necessarily  need  sutliiien  t  supplies  on  starting  to  take  you  to  Candaba.  There  is 
great  necessity  lor  celerity  of  niovement,  and  it  is  desired  that  it  be  inaugurated  as 
soon  as  practicable. 

To  this  dispatch  the  General  replied  that  he  would  act  on  the  instructions  contained 
therein  at  once,  but  considered  the  directed  movement  a  very  delicate  one  and  that  con- 
ditions should  be  carefully  weighed  before  it  was  attempted;  that  his  position  at  San 
Fernando  was  satisfactory,  and  that  he  thought  the  troops  should  remain  to  recuperate 
until  the  railway  could  be  repaired  to  that  point;  that  he  had  about  three  thousand 
eight  hundred  men,  two  thousand  six  hundred  of  whom  were  continually  on  the  fight- 
ing line,  and  that  he  desired  to  exchange  regiments  which  were  with  him  for  some  in 
rear,  which  were  comparatively  fresh  ;  that  Luna  was  in  his  immediate  front  with  two 
thousand  Ave  hundred  men  and  had  one  thousand  at  Mexico,  on  the  Candaba  road,  and 
that  there  were  possibly  ten  thousand  between  him  and  the  Baliuag  country.  MacAr- 
thur's troops  were  at  this  time  pretty  well  worn  out,  and  a  great  many  of  them  were  on 
sick  report.  They  had  been  fighting  almost  continually  for  three  months  in  a  tropical 
climate  and  over  a  swampy  country  through  which  wagon  transportation  could  not  be 
moved.  There  were  no  fresh  troops  to  send  to  San  Fernando.  The  withdrawal  of  the 
Spanish  forces  in  Mindanao  and  the  Sulu  Archipelago,  where  troops  must  be  placed,  the 
necessity  of  sending  others  to  Cebu,  and  to  increase  those  in  Negros  — all  of  which  was 
imperatively  demanded  at  this  time— rendered  conditions  somewhat  critical.  I  had 
also  been  directed  to  return  the  volunteer  organizations  to  the  United  States  without 
delay,  and  in  response  I  cabled,  on  May  11th,  to  Washington  as  follows: 

Volunteer  organizations  first  to  return  now  at  Negros  and  45  miles  from  Manila  at 
front.  Expected  that  transports  now  arriving  will  take  returning  volunteers.  Volun- 
teers understand  they  will  begin  to  leave  for  United  Stales  latter  part  of  month  Know 
importance  of  their  presence  henat  this  time,  and  accept  sacrifices  wbicli  I'niled  State.s 
interests  make  imperative.  Ihtnrni-l,-  now  entering  harbor.  TiansiKnts  r.i  nrnino-  this 
week  carry  sick  and  wounded  men.  /'' /u(.sv/'v/;?ia  and  St.  PkuI  imt  needed  Icne'er  in 
southern  waters  where  they  have  been  retained,  hence  dispatched.  Tiauspons  Nelson 
and  Cleveland  brought  freight;  return  without  cargo. 


494  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

This  I  did  after  consulting  witti  some  of  the  most  prominent  volunteer  officers,  point- 
ing out  to  them  the  delicate  situation  we  were  in.  and  they  responded  that  the  volun- 
teers would  willingly  remain  until  it  was  cleared  up  or  until  more  of  the  regular  regi- 
ments then  en  route  could  arrive.  We  must  now  either  advance  at  the  north  or  retreat 
to  Calumpit,  holding  the  railroad  in  our  rear  and  await  reenforcements  with  which  to 
replace  all  volunteers,  having  in  the  mean  time  a  large  insurgent  force  in  our  immediate 
front  and  continually  increasing  one  south  of  Manila,  which  had  become  annoying  and 
which  now  numbered  five  thousand  men.  It  was  therefore  determined  to  direct  Mac- 
Arthnr  to  hold  on  to  San  Fernando  with  what  force  he  had,  operating  against  and  hold- 
ing Luna  as  best  he  could  ;  to  send  a  detached  column  up  the  Rio  (irande,  and  to  permit 
Lawton  to  advance.  The  Ninth  and  Seventeenth  Infantry  had  reported  by  April  23d, 
and  the  Twenty-flrst  arrived  on  May  11th.  This  gave  us  opportunity  to  forward  more  of 
the  Manila  troops.  Major  Kobb6,  Third  Artillery,  then  at  Malolos,  was  directed  to 
Calumpit,  to  which  point  one  battalion  of  the  Ninth  Infantry,  three  of  the  Keveuteenth, 
and  Light  Battery  E,  First  Artillery,  were  sent.  He  was  ordered  to  proceed  up  the  river 
with  this  force  to  Candaba,  attended  by  the  gunboats  which  were  to  haul  cascoes  loaded 
with  twenty  thousand  extra  rations.  This  command  left  Calumpit  May  16th  and 
reached  Candaba  the  following  day,  having  encountered  little  opposition. 

On  May  1.3th  General  Lawton  reported  from  Baliuag  that  a  commission  sent  l)y  Gen- 
eral Aguinaldo  had  presented  itself  and  desired  to  be  sent  to  Manila  to  confer  with  the 
United  States  Peace  Commission.    He  was  instructed  as  follows : 

Headquarteks  Department  Pacific  and  Eighth  Army  Corps, 

Manila,  P.  I.,  May  13,  1S99. 
Maj.  Gen.  H.  W.  Lawton,  U.  S.  V., 

Commanding  United  States  Forces,  Baliuag,  Luzon. 

General:  The  commanding  general  of  the  United  States  forces  in  the  Philippines 
directs  me  to  inform  you  that  you  will  reply  to  the  communication  addressed  to  you  by 
Gen.  Gregorlo  del  Pilar,  of  the  Philippine  forces  at  your  front,  which  communication 
was  delivered  to  me  by  Captain  Sewell,  of  your  staff,  and  is  herewith  returned,  that 
should  (niirial  Aguinaldo  desire  to  send  representative  men  to  confVr  with  the  United 
State-  <■.  11 1 1  mission  now  in  session  in  this  city,  you  are  at  liberty  and  will  pass  sucli  body 
throu-ii  scMii-  lilies,  promising  them  safe  conduct  to  and  from"  Manila  and  ample  pro- 
tection during  tlieir  stay  here.  Railway  transportation  between  Malolos  and  Manila  is 
freely  accorded. 

Very  respectfully,  Thomas  H.  Barry, 

Assistant  Adjutant  General. 

This  commission  was  received  by  me  upon  arrival  and  made  known  its  mission, 
which  was  to  take  preliminary  action  toward  the  negotiation  of  terms  of  peace.  It  was 
quickly  informed  that  cessation  of  hostilities  depended  entirely  upon  surrender  of  arms 
and  the  disbandment  of  their  military  organizations.  E.xpressing  then  the  desire  to 
confer  with  the  peace  commission,  it  Was  afforded  the  opportunity.  For  lack  of  time  I 
was  not  present  at  anj'  of  these  conferences,  which  extended  through  two  days.  The 
commission  was  then  .sent  north  through  our  lines,  having  accomplished  nothing  in  so 
far  as  my  knowledge  extended. 

On  May  14th  General  Lawton  was  given  permission  to  advance  on  San  Miguel  as  his 
objective.  Leaving  a  battalion  of  troops  at  Baliuag  he  marched  rapidly  on  Ildefonso, 
where  he  routed  a  strong  force  of  the  enemy  by  a  dexterous  flank  movement  to  his 
right,  and  proceeding  on  San  Miguel,  where  the  enemy  was  strongly  intrenched,  accom- 
plished the  same  result  by  similar  tactics.  On  the  evening  of  May  15th  he  was  instructed 
as  follows : 

Genei-al  Lawton,  San  Miguel  : 

Your  next  objective  is  San  Isidro,  unless  your  progress  so  much  impeded  by  enemy 
that  your  subsistence  likely  to  give  out,  in  which  event  you  should  seek  road  to  Rib 
Grande  and  try  to  communicate  with  Kobb^'s  column  and  gunboats,  where  you  will 
And  rations.  Kobbe's  column  will  be  pushed  up  as  rapidly  as  possible,  but  can  not  tell 
how  far  gunboats  can  ascend  river.  Believe  they  can  ascend  to  Arayat,  where  enemv 
have  heavy  intrenchments.  Watch  well  your  right.  It  is  reported  that  a  laige  nuinbeV 
of  insurgents  are  at  Biacnabato.  Report  not  verified.  No  change  in  MacArthur's  fiont. 
Still  confronted  by  about  5,000  men. 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  495 

Marching  out  of  San  Miguel  the  next  morning,  where  he  left  a  containing  force,  he 
struck  the  insurgents,  whom  he  drove  to  the  right  and  left,  and  bewildering  them  by 
his  rapidity  of  movement,  which  rendered  them  unable  to  concentrate,  he  seized  San 
Isidro,  tlie  third  insurgent  capital,  on  May  17th,  General  Aguinaldo  and  cabinet,  with 
troops,  having  retired  to  Cabanatiian,  fourteen  miles  to  the  north,  on  road  leading  into 
the  mountains  of  northern  Luzon.  Late  in  the  evening  of  that  day  General  MacArthur 
reported  as  follows : 

My  information  is  not  absolutely  certain,  but  everything  indicates  that  insurtrt'nts 
from  my  front  and  right  retired  along  the  railroad.  A  reconnoitering  party  njiclu'd  1  he 
67-liilometer  viost,  and  at  that  point  discovered  stragglers  apparently  in  rear  of  a  coluiini 
moving  in  their  front.  We  went  out  the  road  through  Mexico  to  Santa  Ana  and  found 
both  points  vacated,  and  were  intnrinrd  by  natives  that  insurgent  soldiers  had  gone  to 
Angeles.  Up  to  late  hour  tliis  attcrudon  tlic  lin«"  between  here  and  Bacolor  was  still 
occupied  by  insurgents.    To-niorn>w  1  hope  to  get  definite  information. 

The  following  day  it  was  ascertained  that  Luna  had  retreated  on  Tarlac  with  about 
three  thousand  men,  leaving  a  considerable  force  under  General  Mascardo  on  General 
MacArthur's  left,  with  headquarters  at  Santa  Rita  or  in  that  vicinity.  It  was  believed 
that  a  considerable  insurgent  force  would  be  found  at  the  strong  defensive  position  of 
Arayat,  and  to  that  point  both  General  Lawton  and  Major  Kobbt5  were  sent.  General 
Lawton  being  instructed  at  midnight  May  17th  as  follows: 

General  Lawton,  8an  Isidro  : 

Your  next  objective  Arayat,  down  Rio  Grande,  after  troops  have  rested  and  peace 
restored  at  San  Isidro.  Arayat  reported  to  be  strongly  intrenched.  Kobb6  and  gun- 
boats started  up  river  this  morning  at  (j.  This  early  announcement,  fearing  telegraphic 
communication  may  be  lost. 

On  the  following  morning  the  following  information  was  sent  him  : 

General  Lawton,  San  Isidro  : 

General  MacArthur  reports  that  from  information  almost  positive  he  believes  that 
1,000  of  Luna's  men  have  retired  to  Floridablanca  and  Porae,  which  are  to  liis  loft ;  that 
Luna  wi  th:i.(K)0  armed  nu-ii  is  at  Tarlac.  He  stale's  that  all  his  inioi-nialion  is  loihc  i'ir.'<-t 
that  Luna  has  not  sent  assistance  to  the  east  an.l  i-  not  liloly  to  do  so,  as  i  hciv  is  no 
cooperation  between  himand  the  force  on  the  San  Isidro  iinr.  llfstalis  liiat  Major  Hell 
is  on  reconnoissance  and  now  at  or  near  Angeles;  that  he  will  not-  probably  herefrom 
him  until  late  this  evening.  MacArthur's  information  was  obtained  from  inhabitants 
of  the  country  and  an  Englishman,  Mr.  Sims,  who  left  Tarlac  last  evening  and  has  just 
entered  his  lines. 

Should  this  information  prove  true,  all  of  the  force  sent  by  you  to  San  Miguel  this 
morning  should  continue  its  journey  to  Baliuag.  Troops  at  San  Miguel  can  not  be  sup- 
plied during  the  season  of  heavy  rains. 

Lawton,  descending  the  Rio  Grande,  and  Kobb6,  ascending  the  stream,  struck  the  place 
on  the  .same  hour  of  the  day ;  found  only  a  small  force,  there,  which  quickly  retreated. 
It  was  now  determined  to  operate  on  General  Luna's  left  flank,  Lawton,  reenforced  by 
Kobb6,  to  take  the  road  to  Tarlac,  when  it  was  ascertained  tliat  General  Luna  had 
removed  his  headquarters  to  Bayambang,  only  a  few  miles  north  of  Dagupan,  and  that 
his  troops  were  retiring  north  of  Tarlac.  The  railway  facilities  which  the  insurgents 
possessed  rendered  a  rapid  retreat  on  their  part  very  easy. 

The  rainy  season  had  now  come  and  the  volunteer  organizations  must  be  hastened 
homeward,  and  should  a  column  be  sent  to  Tarlac  the  enemy  would  retire,  leaving  us  a 
destroyed  or  badly  damaged  railioad  without  the  means  to  operate  it,  and  we  were  seri- 
ously crippled  for  lack  of  wagon  transportation.  Our  troops  once  at  Tariac  could  not 
be  supplied,  and  all  were  needed  at  other  points  until  we  could  consummate  the  difficult 
feat  of  exchanging  the  volunteers  for  organizations  of  the  regular  establishment.  We 
must  keep  what  we  had  gained,  and  could  do  that  by  establishing  a  line  to  the  front, 
extending  from  San  Fernando  on  the  left  to  Baliuag  on  the  right,  from  which  it  would 
be  easy  to  resume  operations.  General  Lawton  was  recalled,  a  sufficient  force  placed  at 
Candaba,  San  Luis,  Calumpit,  and  Baliuag  to  hold  the  country  in  rear,  and  steps  were 
taken  to  return  and  ship  the  volunteers  as  rapidly  as  circumstances  would  permit.  But 
the  condition  of  General  MacArthur's  troops  was  not  improving.  The  volunteers  had 
again  become  very  restless  and  desired  to  depart.  On  June  2d  the  surgeon  of  one  of 
these  regiments  reported  that  of  eight  hundred  and  seventy-three  officers  and  enlisted 


496  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

men  thirty  per  cent  were  in  the  Manila  hospitals  sick  and  wounded,  thirty  per  cent 
were  sick  at  San  Fernando,  "and  of  the  remainder  there  are  not  eight  men  in  each  com- 
pany who  have  the  strength  to  endure  one  day's  march."  In  respect  to  this  report  the 
chief  surgeon  of  MacArthur's  division  remarked  that  he  had  made  a  careful  examina- 
tion of  the  men  and  that  of  the  whole  number  in  the  regiment  then  present  only  ninety- 
six  were  fit  for  duty.  The  division  commander  remarked  on  May  22d  and  June  5th, 
with  regard  to  these  and  similar  reports,  as  follows  : 

The  duty  required  of  the  men  of  this  brigade,  in  common  with  the  other  commands 
of  the  division,  has  been  severe  and  continuous  since  the  Jth  of  February  of  the  current 
year.  The  sun,  field  rations,  physical  exertion,  and  the  abnormal  excitement  arising 
from  almost  constant  exposure  to  fire  action  have  operated  to  bring  about  a  general 
enervation  from  which  the  men  do  nr)t  sorm  to  loadily  rpcover,  althouirh  the  luvsent 
conditions  are  very  favorable.  The  four  icaimcnts  now  (in  •-.cut  lui  vc  an  cnli^liil  si  rcngth 
of  3,701.  Of  these  1,003  are  sick  and  \v..uii.lc(l,  lc.a\  iim  an  cilcciivc  of  .'.iiiis,  wlij,-h.  after 
deducting  necessary  details  for  special  duly,  yields  only  2..;07  tor  th<'  tirini;  line,  many  of 
whom  could  not  march  5  miles  under  the  conditions  which  obtained  from  Malolos  to 
this  place. 

The  physical  condition  of  the  men  in  the  organization  which  originally  commenced 
the  campaign  in  this  division  and  are  still  at  the  front  has  during  the  past  month  been 
a  matter  of  Lii'eat  concern.  Tlie  ditlieulties  are  progressive  and  without  any  apparent 
tlueliialion  are  urowin-  worse  from  <lay  to  day. 

For  foni-  niontlis  tliese  men  liavel)een  eontinually  underarms  night  and  day,  exposed 
in  a  relaxiuj,'  cliniatc  to  a  sc<^rcLing  sun,  almost  as  destructive  and  much  harder  to  bear 
than  the  enemy's  fire,  until  apparently  the  severe,  unremitting,  and  almost  unexampled 
strain  has  told  upon  whole  organizations  to  such  an  extent  that  they  are  now  com- 
pletely worn  out  and  broken  in  health. 

Later  the  chief  surgeon  of  the  dei^artment  stated,  wlien  commenting  on  the  condi- 
tions presented : 

I  can  add  nothing  to  the  careful  and  valuable  report  made  by  the  chief  surgeon  of 
the  division.  The  data  must  be  accurate  and  the  conclusion  unimpeachable.  These 
men  and  the  men  of  the  companion  regiments  have  been  overworked,  are  broken  down, 
and  will  not  be  fit  for  duty  as  a  rpgiment  within  any  reasonable  period.  It  is  difficult  to 
explain,  except  at  a  len^ili  tlial  would  be  unaeeeptabli-,  how  tliese  physiological  factoi's 
operate,  but  the  fa  el  remains. and  here  is  a  stiikinj,-  ilMi-i  lai  ion  of  it.  that  commands 
do  become  worn  out  i>re<-isely  as  the  fifth  indorsement  states. 

The  wealvened  hearts  and  (]Uickened  pulses  indicate  a  condition  akin  to  that  of 
typhoid  lev<r  convalescence,  and  restoration  to  physical  efliciency  will  not  take  place 
in  this  climate  wiihin  any  reasonable  period,  and  meanwhile  such  men  display  no  vital 
resistanee  to  a<-ute  disease. 

This  feature  of  the  "soldier's  irritable  heart"  was  a  condition  well  recognized  during 
the  severe  strain  of  the  civil  war,  but  with  these  men  there  is  the  additional  disability  of 
general  physical  prostration. 

These  reports  I  forwarded  to  Washington  on  June  23d,  with  tlie  following  indorse- 
ment : 

Respectfully  forwarded  to  the  Adjutant  General  of  the  Army.  I  have  inquired  care- 
fully into  the  condition  of  health  of  these  organizations,  which  is  now  improving.  The 
cause  of  sickness  may  be  attributed,  I  believe,  to  I  lie  great  strain  attendant  upon  con- 
stant fighting,  with  lack  of  needed  rest,  neglect  of  person  during  this  period,  because  of 
which  a  peculiar  disease,  designated  iieh.  was  developed,  and  indisi-rlmiiia  te  consump- 
tion of  fruit,  which  was  aliundant  in  Ihe  country  o\'er  whirh  troops  pa-sed  and  are  sta- 
tioned, and  the  use  of  water  not  jiotalile.  TlieSuulli  Dakota  reminienl  was  brought  to 
Manila  two  weeks  ago  and  is  ra  pidly  improving.  The  Kansas  reLiinieiit  i>  m  route  and 
the  Montana  regiment  will  soon  follow.  1  think,  like  the  (  n-ei^on  icuimeni,  when  orders 
to  take  passage  to  tlie  I'nited  stat<'s  are  issued,  that  both  the  .Montana  and  South 
Dakota  troops  will  recover  with  astonishing  rapidity.  There  ;u(  few  e.ises  of  serious 
illness.  San  Fernando,  the  present  station  of  these  troops,  is  consideKd  somiwhat  as  a 
health  resort  by  the  Filipinos,  and  there  seems  to  be  no  good  lea-.pn  \\li\  men  should 
not  improve  as  rapidly  there  as  in  Manila,  except  that  there  is  in  He  vieinity  of  San 
Fernando  a  very  active  enem.v,  which  must  be  constantly  watched,  necessitating  a 
larger  percentage  of  men  on  outpost  duty  than  at  some  other  points. 

The  headquarters  and  ten  companies  of  the  Third  Infantry,  with  a  platoon  of  artil- 
lery and  a  mounted  troop  of  the  Fourth  Cavalry,  took  station  at  Baliuag,  and  head- 
quarters and  two  battalions  of  the  Twenty-second  Infantry  were  placed  atCandaba  and 
San  Luis,  to  be  assisted,  in  case  of  attack,  by  one  of  the  gunboats  which  was  left  in  the 
Rio  Grande,  and  which  was  to  be  used  also  in  forwarding  supplies  from  Calumpit.  The 
rains  coming  on  and  heavy  storms  having  been  predicted  for  that  section  of  country 
the  troops  at  San  Miguel,  whose  rations  were  about  exhausted,  were  ordered  to  fall  back 
at  once  on  Baliuag.  They  were  attacked  while  en  route  at  Ildefonso  and  Maasin,  and 
were  obliged  to  halt  twice  and  drive  off  the  enemy,  which  they  did  effectively,  but  the 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  497 

enemy  published  and  celebrated  for  a  long  time  their  signal  victories  at  Ildefonso,  San 
Miguel,  and  San  Isidro. 

During  these  Luzon  military  operations  affairs  in  the  central  islands  became  more 
or  less  critical,  demanded  careful  consideration,  and  occasionally  an  accession  of  troops- 
As  early  as  February  3d  General  Miller  had  reported  from  Iloilo  that  the  inhabitants  of 
Negroes  and  Cebu  realized  that  they  could  not  successfully  establish  an  independent 
government  and  wished  the  United  States  to  exercise  control.  After  the  capture  of 
Iloilo  the  navy  visited  the  city  of  fJebu  and  took  quiet  possession  of  the  place—  the  com  - 
manding  officer  of  the  force  assuming  direction  of  the  business  of  the  captain  of  the 
port  and  collector  of  customs  and  entering  into  an  arrangement  with  the  more  promi- 
nent citizens  to  permit  them  to  conduct  their  own  internal  affairs.  This  was  reported 
to  me  with  the  request  that  troops  be  sent  to  that  port  to  assist  the  small  navy  force 
there  in  case  of  necessity.  On  receipt  of  this  information,  and  on  February  26th,  the 
following  order  was  issued  and  executed  : 

A  battalion  of  the  Twenty-third  U.  S.  Infantry,  Maj.  G.  A.  (loodale  commanding, 
will  proceed  at  once  by  transport  Pennsylvania  to  the  port  of  Cebu,  Island  of  Cebu,  for 
tlie  purpose  of  furnishing  immediate  protection  to  the  inhabitants  and  property  of  that 
locality.  The  battalion  will  be  supplied  with  rations  for  thirty  days  and  300  rounds  of 
ammunition  per  man. 

This  did  not  relieve  the  officers  of  the  Navy  of  the  administration  of  civil  affairs,  the 
management  of  which  it  was  desirable  to  turn  over  to  the  Army,  and  they  continued 
in  control  awaiting  our  action  to  take  formal  possession.  Upon  General  Miller's  report 
that  he  had  held  a  conference  with  some  of  the  principal  citizens  of  the  island  of  Negroes 
and  that  they  had  raised  the  United  States  flag,  wished  a  few  troops  to  protect  them 
from  the  Tagalos,  whom  they  had  declined  to  receive  in  the  island,  and  desired  to  be 
sent  to  Manila  to  present  conditions  and  solicit  aid,  instructions  were  given  for  a  com- 
pliance with  their  request,  whereupon  a  committee  of  four  gentlemen  arrived  hereon 
the  2Ist  of  February.  Several  conferences  followed.  They  had,  they  said,  established  a 
crude  temporary  government,  appointing  a  governor  who  was  one  of  their  number;  that 
if  permitted  to  arm  a  small  battalion  of  natives  to  be  placed  under  the  direction  of  the 
United  States  officers  and  to  receive  the  assistance  of  a  few  United  States  troops,  they 
were  confident  that  the  quiet  of  the  island  could  be  maintained  and  the  Tagalo  element 
successfully  restrained.  A  great  deal  of  conversation,  consuming  portions  of  several 
successive  days,  followed.  They  were  eager  to  be  informed  of  the  purposes  of  the  United 
States,  and  were  informed  that  a  military  government  with  general  supervision  of  their 
affairs  must  be  erected  and  maintained  until  Congressional  legislation  prescribed  the 
nature  and  measure  of  control  which  would  be  imposed;  that  no  assurance  could  be 
given  them  except  that  the  civil  government  to  be  finally  established  would  be  repub- 
lican in  character  and  would  give  them  as  much  local  representation  as  the  intelligence 
and  animus  of  the  people  permitted  and  as  was  in  harmony  with  their  own  and  the 
interests  of  the  United  States. 

The  troops  asked  for  were  provided,  and  the  committee  was  advised  to  return,  call 
their  representative  people  together,  and,  acting  with  and  under  the  advice  of  the  mili- 
tary governor  whom  I  would  send,  to  formulate  and  submit  a  plan  of  government  for 
the  administration  of  strictly  internal  affairs,  which  upon  receipt  I  would  forward  for 
the  consideration  of  the  United  States  supreme  authorities.  I  selected  for  the  governor 
Colonel  Smith,  of  the  l<'irst  California  Volunteers,  now  brigadier  general  of  volunteers, 
an  excellent  soldier  and  a  lawyer  of  experience.  He  had  several  conferences  with  them 
and  won  their  confidence  and  esteem,  when  they  expressed  a  strong  desire  to  have  him 
and  a  few  troops  accompany  them  to  Negros,  which  was  favorably  acted  upon. 

To  meet  the  situation  which  was  rapidly  developing  in  Panay,  Negros,  and  Cebu , 
the  following  orders  were  issued  : 

General  Orders,  )  Headquarters  Department  Pacific 

No.  8.  J  AND  Eighth  Army  Corps, 

Manila,  P.  I.,  March  1, 1S99. 

1.  A  military  district,  comprising  the  islands  of  Panav,  Negros,  and  Cebu,  and  such 
other  Visayan  Islands  as  may  be  hereafter  designated,  to  be  known  as  the  Visavan  mil- 
32 


498  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

itary  distiict,  is  herebj'  established  aud  placed  under  the  supervision  of  Brig.  Gen  Mar- 
cus P.  Miliar,  r.  S.  A.,  commanding  First  Separate  Brigade,  Eighth  Army  Corps,  with 
headiniai  tci  -  at  Iloilo.  The  troops  already  sent  to  Cebu  and  those  about  to  embark  for 
Negios  will  t'lnnsh  all  possible  protection  to  those  islands,  maintaining  peace  and  order 
while  adiiiiiiistering  the  civil  attairs  throughout  the  islands  on  lines  prescribed  by  the 
military  government. 

2.  Col.  James  K.  .Smith,  First  Regiment  California  Volunteer  Infantry,  is  hereby 
detached  from  his  regiment,  and  will  proceed  by  U.  S.  transport  fit.  Ptml  with  the  troops 
mentioned  in  paragraph  5  of  this  order  to  Bacolod,  Nosrro-;,  ria  Iloilo,  reporting  upon 
his  arrival  at  the  last-named  point  to  Brig.  Gen.  M.  P.  Millfi,  T".  S.  A.  (■•>minaiidiiv  the 
Visayan  military  district,  the  specific  instructions  which  he  has  ic'ccivcd  tn>in  these 
headquarters  and  there  to  receive  such  additional  instructions  as  (ieiieral  Miller  may 
wish  to  give  in  furtlierance  of  their  execution. 

3.  Colonel  Smith  is  assigned  to  the  command  of  the  subdistrict  of  the  island  of 
Negros,  and  will  estal)lish  liis  headquarters  at  the  capital  of  the  islands,  furnishing  pro- 
tection to  the  inhaliitanis  thereof,  whom  he  will  assist  to  develop  civil  administralion 
over  the  artairs  of  tliat  island  in  accordance  with  the  specific  instructions  already 
received  from  these  lu-adqiiarlers. 

4.  Col.  James  K.  Smitli,  First  California  Volunteer  Infantry,  commanding  subdis- 
trict of  the  island  of  X.-^ros,  will  upon  his  arrival  there,  as  directed  in  jiarasraiih  ■>  of 
this  order,  jiroceed  to  or!,'anize  from  the  natives  ot  ilie  island  a  civil  police  oj  -JOO  men, 
placiiiiT  tlie  or^aiiizatioii  under  military  disci|iliiie  and  r.taininu  eoiiiv  ■-iiniTvi^ioii  of 
it.  Th(.' men  \\ill  be  cin|iloyed  by  the  Q,uarteniiasi(  r'>  1  icpa  itnieni  and  will' l)e  n'|H.rted 
monthly  on  the  quarlermastei-"s  form  of  peivous  aial  ailieles  hired,  on  which  will  be 
stated  their  nativity  and  au-e.  in  addition  to  peiiods  of  service.  Their  "ciniiiicnsation  will 
bellxed  by  the  scale  of  wa-e-  pi .  vailini,'  on  the  island,  and  the  funds  to  pav  for  the 
services  will  befurni.shed  IVoin  llie>e  hcadiiiiarlers.  lOach  employe  will  receive  a  fixed 
ration,  in  addition  to  his  money  compensation,  which  will  correspond  to  the  native 
ration  issued  in  this  city.  Tlie  Ordnance  Department  will  turn  over  the  necessary  ord- 
nance to  arm  and  equip  these  men. 

5.  The  Third  Battalion  of  the  First  California  Volunteer  Infantry  will  embarlt  at 
once  on  the  U.  S.  transport  S/.  Paul,  i)repared  to  proceed  to  Bacolod,  island  of  Negros. 
It  will  be  provided  with  rations  for  thirty  days  and  1.50,000  rounds  of  rirte  ammunition. 
The  commanding  olhcer  of  this  battalion  iMa.l.  II.  T.  Sime,  First  California  N'olunteer 
Infantry,)  will  report  to  Col.  James  F,  Smith,  of  tliat  regiment,  for  more  specilic  instruc- 
tions. 

****** 

By  command  of  Major  General  Otis.  Thomas  H.  Barry, 

Assistant  Adjutant  General. 

General  Smith,  with  the  troops  and  commissioners,  left  Manila  on  March  2d,  and  on 
arrival  at  Bacolod,  the  capital  of  Negros,  he  took  station  and  successfully  organized  a 
battalion  of  two  hundred  natives,  which  has  been  loyal  and  has  performed  good  service 
for  the  United  States  to  the  present  date.  But  certain  of  the  inhabitants  of  Tagalo 
nativity  and  others  who  were  disaffected,  aided  by  their  friends  in  Panay,  both  with 
advice  and  war  material,  and  assisted  by  the  robber  bands  of  the  mountains,  created 
disturbances  in  the  western,  central,  and  southern  portions  of  the  island  which  culmi- 
nated in  active  hostilities.  Smith,  with  his  troops,  wentin  pursuit  of  their  concentrated 
forces  wherever  they  chanced  to  be  and  successfully  routed  them,  but  it  was  impossible 
to  cover  the  country  and  prevent  reconcentration.  He  thereupon  called  for  another  bat^ 
talion  of  his  regiment,  which  was  sent  him  on  March  23d.  With  this  increased  command 
he  visited  all  occupied  points  of  the  island,  and  especially  held  in  check  the  people  of 
Dumaguete  and  Bais,  on  the  southeast  coast,  where  the  insurgent  element  for  a  time 
appeared  to  be  in  the  ascendancy. 

This  force  not  proving  suflScient  to  place  troops  at  all  necessary  points,  a  call  was 
made  for  the  third  battalion  of  the  regiment,  which  was  forwarded  on  May  21st.  In  the 
mean  time  the  population  of  occidental  and  oriental  Negros  cho.se  delegates  to  represent 
their  several  political  districts  in  a  convention  at  Bacolod,  where,  after  some  two 
months  labor  under  the  direction  and  protection  of  General  Smith,  a  constitution  was 
prepared  for  submission  to  the  President  of  the  United  States.  This  document,  having 
been  received  here,  was  forwarded  to  Washington  about  July  20th  with  appropriate 
remark,  and  served  as  a  basis  for  the  following  order : 

General  Orders,  1  Office  United  States  Military  Governor 

No.  30.  I  IN  THE  Philippine  Islands, 

Manila,  P.  I.,  July  22,  1S99. 
The  people  of  Negi;;s,  through  d uly  accredited  representatives,  having  freely  acknowl- 
edged the  sovereignty  of  the  rnited  Slates  o\ii-  that  island,  and  huviim'  developed  and 
forwarded  to  His  Exeellen.->   Die  I're-ident  of  ihe  Tnited  states,  for  the  consideration 

and  deliberation  of  Congres-.  a  la-oposd  con~i  i  t  uii >r  body  of  fundamental  laws,  ujion 

which  they  seek  to  have  establislad  for  tluinselves  a  republican  foim  of  government,  it 


OREGON    VOLUNTEKRS    TN    SPANISH    WAR. 


499 


is  deemed  essential,  pendingflnal  action  l.y  tlu-  ' /'f''!''  ,.■'"/.'  ',,  N  r/ul  must  b,       'dn- 
States  thereon,  and  while  military  supervision  ..tul.s   .lis!  i^^u^ 
tained,thataprovisionalgover_nmenttoad,iu     so       s    n  1     .         s^^^ 

^l^^^iS'on^n^-^^^S^TIh^fc^^r^'l^t^^ird^ 

^''^nls'Vhon^'Ire '.'nlercd  that  a  government  for  that  island  be  established  as  speedily  as 
i.rnVt  p.  bleh  I'll  and  sen.,,  as  indicated  in  the  following  enumerated  provisions- the 
1^  me  to  reii   lii.        t    m.  un  il  nn.dilird  by  constituted  aulla.rity  : 

sameuiemai  1  1  ^^^^^^  ^  ^^^.  ^^  ^^.^^^  ,„,,sist    .,i   a  military  governor, 

1     ine  ^o\<  111!  .   '  <,.,,,,v  mil iiirv  governor  of  tlic  rhilii. nines,  who  shall  com- 

^iKV^eUni^i.'s-'p-.nlmelftl^rl^'i"'^  Civile 
elected  bvVl      pen,     '^  Th..  ,'nilitary  -overnor  shall  ap,...in(  s,.,-nfan,-s  u    th,.  troasnr.v 

act  under  his  immediate  mstiuctions.     ine  seal  oi  gu\  <  iiiiii.-iii 

^^TT^^The  military  governor  shall  exercise  the  supreme  executive  power.  He  shall  see 
tbntttie  laws  arc  elecuted;  shall  appoint  to  office  and  fill  all  vacancies  in  office  not 
w^uiftlo  wi^TpvmfdT^^  n!ay,with  the  approval  of  the  military  governor  of 

t^rpiiilippin''^'  ivinm  ,  any  ..lli<-.v  f.nnl  office.  He  shall  perform  such  other  functions 
as  the  'lV,;'''^,;;J .''';',. ''^''''.'Ill^  ''|',',\,,V/'''i',!ih'  I^e  elected  by  the  people  a  civil  governor,  who 
1  Jn  ;  K-  .  II  ,.  uniiMi-v-ovrnoron  all  puhliecivil  questions,  and  who  shall  preside  over 
shall  a(l\isi  in,  .niiiai  n  ^  >  ,.,,,,i,t,.rJi..  i  ill  .M-anls  and  <-,.niniissi,)ns  i>f  acivil  nature 
th,.  a,lv,s,,ry  '-un,-!  .  7'''  ;':';'';/;,;,:  -;,;'.''.n'teml  (-V.-rv  s,.ssi,„,  ,,1  I  h,-  advisory  coun- 

w  iiehar.M'\.,MU,Mi  i,>  11    uim,.    N  -^^  ^^.^^^  ^^^^^^  Hie  (i.-,-!,!!])-  v,,!,' ;  shall  receive  all 

cil  an,l  in  <-asi',.i  ^  "^  V,, '  .  .i'soiv  ,-,Mii.,-il  ■  shall  atl,'st  th,'  -.llioiul  acts  of  the  military 
bills  and  Ve«<^l'li''^^''  *=;'/.  n',,';  .  ,V,'  ^Tn..,! :  shall  ailix  the  great  seal  with 
governor  111  so  for  as  st^u>'.  ;^'^,  'J*  ,,,!,,„,  .,„  ,  ^^u,  instruments  to  which 
l^lSi^^nrri^nhe'mlm-y  ^'.v;;--'^    iv.uiVed,  aild  pertV,rm  such  other  duties 

a«  IT^'tL^  adv1so\T"e*cJuncU:  An'advisory  council,  to  consist  of  8  members,  shall  be 
PiPcted  bv  the  ueoD  e   and  shall  be  selected  within  the  following  territorial  limits  :    One 

"^^  T^f  c\^s  1iI,V';':^,"!los';;t'san'uu-i:>s,' e^^^^  Escalante,  Sagay,  Ciadiz,  Manapla, 

"^'^r^f^  •uu^'pn::!;;.:!';:!'  Ksla^uio  "K"  oliimb^daon,  Silay,  Talisay,  Lacson,  Gran- 
adj  Murcia,   Bacoiod,  Sumag,   Cansilayan!  and  Abuanan  shall  compose  the  second 

'^'^Thf  cities  and  pueblos  of  Bago,  Maao,  Pulupandan,  Valladolid  San  Enrique,  La  Car- 

s.,ay  cSrncXn.'^ElSs   £»n»nl»».  Gull6».,ga,,,  Cauaya,,,  n„«  I»o  sball  compose  tbe 

'°"oSll2t3''NeBros  stall  have  three  members  of  the  advisory  council,  representlbB  thi-ee 

"''¥2?Sirrn«'er.ol¥u'SiS,?^f"vL'iSa,Bac„b,Daum 

™ffi  "cmef iS"p„er.'=rffil',f„'',  "/y"!.a'ta™kmbla.«,  Taohay,  Bals,  Mabjuyod, 

4SS'»feri,"ii"S„<?.«r.?Ka:ix^^^^^ 
rS;Hri!B™s?;;Si'Jssfbis;r.K?^^ 

voter  not  less  than  three  months  """"''".''S'^.f'Sn'rt  ,!?t ,  f  ',  ,  ■ '«  ril . '  b v  1 ,  v  r.Tr 
Ister-  (5)  he  shall,  prior  to  each  regular  election,  dmmg  tb^  tniu  -  i^m  s  •''''>■'".'". 
reSs mtlon,  bave'cKused  his  name  tobeei,tercd  on  tlie  rtj^ 

EvsS-:i&rtStb?^.rjis„?°o7SKt?^:i^ 

^'^srii^;;2;^s?s?;;a^i:s£E.e,,,,,b,;or;iin„y 
br^?orSvr.'hrsKi'ytv;su'r,':;;:i,:^.^'^'iif  1,^;^:^!^^^  i^ 

other  officers,  to  expend  money  only  ui.,.n  ""^i^'it^    tA    -2,.   '  •/ caiefiil  acc^^^^^ 


nry 


^     He  shall  wrform  such  other  duties  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law.  . 

X.  "l^he^crefary  of  the  interior :   It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  secretary  of  the  interior 


500  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

to  supervise  public  lands,  forests,  uaines,  surveys,  public  works,  provide  for  the  taking 
of  the  census,  and  to  take  appropriate  measures  for  safeguarding  the  public  health.  He 
shall  perform  such  other  duties  as  may  be  duly  committed  to  his  charge. 

XI.  The  secretary  of  agriculture :  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  secretary  of  agriculture 
to  study  the  agricultural  resources  of  the  islands  with  a  view  to  increasing  the  wealth 
derived  therefrom.  He  shall  give  special  attention  to  the  means  of  combating  diseases 
or  pests  which  attack  animals  or  crops,  to  the  study  and  recommendation  of  improved 
methods  of  cultivation,  to  the  introduction  of  new  products  suited  to  the  climate  and 
soil,  and  shall  perform  such  other  duties  as  may  be  legally  prescribed. 

XII.  The  secretary  of  public  instruction  shall  have  charge  of  the  establishment  and 
maintenance  of  free  public  schools  for  primary  instruction  throughout  the  island,  and 
of  such  other  schools  of  higher  instruction  as  may  be  reauired  or  suited  to  the  needs  or 
advancement  of  the  people.  He  shall  have  general  supervision  of  all  matters  relating 
to  public  instruction. 

XIII.  The  attorney-general:  It  shall  be  the  dutj'  of  the  attorney-general  to  prose- 
cute and  defend  all  causes  to  which  the  Island  of  Negros  or  any  one"  of  its  ofHcers  is  a 
party,  and  to  give  legal  advice  to  any  officer  of  the  civil  departments  whenever  the 
same  shall  be  required  of  him  in  his  official  capacity.  He  shall  perform  such  other 
duties  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law. 

XIV.  The  auditor:  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  auditor  to  report  to  the  military  gov- 
ernor, whenever  so  required,  an  itemized  statement  of  the  expenses  of  the  government 
for  past  periods,  and  an  itemized  statement  of  all  expenses  of  the  government  for  the 
ensuing  fiscal  year,  accompanied  by  a  report  of  the  amount  of  money  on  hand  in  the 
treasury  to  meet  such  expenses,  and  tli.  ,'!  ,11111'  m|'  rc\  cnue  neci-ssuVy  tube  rnisiil  for 
government  purposes  by  taxation  or  oi''  -  i  -  .  1;.  -.h;ill  ;i1.-m  rcixirt  m'k  li  schi'iuc  as  to 
him  may  seem  proper  to  secure  econoiii-  !  i  j  1  In- >i'i\  icr.  li<>  shall  draw  warrants 
on  the  secretary  of  the  treasury  for  ail  i.m-  1  iiiMiny  n(iuiied  ami  cstiniatrd  for  bv 
officers  of  the  government,  after  having  satistied  himstlf  of  the  legality  and  correctness 
of  the  proposed  expenditures  which  the  money  asked  for  is  to  meet.  He  shall  perform 
such  other  duties  as  shall  be  legally  imposed. 

XV.  Municipal  governments:  Municipal  governments  shall  be  organized  as  soon 
as  possible  under  the  supervision  of  the  military  and  civil  governors  and  the  advisory 
council.  They  shall  have  the  usual  powers  and  perform  the  usual  duties  of  such  bodies, 
subject  to  the  direction  of  the  military  governor. 

XVI.  Officers  of  cities,  towns,  and  municipalities  in  office  at  the  time  of  the  promul- 
gation of  this  order  shall  continue  to  act  in  their  official  capacity  until  successors  are 
elected,  selected,  or  appointed  and  <iualified. 

XVII.  The  judiciary :  The  judicial  power  shall  be  vest«d  in  three  judges,  who  shall 
be  appointed  by  the  militai-y  governor  of  the  island.  They  shall  severally  hold  court  at 
such  times  and  places  as  may  be  determined  by  the  advisory  council  and  the  military 
and  civil  governors,  and  shall  sit  in  banc,  at  a  time  and  place  to  be  fixed  by  that  author- 
ity, in  order  to  hear  appeals.  Their  modes  of  procedure,  terms  of  office,  and  compensa- 
tion shall  be  fixed  by  the  advisory  council,  on  the  approval  of  the  military  governor. 
Appeal  shall  lie  from  the  court  in  banc  to  the  supreme  court  at  Manila,  in  all  civil  cases 
where  the  amount  involved  exceeds8500  (Mexican),  and  in  all  criminal  cases  amounting 
to  felony. 

XVIII.  Inferior  courts  shall  be  provided  for  and  established  under  the  advice  and 
recommendation  of  the  civil  governor  and  advisory  council. 

XIX.  The  jurisdiction  of  the  court  shall  not  extend  to  nor  include  crimes  and 
offenses  committed  by  either  citizens  or  persons  sojourning  within  the  Island  of  Negros 
which  are  prejudicial  to  military  administration  and  discipline,  except  by  authority 
specially  conferred  by  the  military  governor.  Jurisdiction  to  try  and  award  punish- 
ment in  these  classes  of  cases  remains  vested  in  provost  courts,  courts-martial,  or  mil- 
itary commissions. 

XX.  All  eases  and  actions  pending  at  the  time  of  the  promulgation  of  this  order  are 
hereby  transferred  for  trial  and  determination  to  the  courts  of  appropriate  jurisdiction 
provided  for  in  the  preceding  paragraphs. 

XXI.  The  style  of  all  process  shall  be  "The  Judicial  Department  of  Negros,"  and  all 
prosecutions  shall  be  carried  on  in  the  name  of  and  by  the  authority  of  said  judicial 
department. 

XXII.  Education:  Free  public  schools  shall  be  established  throughout  the  populous 
districts  of  the  island,  in  which  the  English  language  shall  be  taught,  and  this  subject 
will  receive  the  careful  consideration  of  the  advisory  council. 

XXIII.  Revenue  and  taxation :  The  advisory  council,  presided  over  by  the  civil 
governor.  Is  authorized  to  devise  and  adopt  a  system  of  taxation  uniform  in  operation 
in  order  to  raise  revenue  for  the  support  of  government  and  for  all  other  necessary  pur- 
poses. The  burden  of  government  must  be  equally  and  equitably  distributed  among 
the  people. 

XXIV.  The  militiiry  authorities  will  collect  and  receive  the  customs  revenue,  if  any, 
will  control  postal  matters  and  Philippine  inter-i.sland  trade  and  commerce. 

XXV.  1'tie  military  governor  shall,  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  military  governor 
of  the  Philippines,  determine  all  questions  not  herein  specifically  mentioned  and  which 
do  not  come  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  advisory  council. 

XXVI.  The  compensation  of  civil  officers  shall  be  as  follows : 

Mexican  currency. 

Civil  governor per  annum___86,000  00 

Secretary  of  the  treasury do 3,000  00 

Secretary  of  tlie  iiitfrim- do 3,000  00 

Secretary  of  agriculture do 3,000  00 

Sccretai-y  of  public  instruction do 3,000  00 

Attorney-general do 3,000  00 

Auditor do 3,000  00 

Members  of  advisory  council,  for  each  day  while  in  session per  day 8  00 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  501 

And  fifty  cents  for  each  kilometer  of  distances  traveled  between  place  of  residence  and 
and  place  of  meeting  and  return.  The  period  of  the  regular  session  of  the  advisory 
council  shall  not  exceed  one  hundred  and  twenty  days  during  the  year,  but  in  case  of 
necessity  the  civil  fiovernor.  with  tlic  appiDval  of  tht>  military  governor,  shall  call  extra 
sessions' for  such  pciiods  of  time  as  sh:ill  be  dconicd  (noper  and  shall  be  designated  in 
the  call.  l*or  diem  and  mileage  at  the  rate  fixi'd  al)ov.>  shall  be  allowed  members  of  the 
advisory  council  for  any  extra  session  they  may  attend. 

XXVII.  The  military  governor  of  the  island  is  empowered  to  take  all  necessary 
action  to  put  in  execution  the  foregoing  directory  provisions.  Instructions  prescribing 
methods  and  date  of  election  of  officers  who  are  to  be  selected  by  ballot  will  be  issued, 
and  the  election  will  be  held  at  as  early  a  day  as  practicable. 

By  command  of  Major  General  Otis  :  _ 

Thomas  H.  Barry, 
Assistant  Adjutant  General. 

In  the  new  field  of  politics,  upon  which  these  people  entered  with  alacrity,  there  were 
many  disagreements  — the  result  of  personal  ambitions  probably,  as  well  as  of  antago- 
nistic honest  opinion,  and  complaints  were  heard  and  opposition  was  frequently  offered 
to  the  civil  officers  of  districts  to  whom  they  had  intrusted  the  preservation  of  law  and 
order.  Those  exercising  the  civil  power,  acquainted  with  Spanish  methods,  sought  to 
organize  a  military  police  force  which  was  made  responsible  only  to  its  founder  and 
which  executed  his  orders  in  a  very  arbitrary  and  oftentimes  cruel  manner.  It  was 
unreliable,  and  a  portion  of  it  served  the  Tagalo  and  robber  element,  to  which  many 
deserted.  Through  all  the  turmoils  and  difficulties  experienced  by  the  advocates  for 
United  States  Government  General  Smith  retained  the  confidence  of  all  factions  and 
assisted  to  heal  their  differences.  They  desired  an  election  of  such  class  of  officei's  as 
might  be  permitted  to  direct  local  affairs  under  United  States  military  supervision,  and 
an  opportunity  to  manife.st  their  fitness  for  an  abridged  form  of  government  has  been 
given  them.  What  the  result  will  be  can  not  as  yet  be  forecast  with  any  certainty,  but 
it  is  to  be  hoped  that  they  will  meet  the  expectations  of  those  desiring  their  ultimate 
welfare,  both  for  the  benefits  they  \vill  receive  thereby  and  also  for  the  sake  of  example 
to  the  inhabitants  of  the  other  Philippine  islands,  who  are  now  distrustful  of  United 
States  intentions  and  its  expressed  good  will  toward  them.  By  this  latter  and  very 
large  class  of  Filipinos  affairs  in  Negros  are  closely  watched,  and  a  successfully  con- 
ducted government  there  — one  which  will  protect  individual  rights  and  give  a  fair 
measure  of  individual  liberty  —  will  be  a  most  important  factor  in  the  pacification  labors 
of  these  islands. 

The  United  States  troops  isi  Negros  have  performed  severe  service.  The  Californians 
have  been  replaced  by  the  Sixth  Infantry,  which,  like  its  predecessors,  has  responded 
promptly  to  every  demand  and  shown  itself  well  able  to  master  the  military  situation. 
General  Smith  still  exercises  supervision,  and  to  his  unremitting  eff'orts,  tact,  and 
ability  is  due  the  fact  that  serious  obstacles  have  been  surmounted.  Robber  bands 
have  always  existed  in  the  mountains  of  Negros,  and  their  recent  accessions  from  with- 
out encouraged  them  to  assume  a  defiant  front,  but  the  heavy  chastisements  which 
they  have  received  at  the  hands  of  our  troops  has  well-nigh  destroyed  them. 

Arrangements  were  made  early  to  take  over  the  civil  administi-ation  of  affairs  of  the 
city  of  Cebu.  Lieutenant  Colonel  Hamer,  of  the  Idaho  Volunteers,  a  lawyer  by  profes- 
sion, who  had  filled  the  position  of  judge  of  one  of  the  Manila  provost  courts  with  great 
credit,  was  selected  for  that  duty,  and  on  March  14th  the  following  order  was  issued : 

General  Orders,  1  Headquarters  Department  Pacific 

No.  13.  j  and  Eighth  Army  Corps, 

Manila,  P.  L,  March  U,  1S99. 
The  i.sland  of  Cebu  will  constitute  a  subdistrict  of  the  Visayan  military  district,  with 
headquarters  at  the  citv  of  Cebu.  Lieut.  Col.  Thomas  R.  Hamer,  First  Idaho  Volunteer 
Infantry,  is  assigned  to  the  command  of  the  same  and  will  proceed  to  that  city  by  way 
of  lloiK),  where  he  will  report  lo  the  coninianding  general  of  the  district  for  any  direc- 
tions Ihe  hilter  niav  desire  lo  conves  lo  enable  him  to  execute  the  siiecilic  instructions 
which  he  will  reeei've  Ironi  ihese  iH-ad-iuaiiers  to  guide  him  in  the  iierloi mance  of  his 
duties.  Colonel  Ilanior  will  report  lo  Iho  commanding  general  of  the  department  for 
conference  and  instructions  and  will  take  passage  on  transport  Indiana,  which  has  been 
directed  to  proceed  to  Hollo  as  soon  as  necessary  repairs  to  the  steamer  can  be  made. 
By  command  of  Major  General  Otis: 

Thomas  H.  Barry, 
Assistant  Adjutant  General. 


502  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

The  battalion  of  the  Twenty-third  Infantry  which  was  sent  to  Cebu  the  latter  part  of 
Februai-y  had  not  taken  any  action  in  civil  matters,  but  had  preserved  order  in  the 
coramunity.  The  citizens  had  looked  after  their  own  local  interests,  and  officers  of  the 
Navy  had  continued  to  conduct  harbor  and  customs  affairs,  from  which  they  were  now 
relieved  by  army  officers  detailed  to  perform  the  duties  of  those  positions.  Shortly 
thereafter  the  dissensions  between  the  friendly-disposed  and  hostile-iutentioued  natives 
became  bitter  and  culminated  in  the  assassination  of  one  of  the  most  prominent  citi- 
zens, simply  because  he  advocated  United  States  protection,  and  attempts  were  made 
upon  the  lives  of  a  number  of  others  who  favored  United  States  occupation.  The  towns 
within  a  short  radius  of  distance  began  to  show  the  first  war  paint  of  rebellion,  and  the 
mountain  peaks  behind  Cebu  exhibited  preparations  for  defense,  or  possibly  attack,  in 
newly  constructed  rifle  intrenchments.  Contraband  trade  along  the  coast  of  the  island 
was  active  and  gave  the  small  gunboats  manned  by  the  natives  considerable  exciting 
occupation.  Colonel  Hamer  called  for  additional  force,  and  a  battalion  of  the  Tennes- 
see regiment  was  sent  him  from  Iloilo.  Shortly  before  incursions  into  the  interior  were 
made  by  detached  companies  of  the  Twenty-third  Infantry,  at  first  without  encounter- 
ing much  opposition,  but  afterwards  by  very  decided  opposition.  It  was  apparent  that 
the  rebellion  was  growing  stronger  each  succeeding  daj-,  and  that  increased  force  would 
be  required  to  cope  with  it.  The  Cebu  people  possess  great  numbers  of  small  sailing 
crafts,  with  which  they  are  accustomed  to  conduct  trade  between  their  own  and  neigh- 
boring islands.  With  these  they  skirted  other  coasts  and  robbed  the  inhabitants.  They 
impoverished  and  reduced  to  hunger  the  natives  of  the  island  of  Boh«}l.  and  with  the 
aid  of  the  Tagalos  and  other  emissaries  introduced  arms  and  ammunition  among  their 
own  people.    On  April  6th  Colonel  Hamer  wrote : 

Our  present  occupancy  includes  only  the  old  town  of  Cebu,  while  the  insurgents 
under  Francisco  Llamas  occupy  the  adjoining  town  of  San  Nicholas,  which,  in  fact, 
is  a  part  of  the  city  of  Cebu.  This  man  Llamas  is  an  active  and  cunning  fellow  whom 
the  natives  fear  to  the  extent  of  conceding  to  him  supernatural  power.  I  may  say  in 
this  connection  that  the  president  seems  to  hold  like  views  with  the  rest  of  the  natives 
on  this  subject.  The  vice-president  and  treasurer  deny  that  they  fear  him  and  say  that 
if  we  had  sufficient  force  to  inspire  the  natives  with  confidence  in  our  ability  to  protect 
them  Llanias's  standard  would  be  deserted,  as  he  is  deeply  hated  as  well  as  feared  by  the 
people,  and  they  only  await  a  safe  opportunity  to  throw  off  his  yoke.  After  carefully 
looking  over  the  ground  I  have  come  to  the  conclusion  that  now  is  the  time  for  us  to 
perfect  our  occupation  of  the  island.  We  can  accomplish  it  now  with  the  display  of 
force,  and  in  my  opinion  without  the  loss  of  a  man.  *  *  *  The  southern  coast  line  of 
the  island  contains  all  the  towns  of  any  consequence.  If  you  can  send  me  two  more 
battalions,  I  will  undertake  to  occupy  these  towns  and  establish  in  each  a  government 
which  will  acknowledge  the  supremacy  of  the  United  States,  and  this,  too,  without  the 
loss  of  single  a  man. 

But  there  were  no  troops  available,  for  Luzon  demanded  eveiy  armed  man.  We  per- 
mitted Cebu  to  drift  and  foment  opposition,  careful  to  hold  securely  its  principal  city, 
an  important  trading  point  and  one  of  the  open  ports  of  the  Philippines.  The  insurgent 
leaders  organized  their  forces  as  best  they  could,  without  much  interruption  on  our 
part,  until  in  their  conceit  they  commenced  to  assemble  a  force  four  miles  out  of  the  city 
and  on  the  overlooking  mountains,  with  which  to  drive  us  oft"  at  the  opportune  time. 
It  grew  to  one  thousand  five  hundred  and  then  to  two  thousand,  having  several  pieces 
of  ai-tillery  in  position  and  rifles  and  ammunition  in  considerable  quantities.  Its  posi- 
tions were  believed  to  be  impregnable,  and  now  as  I  write  I  learn  that  Colonel  Snyder, 
of  the  Nineteenth  Infantry,  who  a  short  time  since  was  sent  there  with  a  portion  of  his 
regiment  to  relieve  the  Tennessee  battalion  — having  collected  all  troops  at  hand,  con- 
sisting of  that  contingent  of  his  own  regiment  present,  two  companies  of  the  Sixth 
Infantry  sent  by  General  Hughes  from  Iloilo,  the  Twentj-third  Infantry  battalion,  and 
the  Tennessee  Volunteers,  who  chanced  that  way  on  their  homeward  voyage  and  who 
offered  their  services  — has  cleared  the  neighboring  mountains  of  all  insurgents,  except- 
ing those  who  now  lie  buried  there,  and  has  gathered  in  their  weapons  of  war. 

The  better  class  of  the  population  of  the  island  of  Cebu  greatly  desire  stable  govern- 
ment, and  this  they  know  they  can  not  obtain  without  American  supremacy  and  pro- 
tection. When  the  Tagalo  is  driven  out  and  the  ignorant  element  which  now  cries  for 
independence,  having  no  conception  of  the  meaning  of  the  term,  is  forced  to  betake 


ORKOON    VOLUNTKKKS    IN    SPANTSH     WAR.  503 

itself  to  legitimate  occupation  instead  of  robbi-ry,  the  ishuul  will  be  easily  controlled, 
and  at  present  it  would  appear  that  the  time  rwiuiivd  Id  bring  about  that  desirable  con- 
dition of  things  would  not  extend  far  Into  the  future. 

About  the  middle  of  April  I  was  requested  by  the  Spanish  authorities  to  relieve  the 
troops  of  Spain  in  Mindanao  and  the  Sulu  Archipelago.  In  the  group  of  islands  last 
named  matters  were  represented  from  Singapore  and  other  points  as  being  in  a  very 
unsatisfactory  state,  and  it  was  asserted  that  the  Sultan  and  his  datos  were  securing 
large  supplies  and  of  arms  and  ammunition  from  the  Asiatic  and  neighboring  coasts. 
The  inhabitants  (Moros)  had  always  given  Spain  trouble.  They  had  always  manifested 
toward  Spain  a  feeling  of  subdued  hostility  when  not  actually  at  war  with  her,  and  she 
had  been  able  to  impose  only  a  recognition  of  very  much  abridged  sovereignty.  The 
Spanish  acting  governor-general  (General  Rios),  who  for  a  long  time  had  supervised 
Spanish  affairs  in  the  south,  informed  me  that  he  had  never  succeeded  in  stopping  there 
the  trade  in  arms,  and  as  for  commerce,  it  could  never  be  placed  under  proper  restric- 
tions. We  felt,  therefore,  considerable  hesitancy  in  dispatching  to  the  archipelago  the 
limited  force  which  then  could  be  sent  from  Manila,  apprehending  more  or  less  difficulty 
in  securely  holding  necessary  positions  should  we  garrison  them.  All  the  Spanish 
troops  which  were  formerly  stationed  along  the  coast  of  the  island  of  Mindanao  had 
been  concentrated  at  Zamboanga,  its  chief  city.  The  Tagalos  had  taken  possession  of 
the  northern  and  northeastern  coast  and,  with  their  confederates,  the  country  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  above-named  place. 

In  March  the  Spanish  authorities  advertised  for  public  sale  at  the  naval  station  of 
Isabela,  on  Basilan  Island,  a  short  distance  south  of  Zamboanga,  thirteen  of  their  gun- 
boats which  had  been  formerly  used  on  the  island  coasts.  These  boats  were  purchased 
by  a  syndicate  composed  of  private  individuals,  with  the  understanding  that  it  would 
deliver  them  to  the  United  States  authorities  in  the  harbor  of  Manila. 

The  agent  of  the  syndicate,  who  after  purchasing  was  about  to  leave  for  Isabela  to 
receive  delivery  of  the  boats  and  transport  them  north,  was  informed  that  if  he  could 
secure  the  armament  belonging  to  the  vessels  the  United  States  would  receive  it  from 
him  at  cost  price.  Having  been  promised  protection  by  the  United  States  Navy  while 
en  route  with  the  vessels  to  Manila,  he  sailed  for  Isabela  by  one  of  the  coasting  mer- 
chant vessels,  taking  with  him  crews  for  such  of  the  boats  as  were  serviceable,  and 
received  them  there  from  the  Spanish  authorities  with  their  armaments,  which  he 
bought  under  the  agreement  above  stated.  He  steamed  out  of  Isabella  Harbor,  and  to 
protect  him  on  his  voyage,  awaited  near  Zamboanga  the  coming  of  the  United  States 
war  vessel  which  by  some  misunderstanding  had  been  detained  at  a  northern  port. 
While  awaiting  the  arrival  of  this  war  vessel,  and  less  than  twenty-four  hours  before  it 
reported,  his  fleet  was  seized  by  Mindanao  insurgents,  and  nearly  one  half  of  his  ord- 
nance, consisting  of  artillery,  rifles,  and  ammunition  for  same,  was  taken  from  him  and 
landed  about  a  mile  from  Zamboanga  on  the  Mindanao  coast.  By  this  seizure  the  insur- 
gents were  supplied  with  a  few  pieces  of  artillery,  eleven  quick-flring  guns,  three  hun- 
dred and  seventy-five  rifles,  with  considerable  ammunition  for  all  guns  and  pieces,  and 
could  therefore  place  themselves  in  fair  condition  for  attack  or  defense.  After  they  had 
captured  and  landed  the  arms  complaint  was  made  by  the  agent  to  the  commanding 
officer  of  the  Spanish  troops  at  Zamboanga,  who,  it  was  understood,  after  having 
received  the  assurances  of  the  insurgent  chiefs  that  the  arms  would  not  be  employed 
against  his  troops,  did  not  concern  himself  further  in  the  matter.  The  gunboats  and 
what  remained  of  the  armament  were  convoyed  to  Manila  by  the  naval  authorities  and 
turned  over  to  the  army,  which  completed  the  purchase  by  payment  from  the  accruing 
civil  funds  of  the  Philippines.  They  were  subsequently  transferred  to  the  Navy  for  use, 
and  under  the  direction  of  its  commander  in  chief  have  ever  since  rendered  most  effi- 
cient .service  along  the  shallow  coasts  and  harbors  of  the  islands.  The  possession  of 
these  arms  by  the  Mindanao  insurgents  rendered  it  inexpedient  to  land  troops  at  Zam- 
boanga and  attempt  to  hold  the  place  with  any  force  that  could  be  spared  from  Luzon. 
General  Rios  was  therefore  informed  that  we  were  not  prepared  to  relieve  his  garrisons 
ateitherZamboangaor  in  theSulu  Arcliipclago  until  organizations  then  cji  route  should 


504  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

arrive ;  that  the  United  States  was  entitled  to  a  reasonable  time  to  take  over  the  places 
which  Spain  desired  to  surrender,  and  that  since  the  ratification  of  the  treaty  such  time 
had  not  intervened.  Thus  action  was  held  in  abeyance  until  May  13th,  when  news  of  a 
surprising  character  was  received,  which  is  shown  in  the  following  explanatory  com- 
munication : 

Office  United  States  Military  Governou 

IN  THE  Philippine  Islands, 

Manila,  P.  J.,  May  Ik,  1899. 
Admiral  George  Dewey,  U.  S.  N., 

Commanding  United  States  Naval  Force  on  Asiatic  Station, 

Flagship  Olympia,  Manila  Harbor,  P.  I. 

My  Dear  Admiral:  Yesterday  I  received  a  dispatch  from  Iloilo  stating  that  the 
insurgents  had  made  an  attack  upon  the  Spanish  garrison  at  Zamboanga,  using  the 
arms  and  quick-flring  guns  which  they  had  captured  from  the  Spanish  gunboats.  They 
were  repulsed,  but  the  Spanish  general  in  command  and  two  of  his  oftioers  were  wounded, 
oneenlisted  man  was  killed  and  a  few  wounded.  The  insmmiits  liavcut  off  theirwater 
supply  and  the  Spanish  garrison  is  left  in  rather  a  pirildus  coniliiiiii. 

Last  evening  a  cablegram  sent  from  Iloilo  by  tlif  Spanisli  iui\al  lieutenant,  Cano, 
addressed  to  General  Rios  and  sent  in  my  care,  was  also  received.  This  cited  facts  sub- 
stantially as  did  the  cablegram  seat  to  me.  General  Rios  telegraphed  to  Madrid  and 
received  directions  to  withdraw  the  Zamboanga  and  Jolo  garrisons  imiiifdiatcly.  He 
called  this  morning  and  wished  me  to  send  troops  down  there  at  once.  I  made  liiiu  no 
promise,  but  told  him  I  would  defer  my  answer  until  to-morrow.  He  asked  me  then  if 
you  would  not  send  down  a  war  vessel  to  cruise  in  those  waters  to  give  aid  to  the  Span- 
ish garrison  in  case  it  should  !)('  placed  in  extremity,  to  which  I  replied  that  I  did  not 
know,  but  I  would  seek  the  information  from  you. 

The  situation  here  is  as  follows :  We  have  no  more  troops  at  the  [iresent  time  than  we 
need  here  in  Luzon,  especially  if  we  carry  out  the  campaign  as  projccti'd.  Lawton  took 
San  Miguel  yesterday  afternoon  and  will  be  far  out  in  a  day  oi-  t\\c).  Kobl)o  with  1,500 
men  accompanies  the  boats  up  the  Rio  Grande  from  Calunipit  and  will  start  on  Tues- 
day morning.  MacArthur  seems  to  have  all  he  can  do  to  cover  the  Pampanga  province 
and  give  the  inhabitants  the  protection  from  the  insurgent  troops  which  thej'  demand. 
To  the  south  of  us  the  number  of  insurgents  seem  to  be  increasing,  while  to  the  east  and 
north  of  the  city  they  still  maintain  their  hold. 

We  are  still  holding  here  the  two  Spanish  vessels,  the  Leon  A'J/Jand  the  Puerto  Rico, 
which  General  Rios  desires  to  use  to  take  his  troops  away  from  Zamboanga  and  Jolo. 
He  said  this  morning  that  if  these  vessels  could  not  be  given  him  he  must  depend  upon 
some  of  the  mercliant  vr^scis  in  port  to  take  his  troops  off  or  suffer  the  consequences  of 
disobedience  of  his  <  :o\ .  rinncnt's  orders. 

Looking  over  \\\<-  .ntir.  liild,  2,000  men  at  least  will  be  required  to  take  and  hold 
Zamboanga,  its  envii-oinmnts,  and  the  water  supply.  The  rebels  there  have  agood  deal 
of  artillery,  and,  I  think,  are  supplied  with  some  tiOO  or  800  rifles,  for  which  they  have 
plenty  of  aramuuition.  Jolo  can  be  occupied  with  about  600  men.  I  think,  therefore, 
that  it  might  be  a  good  scheme  to  send  the  garrison  to  Jolo  as  soon  as  possible,  or  the 
Moros  will  destroy  the  fortifications  and  guns  and  turn  them  upon  us  when  we  appear. 
As  for  Zamboanga,  I  am  afraid  that  we  will  have  to  permit  the  Spaniards  to  withdraw 
and  take  it  later.    *    *    * 

Does  it  seem  desirable  to  send  a  vessel  down  to  southern  waters,  as  Rios  requests,  or 
could  you  convoy  our  troops  down  south  within  two  or  three  days? 

One  of  our  great  needs  here  is  light  artillery.  We  have  plenty  on  the  transports  com- 
ing, which,  unfortunately,  is  not  here  now.  The  light  battery  which  reported  last  week 
came  off  without  its  guns,  and  they  are  following  it  on  the  steamer  Leelanaiv,\\\i\ch. 
left  San  Francisco  on  the  3d  of  the  month.  There  are  20  companies  of  troops  due  here 
within  the  next  two  weeks  ;  also  quite  a  number  of  recruits.    *    *    * 

Yours,  very  truly,  E.  S.  Otis, 

Major  General,  U.  S.  V.,  Military  Governor. 

To  this  communication  Admiral  Dewej'  responded  that  he  would  convoy  our  troops 
and  furnish  General  Rios  with  any  assistance  he  desired,  and  I  informed  the  general 
that,  while  regretting  that  we  could  not  send  troops  to  Zamboanga  immediately,  we 
would  relieve  his  Sulu  garrisons.  The  field  was  then  carefully  looked  over,  and  as  a 
battalion  of  the  Twenty-third  Infantry  was  already  at  Cebu  it  was  determined  to  send 
the  remainder  of  that  regiment  to  the  archipelago;  whereupon  the  following  orders 
were  issued : 

General  Orders,  )  Headquarters  Department  Pacific 

No.  28.  I  AND  Eighth  Army  Corps, 

Manila,  P.  I.,  May  15,  1S99. 
The  Twenty-third  United  States  Infantry  is  relieved  from  duty  at  this  station  and 
will  proceed  at  once  by  transport  to  Jolo,  island  of  Jolo,  and  relieve  from  duty  there  the 
troops  of  Spain  now  constituting  the  garrison  at  that  place. 

The  quartertnaster's  department  will  furnish  the  necessary  transportation,  and  the 
subsistence  will  supply  rations  for  this  command  for  thirty  days. 
By  command  of  Major  General  Otis : 

Thomas  H.  Barry, 
Assistant  Adjutant  General. 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  505 

General  Rios,  with  two  merchant  vessels,  sailed  on  May  I7th  for  the  south  to  place  in 
readiness  for  departure  his  garrison  at  Zamboanga,  with  the  understanding  that  our 
troops  would  arrive  at  Jolo  on  board  the  transport  Leon  XIII  in  sufficient  season  for 
his  archipelago  garrisons  to  take  advantage  of  it,  sail  by  way  of  Zamboanga,  when  all 
of  his  command  could  embark,  and  proceed  homeward.  He  promised  to  render  useless 
all  the  Zamboanga  guns  and  destroy  all  ammunition  there  which  was  not  to  be  removed, 
and  this  it  is  believed  he  did. 

The  headquarters  and  two  battalions  of  the  Twenty-third  Infantry,  upon  reaching 
Jolo,  found  the  Spanish  soldiers  well  prepared  to  depart,  although  they  did  not  expect 
to  be  relieved  by  our  troops.  A  Spanish  staff  officer  took  passage  on  the  vessel  with 
instructions  from  General  Rios  to  govern  their  movements.  The  small  garrison  main- 
tained at  Siassi,  island  of  Siassi,  had  been  withdrawn  to  Jolo  and  the  former  place 
turned  over  to  the  Sultan,  who  had  in  person  gone  there  from  Maibun,  his  capital,  and 
taken  formal  possession.  The  exchange  of  troops  was  quietly  effected,  full  military 
honors  were  accorded,  and  the  flags  of  the  respective  nations  participating  were  saluted 
by  onr  war  vessel  in  the  harbor  when  the  Spaniards  were  formed  to  march  out  of  the 
post  and  embark. 

The  force  sent  to  Jolo  arrived  on  May  i9th,  and  consisted  of  nineteen  line  officers,  two 
assistant  surgeons,  a  chaplain,  and  seven  hundred  and  thirty-three  enlisted  men.  It 
relieved  a  garrison  consisting  of  twenty-four  officers  and  eight  hundred  enlisted  men. 
The  post  or  village  is  described  as  follows  : 

It  is  hardlv  more  tlian  a  good-sized  military  post,  beautifully  laid  out,  with  broad, 
clean  streets, 'linrd  willi  llowering  trees  and  gardens,  and  surrounded  by  a  loop-holed 
wall  about  8  feel  liiuli  and  W^  feet  thick.  The  pnpnlatiini  is  estimated  at  400,  mostly 
Chinanieii,  one  (JiTuiaii,  no  other  Europeans.  Four  niaic  Moros  live  within  the  walls. 
The  public  hnildinns  art-  in  a  dilapidated  r-onilitiun.  Tli.'  u(iv<'i-nor's  residence  and  office 
is  one  small  huildinir.  Tli.Tc  is  ..n.-  m'oup  nf  harrarks  dour  buildings)  which  will 
accominodalf  one  baltali.ni.  'I'lic  theater  will  aceonnnodate  (ine  company,  and  outly- 
ing bloclihouses  two  companies.  A  coniniissary,  post  otlice,  schoulhouse,  a  hospital  for 
about  100  beds,  a  market  and  some  tew  small  structures  compose  the  remainder  of  the 
public  buildings. 

The  commanding  officer  of  the  United  States  troops  reported  the  day  after  his  arrival 

that  — 

determined  from  our  limited  experience,  is  as  follows: 
ed  town  known  as  .Jolo.  The  govern,  r  has  comiMote  con- 
re  no  civil  courts,  no  civil  officers.  Outside  the  walls  the 
Ihe  ruler.     Spain   pays  him  S200,  Mexican,  )ief  month.     At 

_ id,  l)ut  is  visitinu:  one  of  the  neighboring  islands  about  30 

miles  soutll.  He  has  recently  returned  from  Mecca,  and  now  dresses  in  European  cos- 
tume. Spanish  soldiers  seldom  go  beyond  the  range  of  the  outlying  blockhouses.  The 
relation  between  the  natives  (Moros)  and  Spain  is  not  altogether  harmonious. 

Subsequent  reports  showed  that  the  Spanish  troops  had  received  orders  to  prepare 
for  withdrawal  from  the  archipelago  and  expected  to  depart  very  soon,  but  had  not  been 
informed  that  they  would  be  relieved  by  United  States  troops.  The  Spanish  comman- 
dant and  governor  had  therefore  taken  the  Sultan  to  Siassi  from  Maibun  and  turned  the 
place  over  to  him,  and  intended  to  turn  over  Jolo  also  when  his  force  should  evacuate. 
Our  arrival  was  most  opportune,  and  a  matter  of  surprise —  unpleasantly  so— to  the 
Sultan,  who  expected  to  award  his  datos  with  this  acquired  possession.  His  datos  on 
Jolo  Island  were  not,  however,  on  the  most  amicable  terms  with  him,  and  seemed  to  be 
pleased  to  welcome  the  Americans.  They  called  on  Captain  Pratt,  who  was  in  com- 
mand of  our  troops,  expres.sed  friendly  intentions,  and  gave  adhesion  to  the  United 
States. 

The  captain,  with  some  of  his  officers,  returned  the  call,  were  the  first  Europeans 
who  had  ever  entered  the  house  of  the  chief  neighboring  dato,  and  were  hospitably 
entertained.  The  Sultan,  disappointed,  lingered  at  Siassi,  where  he  had  established 
a  police  and  garrison,  and  did  not  respond  to  the  invitation  to  call  upon  our  officers. 
His  mother,  the  Sultaness,  however,  who  was  at  Maibun,  sent  the  Sultan's  secretary  to 
welcome  the  Americans,  when  a  return  call  was  made  upon  her  and  she  received  our 
representatives  most  graciously  and  expressed  gratification.  Thus,  through  the  diplo- 
macy of  Captain  Pratt  and  his  subordinates,  a  most  satisfactory  condition  of  affairs  was 


Tlie  situation. 

in  so  far 

Spain  possesses  tl 

lie  small  w 

trol  within  the  w: 

alls.     Thel. 

Sultan  of  .loloai 

Id   P.orneo  i 

present  he  is  not 

on   the  is 

506  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

attained  upon  which  to  base  future  negotiations,  which  were  conducted  by  Brig.  Gen. 
John  C.  Bates,  U.  S.  V.,  during  July  and  August. 

Brigadier  General  Hughes  was  relieved  as  provost  marshal  general  at  Manila  and 
assigned  to  the  command  of  the  Visayan  military  district  on  May  25th.  He  proceeded 
to  his  headquarters  at  Iloilo,  Panay,  early  in  June  with  instructions  to  carefully  super- 
vise matters  In  Negros  and  Cebu,  but  not  to  conduct  any  military  operations  in  Panay 
further  than  was  necessary  to  hold  Iloilo  and  its  outlying  villages,  then  in  our  posses- 
sion, as  no  additional  troops  could  be  given  him  as  the  policy  of  nonaction  in  the  island 
other  than  might  be  considered  defense  would  result  in  dissensions  between  the  Visayan 
and  Tagalo,  who,  should  we  attack,  would  unite  all  factions  for  resistance.  The  policy 
has  worked  excellently.  Tagalo  soldiers  to  the  number  of  about  two  thousand  had 
been  sent  from  Luzon.  Their  officers  practically  assumed  the  conduct  of  all  Panay 
affairs,  even  if  they  did  not  do  so  ostensibly  or  expressly,  and  the  Panay  inhabitants 
have  been  made  to  suffer  severe  pecuniary  losses  and  in  some  parts  of  the  island  great 
lack  of  provisions,  while  robbery  and  other  crimes  have  prevailed.  The  manifested  hos- 
tility between  Visayan  and  Tagalo  is  now  very  pronounced.  We  have  been  invited  by 
the  former  to  take  possession  of  northern  and  eastern  Panay,  with  promises  of  assist- 
ance if  we  would  consent  to  do  so,  and  very  recently  the  Tagalos  assumed  control  in 
every  particular,  disarmed  all  the  Visayans  on  the  plea  that  they  could  not  be  relied 
upon  for  support,  and  are  conducting  a  military  government  in  accordance  with  their 
individual  desii-es,  the  chief  object  of  which  is  reported  to  be  individual  pecuniary  profit. 

While  during  the  month  of  May  the  majority  of  our  troops  were  operating  to  the 
north  of  Manila  in  central  Luzon,  the  insurgents  in  the  Cavite  and  Morong  pi-ovinces, 
south  and  east  of  the  city,  were  very  active,  and  extreme  watchfulness  on  the  part  of 
our  thin  lines  of  defense  was  necessary.  Their  numbers  continued  to  increase  until  they 
had  concentrated  some  six  thousand  on  the  south  and  some  two  thousand  five  hundred 
to  the  east.  The  former  had  been  recently  animated  with  some  mysterious  belief  to  the 
effect  that  the  Americans  were  about  to  be  given  over  to  them  for  slaughter.  Among 
them  a  battalion  of  boys  of  tender  age  appeared,  whose  mission  was  to  throw  stones  at  the 
enemy  under  the  guidance  of  Providence;  but  one  or  two  of  the  little  fellows  were  wounded 
and  the  desire  for  self-preservation  being  stronger  than  their  religious  enthusiasm,  they 
were  seen  no  moj-e.  This  concentrated  southern  force  made  daily  demonstrations  of 
some  character,  and  an  occasional  attack,  when  the  loss  of  a  few  of  their  men  cooled 
their  ardor  for  two  or  three  successive  days.  An  advance  to  the  south  with  the  inten- 
tion of  permanent  or  temporary  occupation  was  not  desirable.  Should  it  be  made  and 
towns  or  villages  be  taken,  the  Inhabitants  would  pray  for  their  protection  against  the 
return  of  the  insurgents,  and  this  could  not  be  given  them  from  the  troops  available 
without  seriously  interfering  with  projected  operations.  Hence,  on  the  south  we  had 
occasionally  driven  back  the  enemy  a  few  miles  when  he  became  annoying  and  then 
returned  the  troops  to  the  old  lines.  To  the  east  and  northeast  reconnoissances  were 
made  frequently  to  locate  the  shifting  foe,  ascertain  his  intentions,  and  provide  the 
necessary  precautionary  measures. 

General  Lawton  was  directed  to  disperse  his  ti-oops  at  Candaba,  turning  over  the 
Third,  Seventeenth,  and  Twenty-second  Infantry  to  the  Second  Division,  to  be  estab- 
lished on  the  new  line  from  San  Fernando  toBaliuag,  with  a  station  at  Quingua,  and  to 
send  back  to  Manila  the  most  of  the  Fourth  Cavalry,  the  North  Dakota  and  Oregon  Vol- 
unteers, placing  Minnesotans  on  the  railroad  between  Bocaue  and  Oaloocan.  He  there- 
fore gave  orders  for  the  troops  at  San  Miguel  to  withdraw  to  Baliuag  and  left  Candaba 
on  May  23d. 

The  withdrawal  of  these  troops  and  the  descent  made  on  Rio  Grande  to  Candaba 
excited  the  insurgents  to  great  activity,  they  supposing  that  a  retreat  was  intended. 
They  forwarded  their  forces  by  rail  to  General  MacArthur's  front  and  concentrated  near 
San  Miguel.  On  the  march  to  Baliuag  our  troops  encountered  them  morning,  noon,  and 
evening,  and  suffered  in  casualties  two  men  killed  and  thirteen  wounded,  but  the  enemy 
left  with  them  sixteen  killed,  a  considerable  number  of  wounded,  and  a  few  prisoners 
besides  a  small  amount  of  property.    This  movement  placed  the  entire  Third  Infantry,  a 


ORKGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  507 

battalion  of  the  Twenty-second  Infantry,  a  troop  of  the  Fourth  Cavalry,  mounted,  and 
two  guns  at  Baliuag,  rendering  the  place  too  strong  for  attack,  and  the  enemy  withdrew 
to  the  north.  Upon  the  following  day,  May  21th,  a  force  of  the  insurgents  attacked  an 
outpost  on  the  right  of  San  Fernando,  when  a  collision  occurred  involving  the  South 
Dakota,  Kansas,  and  Iowa  Volunteers  and  portions  of  the  Seventh  and  Twenty-second 
Infantry,  with  the  result  that  the  enemy  was  badly  handled  and  retreated,  leaving  fifty 
dead  and  thirty-eight  wounded  on  the  field,  and  we  captured  twenty-eight  prisioners, 
fifty  rifles,  and  other  property  ;  our  casualties,  seven  killed  and  six  wounded,  all  of  the 
South  Dakota  regiment.  These  minor  aflfairs  corrected  the  impressions  of  the  enemy  as 
to  our  intentions  of  retreating,  and  no  action  of  importance  took  place  at  the  north  for 
some  time. 

During  the  mouth  of  May  we  had  a  large  accession  of  regular  troops,  consisting  of  six 
organizations,  the  Thirteenth  Infantry  arriving  on  the  29th  of  that  month.  On  the  last 
day  of  May  there  were  present  in  the  Philippines  one  thousand  two  hundred  and  one 
commissioned  ofllcers  and  thirty-three  thousand  and  twenty-six  enlisted  men,  of  whom 
six  hundred  and  fourteen  officers  and  six  thousand  and  ninety-eight  enlisted  men  were 
stationed  in  the  southern  islands  and  at  the  Cavite  naval  station.  Deducting  the  thir- 
teen per  cent  of  sick,  special-duty  men,  and  those  undergoing  court-martial  sentences, 
there  were  for  duty  in  all  the  islands  twenty-five  thousand  eight  hundred  and  nine 
enlisted  men,  and  in  Luzon,  the  Cavite  arsenal  excepted,  twenty  thousand  nine  hun- 
dred and  sixty-five.  This  was  a  large  force,  sufficient  to  accomplish  efficient  work  with 
clerity,  but  of  the  entire  number  present  over  sixteen  thousand  were  volunteers  or  were 
awaiting  discharge  under  War  Department  promi.ses  and  less  than  eighteen  thousand 
were  regulars  owing  further  services  to  the  Government.  These  sixteen  thousand  men 
must  be  assembled,  must  be  individually  accounted  for,  placed  in  condition  for  departs 
ure,  and  shipped  to  the  United  States  at  the  earliest  date. 

The  great  labor  attending  this  shipment  was  entered  upon  on  May  25th,  when  specific 
orders  to  govern  all  particulars  of  procedure  were  issued.  The  volunteers  had  been 
somewhat  careless  in  rendering  returns  for  men  and  public  property  and  were  not 
familiar  with  legal  requirements  in  these  matters.  Hence  several  days  were  necessary 
lo  straighten  out  rolls,  returns,  and  discharge  papers  after  the  organizations  were 
assembled.  Under  the  War  Department  directions  it  was  ordered  that  the  departure  of 
these  troops  should  be  permitted  in  accordance  with  priority  of  date  of  arrival.  This 
brought  the  Oregon  and  California  troops  first,  but  the  latter  were  scattered  over  the 
island  of  Negros.  The  Oregon  troops  were  assembled  in  Manila  on  May  26th  and 
directed  to  hasten  the  necessary  paper  work  and  the  transfer  of  public  property  which 
was  to  be  left  behind.  This  was  not  accomplished  until  about  June  10th,  and  portions 
of  the  regiment  in  the  mean  time  took  part  in  the  military  operations  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  city.  It  sailed  on  June  Hth,  a  delay  of  two  or  three  days  attending  its  decision  on  a 
question  it  was  allowed  to  determine  whether  lo  sail  for  San  Francisco  or  Portland, 
Oregon.  A  regular  regiment  must  be  secured  to  relieve  the  Californians  in  Negros,  and 
the  Sixth  Infantry,  then  en  roiite,  was  selected.  It  did  not  arrive  until  June  18th,  when 
it  was  sent  south.  But  prevailing  typhoons  delayed  relief,  and  the  Californians  did  not 
leave  Manila  Harbor  until  July  26th,  after  the  Nebraska,  Utah,  Pennsylvania,  and  Col- 
orado troops  had  taken  their  departure. 

Troops  were  about  to  depart  much  more  rapidly  than  they  could  be  received,  and  the 
country  we  were  covering  must  be  held.  It  was  not  possible,  therefore,  to  make  exten- 
sive oflTensive  demonstrations  until  the  Eighth  Army  Corps  could  pull  itself  together 
again.  In  the  mean  time  the  insurgents  were  making  great  exertions  to  worst  us  by 
attacking  our  lines  of  communication  and  our  force  in  the  province  of  Pampanga.  But 
all  of  their  eflTorts  were  futile  and  resulted  in  their  repeated  discomfiture. 

The  latter  part  of  May  it  was  reported  that  the  inhabitants  at  Antipolo,  Moiong,  and 
other  near  towns  east  of  Manila  were  suflering  heavily  on  account  of  the  crimes  com- 
mitted by  General  Pilar's  insurgent  troops,  and  they  called  for  protection.  Pilar  enjoys 
the  reputation  of  being  for  years  the  bandit  chief  of  that  section  of  country.  He  stood 
high  in  the  favor  of  Aguinaldo,  either  on  account  of  the  latter's  fear  of  him  or  because 


SOS  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

be  had  the  ability  to  keep  together  and  direct  troops  drawn  from  the  criminal 
He  had  within  his  command  about  two  thousand  five  hundred  men  and  formei'ly  oper- 
ated south  of  the  Pasig,  from  which  he  had  been  driveu,  and  subsequently  commanded 
the  province  of  Morong.  As  soon  as  General  Lawton  returned  to  Manila  he  was 
instructed  to  collect  a  force  and  cause  these  insurgent  troops  to  be  driven  off.  Assem- 
bling two  thousand  five  hundred  men  at  the  pumping  station,  under  command  of  Brig- 
adier General  Hall,  he  directed  it  on  June  3d  upon  Antipolo,  and  at  the  same  time 
moved  eight  companies  of  the  Washington  Volunteers  by  lake  to  Morong,  and  the  First 
North  Dakota  and  a  battalion  of  the  Twelfth  Infantry  on  Taguig  from  Pasig.  The 
rough  character  of  the  country  in  the  direction  of  Antipolo  and  the  heat  of  the  day 
caused  Hall's  column  to  move  slowlj'.  He  met  with  slight  resistance  from  a  scattered 
force  of  three  hundred  at  the  base  of  the  mountains  and  entered  that  place  the  follow- 
ing morning.  Morong  and  Taguig  were  taken,  and  the  narrow  strip  of  laud  extending 
into  the  Laguna  de  Bay  from  the  north  was  explored  without  discovering  the  presence 
of  the  enemy,  unless  in  the  guise  of  the  "amigo,"'  with  weapon  carefully  concealed,  a 
character  of  the  partisan  which  prevails  entensively  in  this  country  when  first  captured 
by  our  troops.  The  insurgents  had  scattered,  and  most  of  them  at  least  had  taken  the 
trails  into  the  mountains,  where  they  could  not  be  profitably  pursued.  On  the  march 
to  Antipolo  our  casualties  were  two  men  killed  and  nine  wounded,  and  at  Taytay  two 
men  killed.  The  enemy  suffered  a  much  greater  loss  and  left  nine  dead  and  a  number 
of  wounded  on  the  Morong  field  alone,  where  our  troops  did  not  meet  with  any  casualty. 
Morong  was  occupied  for  a  time  aud  from  it  reconnoissances  were  made  into  the  interior 
and  along  the  shore  of  the  Laguna.  Its  garrison  was  removed  acioss  the  lake  to 
Calamba,  when  that  point  became  a  permanent  station. 

The  enemy  had  become  again  boldly  demonstrative  at  the  south  and  it  became  nec- 
essai-y  to  throw  him  back  once  more.  He  had  intrenched  himself  very  strongly  in  the 
vicinity  of  Paraiiaque  and  near  Taguig  ;  also  in  front  of  San  Pedro  Macati,  the  center  of 
our  line.  On  June  7th  General  Lawton  was  instructed  to  concentrate  a  force  of  four 
thousand  men  approximately  in  the  vicinity  of  the  last-named  town,  to  be  placed  under 
the  immediate  supervision  of  Generals  Wheaton  and  Ovenshine,  move  the  same  to  the 
front  and  center  in  two  columns,  dispense  the  enemy  in  the  immediate  front,  and  then, 
swinging  these  columns  to  the  right  and  left,  place  them  in  rear,  if  possible,  of  his  strong 
positions  on  our  fianks.  Dispositions  were  completed  on  June  9th,  aud  early  the  next 
morning  the  command  moved  out.  Six  companies  of  the  Colorados  constituted  the 
advance  guard,  took  the  direction  of  the  intrenchments  in  the  immediate  front,  which 
thej- attacked  with  great  vigor.  The  enemy  was  soon  driven  and  scattered.  Wheaton, 
swinging  to  the  left,  soon  routed  the  insurgents  in  that  direction,  who  made  such  rapid 
flight  to  the  south  that  few  of  them  were  caught.  Ovenshine  took  up  his  swinging 
movement  to  the  right  to  place  his  loops  on  the  Bacoor  road  south  of  Las  Pinas,  but, 
unfortunately,  the  day  was  one  of  the  most  enervating  of  the  year.  The  sky  was  cloud- 
less and  no  air  stirring  The  troops,  which  had  recently  arrived  from  the  United  States, 
liegan  to  be  overcome  with  the  heat  before  they  had  marched  two  miles.  The  colonel  of 
the  Thirteenth  Infantry  was  prostrated  from  sunstroke,  and  nearly  all  of  that  regiment 
fell  out  on  the  line  of  march  before  it  had  proceeded  as  far  south  as  Paraiiaque.  General 
Lawton  accompanied  this  column  in  person,  aud,  quickly  taking  in  the  situation, 
directed  Wheaton's  column  to  join  as  soon  as  possible;  but  before  this  was  accom- 
plished the  enemy,  advancing  from  Parafiaque,  boldly  attacked  what  remained  of 
Ovenshine's  men.  He  was  repulsed  after  some  active  skirmishing,  and,  Wheaton  join- 
ing, the  march  in  the  direction  of  Las  Piiias  was  continued,  and  late  in  the  afternoon 
General  Lawton  was  obliged  to  halt  a  little  south  of  east  of  Las  Pinas,  but  could  not 
secure  the  road  by  which  it  was  believed  the  enemy  would  retreat.  His  men  had  suf- 
fered severely  from  the  hard  march,  and  especially  from  lack  of  water,  for  scarcely  any 
that  was  potable  could  l)e  fouud  by  them. 

Fully  fifty  per  cent  had  succumbed  to  the  heat  and  fatigues  of  the  day.  The  insur- 
gents, too,  had  suffered  from  the  same  causes,  and,  in  addition,  had  been  signally 
defeated.    They  left  on  the  battlefield  a  great  number  of  dead,  over  seventy  of  whom 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  509 

were  discovered  and  counted,  while  our  casualties  summed  up  at  one  enlisted  man 
killed  and  two  ofHcers  and  twenty-one  men  wounded.  That  night  the  enemy  escaped 
from  Paranaque  and  Las  Pifias  by  the  Bacoor  road  and  across  the  Zapote  River,  along 
which  they  had  constructed  formidable  intrenchments,  where  they  had,  in  18!)B,  gained 
a  great  victory  over  the  Spaniards,  and  where  they  believed  they  would  be  invincible. 
In  fact,  a  great  number  of  them  had  made  religious  vows,  assumed  under  superstitious 
rites,  to  overthrow  the  Americans  there  or  die  in  the  ditches. 

The  most  conservative  estimate  of  their  numbers  was  three  thousand,  and  to  meet 
this  condition  of  aflfairs  new  combinations  must  be  made.  The  Thirteenth  Infantry  was 
brought  into  Manila  and  placed  on  the  north  line,  relieving  the  Fourth  Infantry  and 
Wyoming  Battalion,  which  were  sent  to  General  Lawton,  who  in  the  mean  time  had 
carefully  reconnoitered  the  enemy's  position  and  had  concluded  to  attack  at  the  Zapote 
River  bridge  of  the  Bacoor  road.  In  reconnoitering  near  that  point  in  person  with  two 
ciinipanies  of  the  Twenty-first  Infantry  he  was  suddenly  attacked  on  front  and  flanks  by 
a  large  force  of  the  enemy  from  its  brush  concealments,  whereupon,  returning  a  short 
distance  and  hurrying  up  supports,  he  threw  it  back  upon  the  river.  His  troops,  hav- 
ing been  resupplied  with  rations  and  ammunition,  and  his  reenforcement  forwarded, 
all  by  water  transportation  plying  between  Manila  and  Paraiiaque,  he,  on  June  13th, 
attacked  the  enemy  in  his  intrenchments  on  the  Zapote.  The  country  was  most  unin- 
viting for  military  operations,  and  he  made  his  dispositions  for  a  main  attack  on  the 
river  bridge,  near  which,  after  hard  and  persistent  elTort,  he  had  secured  a  position 
which  flanked  a  portion  of  the  enemy's  lines.  The  Navy  had,  in  the  mean  time,  at  a 
point  on  the  shore  of  the  bay,  landed  from  one  of  its  vessels  near  Las  Pinas  thirty-eight 
men  and  a  quick-firing  gun  where  it  could  do  execution  on  the  left  flank  of  the  insur- 
gents should  they  attempt  demonstrations  in  that  direction.  At  3  o'clock  that  after- 
noon General  Lawton  wired  to  headquarters  in  Manila  that  the  battle  was  severe,  and 
that  the  enemy  was  fighting  in  strong  force  and  with  determination.  Twenty  minutes 
later  he  telegraphed,  "We  are  having  a  beautiful  battle.  Hurry  up  ammunition;  we 
will  need  it ;"  and  at  4  o'clock :  "  We  have  bridge.  It  has  cost  us  dearly.  Battle  not  yet 
over.  It  is  a  battle,  however.  I  can  not  approximate  our  loss.  It  will  be  fifteen  or 
twenty,  I  think.  Several  are  killed  — two  or  three.  I  have  not  had  time  to  ascertain." 
That  evening  he  telegraphed  as  follows: 

Las  Pinas,  June  13^6:07 p.  in. 
Adjutant  General.,  Department  of  Pacific: 

Impossible  to  give  many  details  of  fight.  We  were  engaged  at  close  range  this  morn- 
ing. Enemy  ciimr  l)ul(|ly  inhi  the  oiicn  jrronnd  ,ind  advanced  to  130  and  100  yards.  This 
evening  we  as^Muliiil  ticnclics  2'i  t'>(;l  iliirk,  crossing  I'ivcr  in  their  front.  Many  of 
enemy'sdcad  lay  in  trciicli's.  WC  now  oiciiiiy  sonili  sideof  river.  The  report  of  wounded 
in  engagement  thi.s  a.  in.  was  exaggerated.  Many  heat  prostrations  were  reported 
wounded.  The  number  will  be  about  7  or  S.  The  surgeon  reports  29  wounded,  now  in 
hospital.  I  know  there  are  several  more  to  come  and  none  of  the  dead  arc  yet  in.  I 
believe  some  40  will  cover  the  killed  and  wounded  for  the  day.  The  nun  and  ollieers 
fought  like  Americans,  and  I  will  mention  later  several  for  most  distinguished  gal- 
lantry. Among  them  General  Ovenshine ;  Captain  Sage,  Twenty-third  Infantry;  Lieu- 
tenants Donovan  and  Oonnelley,  Twenty-first  Infantry,  the  latter  two  wounded. 

Lawton,  Major  General,  Volunteers. 

The  enemy  fled  southward  up  the  Zapote  River  to  Imus  and  San  Nicholas,  a  few 
westward  along  the  shore  of  the  bay,  and  our  troops  took  possession  of  Bacoor,  extend- 
ing their  outposts  toward  Old  Cavite  and  Imus.  The  inhabitantsgladly  welcomed  their 
arrival  and  offered  to  furnish  every  assistance  in  their  power  if  the  requisite  protection 
could  be  given  them.  It  was  not  desired  nor  was  it  the  intention  to  pursue  the  enemy 
southward  under  any  circumstances  if  it  involved  us  with  even  temporary  occupation 
of  the  country,  as  our  strength  did  not  justify  such  a  .scattering  of  our  forces,  and  as 
every  available  man  should  be  sent  toward  our  true  objective  in  the  north.  The  Cavite 
and  Batangas  provinces,  though  the  original  hotbeds  of  all  insurrections  in  these 
islands,  were  without  military  importance  under  the  conditions  then  prevailing,  and 
General  Lawton,  before  moving  out  of  Manila,  was  warned  against  taking  possession  of 
any  southern  country  which  looked  to  permanency.  However,  the  inhabitants  of  this 
section  were  suflering  for  rice  and  those  near  the  bay  coast  had  not  i)Ianted  their  crops. 


510  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

They  importuned  us  for  the  continued  presence  of  troops,  that  they  might  unmolested 
commence  their  planting  and  be  assured  that  they  would  receive  the  reward  of  their 
labors.    On  the  morning  of  June  15th  General  Lawton  telegraphed  as  follows : 

A  representative  of  the  civil  government  at  Imus  has  just  come,  formally  announ- 
cing the  surrender  of  that  place  and  inviting  the  Americans  to  enter.  He  states  the 
insurgents  all  left  yesterday  afternoon  in  the  direction  of  San  Francisco  de  Malabon. 
He  states  the  people  of  that  section  are  frightened  and  tired  of  war  and  want  peace,  and 
welcome  the  Americans  with  pleasure.  This  man  states  in  further  explanation  of  the 
direction  taken  bv  the  troops  leaving  Imus  that  they  went  in  several  directions,  but 
•J'enerallv  toward  Da-niarinas  and  Malabon  ;  that  the  men  were  much  demoralized,  but 
were  afraid  of  tlu'ir  -.lu-ials  :  that  TIh'V  havr  little  aminunition.  nnv  lapi.l-tire  gun,  and 
one  muzzle-loadin-  -un.  Tliey  ,-,,nniuMi,-.Ml  removing  thr  cartnchi.'  ta.Mory  three  days 
since  and  that  it  was  lal^in  l<>  Bueiiavista,  which  lies  between  Malal).)ii  and  Dasmari- 
nas  The  reconnoissance  made  yesterday  did  not  tind  the  encniy,  alihougli  it  went 
almost  to  Imus.  The  bridge  below  Bacoor  is  now  in  our  possessi.)n  and  -iiarded  One 
hundred  and  twentv-flve  insurgents  buried  yesterday  here.  Sixtten  nun,  iiichiding 
one  captain  were  buried  at  Imus  vesterday.  I  think  we  should  piisli  Uie  encniy  a  little 
more  This'uvm  striU'v  that  I  hi- iicdplc  ^\n  iKil  wish  war  and  that  they  look  upon  the 
\nii'ricans  as  IVi. mis  :ni(l  urr -1:1(1  m  sec  Ihiiii  conic,  but  that  Agninaldo  and  his  cut- 
tliroats'tthi's  is  lii>  own  cxpicssi.im  uiilv  iloirc  war.  Tlic  vicinity  of  our  tight  on  the 
extreme  right,  where  the  icconiioissance  was  made  this  morning,  has  not  yet  been  vis- 
ited ;  many  dead  must  be  found  there. 

While  General  Lawton  was  operating  in  the  vicinity  of  Las  Pinas  and  the  mouth  of 
the  Zapote  River  three  hundred  men  of  the  Cavite  garrison,  taken  from  the  California 
Heavy  Artillery  and  the  Pennsylvania  Regiment,  were  sent  southward  on  reconnois- 
sance along  the  neck  of  land  which  connects  that  point  and  the  main  shore,  against  the 
town  of  Noveleta  —  this  to  create  a  diversion  in  our  favor  and  ascertain  what  we  could 
of  the  enemy's  positions  and  intentions.  These  troops  were  engaged  on  this  duty  and 
incidental  movements  for  three  successive  days.  They  penetrated  the  country  to  Old 
Cavite,  San  Francisco  de  Malabon  and  nearly  to  Rosario,  and  determined  the  fact  that 
no  great  number  of  insurgents  could  have  retreated  in  that  direction,  although  still  in 
considerable  force  in  that  section.  The  following  response,  therefore,  was  sent  to  Gen- 
eral Lawton's  telegram,  which  is  above  set  out: 

Do  not  think  that  insurgents  retreated  toSan  Francisco  de  Malabon,  except  probably 
small  detachments  may  have  gone  in  that  direction.  Road  from  Imus  to  Malabon  very- 
bad  and  all  insurgents  have  re'tired  from  Noveleta.  Their  proper  line  of  retreat  would 
have  been  soutli.  We  do  not  wish  to  hold  Innis.  l>ut  ynu  can  send  llu  re  a  c.iuplcof 
battalions  with  I'guiisfor  temporary  purposes,  utili/.iiig  for  preseiu  dispositions  all  troops 
vou  have  and  tlie  3  battalions  sent  you  tliis  morning.  My  mfornialion  is  tha^  many 
insurgents  have  received  instructions  from  Baldamero  Aguinalilo  to  return  to  their 
homes  with  their  guns,  and  to  secrete  guns  for  future  use.  This  may  account  for  the 
unusual  number  of  "amigos"  at  Paraiiaque.  Rice  and  beef  for  distribution  to  the  inhab- 
itants will  be  sent  to  Lasl'iiias,  also  to  Parafiaque,  in  the  morning. 

That  morning  I  had  cabled  to  Washington  the  following  : 

Manila,  P.  I.,  June  15,  1S99. 


It  subsequently  appeared  that  the  insurgent  army,  after  retreating  through  Imus, 
divided,  the  larger  portion  continuing  its  retreat  south  toDasmarinas,  about  eight  miles 
distant  therefrom,  the  remainder  proceeding  westward  to  Malabon,  where  they  were 
found  in  increased  numbers  on  June  16th  by  the  Cavite  reconnoissance  detachments. 
On  that  day  General  Wheaton  was  sent  to  Imus  with  the  Fourth  Infantry  and  a  platoon 
of  artillery. 

On  this  day  the  military  operations  of  the  insurgents  in  the  north,  who  were  again 
becoming  quite  active,  received  a  severe  check,  and  once  more  comparative  ciuiet  in  that 
section  was  restored.  At  noon  we  received  a  dispatch  from  General  MacArthur,  sent 
from  San  Fernando,  as  follows : 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  ')\\ 

At  about  -1.30  this  a.  ni.  an  extensive  demonstration  was  made  by  insurgents  against 
this  place.  They  appeared  on  our  entire  front,  on  both  sides  of  the  river  — that  is  to  say, 
the  town  was  entirely  surrounded.  The  diameter  of  the  line  of  insurgent  operations  was 
about  :'.  miles.  As  far  as  the  town  was  concerned,  the  attack  was  reported  at  all  points, 
with  considerable  loss  to  insurgents.  Our  loss  not  yet  ascertained,  probably  not  largo. 
Line  went  down  immcdiaPly.     *    *    * 

Sinet'  wrilint;  have  information  of  50  feet  of  track  being  talsen  up  in  vicinity  of  Apaite 
station.  :Mallory  takes  material,  and  will  repair  break  if  possible.  We  havi-  in  neigh- 
borhood of  50  of  enemy's  dead  in  our  possession  and  soniethini;  lilji'  Si  wonnded. 
Some  75  guns  have  been  captured  and  are  in  our  possession  or  destroyed,  onr  loss  .so 
far  reported,  1-  wounded  ;  mostly  slight.     Further  particulars  as  soon  as  ascertained. 

In  tln'  afternoon  the  following  was  received  : 

San  Feknando,  June  ir,—'i:.ii p.  m. 
Adjutant  Gener.\l: 


In   reply  to  wire  rcri nesting  report  of  particulars  of  attack 
respectfully  made  to  my  previitus  message  in  the  pi-emisc>s:  in 

this  a.  m.,  reference  is 
addition  to  which  it  is 
ave  bei-n  apparent  for  a 

luimlier  of  da\s,  and  Ilia:  i  li^'  a  li'a  i  i'  t  Ijis  a  .  ni,  was   pTcinedi  lated 

and   intended   to  ]h-  on 

a  verv  laive  >eale.  willi  a  view  to  surr.aindin-  this  , miand  an 

tion  between   leae  and  (aluni|)ii-     Theiv  is  very  little  doubt    n 
Ijresent  in  perscjn  and  that  the  number  of  troo|is  emplo,\-ed   nun 
men,  man,^•  of  whom  base  iieen  reeentl\-  l)ronnbl   from  the  norti 
even  from  the  line  east  of  the  I'inag  de  Candana.     This  elabora 
in  complete  failure  at  every  point,  although  every  position  in  ^ 

id  si\-ering  eo lunica- 

ibered\|nile  .'..oilO  armed 
1  l)v  train,  and  possibly 
Lte  preparation  resulted 
Dur  front  was  attacked. 

We  have  in  our  hands  in  the  neighborhood  of  100  dead  and  wounded  insurgents,  and 
their  losses  probably  run  well  into  the  hundreds. 

MacArthur,  Major  General. 

And  later  in  the  day  General  MacArthur  tt?legraphed : 

It  is  reported,  with  a  (Considerable  probability  of  being  true,  that  Aguinaldo  was  pres- 
ent in  command  of  troojjs  liere  this  morning,  or  in  the  immediate  viei  nil  \-,  snpeivi  sing 
operations.  The  demonstration  was  on  a  very  <'Xtensive  scale,  in  which  not  less  than 
3,000  men  were  employed,  and  probably  very  many  more.  The  movement  has  been  in 
preparation  for  several  days;  the  details  were  very  elaborate.  The  Iowa  regiment  did 
some  flue  work  immediately  after  appearance  of  enemy  in  their  immediate  vicinity. 
They  made  an  extensive  return  in  fine  shape,  and  drove  the  insurgents  back  through 
their  own  works  and  out  of  sight,  with  heavy  punishment  of  enemy,  15  of  whose  dead 
were  left  in  their  hands  and  12  wounded.  The  Kansas  regiment  also  made  a  handsome 
offensive  return.  The  insurgents  left  39  of  their  dead  with  them  and  quite  a  number  of 
wounded. 

After  General  Wheaton  had  reached  Imus  he  endeavored  to  locate  the  enemy  by 
reconnoissance,  and,  believing  him  to  be  in  considerable  force,  he  was  strengthened  by 
additional  troops,  so  that  he  had  with  him  the  entire  Fourth  and  a  battalion  of  the 
Fourteenth  Infantry,  the  Nevada  Cavalry,  and  four  pieces  of  artillery.  On  the  morning 
of  June  19th  he  sent  Major  Bubb,  with  his  battalion  of  the  Fourth  Infantry  and  one  gun, 
southward  on  the  Dasmarinas  road.  Shortly  before  noon,  when  the  reconnoitering 
party  had  advanced  some  six  or  seven  miles  without  encountering  opposition  and  was 
about  to  return,  the  enemy,  in  strong  force,  concealed  in  the  thick  brush  and  the  sur- 
rounding swampy  undergrowth,  suddenly  made  an  attack  on  its  front  tiank.  Bubb, 
fighting  his  men  skillfully  against  heavy  odds,  slowly  retreated,  for  four  hours  inflicting 
punishment  on  the  enemy,  until  General  Wheaton,  learning  of  the  affair  and  taking  the 
two  remaining  battalions  of  the  Fourth  Infantry  and  three  guns,  joined  him.  Wheaton 
then  quickly  threw  forward  his  entire  force,  routed  the  enemy,  and  drove  him  at  rapid 
pace  back  on  Dasmarinas,  near  which  he  bivouacked  for  the  night.  As  soon  as  this 
movement  was  reported,  a  battalion  of  Ninth  Infantry  was  hastened  from  Bacoor  to 
Imus  for  the  purpose  of  strengthening  the  force  left  there,  thus  rendering  the  place 
secure  against  attack  from  the  direction  of  either  San  Nicholas  or  Malabon,  and  to 
reenforce  Wheaton,  if  necessary.  Its  position  at  Bacoor  was  taken  by  two  hundred  men 
hastily  moved  across  Manila  Bay  in  cascoes  from  the  Cavite  Arsenal.  On  the  evening  of 
the  following  day  this  dispatch  was  received : 

Desmarina.s,  June  '20  —  r,:U0p.  m. 
Major  General  Otis  : 

Yesterday  I  sent  Bubb's  battalion.  Fourth  Infantry,  and  one  3.:2-inch  gun  o?i  recon- 
noissance on  Dasmarinas  road,  from  Imus.  Seven  miles  out  he  met  the  enemy  in  force, 
advancing  to  attack  on  Imus.    He  engaged  in  combat  with  them    nniil  J,  in   iMison, 

reenforced  him  with  2  battalions  and  3  guns.    The  enemy  was. ipletely  iduled,  dying 

in  the  direction  of  Dasmarinas  and  San  Francisco.    His  loss  in  killed  was  large  — ,')5  of 
his  dead  were  brought  to  Dasmarinas  church.    The  column  bivouacked  on  the  Dasma- 


512  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

rinas  road  for  the  night.  This  morning  I  reenforced  the  column  with  7  companies  and 
advanced  and  occupied  Dasmarlnas.  small  bodies  of  the  enemy  resisting  on  the  front 
and  flanks.  They  had  6  killed  and  2  wounded  brought  to  Dasmarlnas  church.  Our 
loss  so  far,  only  6  wounded.  Yesterday  we  had  4  killed  and  ^0  wounded  — all  of  the 
Fourth  Infantry.  The  enemy's  main  body  is  now  between  here  and  San  Francisco. 
Dasmarlnas  has  l)ut  few  houses,  is  surrounded  by  swamps,  and  is  a  long  day's  march 
from  Imus.  Road  impracticable  in  bad  weather.  I  will  return  to  Imus  with  my  com- 
mand to-morrow,  unless  otherwise  directed. 

Wheaton. 

He  was  directed  to  di'ive  off  or  destroy  the  insurgents'  moving  arsenal  or  cartridge 
manufactory  reported  to  be  at  Buenavista,  a  near  point,  and  thereupon  returned  to 
Imus,  as  the  roads  had  been  rendered  impracticable  by  heavy  rains  for  any  further 
operations  in  that  section.  Buenavista  could  not  be  reached  on  account  of  intervening 
swamps,  and  the  column  returned  to  Imus,  experiencing  difficulty  in  moving  the 
artillery  over  the  wretched  roads.  Shortly  thereafter  all  troops  were  retired  from  Imus, 
except  the  Fourth  Infantry  and  a  platoon  of  artillery.  The  Fourteenth  Infantry  and  a 
troop  of  cavalry  were  left  to  garrison  the  towns  of  Bacoor,  Las  Pinas,  and  Paranaque. 
Local  municipal  governments  of  a  primitive  character  were  established,  supervised  by 
officers  present  in  command  of  troops,  and  the  people,  apparently  well  satisfied,  betook 
themselves  to  the  planting  of  their  rice  and  their  formerly  accustomed  avocations. 

We  had  thus,  under  circumstances  which  had  been  forced  upon  ns  bj'  the  determined 
opposition  of  the  insurgents,  enlarged  our  holdings  in  the  south  by  a  considerable 
acquisition  of  territory  which  was  without  strategic  importance,  although  it  made  con- 
trol of  the  waters  of  Manila  Bay  less  difficult,  as  the  coast  was  now  in  our  possession 
from  the  pi-ovince  of  Bataan  to  the  Cavite  Peninsula,  excepting  the  slight  portion 
between  Bacoor  and  Noveleta  on  the  south.  But  this  occupation  deprived  us  of  the 
active  aid  of  two  thousand  five  hundred  men  for  field  movements  when  their  services  at 
the  north  were  important. 

We  were  now  busily  engaged  in  discharging  over  sixty  per  cent  of  the  enlisted  men 
of  the  artillery  and  infantry  regiments  of  the  regular  establishment,  which  had  joined 
us  previous  to  February,  and  in  bringing  into  Manila  and  preparing  for  departure  the 
volunteer  organizations.  We  had  still  in  the  Visayas  six  thousand  two  hundred  men 
and  in  Luzon  twenty-six  thousand,  of  whom  more  than  twenty  thousand  were  for  duty, 
but  the  most  of  the  volunteers  were  not  considered  available,  except  possibly  to  meet 
some  unexpected  emergency,  and  before  the  end  of  July  more  than  eight  thousand  of 
them  had  been  discharged  or  sailed  for  the  United  States,  their  places  being  in  part 
taken  by  new  arrivals. 

The  end  of  the  month  found  us  with  twenty-nine  thousand  four  hundred  and  twenty- 
seven  enlisted  men,  of  whom  twenty-three  thousand  two  hundred  and  seventy-nine 
were  reported  for  duty,  and  of  whom  eighteen  thousand  were  in  the  island  of  Luzon. 
Active  hostilities  were  maintained  by  a  continued  series  of  minor  affairs,  notwithstand- 
ing the  unparalleled  heavy  rainfall  of  forty-six  inches  in  a  single  month,  with  an  accom- 
paniment of  a  number  of  severe  typhoons.  These  affairs  occurred  mostly  on  our  railway 
line  of  communication  and  at  the  north,  and  attended  our  endeavors  to  open  the  Laguna 
de  Bay  country  for  traffic  with  Manila,  for  which  the  inhabitant  were  particularly 
desirous.  The  latter  efforts  were  not  successful  to  any  great  extent  because  of  insurgent 
bands  which  appeared  at  various  points  on  the  lake  to  secui-e  the  commercial  advan- 
tages and  the  persistent  labors  of  traders  in  Manila,  either  insurgent  sympathizers  or 
seekers  (who  were  of  varied  nationalities)  for  individual  gain,  whom  pecuniary  profit 
infiuenced  more  than  conscience  or  fear  of  punishment.  It  was  found  to  be  impossible 
to  hold  in  satisfactory  check  contraband  trade,  and  as  for  the  rice  and  other  articles  of 
subsistence  sent  out  of  the  city,  it  was  ascertained  that  the  greater  portion  of  it  found 
its  way  to  the  insurgent  troops.  This  trade  was  therefore  again  placed  under  restric- 
tions, which  are  enforced  still.  The  troops  doing  duty  in  the  lake  region  were  active. 
A  dismounted  squadron  of  the  Fourth  Cavalry,  under  command  of  Captain  McGrath, 
supplied  with  a  launch  and  cascoes  as  transportation,  visited  many  points  on  the  lake 
and  were  received  at  times  with  white  fiags  and  the  friendly  demonstration  of  the 
inhabitants  and  at  Mmes  by  the  bullets  of  the  insurgent  troops,  whom  they  invariably 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  513 

drove  into  the  interior,  but  who  returned  after  our  men  departed.  On  July  2()th  Cal- 
amba,  which  had  been  strongly  intrenched  and  supposedly  firmly  held,  was  captured 
by  General  Lawton's  troops,  consisting  of  the  Twenty-first  Infantry,  a  squadron  of  the 
Fourth  Cavalry,  and  a  battalion  drawn  from  the  Washington  regiment,  all  placed  under 
the  command  of  Brigidier  General  Hall,  with  the  loss  in  casualities  of  three  men  killed 
and  eleven  wounded.  The  insurgents  stoutly  resisted,  but,  as  it  has  always  happened 
in  such  cases,  they  experienced  a  costly  discomfiture.  Los  Banos,  the  location  of  an 
expensive  military  hospital  errected  by  Spain,  was  also  taken,  and  the  two  places  are 
still  held  by  our  troops,  composed  of  a  platoon  of  Light  Battery  F,  Fifth  Artillery,  and 
the  entire  Twenty-first  Infantry.  Several  attempts  have  been  made  to  dislodge  them  by 
concentrated  forces  of  the  enemy,  which  have  resulted  in  failure  and  severe  punish- 
ment. 

Our  returns  for  August  31st  showed  a  total  Army  force  present  in  the  Philippines  of 
thirty  thousand  nine  hundred  and  sixty-three  officers  and  enlisted  men,  of  whom  more 
than  three  thousand  five  hundred  were  volunteers  awaiting  shipment  and  men  of  the 
regular  regiments  about  to  be  discharged,  and  hence  could  not  be  reckoned  among  the 
availables.  Of  this  total,  twelve  and  a  fraction  per  cent  were  sick,  leaving  twenty-seven 
thousand  one  hundred  and  eighty-nine  officers  and  men  for  duty.  Deducting  therefrom 
the  volunteers,  there  were  left  less  than  twenty-four  thousand  officers  and  men  for  duty, 
of  whom  four  thousand  one  hundred  and  forty-flve  were  absent  in  Jolo,  the  Visayan 
Islands,  and  at  Cavite  Arsenal.  Of  the  less  than  twenty  thousand  remaining  for  duty 
in  Luzon,  two  thousand  six  hundred  belonged  to  the  provost  guard  of  the  City  of  Manila, 
one  thousand  nine  hundred  were  on  special  duty,  three  hundred  and  forty-flve  were  in 
confinement,  and  nearly  nine  hundred  were  members  of  the  Hospital  Corps.  The  force 
of  active  combatants  outside  of  the  city  was  therefore  between  thirteen  thousand  and 
fourteen  thousand  men,  of  whom  five  thousand  were  required  to  hold  the  long  line 
encircling  the  same.  We  received  from  the  United  States  in  August  one  hundred  and 
thirty-three  officers  and  four  thousand  two  hundred  and  forty-seven  enlisted  men,  con- 
sisting of  an  engineer  company,  the  Nineteenth  Infantry,  ten  companies  of  the  Twenty- 
fourth  and  Twenty-fifth  Infantry,  two  troops  of  Fourth  Cavalry,  and  one  thousand  one 
hundred  and  ninety-five  recruits  for  the  various  regular  organizations. 

The  casualties  in  killed  and  wounded  among  all  United  States  troops  in  the  Philip- 
pines from  August  1,  1898,  to  August  31,  1899,  number  nineteen  hundred,  and  were,  from 
the  period  from  August  1st  to  February  4th,  which  includes  the  capture  of  Manila  from 
the  Spaniards,  one  commissioned  officer  and  eighteen  enlisted  men  killed  or  fatally 
wounded,  eleven  officers  and  ninety-seven  enlisted  men  wounded,  but  not  fatally  ;  and 
for  the  period  from  February  4th,  when  the  insurgents  declared  war  against  the  United 
States,  to  August  31,  1899,  nineteen  officers  and  three  hundred  and  forty-two  enlisted 
men  killed  or  who  died  of  wounds  received  in  battle,  and  eighty-seven  officers  and  thir- 
teen hundred  and  twenty-five  enlisted  men  wounded. 

The  majority  of  the  wounded  have  recovered.  Only  four  enlisted  men  have  been 
reported  as  captured  in  action.  One  hundred  and  seventy-eight  men  dropped  as  desert- 
ers are  still  at  large.  Many  of  them  escaped  from  the  islands,  but  this  desertion  list 
includes  men  who  absented  themselves  from  their  companies  without  permission  and 
carelessly  wandered  beyond  our  lines  into  the  enemy's  country.  These  possibly  aggre- 
gate thirty  or  forty.  A  few  men  who  had  been  discovered  as  former  deserters  from  the 
Array,  again  deserted  direct  to  the  enemy,  and  some  of  them,  it  is  rumored,  hold  com- 
missions in  Aguinaldo's  forces.  One  officer.  Captain  Rockefeller,  Ninth  Infantry,  is 
missing.  While  inspecting  his  picket  posts  near  Manila  on  the  night  of  April  29th  he 
lost  his  bearings  and  wandered  away  from  his  command.  Search  was  made  for  him  for 
two  days  by  a  detachment  of  his  regiment,  but  unsuccessfully,  and  no  satisfactery 
information  had  been  received  concerning  him  although  repeated  inquiries  in  various 
directions  have  been  made.  Deaths  from  accident  for  the  thirteen  months  ending 
August  31,  1899,  aggregate  Ave  officers  and  ninety-one  enlisted  men,  of  which  fifty-eight 
resulted  from  drowning  and  eleven  suicide.  Those  drowned  were  mostly  engaged  in 
reconnoissance  duty  at  the  time  and  lost  their  lives  in  attempts  to  cross  rivers  swollen 
33 


514  OREGOIV    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

by  heavy  rainfalls.  Deaths  from  disease  number  twelve  officers  and  four  hundred  and 
twenty-six  enlisted  men,  of  whom  ninety  died  of  variola,  one  hundred  and  twenty  of 
typhoid  fever,  and  seventy-two  of  dysentery.  Therefore  the  total  loss  by  deaths  from 
battle  and  disease  of  the  Eighth  Army  Corps  in  the  Philippines  for  the  thirteen  months 
ending  August  31,  1899,  was  thirty-seven  commissioned  officers  and  eight  hundred  and 
seventy-nine  enlisted  men,  and  the  total  of  deaths  and  casualties  of  every  description, 
slight  wounds  included,  numbered  one  hundred  and  forty-four  among  commissioned 
officers  and  twenty-two  hundred  and  eight  among  enlisted  men. 

During  the  entire  period  covered  by  the  foregoing  general  recital  of  the  strictly  mili- 
tary operations  of  the  troops  in  these  islands,  the  varied  subjects  arising  in  civil  admin- 
isti'ation,  the  settlement  of  affairs  between  Spain  and  the  United  States,  and  the  antag- 
onistic individual  interests  connected  with  trade  and  commerce  gave  constant  per- 
plexity and  required  unremitting  labor.  When  the  armed  insurgents  had  been  driven 
away  from  the  vicinity  of  Manila,  the  inhabitants  of  Manila  asked  for  some  sign  of 
American  expressed  intention  in  inaugurating  its  Filipino  government.  We  had  con- 
trol of  nearly  all  of  the  province  in  which  the  city  is  situated,  and  it  was  believed  for  a 
time  that  we  could  with  safety  set  up  a  provincial  governor,  and  revive,  to  a  certain 
extent,  the  formerly  enforced  civil  regulations  with  which  the  people  were  acquainted, 
amending  them  so  that  reported  past  abuses  could  not  be  practiced.  The  organization 
of  a  civil  government  for  Manila  was  also  taken  under  advisement,  but  conservative 
precaution  indicated  that  such  action  might  be  attended  with  risk,  especially  as  to 
property,  for  the  population  was  becoming  very  dense,  and  much  of  it  of  a  floating  char- 
acter, and  needed  close  watching  and  a  measureable  degree  of  repression.  Manila  is  now 
and  for  some  time  has  been  looked  upon  by  the  natives  as  the  only  safe  refuge  in  Luzon, 
and  unless  those  seeking  it  for  an  abiding  place  were  restrained  numbers  would  soon 
become  too  great  to  carry  out  necessary  sanitary  measures  for  the  preservation  of  the 
public  health  and  possibly  to  enforce  the  required  regulations  for  the  public  safety.  No 
correct  census  of  the  city's  population  has  ever  been  taken,  and  none  has  been  attempted 
for  several  years.  Estimates  vary  widely.  Conservative  people  place  it  under  four  hun- 
dred thousand  and  some  educated  and  practical  Filipino  residents  report  it  as  high  as 
six  hundred  thousand.  The  majority  of  this  mass  is  irresponsible  and  easily  excited. 
Insurgent  agents,  some  with  fair  social  standing,  if  not  prominence,  and  holding 
appointments  from  Aguinaldo,  are  continually  plotting  in  our  midst,  and  Manila  and 
every  landed  province  under  our  control  has  its  accredited  insurgent  governor.  Under 
these  prevailing  conditions  the  introduction  of  a  civil  supervision  of  affairs  by  citizens, 
though  under  general  military  control,  has  been  deferred.  In  the  city  a  civil  native 
police  force  has  been  organized,  numbering  three  hundred  and  sixty,  which  is  divided 
into  four  companies,  each  having  its  native  captain  and  sergeants,  and  has  worked 
admirably  thus  far  in  connection  with  the  provost  guard.  These  men,  like  our  Are 
department,  have  thus  far  proved  true,  and  are  feared  by  the  criminals  and  disloyal  ele- 
ment of  the  population  much  more  than  our  soldiers  who  patrol  the  streets,  because 
they  are  known  to  and  are  closely  watched  by  them.  Other  cities  and  towns  in  our  pos- 
session were  accorded  local  government  under  military  supervisory  restrictions,  as 
shown  in  the  following  directory  provisions  of  orders,  viz  : 

1.  In  each  town  there  will  be  a  municipal  council,  composed  of  a  president  and  as 
manv  representatives  or  headmen  as  there  may  be  wards  or  barrios  in  the  town,  which 
shall  he  charged  with  I  he  iiiaintenaiK-e  of  public  order  and  the  regulation  of  municipal 
affairs  in  pa  it  iculars  lien  i  nailer  named.  It  will  formulate  rules  to  govern  its  sessions  and 
order  of  imsiness  cnnmcteil  therewith,  and  by  majority  vote  (to  be  determined  by  the 
president  in  lasi^  of  a  tie)  will,  through  the  adoption  of  ordinances  or  decrees,  to  be  exe- 
cuti  il  liv  the  |)ivvi,iint,  administer  the  municipal  government;  but  no  ordinance  or 
decree  sliall  he  eiiidiced  until  it  receives  the  approval  of  the  commanding  officer  of  the 

troops  tliere  stationed. 

2.  Tlje  pi'esident  shall  be  elected  hyaviva  rner  vote  of  residents  of  tlie  town,  approved 
by  the  eomnianding  officer,  and,  together  Willi  the  lieadmen  or  rejiresentatives  of  the 
council,  sliall  hold  office  for  one  year.  He  shall  lie  o|'  nalive  liirtli  and  parentage  and  a 
resident  and  property  owner  of  the  town.  'I'lie  headnieii  sliall  bi-  eleeteil  liy  a  viva  voee 
vote  of  residents  of  their  wards  or  barrios  and  shall  reside  and  own  ))r(>perty  therein. 

3.  The  president  shall  be  the  executive  of  the  municipal  (council  to  execute  its  decrees 
issued  for  the  following  purposes,  viz : 

To  establish  a  pt)lice  force. 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  515 

To  collect  taxes  and  license  fees,  to  act  as  treasurer  of  public  funds,  and  to  make  dis- 
bursements on  warrants  of  the  council. 

To  enforce  regulations  relating  to  traffic  and  the  sale  of  spirits,  to  establish  and  reg- 
ulate markets,  to  inspect  live  stock  and  record  transfers  and  brands  of  the  same. 

To  perform  the  duties  formerly  belonging  to  the  lieutenant  of  the  paddy  fields. 

To  enforce  sanitary  measures. 

To  establish  schools. 

To  provide  for  lighting  the  town. 

4.  The  senior  headman,  or  one  designated  by  the  council,  shall  be  vice-president  of 
the  same,  assistant  to  the  president,  and  shall  be  ex  otficio  lieutenant  of  police. 

5.  The  headman  of  a  ward  is  the  delegate  of  the  president  for  that  ward  ;  shall  take 
measures  to  maintain  order,  and  shall  have  power  to  appoint  two  assistants. 

(i.  The  council  shall  have  no  jurisdiction  in  civil  cases,  but  on  the  application  of  par- 
ties in  interest  and  their  agreement  in  writing  to  accept  the  award  of  the  council,  it 
shall  hear  and  decide  cases  involving  property  not  exceeding  in  value  1.500. 

7.  In  criniinal  matters  the  president,  rei'icsentini;'  the  council,  shall  make  the  pre- 
Uminarv  examination  and,  according  to  tlie  result,  discharge  the  prisoner  or  transfer 
him  immediately  to  the  custody  of  the  military  authorities  for  trial  by  provost  court. 

s.  Tlie  lieutenant  of  police  may  arrest  or  order  the  arrest  of  persons  violating  a  city 
ordinanee,  disturb!  im  the  peace,  or  accused  of  crime;  but  no  person  shall  beheld  incon- 
tinement  louirer  than  twenty-four  hours  without  a  preliminary  examination,  and  no 
person  shall  lie  arrested  for  nonpayment  of  taxes  or  for  debt. 

i).  The  ]iresideiit  shall  render  to  the  council  during  the  first  week  of  each  month  a 
certified  account  of  collections  under  each  tax,  and  of  disbursements  made  during  the 
preceding  month.  Said  accounts,  having  been  approved  by  the  council,  shall  be  for- 
warded, with  vouchers,  to  the  commanding  officer  of  the  troops,  who  shall  make  and 
retain  a  certified  copy  thereof. 

10.  Special  appropriations  shall  require  a  unanimous  vote  of  the  council ;  regular  dis- 
bursements may  be  made  by  ordinary  decree  on  a  majority  vote. 

11.  Whenever  the  commanding  officer  of  troops  shall  notify,  in  writing,  the  council 
that  in  his  judgment  a  decree  issued  under  subdivision  :>  is  inadeciuately  executed,  or 
shall  make  any  other  criticism  or  recommendation,  the  t-ouneil  will  convene  as  soon 
thereafter  as  practicable  to  consider  his  communication  and  shall  make  written  reply 
thereto,  which  reply,  if  he  deem  it  sufficient,  he  shall  forward,  with  his  remarks,  through 
military  channel's,  to  these  headquarters. 

12.  The  foregoing  provisions,  tentative  in  character,  are  subject  to  amendment  by 
enlargement  or  curtailment,  as  special  conditions  or  development  may  make  necessary. 

In  most  instances  these  simple  local  establishments  answer  all  purposes  of  a  tempo- 
rary nature  and  are  drawn  from  former  Spanish  decrees  and  customs.  In  some  cases 
the  president  has  been  discovered  to  be  an  ardent  insurgent,  engaged  in  forcing  money 
collections  in  the  interest  of  the  enemy,  but  he  is  apt  to  de-sert  his  post  and  join  his 
friends  with  his  extortions  before  he  can  be  arrested.  One  in  whom  confidence  had  been 
placed  sold  out  for  a  general's  commission  and  is  now  actively  engaged  in  annoying  our 
troops  south  of  Manila.  The  lack  of  manifested  surprise  or  indignation  on  the  part 
of  citizens  by  whom  these  criminals  had  been  instructed  with  the  management  of  local 
affairs  on  discovering  that  they  had  been  deceived  and  robbed  presents  an  unfavorable 
commentary  on  the  moral  complexion  of  the  native. 

The  Spanish  civil  courts,  from  which  criminal  jurisdiction  had  been  taken,  as  here- 
tofore shown  in  this  report,  had  voluntarily  closed  their  sessions  in  October  and  Novem- 
ber, leaving  the  administration  of  justice  by  constituted  tribunals  to  the  provost  courts 
of  our  creation.  These  provost  courts  could  meet  requirements  in  commercial  matters, 
but  the  business  of  merchants  and  the  property  transactions  of  inhabitants  necessitated 
judicial  a.ssistance  of  a  strictly  civil  nature.  The  reestablish ment  of  civil  courts  became 
the  subject  of  mature  deliberation.  A  number  of  conferences  were  held  with  Judge 
.\rellano,  a  leading  Filipino  lawyer,  who  accepted  the  position  of  secretary  of  state  in 
Aguinaldo's  cabinet  under  popular  pressure  and  from  which  he  had  withdrawn  of  his 
own  volition  shortly  after  acceptance,  in  the  conviction  that  he  could  not  thereby  serve 
the  interests  of  his  people.  After  much  hesitancy  he  promised  to  comply  with  my 
request  to  assist  in  the  reestablishment  of  the  supreme  court  of  the  islands  and  those  of 
inferior  jurisdiction  for  the  city  of  Manila  and  suburbs.  He  advised  strongly  against  a 
purely  native  judiciary,  as  the  Asiatic  consular  court  practice  would  result,  since  domi- 
ciled foreigners  would  not  submit  to  the  orders  of  a  native  court  except  under  protest 
and  appeal  for  relief  to  their  own  governments,  and  this  would  give  rise  to  international 
difficulties.  He  advised  that  judges  be  selected  from  the  most  competent  lawyers  of  the 
islands,  and  from  United  States  officers  versed  in  the  law  and  acquainted  with  United 
States  civil  codes  of  procedure,  to  the  end  that  simpler  forms  of  practice  might  be  sub- 
stituted gradually  for  the  cumbersome  and  dilatory  methods  hitherto  pursued  by  Spain. 


510  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

The  Spanish  law,  built  upon  royal  prerogative,  legislative  enactments,  and  decrees  of 
governing  officers  Issued  under  conferred  powers,  extending  over  a  period  of  centuries, 
has  never  been  codified.  In  order  to  organize  tribunals  of  justice,  with  membership 
other  than  Spanish  and  with  modified  powers  and  forms  of  procedure,  in  order  to 
impose  upon  the  inhabitants  the  laws  of  Spain  intelligently  amended  in  essential  par- 
ticulars, required  exhaustive  research.  This  labor  Judge  Arellano  undertook  and  car- 
ried to  sufficient  completion  to  enable  us  to  make  the  necessary  legal  modifications  and 
to  organize  the  courts.  His  recommendation  for  the  appointment  of  certain  men  to  the 
bench  who  were  drawn  not  only  from  Luzon  but  also  from  the  Visayan  Islands  were 
approved  and  orders  prepared  by  him  and  Lieutenant  Colonel  Crowder,  of  the  judge 
advocate's  department,  were  duly  issued,  as  follows : 

GENERAii  Orders,  i  Office  United  States  Military  Governor 

No.  20.  )  IN  the  Philippine  Islands, 

Manila,  P.  I.,  May  29,  1S99. 

I.  (Uiaiitero,  title  2,  of  tlie  Organic  Royal  Decree  of  January  5,  1S91,  prescribing  the 
qualilieations  of  appoinlcc's  to  colonial  judicial  ollicc,  is,  in  its  application  to  judicial 

II.  Thr  suprcHK'  court  of  thi'  I'liilipiiine  islands  (iuuiicncia  territorial),  heretofore 
adnii'iiistcicd  in  t lie  city  of  .Manila.thc  i-xeiviseof  whose  iurisdiction  has  been  suspended 
as  t.ici-iiniiinl  aliairs  si'n.-r  August  13,  1898,  and  as  to  civil  afl'airs  since  .Ian uary  :-!0,  1899,  is 
herelix-  re.  st:il)lished  and  will  exercise  the  jurisdictsoii,  civil  and  criminal,  which  it  pos- 
sessed prior  to  Aumist  l:i,  IM'S,  in  so  far  as  compatible  witli  the  sn]ii-einacy  of  the  United 
States  in  said  islands,  and  will  administer  the  laws  recognized  as  continuing  in  force  by 
proclamation  troin  tliese  headquarters  dated  August  14,  1898,  except  in  so  far  as  they  have 
been,  or  mav  hereafter  lie,  modified  by  authority  of  the  United  States. 

III.  The'lollowiiii,'  appointments  are  announced: 
President  (presidente),  D.  Cayetano  Arellano. 

civil  branch  (sala  de  lo  civil). 

President  (presidente),  D.  Manuel  Araullo.  Associate  justices  (magistrados),  D.  Gre- 
gorio  Araneta,  Lieut.  Col.  E.  H.  Crowder,  judge  advocate,  U.  S.  V. 

criminal  branch  (sala  de  lo  criminal). 

President  (presidente),  D.  Raymundo  Melliza.  Associate  justices  (magistrados), 
D.  Ambrosio  Rianzares,  D.  Julio  Llorente,  Maj.  R.  W.  Young,  Utah  Volunteer  Light 
Artillery,  Capt.  W.  E.  Birkhimer,  Third  U.  S.  Artillery. 

ATTORNEYS    (  MINISTERIO  FISCAL). 

Attorney  of  Mn'  supieuie  court  f  fiscal  do  la  audiencia  territorial),  D.  Florentino 
Torres.     Assistant  attoriie\     (eiiii'iite  liscal),  I).  Dioinsio  ( 'lianco. 

Th<>  ap|ioinlnieiit  of  -n Im ,ril i iiate  oHicials  of  this  court  will  lie  announced  later. 

I\'.  The  supreme  court  a s  ahove  constituted  will  meet  ni)on  the  call  of  its  president 
at  the  earliest  practical  date  for  the  purpose  of  organizing  and  for  the  formulation  of 
such  recommendations  relating  to  its  procedure  under  United  States  authority  as  may 
be  deemed  by  it  advisable.  . 

The  officers  herein  named  and  all  others  who  may  be  appointed  hereafter  to  act  m 
any  capacity  in  connection  with  the  administration  of  courts  of  justice  in  these  Islands 
will,  before  entering  upon  the  discharge  of  their  official  duties,  subscribe  and  take  the 
following :  i 

OATH   OF  OFFICE. 

I, ,  having  been  appointed  in  the  Philippine  Islands,  recognize  and 

accept  the  supreme  authority  of  the  United  States  of  America.  And  I  do  solemnly  swear 
that  I  will  maintain  good  faith  and  tidelitv  to  that  Government;  that  I  will  obey  the 
existing  laws  which  rule  in  the  l>hilii>iiiue  Islands,  as  well  as  the  legal  orders  and  decrees 
of  the  duly  constituted  tioverninenf  therein  ;  that  I  impose  upon  myself  this  voluntary 
obligation  without  any  mental  reservation  or  purpose  of  evasion,  and  will  well  and 
faithfully  discharge  the  duties  of  the  oltice  upon  which  I  am  about  to  enter.  So  help  me 
God.  

The  prescribed  oath  may  be  administered  by  the  j  udge  of  the  provost  court  of  Manila, 
or  by  such  other  officers  as  may  be  designated  for  that  purpose  by  proper  authority. 
By  command  of  Major  General  Otis  .  „ 

^  Thomas  H.  Barry, 

AssUtant  Adjutant  Gene7-al. 


OREGON    V0LUNTEP:RS    in    SrANISH    WAR.  517 

General  Orders,  I  Ofkuk  United  States  Military  Governor 

No.  21.  j  IN  THE  Philippine  Islands, 

Manila,  P.  I.,  June  5,  1S99. 

The  courts  of  first  Instance  of  the  province  of  Manila  and  the  courts  of  the  peace 
heretofore  held  In  the  city  of  Manila,  P.  I.,  are  hereby  reestablished  and  will  exercise  the 
lurisdiction,  civil  and  criminal,  possessed  by  them  prior  to  August  i:?,  1S9S,  in  so  far  as 
(•()!iiiiatil)U>  with  the  supremacy  of  the  United  States  in  the  Philippine  Islands  and  the 
exercise  of  military  government  therein,  and  will  administer  the  laws  recognized  as 
conlinuiiiir  iu  force  by  proclamation  from  these  headquarters  dated  August  14,  1898, 
except  in  so  far  as  these  laws  have  been,  or  hereafter  may  be  modified  by  authority  of 
the  United  States.  ,.  ^  .  ,       ^  ^. 

The  division  of  the  province  of  Manila  into  the  four  judicial  districts  of  Binondo, 
Tondo,  Quiapo,  and  Intramuros,  as  such  districts  existed  prior  to  August  13, 1898,  is  con- 
tinued. The  territorial  jurisdiction  of  the  justice  of  the  peace  in  each  of  these  districts 
shall  be  coextensive  with  that  of  the  court  of  first  instance  therein. 

The  following  appointments  are  announced  for  courts  of  first  Instance  : 

DISTRICT  OF  BINONDO. 

Judge,  D.  Antonio  Majarreis  ;  district  attorney,  D.  Perfecto  Gabriel. 

DISTRICT  OF  TONDO. 

Judge,  D.  Basilio  Regalado  Mapa;  district  attorney,  D.  Jos6  Ner. 

DISTRICT  OF  QUIAPO. 

Judge,  D.  Hipolito  Magsalin  ;  district  attorney,  D.  Vicente  Rodriguez. 

DISTRICT  OF  INTRAMUROS. 

Judge.  D.  Jose  Baza  Enriquez  ;  district  attorney,  D.  Lucio  Villarreal. 
The  following  for  the  justice  courts : 

DISTRICT  OF  BINONDO. 

Justice  of  the  peace,  D.  Jost'  M.  Meinije;  substitute,  D.  Ramon  Manalac  Alberto. 

DISTRICT  OF  TONDO. 

Justice  of  the  peace,  D.  Pedro  Ricafort;  substitute,  D.  Ignacio  Ver  de  la  Cruz. 

DISTRICT  OF  aUIAPO. 

Justice  of  the  peace,  D.  Martiniano  Veloso:  substitute,  D.  Claudio  Gabriel. 

DISTRICT  OF   INTRAMTJROS. 

Justice  of  the  peace,  D.  Jos6  Martinez  Quintero;  substitute,  D.  Jos6  del  Castillo. 

The  following  appointments  iu  the  supreme  court,  of  the  Philippine  Islands  are 
hereby  announced : 

Secretary  of  civil  branch,  D.  Roman  Espiritu. 

Secretary  of  criminal  branch.  U.  Ramon  Fernandez. 

As.sistan't  attorneys,  D.  Tomas  G.  Del  Rosarlo,  D.  Antonio  Constantino. 

Secretary  of  the  flscalia,  D.  Bartalome  Revllla. 

The  secretaries  of  the  court  above  appoiuted  shall  receipt  to  Lieut.  Col.  E.  H.  Crowder, 
judge  advocate,  U.  S.  V.,  for  records  and  property  pertaining  to  their  respective 
branches  of  the  court. 

The  division  of  the  citv  and  province  of  Manila  into  two  districts  for  the  purpose  of 
registering  titles  to  property,  as  sucli  distiiets  existed  prior  to  August  13,  1898,  is  con- 
firmed, and  thefoUowliiK  appointnieiits  ,,(  rei:istrars  for  the  same  announced: 

Registrar  for  the  north  district,  D.  Simplicio  del  Rosario. 

Registrar  for  the  south  district,  1).  Francisco  Urtigas. 

Bv  command  of  Major  General  Otis : 

Thomas  H.  Barry, 
AssisUoU  Adjutant  General. 

General  Orders,  )  Office  of  the  United  States  Military  Governor 

No.  22  ]  IN  THE  Philippine  Islands. 

Manila,  P.  I.,  June  17,  1S99. 

I.  The  supreme  court  of  tlie  Pliilippiiie  Islands  and  the  courts  of  first  instance  and 
of  the  peace  for  the  province  of  Manila,  reestal)lislied  in  (ieneral  Oiders  Nos.  JO  anil  21, 
current  series,  this  office,  are  ainiouiii'ed  as  opi'u  and  in  tin.'  exercis<'  of  tlieir  juiisdici  ion, 
civil  and  criminal,  on  and  after  Wednesday,  .June  i'!,  is<»!).  Tlie  sessions  of  tlie  supreme 
court  will  be  held  in  the  building  known  as  the  "  audiencia ;"  those  of  the  courts  of  first 
instance  and  of  the  peace  in  the  building  known  as  the  "Casa  de  la  Moneda,"  Intra- 
muros. 

II.  The  jurisdiction  of  the  courts  specified  in  Paragraph  I  of  this  order,  and  of  other 
civil  courts  which  may  hereafter  be  reestablished,  shall  not  extend  to  and  include 


518  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

crimes  and  (ifleiiscs,  coiumitted  by  either  citizens  of  or  persons  sojourning  within  the 
Philii>|>iiM'  Islands,  wliich  are  prejudicial  to  the  military  administration  and  discipline, 
excipf  li\  anihniKy  specially  conferred  by  the  military  governor.  Jurisdiction  to  try 
and  award  puiiishincnt  in  the  class  of  cases  designated  remains  vested  in  provost 
courts,  courts-martial,  or  military  commissions. 
By  command  of  Major  General  Otis : 

Thomas  H.  Barry, 
Assistant  Adjutant  General. 

These  orders  were  followed  by  others  abolishing  useless  offices  and  methods  of  pro- 
cedure, prescribing  rules  under  which  attorneys  could  be  admitted  to  practice,  in  put- 
ting in  force  an  amended  notarial  law,  and  announcing  the  appointment  of  notaries 
and  other  court  officers.  The  court  of  the  audiencia  took  up  at  once  unfinished  business 
and  the  hearing  and  deciding  of  appeal  civil  causes.  It  has  worked  industriously  and 
conscientiously  under  the  able  leadership  of  the  president,  and  I  doubt  if  any  former 
Philippine  tribunal  has  ever  displayed  equal  legal  ability.  Some  friction  attended  the 
running  of  the  minor  courts,  which  has  been  greatly  reduced  and  has  about  ceased 
under  special  provisions  of  orders  issued  to  meet  varying  conditions.  The  jurisdiction 
and  punishing  power  of  the  superior  provost  court  has  been  extended  to  meet  cases  of 
fraud  involving  the  public  revenue.  All  of  these  tribunals  have  succeeded  in  accom- 
plishing the  objects  for  which  they  were  established  beyond  my  expectation,  and  will,  I 
am  convinced,  lay  the  foundation  upon  which  to  build  an  able  and  satisfactory  judi- 
ciary for  the  islands  when  peace  shall  succeed  war. 

Two  of  the  three  civilian  members  of  the  so-called  peace  commission,  which  was 
appointed  early  in  January,  arrived  on  March  5th,  and  the  third.  Colonel  Denby,  on 
April  2d,  two  days  after  our  troops  had  entered  the  insurgent  capital  of  Malolos.  The 
first  meeting  was  held  on  March  20th,  when  an  organization  was  eflfected  and  its  pre- 
siding officer.  President  Schurraan,  was  requested  to  prepai-e  an  address  to  the  Filipino 
people,  to  be  issued  as  a  proclamation,  expressive  of  the  desire  and  intentions  of  the 
United  States  Government  in  taking  control  of  the  islands.  This  he  did,  and  the  paper 
which  he  subsequently  presented  was  pronounced  excellent  in  tone  and  most  admirablj' 
indicative  of  the  liberal  and  humane  policy  which  it  was  understood  by  all  that  the 
United  States  intended  to  adopt.  It  was  unanimously  decided  to  print,  publish,  post, 
and  disseminate  as  much  as  possible  among  the  inhabitants  under  insurgent  domina- 
tion this  address,  printing  the  same  in  the  English,  Spanish,  and  Tagalo  languages. 
This  was  done,  but  scarcely  had  it  been  posted  in  Manila  twenty-four  hours  before  it  was 
so  torn  and  mutilated  as  to  be  unrecognizable.  It  suffered  the  same  fate  as  the  procla- 
mation of  January  4th,  set  out  heretofore  in  this  report;  but  it  produced  a  marked  ben- 
eficial infiuence  on  the  people,  especially  those  outside  our  lines,  as  it  carried  with  it  a 
conviction  of  the  United  States'  intentions,  on  account  of  the  source  from  which  it 
emanated,  it  being  an  expression  from  a  committee  of  gentlemen  specially  appointed  to 
proclaim  the  policy  which  the  United  States  would  pursue. 

So  pernicious  to  insurgent  interests  was  its  effect  that  Aguinaldo  or  his  officers  took 
measures  to  i-epress  it  wherever  it  was  possible  for  them  to  do  so.  It  is  still  the  subject 
of  discussion,  and  insurgents  of  influence  have  recently  expressed  a  willingness  to 
accept  its  terms  and  abide  by  its  promises  could  they  be  assured  that  Congress  would 
redeem  them.  This  commission  will  probably  very  soon  report  its  proceedings.  Investi- 
gations, conclusions,  and  recommendations,  if  it  has  not  already  done  so.  Though  a 
membei",  I  found  it  impossible  to  attend  many  of  its  sessions,  and  am  ignorant  of  the 
scope  or  particulars  of  its  labors.  Its  members,  especially  Colonel  Denby  and  Professor 
Worcester,  who  remained  here  until  their  very  recent  recall,  were  of  great  assistance  in 
strengthening  the  confidence  of  our  native  friends  in  the  promises  and  good  intentions 
of  the  United  States  with  regard  to  the  country,  and  aided  me  in  many  ways  by  counsel 
and  by  their  investigations  of  practical  subjects  which  were  presented  for  determina- 
tion. 

The  shipment  of  Spanish  prisoners  of  war  was  taken  up  in  earnest  as  soon  as  the  rat- 
ification of  the  Paris  treaty  was  officially  communicated;  also  the  settlement  of  prop- 
erty rights  between  Spain  and  the  United  States,  upon  which  extended  argument  was 
indulged  in  as  to  the  meaning  of  treaty  provisions  which  must  determine  ownership. 


OKEOON    VOLUNTKKKS    IN    Sl'AXrsil     WAR.  511> 

There  were  also  involved  the  rights  of  many  private  citizens  who  had  invested  in  unde- 
livered Spanish  bonds  of  a  late  issue,  which  had  been  retained  in  the  treasury  or  who 
had  deposited  with  the  Spanish  Government  money  or  securities  for  the  performance  of 
obligations  assumed.  Under  a  mutual  agreement  boards  of  officers  to  consider  all  ques- 
tions of  disagreement  or  on  which  antagonistic  opinion  was  held  were  appointed  by  the 
resident  authorities  of  the  two  nations  interested,  Spain  also  appointing  a  special  liqui- 
dation committee  of  her  citizens  to  present  her  interests  .in  matters  of  a  strictly  civil 
nature.  The  labors  of  these  boards  were  very  great  and  extended  over  a  period  of  several 
months.    The  United  States  board  was  convoked  in  the  following  order  : 

A  board  of  officers,  to  consist  of  Maj.  Charles  McClure,  chief  paymaster  <if  tin'  depart- 
ment; Maj.C.U.  Gantenbein,  Second  Oregon,  U.  S.  V.,  and  Second  Lieut.  M.  A.  Hildrt-th, 
First  North  Dakota,  U.  S.  V..is  hereby  appointed  to  meet  and  confor  witli  a  I'oniiiuttoe 
named  by  his  excellency  Division  General  Diego  de  los  Rios  y  N'icalati.  Spanish  army, 
for  the  purpose,  as  stated,  of  clearing  the  accounts  <>r  tin'  S])anisli  ( lovci  nnunt  in  tlie 
Pliilippines.  The  board  will  determine  upon  soiiie  dctiniu  ((iinsc  nl  pioc.  d  ni'.  by  winch 
the  Spanish  committee  can  have  access  to  all  records  and  doiiinicnis  now  in  iiossession 
of  the  United  States  autliorilies  which  it  may  desire  to  consult,  and  will  arrange  there- 
for. No  proiierl  V  or  I'eccirds  can  be  delivered  until  the  proposed  treaty  receives  validity 
tlirougli  ralitication.  and  the  board  will  continue  its  sessions  anticipating  that  event 
when  definite  instructions  looking  to  a  settlement  of  public  affiiir-s,  judicial  and  execu- 
tive can  be  conveved.  The  board  will  ascertain  fully  the  desires  of  the  committee  as  to 
the  nature  and  fiill  extent  of  its  desired  action  and  give  it  every  possible  facility  con- 
sistent with  the  present  status  of  affairs. 

Membership  in  this  board  was  frequently  changed,  owing  to  emergencies  of  service. 
All  of  the  original  members  were  sooner  or  later  relieved  and  substitution  made.  Lieu- 
tenant Colonel  Miley  taking  the  place  of  Major  McClure,  and  the  former,  an  officer  of 
very  marked  ability,  who  died  in  September,  was  succeeded  by  Lieutenant  Colonel  Hull 
of  the  judge  advocate's  department,  through  resulting  seniority.  The  duties  of  the 
board  are  approaching  completion,  and  probably  it  can  be  dissolved  soon.  It  was  found 
necessary  to  give  it  broad  latitude  of  action,  and  on  April  22d  was  empowered  to  admin- 
ister oaths  and  take  testimony  in  matters  over  which  it  was  authorized  to  exercise  juris- 
diction, either  by  way  of  investigation  or  arbitrament.  Questions  of  property  rights 
upon  which  agreements  could  not  be  reached  were  referred  for  instructions.  The  more 
important  of  these  were  submitted  to  Washington  for  authoritative  decision,  and  a  con- 
struction of  the  meaning  of  the  treaty  provisions  was  obtained,  which  served  as  a  rule 
for  future  guidance.  The  accompanying  brief  report  of  this  board  shows  the  character 
and  general  scope  of  its  action,  with  its  conclusions,  but  not  the  varied  details  of  pro- 
ceedings, which  were  exhaustive  on  all  subjects  presented  for  consideration. 

At  an  early  date  there  were  presented  claims  of  corporations  which  had  obtained  and 
were  operating  under  Spanish  concessions,  for  payment  for  public  services,  losses  accru- 
ing for  lack  of  protection  as  promised  in  those  concessions,  or  for  damages  to  property 
inflicted  by  both  insurgents  and  United  States  representatives  ;  also  very  many  claims 
from  business  houses  and  private  individuals  for  destruction,  loss,  damage,  or  retention 
of  their  property,  whether  occasioned  by  the  insurgents  or  our  troops.  Minor  ones  of 
undoubted  validity  were  adjusted  and  paid  from  public  funds,  but  those  in  which 
doubtful  questions  of  legal  obligations  arose  have  been  held  in  abeyance.  To  give  atten- 
tion to  all  claims  presented  it  was  finally  necessary  to  organize  a  board  of  claims,  and 
the  following  order  was  issued  : 

Special  Orders,  ]  Office  United  States  Military  Governor 

Xo.  3.  J  IN  the  Philippine  Islands, 

Manila,  P.  I.,  April  IS,  1S99. 
A  board  of  officers  is  hereby  appointed  to  consider  and  pass  upon  such  claims  against 
the  United  States  Government,  preferred  by  parties  resident  or  otherwise  in  the  I'hillp- 
pine  Islands,  and  arising  by  reason  of  United  Stales  oeeiipatioii,  as  may  be  snlmiitted  to 
it  from  this  office  for  investigation  and  opinion.  It  will  l>e  gniiled  in  its  deiisions  by 
the  rules  of  interpretation  adopted  by  this  oliiee  in  its  pa^t  eonsi.leralion  ofdemands  of 
this  nature,  in  so  far  as  they  be  applicable  to  eireuiastunees  and  conditions.  'Die  board 
will  meet  to-morrow,  the  19th  instant,  at  10  o'clock  A.  M.,  or  as  soon  thereafter  as  practic- 
able, at  the  office  of  the  j  udge  advocate  of  the  Department  of  the  Pacific,  for  the  purpose 
of  organization  and  fixing  upon  methods  of  procedure  to  govern  its  deliberations;  and 
thereafter  it  will  hold  its  sessions  at  such  times  and  places  as  the  presiding  officer  may 
announce: 


520  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

Detail  for  the  board:  Lieut.  CoL  E.  H.  Crowder,  judge-advocate,  U.  S.  V.;  Maj.  C.  U. 
Gantenbein,  Second  Oregon  Volunteer  Infantry;  Capt.  H.  A.  Greene,  Twentieth  United 
Slates  Infantry  ;  Capt.  J.  G.  Ballance,  Twentj'-seeond  United  States  Infantry. 
By  command  of  Major  General  Otis  : 

Thomas  H.  Barky, 
Assistant  Adjutant  General. 

Membership  In  this  board  has  been  changed  occasionally  as  circumstances  compelled, 
but  the  senior  member  is  still  serving  thereon.  It  formulated  and  published  rules  to 
govern  its  proceedings  and  for  the  Information  of  all  persons  who  desired  to  submit 
claims  and  by  which  they  were  to  be  guided  in  the  preparation  and  submission  of  the 
same. 

Sixty-four  claims,  aggregating  S60o,000  (Me.xlcan  money),  were  received  from  residents 
of  southern  Luzon  and  for  the  most  part  Manila,  and  mostly  involving  the  burning  and 
looting  of  abandoned  houses  In  the  battles  of  February  5th  and  22d  at  Manila.  Few  of 
this  character  appear  to  possess  merit  and  are  poorly  sustained  by  proof  of  facts.  Sev- 
eral asking  for  the  return  of  property  which  was  captured  in  the  enemy's  country  or 
which  was  seized  by  our  men  for  convenience  of  transportation  have  been  adjusted  with- 
out difficulty.  The  destruction  of  private  property  as  a  necessary  incident  of  war  in 
driving  the  insurgents  from  their  defensive  positions  in  the  suburbs  of  Manila  is  a  ques- 
tion involved  in  passing  upon  most  of  these  demands.  Twenty-five  claims,  aggregating 
81,338,116  (Mexican),  have  been  received  from  Hollo.  They  are  defectively  and  carelessly 
drawn  and  very  indefinite  as  to  details.  Only  in  a  few  cases  is  proof  of  ownership  of 
property  submitted.  All  but  two  call  for  damages  to  property  incident  to  the  forcible 
occupation  of  the  city  by  our  troops  on  February  Uth  last,  when  the  insurgents  upon 
retiring  burned  a  considerable  portion  of  it.  One  of  the  two  exceptions  is  a  claim  for 
86,000  presented  by  a  Spaniard  through  the  consular  ofl3ce,  because  of  the  seizure  of  his 
printing  establishment,  after  abandonment,  wherein  was  printed  a  scurrilous  newspaper, 
violently  incendiary  and  abusive  to  the  United  States  while  our  troops  occupied  Uoilo 
Harbor,  before  the  seizure  of  the  city.  The  other  is  also  a  demand  for  86,000  from  a 
Spaniard  for  the  destruction  of  his  boat  and  cargo  by  the  United  States  Steamship  Ben- 
nington  while  believed  to  be  engaged  in  illicit  trade.  Mostly  all  others  of  these  claims 
are  based  on  the  alleged  responsibility  of  the  United  States  to  pay  damages  to  the  several 
owners  of  property  destroyed  in  the  Iloilo  fire  set  by  the  insurgents  upon  forced  evacua- 
tion, because  of  the  fact  that  the  United  States  began  the  attack  on  the  city  before  the 
expiration  of  time  announced  in  the  notice  to  residents  that  it  would  commence,  thus 
depriving  them  of  the  opportunity  to  remove  or  place  their  property  which  was  des- 
troyed in  better  condition  for  preservation.  The  action  of  the  Army  and  Navy,  which 
constitutes  the  chief  argument  of  the  claimants  for  the  legal  validity  of  their  demands, 
has  been  set  out  heretofore  in  this  report.  All  but  two  of  these  claimants  are  subjects  of 
foreign  counlries. 

Under  War  Department  instructions  giving  protection  to  the  owners  of  patents  and 
copyrights  issued  by  the  United  States,  the  following  directions  were  published: 

I.  The  offices  of  patents,  of  copyriglits,  and  of  trade-marks,  heretofore  administered 
as  separate  bureau  of  the  "Director  General  de  Administraclon  Civil,"  are  hereby  con- 
solidated into  a  single  office,  to  be  known  as  the  Office  of  Patents,  Copyrights,  and 
Trade-marks,  and  placed  in  charge  of  Capt.  George  P.  Ahern,  Ninth  U.  S.  Infantry,  who 
will  receipt  to  the  Spanish  authorities  for  all  records,  documents  and  property  pertain- 
ing thereto. 

II.  The  duties  enjoined  in  Circular  No.  12,  division  of  customs  and  insular  afi'airs,  in 
reference  to  the  filing  here  of  patents  and  trade-marks  issued  in  the  United  States  and 
duly  registered  in  the  United  States  Patent  Office,  and  all  duties  which,  under  the  laws 
relating  to  patents,  copyrights,  and  trade-marks  applicable  to  the  Philippines,  pertained 
to  the  "  Director  General  de  Administraclon  Civil "  and  his  subordinates,  are  hereby 
devolved  upon  the  officer  in  charge  of  the  office  of  patents,  copyrights,  and  trade-marks 
above  designated  ;  all  matters  of  administration  arising  in  that  office  which,  under 
those  laws,  required  the  action  of  any  higher  authority  than  the  "  Director  General  de 
Administracion  Civil "  will  be  forwarded  for  consideration  and  action  to  the  office  of  the 
United  States  military  governor  in  the  Philippines. 

III.  So  much  of  Article  27  of  the  royal  decree  of  October  26,  18S8,  regulating  the  con- 
cession and  use  of  trade-marks,  as  requires  reference  to  the  Real  Sociedad  Economica  of 
industrial  marks,  designs,  or  models  presented  for  registration,  for  investigation  and 
report  as  to  whether  such  marks,  designs,  or  models  are  already  in  use  or  are  the  prop- 
ertj-  of  third  persons,  is  hereby  suspended. 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  H21 

The  business  of  this  bureau  has  been  active,  requiring  the  worlc  of  an  interpretor  and 
two  clerks  under  the  constant  supervision  of  Captain  Ahem.  It  required  him  to  collect 
and  file  all  former  Spanish  records  obtainable  on  this  subject,  some  of  which  were  kept 
in  .Spain,  and  now  the  office  is  running  smoothly  comparatively.  Every  mail  from  the 
United  States  brings  many  certified  patents  for  file  and  the  exacted  fee  of  81  for  filing 
more  than  pays  the  oflace  expenses. 

In  Manila  and  a  few  other  cities  where  our  troops  are  stationed  to  give  inhabitants 
protection  schools  have  been  established  Parents  and  children  are  eager  for  primary- 
school  instruction  and  are  very  desirous  to  acquire  a  speaking  knowledge  of  the  English 
language.  In  the  city  of  Manila  more  than  five  thousand  children  are  attending  these 
schools,  which  are  maintained  at  a  cost  of  nearly  10,000  Mexican  dollars  a  month. 
Instructors  are  drawn  trom  the  former  Spanish  and  Filipino  teachers,  augmented  by 
Americans,  some  of  whom  are  discharged  men  from  volunteer  organizations  and  some 
from  those  who  came  to  the  islands  on  account  of  individual  desire.  The  superintend- 
ent is  a  former  soldier  who  had  considerable  experience  in  this  profession  in  the  United 
States.  Many  applications  for  positions  as  teachers  are  received  through  mailed  com- 
munications and  from  persons  who,  if  the  references  furnished  can  be  relied  on,  would 
render  valuable  services  here,  but  it  will  require  time  to  firmly  establish  this  educational 
plant.  The  higher  education  which  the  islands  have  hitherto  enjoyed,  as  well  as  that  of 
a  minor  character,  has  been  entirely  under  the  control  of  the  religious  orders  and  has 
centered  in  Manila.  The  Dominican  order,  rich  in  landed  estates  acquired  through  a 
series  of  years,  inaugurating  its  educational  policy  under  royal  assistance,  money  con- 
tributions, and  decrees  when  the  educational  field  was  entirely  in  the  possession  of  the 
clergy,  and  seizing  on  by  degrees  to  the  educational  institutions  and  scientific  schools 
organized  by  the  Jesuits  under  royal  protection  and  conducted  with  funds  from  indi- 
vidual testators  after  that  order  had  been  driven  from  the  islands,  built  up  the  Univer- 
sity of  Manila  and  gradually  incorporated  in  it  these  Jesuit  foundations.  Great  eflPort 
was  made  to  sever  them  from  Dominican  authority  by  recent  statesmen  of  advanced 
ide;is,  but  without  success,  and  now  the  leading  Filipinos  demand  that  severence  and  a 
return  to  State  supervision.  Much  time  and  labor  in  historical  research  has  been 
expended  by  Lieutenant  Colonel  Crowder  of  the  law  department  in  the  investigation  of 
these  matters,  and  his  able  reports  of  past  and  present  conditions  and  legal  conclusions 
derived  therefrom  have  so  presented  the  subject  that  radical  action  can  be  taken  in 
some  instances  and  has  been  determined  upon.  The  Archbishop  of  Manila,  who,  I  am 
informed,  is  a  member  of  the  Dominican  order,  has  served  parole  notice  that  he  will 
strenuously  oppose  such  action  and  has  been  invited  to  submit  his  protest  at  an  early 
date. 

In  our  last  allusion  to  the  Sulu  Archipelago  it  was  stated  that  the  occupation  of  Jolo 
by  our  troops  on  May  19th  and  the  friendly  relations  established  between  them  and  the 
representative  Moros  placed  aflfiairs  there  in  a  very  satisfactory  condition  for  future 
negotiations,  which  were  conducted  by  Brigadier  General  Bates.  The  islands  of  the 
archipelago,  that  of  Basilan,  and  those  of  Palawan  and  Balabac,  were  localities  of  con- 
cern. In  Palawan,  where  Spain  maintained  a  resident  governor  and  to  which  she  had 
transported  some  of  her  state  criminals,  the  Tagalo  had  succeeded.  The  Spanish  gov- 
ernor had  been  murdered  and  all  prisoners  released.  At  Balabac  a  very  important 
lighthouse  had  been  established,  which  was  necessary  to  the  safe  navigation  of  those 
waters.  At  Basilan  a  naval  station  of  some  importance  had  been  built  up.  Our  Navy 
looked  after  all  matters  connected  with  the  Palawan  Islands  in  so  far  as  keeping  afl^airs 
there  in  check  were  concerned ;  reestablished  the  light  at  Balabac,  where  it  had  dis- 
persed and  driven  off"  with  loss  an  attacking  party  of  natives  and  where  it  keeps  a 
small  detachment  of  men,  and  has  closely  watched  Basilan  and  the  near  city  of  Zam- 
boanga.  Conditions  may  be  inferred  from  instructions  given  on  July  3d  and  11th  to 
General  Bates,  who  was  sent  to  the  Sulu  Archipelago  to  propose  terms  of  agreement  to 
the  Moros,  who  had  become  very  importunate  to  be  informed  of  the  meaning  of  our 
occupation  of  the  islands,  and  to  explain  United  States  intentions.    They  are  as  follows: 


522  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

Office  Military  Governor  in  the  Philippine  Islands, 

Manila,  P.  /.,  July  3,  1899. 
Geu.  J.  C.  Bates,  U.  S.  V., 

Manila,  P.  I. 

General:  In  compliance  with  orders  Itiisday  issued  directing  yon  to  proceed  to  the 
Jolo  Archipelago,  there  to  execute  speciflc  instructions  to  be  communicated  by  the 
department  commander,  you  will  proceed  as  soon  as  practicable  to  the  United  Slates 
military  station  of  Jolo,  on  the  island  of  that  name,  and  there  place  yourself  in  com- 
munication with  the  Sultan  of  Jolo,  who  is  believed  to  be  at  Siassi,  where  he  was 
sojourning  when  the  last  information  concerning  him  was  received. 

You  are  hereby  appointed  and  constituted  an  agent  on  the  part  of  the  United  States 
military  authorities  in  the  Philippines,  to  discuss,  enter  into  negotiations,  and  perfect, 
if  possible,  a  written  agreement  of  character  and  scope  as  hereinafter  explained,  with 
the  Sultan,  which  upon  approval  at  these  headquarters  and  conflrmatiou  by  the 
supreme  executive  authority  of  the  United  States,  will  prescribe  and  control  the  future 
relations,  social  and  political,  between  the  United  States  Government  and  the  inhali- 
itants  of  the  archipelago.  The  Mritten  memoranda  herewith  furnished  you,  which 
mention  cursorily  and  very  brieHy  the  past  political  status  and  recent  history  of  those 
people  in  so  far  as  their  domestic  and  political  relations  with  other  nations  are  con- 
cerned;  which  present  suggestions  and  recommendations,  contained  in  the  remarlis 
and  speculations  of  persons  who  have  been  personally  acquainted  Mith  them,  as  to  the 
proper  policy  of  control  or  supervisi<ju  whicli  should  be  adopted  by  the  United  States 
in  Its  dealings  with  their  native  anthnrities;  which  give  the  extent"  and  riMdt>  of  con- 
tact and  relationship  witli  tlicni  ilius  far  developed  on  the  part  of  the  I'nitcd  states 
through  its  military  agenc>-  estal)lished  in  the  port  of  Jolo,  will  enable  you  to  under- 
stand tlie  character  and  difficulties  of  the  labor  with  which  you  are  charged. 

By  reCerence  to  these  memoranda  you  will  perceive  that  in  your  discussions  with  the 
Sultan  and  his  datos  the  question  of  sovereignty  will  be  forced  to  the  front,  and  they 
will  undoubtedly  request  an  expression  of  opinion  thereon,  as  they  seem  to  be  impressed 
apparintly  w  iili  the  luli.-f  that  the  recent  Spanish  authorities  with  whom  they  were  in 
relatioiivhjii  Iium  tun  inferred  full  sovereignty  of  the  islands  to  them.  The  question  is 
one  which  adnui>  oi  ,  asy  solution,  legally  considered,  since  by  the  terms  of  treaties  or 
protocols  bLiwceii  Spain  and  European  powers  (those  referred  to  in  the  memoranda) 
Spanish  sovereignty  over  the  archipelago  is  conceded.  Under  the  agreement  between 
Spain  and  the  Sul  tan  and  datos  of  July,  1878,  the  latter  acknowledged  Spanish  sovereignty 
in  the  entire  archipelago  of  Jolo  and  agreed  to  become  loyal  Spanish  subjects,  receiving 
in  consideration  certain  speciflc  payments  in  monej-.  The  sovereigntyOf  Spain,  thus 
established  and  acknowledged  by  all  parties  in  interest,  was  transferred  to  the  T'nited 
States  by  the  Paris  treaty.  The  United  States  has  succeeded  to  all  the  ri-lits  which 
Spain  lield  in  the  archipelago,  and  its  sovereignty  over  the  same  is  an  estaldished  fact. 
But  the  inquiry  arises  as  to  the  extent  to  which  that  sovereignty  can  be  applied  under 
the  agreement  of  1S78  with  the  Moros.  Sovereignty,  of  course,  implies  lull  power  of 
political  control,  but  is  not  incompatible  with  concessionary  grants  between  sovereign 
and  subject.  The  Moros  acknowledged  througli  their  accepted  chiefs  Spanish  sovereignty 
and  theii-  sul)jeeiion  tliereto,  and  that  nation  in  turn  conferred  upon  their  chiefs  certain 
poweis  oi  -^upi  i\  i^ion  over  them  and  their  atfairs.  The  kingly  prerogatives  of  Spain, 
thus  abiidued  by  xileinii  concession,  have  descended  to  the  United  States,  and  condi- 
tions existing  at  tlie  time  of  transfer  should  remain.  The  Moros  are  entitled  to  enjoy 
the  identical  piivileges  which  they  possessed  at  the  time  of  transfer,  and  to  continue  to 
enjoy  them  until  abridged  or  modified  by  future  mutual  agreement  between  them  and 
the  United  States,  to  which  they  owe  loyalty,  unless  it  becomes  necessary  to  invoke  the 
exercise  of  supreme  ].o\vers  of  sovereignty  to  meet  emergencies.  You  will  therefore 
acquaint  yoiirsilf  thoroiii;lil,\  with  the  terms  of  the  agreement  of  1878,  and  take  them  as 
a  basis  for  your  directed  nc  uotiations. 

Possibly  you  will  di-e.>\c  f  that  the  Sultan  and  datos  are  laboring  under  the  mistaken 
impression  that  Spain,  uiion  \\  iihdrawing  recently  her  military  forces  from  the  islands, 
reconveyed  sovereimitx  to  ihcin.  Thisi-hiim  on  their  yiart  is  mentioned  in  the  memo- 
randum citing  the  ac-tioii  ot  the  Tniten  States  troops  at  .lolo,  and  may  l)e  seriously 
entertained  by  them,  he  caii^e  of  the  reported  Spanisli  action  in  placing  them  in  posses- 
sion of  Siassi,  accompanied  by  promises  to  likewise  turn  over  Jolo.  If  they  seriously 
entertain  such  an  illusion,  it  will  require  tact  and  adroitness  to  dispel  it,  and  a  discus- 
sion of  the  United  States'  benevolent  intentions,  and  its  wish  to  establish  friendly 
relations  with  them  in  order  to  carry  out  those  intentions,  should  precede  anj-  decided 
attempt  at  correction. 

The  territorial  extent  of  the  Jolo  Archipelago,  as  authoritatively  established,  is  set  out 
in  the  accompanying  memoranda  in  all  essential  particulars,  except  as  to  the  island  of 
Basilan,  where  Spain  maintained  an  important  iiaval  station,  which  is  still  in  existence, 
though  not  yet  in  United  States  actual  i.ovses-ioii.  You  will  make  inquiry  with  regard 
to  this  island  and  ascertain  if  the  Sultan  claims  any  autliority  over  it,  conceding  noth- 
ing, however,  on  the  point  as  to  the  right  of  ah-olute  control  "on  the  part  of  theUnited 
States.  The  naval  station  is  closely  connected  with  Zamboanga,  over  which  and  the 
adjacent  country  Spain  exercised  complete  supervision.  The  Sultan  and  datos  have 
exacted  tribute  from  Cagayan-Jolo  and  Balabac,  and,  in  fact,  from  scjutheni  Palawan; 
also,  when  possible,  from  other  islands  which  Spain  owned  absolutely  for  more  than 
three  hundred  years.  Hence,  the  fact  of  taking  tribute  is  not  prof)f  of  a  legal  right  to  do 
so.  Palawan  and  Balaljac  are  not  considered  to  be  portions  of  the  archipelago,  though 
it  may  not  be  policy  to  attempt  to  determine  with  the  Sultan,  at  present,  any  question 
of  ownership  which  may  arise  in  discussion.  Spain  maintained  a  governor  in  Palawan, 
and  shore  accessories,  such  as  lighthouse,  etc.,  with  some  form  of  supervisory  government 
in  Balabac.  The  United  States  demands  with  regard  to  these  islands  will  be  announced 
when  the  result  of  practical  investigation  now  being  pursued  is  ascertained.  It  may  be 
well,  therefore,  to  avoid  presenting  this  matter  to  the  Sultan  or  his  representatives  in 


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OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISfl    WAR.  523 

these  directed  preliminjiry  negotiations,  and  should  he  advance  it,  policy  dictates  that 
time  should  be  requested  to  arrive  at  a  knowledge  of  facts. 

It  is  eroaMy  desired  by  the  United  States  tor  the  sake  of  the  individual  improvement 

and  social  advancciucnt  of  the  Moros,  and  for  the  developnienl  of  tlic  t 

Moros,  lliat  mutual  friendly  and  wcll'-dctincd  relations  be  established. 
be  made  to  give  credit  to  and  fully  understand  the  intentions  <it   the  1 
desired  result  can  be  accomplished.    The  United  States  will  accept   I 
Spain  under  the  agreement  of  1878  in  the  matter  of  money  annuities 
sincerity  you  will  offer  as  a  present  to  the  Sultan  and  datos  S10,(I(K),  :\le.' 
you  will  lie  supplied  before  leavingfor  Jolo- the  same  to  be  handed  ove 
tively,  in  amounts  agreeing  with  the  ratio  of  payments  made  to  them  b. 
Gover'nmi'nt  for  tlicir  declared  services.    From  the  1st  of  September  next,  and  thereafter, 
the  ITnited  States  will  pay  to  them  regularly  the  sums  promised  by  Spain  in  its  agree- 
ment of  1S7S,  and  in  anv  siibseQuent  promises  of  which  proof  can  be  furnished. 

The  riiited  States  will  pr.)miscin  ivlnr!i  for  the  concessions  to  be  hereinafter  men- 
tioned not  to  interfere  with,  but  to  protect  the  Moios  in  the  iVee  ex<'reise  of  their  religion 
and  customs,  social  and  doim'stic,  and  will  ivs|)ect  Ih.'  ri,-hls  and  di-nities  of  tin'  Sultan 
and  his  advisers.  It  promises  not  lointeifere  in  their  allairs  of  internal  economy  and 
political  administration  further  than  to  respond  to  their  reciuests  for  assistance  or  to 
render  supervisory  action  through  advi<-e  and  instruction  m  liiose  special  Icatures  of 
administration  connected  with  the  development  of  trade  and  agricultural  resources,  and 
the  methods  of  conducting  and  employing  the  same  for  the  ijnprovement  and  elflciency 
of  government.  It  agrees  to  Insure  to  the  Sultan  and  his  people  the  enjoyment  of  these 
rights  and  privileges  against  all  foreign  nations,  and  will  declare  all  trade  of  the  Sultan 
and  his  people  with  anv  portion  of  the  Philippine  Islands  conducted  under  the  American 
flag  free,  unlimited,  anil  undutiable.  It  demand.s,  of  course,  the  right  to  exercise  control 
over  the  i)lac(-s  witliin  its  actual  occupation. 

In  return  for  the  promised  assurances  the  Sultan  and  his  chiefs,  acknowledging  the 
sovereignty  of  the  United  States,  should  stipulate  to  permit  that  Government  to  occupy 
and  coi'itrol  such  points  in  the  islands  as  the  execution  of  the  obligations  which  it 
assumes  make  necessarv,  whether  for  naval  or  military  operations  against  foreign  aggres- 
.sion  or  to  disperse  attempted  piratical  excursions.  They  will  agree  to  accept  and  fly  on 
occasion.s,  and  continuously,  the  American  tlagas  the  emblem  and  i)roof  of  Ignited  States 
sovereignty.  They  should  promise  to  givi' a  loyal  support  to  the  Cnited  Stales  to  main- 
tain the  integrity  and  i>eaee  ot  the  archiiielago,  not  to  permit  acts  ot  piracy  h.\-  their  peo- 
ple on  its  waters,  and  to  assist  the  United  States  (iovernment  to  suppress  and  abolish 
this  crime  by  whomsoever  attempts  to  commit  it,  whether  American,  inhabitant,  or 
alien.  They.s"hould  agree  to  deliver  to  theUnited  States  authorities  fortrial  and  punish- 
ment all  persons,  other  than  those  of  their  own  people,  whom  they  arrest  on  the  chaige 
of  committing  crimes  or  misdemeanors.  Tliev  should  stipulate  to  prohibit  the  purchase 
by  or  the  deliverv  to  their  iieople  of  rifles  or  war  materials,  as  the  possession  of  them  has 
a  tendency  to  stir  up  strife  amoiiK  their  separate  communil  ies  a  nd  to  destroy  the  peace 
of  the  islands,  which,  for  the  welfare  of , all  paiMies  concerned,  should  he  mainlained. 

Should  the  Sultan  and  hisdatos  reipiest  assistance  by  way  of  insti-uct  ion,  through 
competent  American   represeiitalives,  to  improve  port   regulations  and  conveniences  in 

the  interest  of  (•..mmen ■  to  huihl  up  a-ricultmv  and  increase  merchant.ahle  i.ro.lncts 

in  the  islands,  or  to  inslrn.-t  thi'  risin- generation  of  .Moros  in  industrial  and  mechanical 
pursuits  throimh  the  meilium  ol  schools  or  practical  apiiliances,  the  I'nile.l  Slates  will 
gladly  respond.  It  will  emleavor  lo  select  the  proix'r  individuals  to  go  among  and 
associate  with  them  to  imiuirt  i-<instaiit  valuable  information  in  all  such  matters  — the 
necessities  of  which  for  the  growth  in  riches  and  the  well  being  of  all  inhabitants  of  the 
islands  should  be  impressed  upon  the  Sultan  and  his  principal  advisers. 

All  these  and  othei-  snbi'  cis  of  minor  significance,  which  will  suggest  themselves  to 
you  in  the  progress  oi  iIk-  ii(gotiati(jns,  when  conditions  will  be  better  understood,  are 
for  your  consideration  and  aiipropriate  action. 

Anv  agreement  which  you  may  be  able  to  effect  will  be  of  force  only  upon  approval 
and  riitificatioii  liv  superior  authority,  and  this  must  be  distinctly  understood  and  so 
stated  in  the  instrument.  The  agreement  will  be  subject  to  future  modifications  by  the 
mutual  consent  of  all  parties  in  interest. 

I  am,  very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant,  E.  8.  Otis, 

Major  Oeneral,  U.  8.  V.,  Military  Governor. 


Office  United  State.s  Military  Governor 
IN  the  Philippine  Islands, 

Manila,  P.  I.,  July  11,  1899. 
Gen.  J.  C.  Bates,  U.  S.  V.,  Manila,  P.  I. 

General:  Referring  to  instructions  of  the  3d  instant  in  the  matter  of  the  directed 
conference  having  in  view  the  execution  of  an  agreement  with  the  Sultan  of  Jolo,  it  is 
considered  expedient  to  modify  slightly,  in  certain  parti(Milars,  those  instructions  and 
to  state  somewhat  more  sp<-cilica!l v  objects  which  it  is  desii-ed  to  attain. 

By  an  investigation  of  the  records  m  the  Manila  archives  to  discover  the  meaning 
and  extent  of  certain  stipulations  in  the  agreements  made  from  lime  to  time  by  and 
between  the  Spanish  auth(jrities  and  the  Sullan.  whicli  establish  condition  of  trade 
in  the  Archipelago  and  announce  the  status  of  the  Sultan,  it  is  discovered  that  t hese con- 
ditions and  status  are  very  varying,  and  it  can  not  be  ascertained.  In  fact,  it  is  a  con- 
clusion to  be  drawn  from  the  records,  that  Spain  never  aniiounceil  in)r  conceived  a  defi- 
nite, fixed  policy  of  control  over  the  archipelago  which  looked  to  improvement  and 
permanency.    It's  frequent  recorded  actions  seem  to  have  been  the  result  of  ti  desire  to 


524  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

temporarily  meet  difficulties  growing  out  of  some  strained  relationship  with  the  Moros 
existing  at  the  time,  accompanied  by  the  evident  flxed  purpose  to  maintain  a  sufficient 
number  of  troops  in  the  archipelago  to  show  to  Europe  tliat  occupation  in  fact  which 
would  demonstrate  Spanish  sovereignty. 

By  no  other  conclusion  can  the  varying  stipulations  of  executed  agreements  between 
Spain  and  the  Moros  be  accounted  for.  They  are  not  explained  in  any  recorded  corres- 
pondence, and  conditions  existing  at  the  dates  they  were  entered  into  warrant  the  belief 
at  which  we  have  arrived.  It  will  be  seen  that  the  Sultan  and  his  datos  are  at  one  time 
given  all  the  revenues  ;  that  Spain  permits  the  Sultan  to  collect  all  revenues  at  ports  in 
actual  Spanish  occupation,  notwithstanding  its  treaties  with  European  powers  permit 
it  to  lew  duties  at  such  ports,  and  that  Spain's  entire  action  deprives  it  of  money 
receipts,  but  imposes  upon  her  continual  heavy  expenditures  for  only  simple  nominal 
occupation  of  a  few  ports.  Neither  has  Spain  ever  attempted  to  lay  the  foundation  for 
any  reforms  looking  to  the  future  collection  of  revenues  to  meet  any  of  the  outlay, 
whether  bv  the  development  of  trade  or  improvement  of  natural  resources.  The  pursuit 
of  such  a  iiiilicv,  if  policy  it  can  be  called,  is  suicidal  to  the  interests  of  the  supervising 
country  and  tlic  interests  of  the  people  supervised.  The  United  States  should  seek  to 
adopt  a  policy  wliich,  if  devoid  of  immediate  national  benefit,  promises  beneflcal  results 
both  in  the  matter  of  revenue  (that  is,  revenue  to  meet  the  necessary  outlaying  expendi- 
tures) and  at  the  same  time  will  be  attended  by  the  improvement  of  the  educational 
and  social  conditions  of  the  inhabitants  and  the  development  of  their  country  in  trade 
and  agricultural  resources  —  that  is,  a  policy  which  will  be  mutually  advantageous  to  all 
parties  concerned. 

It  is  therefore  important  to  make  somewhat  more  specific  the  former  instructions 
and  to  modify  them  in  certain  particulars,  as  follows: 

It  is  quiet  important  that  the  United  States  shall  occupy  the  principal  distributing 
centers  of  trade,  to  build  up  and  develop  a  revenue  and  to  supervise  that  development. 
This  the  Spanish  treaties  with  foreign  powers  permit.  Siassi  should  be  occupied  by  our 
troops  at  no  distant  day  and  two  or  three  other  important  points.  This  necessity  you 
will  keep  in  view  in  yo'ur  negotiations  and  will  show  the  Sultan  the  blessings  which 
would  be  conferred  upon  his  inoplr  Ijv  intelligent  estalilishment  and  development. 

In  declaring  "all  trade  of  the  Sultaii  and  his  pi-opli.  with  any  portion  of  the  Philip- 
pine Islands,  conducted  umlc-i  ihr  Ann  ric-au  Hat:,  trt-r.  unlimited,  and  undutiable,"  care 
must  be  taken  to  guard  a-'^ain^t  tlii>  po-:>iliility  of  the  introduction  of  foreign  commerce 
into  the  arcliiiHlairo  and  thence  into  other  Philippine  ports  without  paying  the  pre- 
scribed dutio.  It  i-  only  the  products  of  the  archipelago  which  can  have  the  benefits  ot 
interisland  connntici  . 

While  the  Sultan  might  be  supported  and  may  receive  revenue  from  certain  avenues, 
pearl  fisheries,  etc.,  which  he  is  now  enjoying,  there  should  be  some  understanding  as  to 
future  revenues  to  be  derived  from  a  newly-constructed  and  increasing  trade  in  foreign 
products.  Negotiations  should  look  to  the  establishment  of  a  financial  and  commercial 
system  based  upon  modern  methods,  which,  while  not  destructively  antagonistic  to 
present  conditions,  can  be  developed  upon  lines  consistent  with  modern  practices. 
Very  respectfully,  vour  obedient  servant. 

E.  S.  Otis, 
Major  General,  U.  S.  V.,  MiUtary  Governor. 

General  Bates  had  a  difficult  task  to  perform  and  executed  it  with  tact  and  ability. 
While  a  number  of  the  principal  datos  were  favorably  inclined,  the  Sultan,  not  respond- 
ing to  invitations,  kept  aloof  and  was  represented  by  his  secretary,  until  finally,  the 
general  appearing  at  Maibung,  the  Moro  capital,  a  personal  interview  was  secured.  He 
being  also  Sultan  of  North  Borneo  and  receiving  large  annual  payments  from  the 
North  Borneo  Trading  Company,  expected  like  returns  from  the  United  States,  and 
seemed  moi-e  anxious  to  obtain  personal  revenue  than  benefits  for  his  people.  Securing 
the  port  of  Siassi  from  the  Spaniards,  establishing  there  his  guards  and  police,  he  had 
received  customs  revenues  from  the  Sandaken  trade  which  he  was  loath  to  surrender. 
Negotiations  continued  well  into  August,  and  finally,  after  long  conferences,  an  agree- 
ment was  reached  by  which  the  United  States  secured  much  more  liberal  terms  than  the 
Spaniards  were  ever  able  to  obtain.  Full  reports  of  the  conferences  have  been  duly  for- 
warded, together  with  the  agreement  proposed  for  authoritative  action.  It  is  believed 
that  if  peace  can  be  maintained  a  trade  can  be  built  up  which  will  prove  highly  benefi- 
cial to  both  the  United  States  and  the  Moro  people  and  will  be  the  means  of  opening 
avenues  through  which  a  more  advanced  civilization  can  be  developed  in  these  islands. 

The  population  of  the  Sulu  Archipelago  is  reckoned  at  one  hundred  and  twenty 
thousand,  mostly  domiciled  in  the  island  of  Jolo,  and  numbers  twenty  thousand  fight- 
ing men.  Hostilities  would  be  unfortunate  for  all  parties  concerned,  would  be  very 
expensive  to  the  United  States  in  men  and  money,  and  destructive  of  any  advancement 
of  the  Moros  for  years  to  come.  Spain's  long  struggle  with  these  people  and  their  dislike 
for  the  former  dominant  race  in  the  Philippines,  inherited,  it  would  .seem,  by  each 
rising  generation  during  three  centuries,  furnishes  an  instructive  lesson.  Under  the 
pending  agreement  General  Bates,  assisted  by  the  officers  of  the  Navy,  quietly  placed 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    TN    SPANISH    WAR.  525 

garrisons  of  one  company  each  at  Siassi  and  at  Bongao,  on  the  Tawi  Tawi  group  of 
islands,  where  they  were  well  received  by  the  friendly  natives.  With  the  approval  of 
the  agreement,  the  only  difficulty  to  a  satisfactory  settlement  of  the  Sulu  affairs  will 
arise  from  discontent  on  the  part  of  the  Sultan  personally  because  of  a  supposed 
decrease  in  anticipated  revenues  or  the  machinations  of  the  insurgents  of  Mindanao, 
who  are  endeavoring  to  create  a  feeling  t)f  distrust  and  hostility  among  the  natives 
against  the  United  States  troops. 

The  Sultan's  government  is  one  of  perfect  despotism,  in  form  at  least,  as  all  political 
power  is  supposed  to  center  in  his  person  ;  but  this  does  not  prevent  frequent  outbreaks 
on  the  part  of  the  datos,  who  frequently  revolt,  and  are  now  in  two  or  three  instances, 
in  declared  enmity.  All  Moros,  however,  profess  the  Mohammedan  religion,  introduced 
in  the  fourteenth  century,  and  the  sacredness  of  the  person  of  the  Sultan  is  therefore  a 
tenet  of  faith.  This  fact  would  prevent  any  marked  success  by  a  dato  in  attempting  to 
secure  supreme  power.  Spain  endeavored  to  supplant  the  Sultan  with  one  of  his  most 
enterprising  chiefs  and  signally  failed.  Peonage  or  a  species  of  serfdom  enters  largely 
into  the  social  and  domestic  arrangements,  and  a  dato's  following  or  clan  submits  itself 
without  protest  to  his  arbitrary  will.  The  Moro  political  fabric  bears  resemblance  to 
the  state  of  feudal  times  — the  Sultan  exercising  supreme  power  by  divine  right,  and  his 
datos,  like  the  feudal  lords,  supporting  or  opposing  him  at  will,  and  by  force  of  arms 
occasionally,  but  not  to  the  extent  of  dethronement,  as  that  would  be  too  great  a  sacrl' 
lege  for  a  Mohammedan  people  to  seek  to  consummate.  The  United  States  must  accept 
these  people  as  they  are,  and  endeavor  to  ameliorate  their  condition  by  degrees,  and  the 
best  means  to  insure  success  appears  to  be  through  the  cultivation  of  friendly  .sentiments 
and  the  introduction  of  trade  and  commerce  upon  approved  business  methods.  To 
undertake  forcible  radical  action  for  the  amelioration  of  conditions  or  to  so  interfere 
with  their  domestic  relations  as  to  arouse  their  suspicions  and  distrust  would  be  attended 
with  unfortunate  consequences. 

The  experience  of  the  past  year  has  conclusively  demonstrated  that  the  labors 
demanded  to  organize,  supply,  command,  and  exchange  an  army  actively  engaged  in 
hostilities  are  small  in  comparison  to  those  which  are  required  to  supervise  the  business, 
social  and  political  interests,  and  the  individual  rights  of  several  millions  of  people 
without  established  government  or  any  existing  rules  of  action  excepting  such  as  may 
be  imposed  by  military  control.  In  the  Philippines  chaos,  in  so  far  as  a  civil  adminis- 
tration of  public  affairs  is  concerned,  followed  the  overthrow  of  the  despotism  of  Spain 
and  was  succeeded  throughout  the  islands  by  the  rule  of  the  sword,  which  has  recently 
been  directed  by  a  few  unprincipled  Tagalos,  who  have  retained  power  thus  far,  although 
it  is  gradually  passing  from  Ihcir  grasp,  by  deceiving  the  ignorant  masses  with  the 
assertion  that  the  United  States  intended  to  enslave  and  destroy  them,  and  with  the 
cry  for  independence  and  republican  government.  The  experience  of  the  people  has 
taught  them  that  the  rule  of  Spain  was  mild  in  comparison  with  this  substituted 
governing  power,  and  the  great  majority  of  them— at  least  of  those  who  are  able  to 
reflect  or  who  have  property  at  stake  —  desire  its  destruction.  Many  are  held  in  subjec- 
tion by  the  armed  bodies  in  their  midst,  and  their  lives  and  property  would  pay  the 
penalty  of  resistance  should  they  attempt  it  eithei>  by  word  or  act.  During  this  political 
transition  business  interests  and  individual  property  rights  have  been  in  jeopardy. 
Incorpo.-atcd  companies  holding  valuable  concessions  granted  by  Spain,  business 
houses  which  have  made  large  money  investments  for  the  purpose  of  conducting  trade 
and  commerce  in  these  islands,  vested  property  interests,  recently  acquired  estates  by 
testament  and  descent,  and  those  encumbered  by  mortgage  or  embargo,  are  fruitful 
sources  of  continually  recurring  questions  which  require  able  civil  administration  and 
the  as.sistance  of  courts  of  justice  with  their  auxiliary  appliances  to  properly  adjust, 
but  which  have  been  thrust  upon  the  military  authorities  for  determination,  together 
with  all  matters  of  a  criminal  nature  involving  alleged  fraudulent  transactions  which 
demand  speedy  remedial  action,  as  well  as  offenses  of  a  more  serious  character.  Fortu- 
nately the  large  property  interests  held  by  corporations  and  business  houses  belong  for 
the  most  part  to  Europeans,  and  are  to  a  certain  extent  respected  by  the  insurgent 


526  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

government  through  fear  of  incurring  universal  civilized  condemnation  should  it 
destroy  or  openly  appropriate  them. 

So,  also,  the  foreign  element  of  the  population  engaged  in  conducting  trade  are  very 
largely  citizens  of  strong  European  governments,  whose  persons  are  comparatively 
secure  wherever  in  the  islands  they  may  wish  to  journey.  Hence,  it  has  been  possible  to 
carry  on  trade  whenever  the  interests  of  the  United  States  or  the  necessities  of  the  large 
Philippine  population  dwelling  within  the  country  of  our  occupation  has  demanded  it. 
Unfortunately,  too,  it  might  be  said,  this  comparative  security  of  pereon  and  properly 
incites  the  commercial  classes  to  business  activity  and  a  desire  for  insurgent  trade  incom- 
patible with  war  conditions,  even  though  contraband  does  not  materially  enter;  has  occa- 
sioned voluminous  correspondence  and  incessant  applications  for  trade  permits,  necessi- 
tated constant  watchfulness  on  the  part  of  the  army,  and  especially  of  the  navy,  and  has 
required  at  times  needed  unpleasant  consequent  action.  The  volume  of  trade,  however, 
for  the  year  ending  August  31st,  has  been  quite  large,  and  merchants  have  suffered  much 
less  than  is  generally  supposed.  Of  the  three  staple  articles  of  the  island,  hemp,  tobaccf), 
and  sugar,  only  the  latter  shows  a  very  marked  depreciation  in  amounts  secured  and 
exported.  About  the  same  quantity  of  henip  has  been  taken  from  the  shipping  ports 
during  the  past  as  in  the  preceding  year,  and  large  exportations  of  tobacco  have  been 
made.  There  still  remain  in  the  islands  considerable  quantities  of  both  hemp  and 
tobacco,  but  Aguinaldo  a  short  time  since  issued  what  was  called  a  decree,  most  injurious 
to  his  interests,  forbidding  his  Tagalo  guards  to  permit,  at  the  ports  where  they  were 
stationed,  the  entrance  of  any  merchant  vessel  Hying  the  American  flag,  and  as  all  inter- 
island  commerce  is  carried  on  under  that  flag,  his  decree  virtually  terminated  at  all 
points  where  his  troops  are  maintained,  with  the  result  that  the  inhabitants  are  deprived 
of  rice  and  other  necessary  articles  of  food.  The  decree  has  caused  discontent  and  suffer- 
ing and  has  taken  from  the  insurgents  much  of  their  revenue,  while  it  has  not  affected 
United  States  interests  nor  the  inhabitants  within  our  lines,  as  they  are  now  well  sup- 
plied and  will  soon  reap  an  abundant  harvest  from  their  crops,  which  they  have  planted 
since  United  States  protection  has  been  given  them. 

So  unpopular  is  this  decree  that  the  outside  inhabitants  declare  that  they  will  resist 
its  execution  should  American  vessels  appear  in  their  harbors,  but  our  experience  thus 
far  is  that  a  tjattalion  of  Tagalo  guards  can  hold  down  many  large  communities  of 
unarmed  natives.  Merchants,  if  permitted,  would  take  all  the  risks  of  inter-island  trade 
notwithstanding  this  restrictive  decree  and  solemnly  contract  to  suffer  all  losses  attend- 
ant upon  their  venture,  which  would  sooner  or  later  doubtless  appear  as  claiins  from 
marine  insurance  companies;  but  a  wise  policy  dictates  that  trade  facilitates  should 
remain  for  the  present  in  the  condition  which  Aguinaldo  by  his  decree  intended  to  place 
them.  He  has  acted  under  it  in  one  instance  only,  and  then  in  the  case  of  a  vessel 
anchored  in  a  port  of  western  Luzon  and  which  had  sailed  before  it  was  known  that  the 
decree  had  been  issued.  His  troops  seized  the  crew  and  cargo  and  when  the  navy  went 
to  its  relief  burned  the  vessel  and  flred  upon  the  rescuing  party.  The  return  flre  of  the 
navy  upon  the  entrenched  insurgent  troops  has  been  publicly  proclaimed  from  insur- 
gent headquarters  as  an  act  of  barbarous  warfare  which  should  be  condemned  by  all 
civilized  nations. 

The  customs  receipts  (a  fair  index  of  the  volume  of  trade)  for  the  year  ending  August 
31st  were  57,783,000,  currency  of  the  country— a  larger  amount  than  ever  before  received 
in  an  equal  portion  of  time,  and  this  while  we  held  the  port  of  Iloilo  for  only  six  and 
that  of  Cebu  for  but  Ave  months  of  the  period. 

In  the  matter  of  the  public  revenue,  the  United  States  has  collected  less  than  one  hall 
of  the  greatest  total  amount  which  Spain  has  drawn  from  the  islands  in  a  correspond- 
ing length  of  time,  for  the  reason  that  the  extent  of  our  occupation  of  territory  has  been 
very  limited  and  because  some  of  its  former  most  prolific  sources  of  taxation  have  been 
ignored.  The  largest  yearly  amount  which  Spain  ever  received  was  a  little  less  than 
SI7,500,000,  of  which  a  little  more  than  one  third  was  derived  from  customs,  one  quarter 
from  the  sale  of  "cedulas  personates,"  or  certificates  of  personal  identity,  which  every 
inhabitant  was  obliged  to  purchase,  and  about  §1,200,000  from  lotteries  and  gambling 


OREGON    V0LUNTEP:RS    in    SPANISH    WAR.  527 

and  the  opium  and  cock-fighting  contractors.  The  15,500,000  wliich  Spain  received  from 
cedillas,  licensed  gambling,  and  contracts  which  the  United  States  courts  would  hold 
void  on  grounds  of  public  policy,  would  in  any  event,  even  if  all  the  islands  had  been 
pacified  and  occupied,  havt^  been  lost  to  us,  as  no  attempts  at  collection  would  have 
been  nuide. 

However,  the  cedula  tax  might  have  yielded  something,  for  although  this  is  the  most 
hated  by  the  natives  of  all  taxes  formerly  imposed  upon  them,  they  desire  the  cedula, 
as  this  simple  means  of  identity  is  valuable  to  them  in  conducting  business  and  when 
journeying  through  the  islands.  In  response  t'o  the  expressed  desire  of  the  inhabitants 
of  Manila  for  this  ticket,  it  was  given  on  personal  application  at  a  nominal  sum  sufll- 
cient  to  defray  the  cost  of  issuance,  and  over  sixty  thousand  of  them  were  distributed 
in  a  short  space  of  time  from  the  Manila  office  of  internal  revenue.  The  annual  rev- 
enue of  nearly  a  million  of  dollars  received  by  Spain  for  convict  labor,  exclusive  taxes 
on  Chinese  residents,  sales  of  public  lands,  profits  of  the  mint,  and  local  consumption 
tobacco  taxes  could  not  be  collected  by  the  United  States.  So,  also,  the  internal-revenue 
collections  on  real  estate,  industries,  and  stamped  paper  have  been  confined  to  Manila 
and  Iloilo,  and  the  yield  therefrom  has  been  but  a  fraction  of  the  receipts  which  our 
control  of  all  the  islands  would  have  insured.  The  internal-revenue  receipts  during  a 
year  of  occupation  of  Manila,  or  from  August  18,  1898,  were  1577,748.  The  grand  total 
of  all  piiblic  money  receipts  from  every  source  for  the  year  ending  August  19,  1899,  one 
year  from  the  date  the  United  States  took  possession  of  the  public  offices  in  Manila 
(August,  1898,  yielding  very  small  returns),  amounted  to  |8,239,t35,  of  which  87,790,692 
were  from  customs  alone.  Larger  returns  from  legitimate  sources  might  have  been 
obtained,  but  it  took  time  to  adjust  the  machinery  for  collection,  and  long-existing 
fraudulent  practices  have  been  indulged  in.  Heavy  punishments  have  been  meted  out 
when  offenses  have  been  detected,  and  the  labor  to  improve  the  civil  service  is  still  being 
diligently  prosecuted. 

Spain's  system  of  taxation  was  very  ingeniously  devised  in  order  to  obtain  all  reve- 
nue possible  to  cover  the  expenditures  of  administering  the  islands,  but  I  believe  that 
every  annual  budget  showed  a  deficit.  With  the  restoration  of  peace  and  active  busi- 
ness conditions,  the  development  of  natural  resources,  the  introduction  of  machinery 
and  practical  business  enterprises,  the  construction  of  railroads  and  highways,  and 
the  encouragement  of  the  people  in  profitable  labor,^I  am  convinced  that  trade  and 
commerce  would  be  greatly  increased  and  the  amount  of  revenue  doubled  in  a  short 
period  of  time,  without  imposing  the  burdens  which  were  complained  of  during  Span- 
ish supremacy.  Even  in  this  season  of  war  commerce  has  increased.  For  the  five  and 
one  half  months  ending  with  December  last,  seventy-seven  foreign  and  two  hundred  and 
sixty  coast  vessels  entered  and  eighty  foreign  and  two  hundred  and  fifty-one  coast  ves- 
sels cleared  from  our  ports,  making  a  total  of  six  hundred  and  sixty-eight  vessels,  with 
a  total  tonnage  of  six  hundred  and  fifty-seven  thousand  seven  hundred  and  forty  tons; 
while  for  the  six  months  ending  with  June  last,  one  hundred  and  fifty-five  foreign  and 
three  hundred  and  sixty-seven  coast  vessels  entered  and  one  hundred  and  sixty-three 
foreign  and  four  hundred  and  nine  coast  vessels  cleared,  making  a  total  of  one  thou- 
sand and  forty-nine  and  having  a  tonnage  of  one  hundred  and  thirty-three  thousand 
nine  hundred  and  thirty-five  tons. 

The  most  of  the  revenue  received  has  been  expended,  both  for  war  and  civil  purposes, 
by  a  few  selected  disbursing  officers,  and  every  dollar  has  been  accounted  for.  There 
remained  on  August  :Jlst,  3^1,361,085.39,  nearly  one  half  of  which  stood  pledged  to  pay  for 
temporary  barracks  and  hospitals  for  troops  and  for  a  large  refrigerating  plant  to  be 
erected  in  Manila.  All  results  of  action  taken  In  connection  with  the  collection  and 
expenditure  of  the  public  revenue  from  the  date  of  the  capitulation  of  this  city  to  June 
30th  last,  the  end  of  the  fiscal  year,  are  shown  in  the  accompanying  reports  of  the  col- 
lecting and  disbursing  officers,  to  which  attention  is  invited. 

The  present  current  money  of  the  islands  consists  of  the  Filipino  dollar,  of  which 
0,000,000  were  sent  from  Spain  in  1897,  about  $10,000,000  in  subsidiary  coins,  eight  or  ten 
millions  of  Mexican  dollars,  and  11,500,000  in  bank  notes  of  the  Banco  Espanol-Filipino. 


528  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

The  former  standard  money  was  gold,  consisting  of  Spanish  "onzas"  and  the  81,  $2, 
and  $i  gold  pieces  minted  in  Manila.  All  of  these  have  been  driven  out  of  circulation  by 
the  cheaper  silver  currency.  The  Banco  Espauol-Filipino  is  the  only  bank  which  has 
the  power  to  make  paper  issue.  Under  Spanish  concession  and  in  return  for  loans  made 
to  that  Government,  it  was  granted  the  privilege  of  issuing  its  notes  amounting  to  three 
times  its  capital  stock  of  81,500,000,  and  its  paper  dollar  is  considered  the  equivalent  of 
the  Mexican  silver  dollar.  The  Spanish  Government  had  representation  in  the  manage- 
ment of  this  bank,  and  recently  the  bank  invited  the  United  States  authorities  here  to 
avail  itself  of  this  privilege  by  the  appointment  of  an  accredited  agent,  which  invitation 
has  been  declined,  as  such  action  might  be  construed  to  be  an  acknowledgment  on  the 
part  of  the  United  States  of  its  obligation  to  recognize  under  treaty  promises  the  validity 
of  the  Spanish  concession.  The  War  Department  has  paid  out  in  Manila  United  States 
gold  currency  in  considerable  quantities,  and  it  is  believed  that  about  83,000,000  from 
these  disbursements  have  been  hoarded  by  the  inhabitants.  The  money  in  circulation, 
therefore,  in  the  Philippines  is  less  than  830,000,000  of  silver,  or  the  equivalent  — a  very 
small  sum  to  transact  the  volume  of  business;  but  then  a  large  share  of  this  trade 
depends  upon  credit  and  the  exchange  of  the  country's  products  that  comparatively 
little  money  is  required  to  conduct  it.  However,  during  the  yearly  periods  of  greatest 
exportation  money  to  move  the  crops  becomes  very  scarce  and  rates  of  exchange  high. 
Exchange  fluctuations  were  greater  in  Spanish  times  than  at  present,  for  in  1878  Spain 
prohibited  by  decree  the  importation  of  Mexican  dollars  of  a  mintage  later  than  the 
date  of  the  decree  except  under  high  duty  payments  and  gave  no  substitute.  This 
induced  smuggling  from  the  foreign  Asiatic  ports,  and  the  smuggler  was  paid  a  hand- 
some profit  for  the  hazard  he  encountered.  The  enterprise  was  brisk  until  money 
became  plentiful  and  exchange  had  again  returned  to  a  nominal  figure. 

When  money  was  in  great  demand  the  price  of  the  Mexican  dollar  was  considerably 
above  its  Hongkong  value  in  gold  and  sold  in  Manila  for  from  ten  to  fifteen  per  cent 
more  than  its  actual  value.  The  currency  of  the  country  still  fluctuates  daily  according 
to  the  price  of  silver  in  the  great  money  markets  of  the  world  and  has  no  stable  value. 
This,  however,  appears  to  aflfect  very  little  ordinary  business  unless  purchases  of  mer- 
chandise and  services  must  be  paid  for  in  gold,  when  these  fluctuations  enter  largely 
into  the  calculations  of  profit  and  loss.  The  merchant  who  buys  gold  in  Manila  must 
pay  not  only  the  rate  of  exchange,  but  the  estimated  cost  of  transporting  the  metal, 
and  if  he  wishes  to  convert  gold  into  silver  he  must  pay  high  exchange  rates  and  the 
cost  of  shipment  of  the  Mexican  dollar.  The  public  revenue  is  paid  in  the  currency  of 
the  country,  as  is  most  expedient,  else  daily  silver  fluctuations  would  necessitate  daily 
dlfllcult  calculations  uixin  the  gold  value  of  the  money  oflered  at  the  various  public 
offices;  but  as  it  is  for  the  most  part  expended  here  for  services  and  on  local  contract 
purchases  the  difficulties  attending  rates  of  exchange  are  not  serious.  The  officers  and 
enlisted  men  of  the  Army  who  are  paid  in  gold  have  been  the  principal  suflferers,  as  they 
are  obliged  to  exchange  their  gold  for  silver  to  meet  their  local  payments.  The  two 
established  banks  of  the  islands  other  than  the  Banco  Espanol-Filipino,  above  men- 
tioned, are  branches  of  the  Hongkong  and  Shanghai  Banking  Corporation  and  the 
Chartered  Bank  of  India,  Australia,  and  China.  These  have  been  made  depositories  of 
the  public  civil  funds  and  generally  make  the  money  exchanges  for  the  Army.  For  a  long 
time  they  allowed  but  two  dollars  silver  for  one  in  gold,  but  recently  have  arranged 
for  receiving  gold  deposits  from  disbursing  officers  on  account  and  to  make  payments 
thereon  in  gold.  This  entire  question  of  the  currency  requires  the  mature  deliberation 
of  our  most  eminent  monetary  authorities. 

Of  the  islands  of  the  Philippines  which  contain  large  populations  and  which  furnish 
valuable  products  for  shipment  to  foreign  marts,  which  engage  largely  in  trade  and  in 
which  business  interests  of  importance  have  been  established,  the  United  States  have 
not  as  yet  taken  possession  of  Samar,  Leyte,  and  Mindanao,  and  none  of  Panay  with 
the  exception  of  its  chief  city  and  surroundings.  The  southern  and  northern  coasts  of 
Luzon,  where  hemp  and  tobacco  are  produced  in  large  quantities,  still  remain  subject 
to  insurgent  dictation.    When  United  States  occupation  of  these  islands  and  provinces 


OREGON    V0LUNTEF:RS    in    SPANISH    WAR.  529 

will  be  effected  depends  upon  the  arrival  of  troops  in  suffieient  numl)ers  to  Justify  the 
eslablishnient  of  permanent  garrisons. 

Little  difficulty  attends  the  act  of  taking  possession  of  and  temporarily  liolding  any 
section  of  the  country.  A  column  of  three  thousand  men  could  march  through  and 
successfully  contend  with  any  force  which  the  insurgents  could  place  in  its  route,  l)ut 
they  would  close  in  behind  it  and  again  prey  upon  the  inhabitants,  persecuting  without 
mercy  those  who  had  manifested  any  friendly  feeling  toward  the  American  troops.  The 
policy  of  the  insurgent  authorities  has  been  to  arm  the  bandits  of  the  mountain  sections 
and  the  natives  who  have  formerly  lived  on  the  proceeds  of  crime.  Many  of  these  men 
have  deserted  the  ranks,  and  now  armed,  plunder  their  countrymen  who  have  property 
or  money  without  discrimination.  If  cominunities  could  be  protected  against  this 
source  of  danger  and  be  assured  of  protection  from  the  outrages  which  have  been  com- 
mitted by  the  organized  insurgent  force,  formidable  opposition  to  American  supremacy 
would  cease.  The  inhabitants  have  confidence  in  the  American  troops.  Even  the  insur- 
gent leaders  take  advantage  of  the  humane  and  charitable  policy  which  the  United 
States  authorities  have  thus  far  pursued.  They  seek  to  place  their  families  and  property 
in  Manila,  where  a  number  of  the  families  of  the  most  noted  of  their  chiefs  are  now 
living  in  comfort  and  luxury,  believing,  notwithstanding  their  conduct  and  offenses, 
which,  under  approved  rules  of  war,  would  subject  their  families  to  removal  and  all 
their  property  to  confiscation,  and  which  rules  it  may  yet  be  to  our  interests  to  apply, 
that  they  can  pursuerebellionaslongas  they  desire  and  in  theend  escape  all  punishment. 
So  confident  are  they  of  the  nature  and  scope  of  American  charity  that  their  ill-gotten 
gains  — acquired  through  robbery,  in  fact,  but  under  the  guise  of  a  pretended  govern- 
ment contending,  they  say,  for  liberty  against  oppression  — are  deposited  in  our  banks 
or  are  invested  in  our  trade.  And  still,  while  they  manifest  this  absolute  confidence  by 
their  individual  acts,  they  publicly  circulate  the  most  malicious  statements  their  active 
imaginations  can  invent  regarding  United  States  intention  and  the  horrors  of  war 
which  our  troops  indulge  in.  An  active  society  in  Hongkong,  composed  of  their  people 
and  certain  Europeans  retained  under  high  pay,  and  in  which  American  membership  is 
believed  to  exist,  which  feeds  and  fattens  upon  the  corruption  it  is  able  to  produce,  fills 
the  islands  and  the  world  with  its  invented  published  statements  of  abuse.  While  they 
fill  the  newspaper  press  with  their  false  statements  of  atrocities  committed  by  our 
troops,  their  chief,  Aguinaldo,  writes: 

We  will  never  accept  a  treaty  of  peace  dishonorable  to  the  Filipino  arms,  and  conse- 
quently disastrous  to  the  future  of  the  country,  which  is  what  our  enemies  desire.  For 
this  reason  I  advise  all  those  who  feel  that  they  have  notstrensth  to  nmlvo  this  sairifice, 
and  whose  services  are  not  indispensable  to  our  govern  incnt,  to  irtniii  to  tin' capital  or 
to  the  towns  occupied  by  the  enemy,  reserving  thenisrlvcs  in  order  to  si  iiiil;i  Inn  tlie 
organization  of  the  government  when  independence  is  s^iined.  Thc.N'caii  thin  laKi- the 
places  of  those  who  need  rest  after  the  lalittues  of  the  struggle.  I  am  not  (lis])l<ase(l  iluit 
some  of  the  Filipinos  have  accepted  positions  from  the  Americans.  On  llir  conlrarv,  I 
am  glad  of  it,  for  in  that  manner  tin  •>■  can  hitter  appreciate  the  true  American  character. 
I  am  still  more  glad  because  of  the  fact  that  ourenemies  having  had  recourse  to  Kilii)i- 
nos  for  the  discharge  of  the  duties  of  high  offices  in  the  public  administration,  will  dem- 
onstrate that  they  acknowledge  the  capacity  of  the  people  to  govern  themselves. 

While  the  Tagalo  newspapers  publish  to  the  portion  of  their  people  still  dominated 
by  the  insurgents  stories  of  insurgent  prowess,  and  sum  up  Amei-ican  losses  in  battle  to 
date  at  an  even  twenty-six  thousand,  Aguinaldo  publishes  his  proclamations,  exhorting 
the  people  to  hold  out  until  December,  when  the  American  Congress  will  surely  grant 
them  independence  under  his  leadership,  against  which  all  good  Filipinos,  I  am  certain 
would  most  assuredly  protest.  On  this  line  one  of  the  principal  members  of  the  Hong- 
kong junta  writes : 

Do  you  think  that  the  country  slu)uld  deliver  itself  comiiletely  to  the  promises  inade 
by  those  who  call  tlienisel\-es  ri'iirisenlali\-es  of  That  -reat  Keimhli 
when  we  well  know  hy  t  he  ( 'oMsi  i  t  ui  ion  oi  I  he  connti'.N  that  the;,  i 
because  they  are  not  a'uthori/.ed  t'oi-  that  |uir|iose  and  can  nol  he  exci 
of  Congress?  If  this  be  so,  is  it  not  true  that  it  is  better  to  \v;,it  f< 
determine  the  governmental  re>;iini' to  be  established  in  our  belovei 
other  hand,  it  is  ceitain  that  if  that  struggle  is  not  kept  up  the  |iarti« 
shall  hereafter  be  treated  as  the  nejrrops  are.  *  *  *  And  why  i 
friend,  suppoi-t  that  other  party,  in  order  that  we  gain  re<-ognitioi'i  ol 

34 


>1~' 

•eat    l.eople 
lie    li'iisted 

III 

Igl' 

ess  first  to 

fl'X 

•?    On  the 

111 

lite  and  we 

leil 

1,  my   dear 

igl. 

its,  with  all 

530  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

the  necessary  guaranties  ?  Otis  aud  company  offer  but  little  security  that  the  autonomy 
or  any  other  system  of  government  which  they  establish  there  will  be  respected.  I  am 
informed  that  there  is  not  a  countryman  of  ours  who  does  not  want  peace,  but  they 
want  it  on  a  basis  of  guaranties  in  favor  of  the  people. 

Even  more;  so  just  is  our  cause  that,  gaining  sympathy,  several  European  powers 
have  made  official  offers  to  provide  us  with  everything  we  require;  but  as  we  consider 
the  war  which  is  being  sustained  is  not  against  America,  because  we  know  that  eighty 
per  cent  of  that  great  people,  which  on  one  occasion  struggled  for  the  independence 
which  it  now  enjoys,  is  in  favor  of  us,  but  only  against  McKinley  and  his  party.  Other 
offers  made  have  not  been  accepted  because  we  have  complete  assurance  that  very  soon 
the  imperialist  party  will  come  to  reason  and  will  concede  us  the  guaranties,  etc. 

So  deep  an  impression  have  statements  of  this  character  made  upon  able  Filipinos 
who  favor  United  States  control  and  are  conscientiously  laboring  for  its  complete  estab- 
lishment that  I  am  importuned  by  them  for  Information  as  to  the  trend  of  United  States 
ixjlitical  affairs  and  to  state  if,  in  my  opinion,  they  are  finally  to  be  surrendered  to  the 
mercies  of  their  insurgent  countrymen. 

The  islands  are  flooded  with  the  abusive  literature  which  has  birth  in  Asiatic  ports 
and  is  published  in  Spanish  and  native  languages.  What  was  ostensibly  a  private  letter 
prepared  by  a  European  who  has  never  visited  these  islands,  and  which  was  written  in 
Hongkong,  is  circulated  publicly  by  the  Hongkong  junta.  Extracts  therefrom  read  as 
follows : 

You  and  the  Filipinos  who  aspire  to  peace  in  the  form  of  autonomy  believe  the  hol- 
low words  of  the  Yankees.  You  write  me :  "  We  have  no  people  to  govern  ourselves. 
That  is  the  truth.    We  shall  have  them  after  ten  years  of  American  sovereignty." 

I  reply:  We  shall  not  have  tlieni  in  ten,  twenty,  or  a  hundred  years,  because  the 
Yankees  will  never  acknowirds;!  tlic  aptitude  of  an  inferior  race  to  govern  the  country, 
and,  as  you  know,  under  tin-  licudini;  of  inferior  races  they  class  the  Spaniards  them- 
selves. "Do  not  dream  tliat  wlien  American  sovereignty  is  implanted  in  the  country  the 
American  officeholder  will  give  up.  Never!  This  is  what  will  liapjien  :  During  the  first 
few  years  they  will  admit  a  few  Filipinos,  either  because  it  is  difficult  for  the  Yankees  to 
learii  at  once'the  administration  of  the  country,  so  different  from  America,  or  in  order 
to  disarm  for  the  moment  the  suspicion  of  the  Americanist  Filipinos.  After  those  five 
or  ten  years  of  apprenticeship  they  will  tear  off  the  mask  with  which  they  now  dis- 
semble their  true  object  of  governing  the  country  exclusively  by  Anglo-Saxons,  as  they 
have  done  with  all  countries  which  belonged,  prior  to  Yankee  domination,  to  the  Span- 
ish Empire.  With  that  proud  scorn  which  characterizes  the  Yankee  in  his  political 
and  social  contact  with  colored  people,  they  will  close  their  ears  to  the  complaints  and 
aspirations  of  the  sons  of  the  country,  and  will  laugh  at  those  who  helped  to  bring  the 
country  under  the  American  yoke. 

Yes,  my  friend,  the  Americans  have  no  intention  of  leaving  the  Philippines,  and 
once  that  sovereignty  is  recognized  and  the  brave  Filipino  army  disbanded  they  will 
send  to  the  Philippines  swarms  of  genuine  officeholders,  who  will  treat  the  noble  sons  of 
the  country  as  they  do  the  "colored  gentlemen"  in  the  United  States.  To  the  Yankees 
you  are  only  a  "nigger,"  who  in  the  present  circumstances,  full  of  difficulties  for  the 
Yankees,  is  the  obje<;t  of  a  more  or  less  perfectly  simulated  respect.  But  alas  for  you 
when  the  dav  arrives  when  the  Yankees  will  no  longer  need  your  help  and  cooperation  ! 

Do  not  look  for  the  Americans  to  do  anything  to  assist  the  national  progress  of  the 
country.  In  America  the  Government  takes  no  part  in  the  education  of  the  nation. 
All  education  is  the  work  of  private  individuals  or  associations.  The  Yankees  have 
absolutelv  no  interest  whatever  in  raising  to  a  higher  educational  level  the  native 
masses,  both  because  the  Government  will  not  interest  itself  in  such  an  enterprise,  and 
because  such  a  policy  would  be  contrary  to  the  object  of  the  American  imperialist, 
which  is  to  convert  the  archipelago  into  a  field  for  exploitation  by  trusts  and  office- 
holders. 

If  the  Filipinos  accept  American  sovereignty  with  a  halt  and  Miml  autonomy,  if  they 
permit  the  riiited  States  to  seize  the  otrices  of  the  country  and  nmk.'  tli.  >r  sacrifices  in 
the  lie  ipc- that  when  they  have  fit  men  to  govern  the  country  tin'  A  ii:.ii,ans  will  turn 
the  government  over  to  the  native  element,  reducing  the  Amiiican  pcisonnel  to  the 
governor  general,  then  the  Filipinos  are  going  to  sacrifice  their  liberty,  their  honor, 
their  race,  and,  in  short,  everything  which  is  included  within  the  meaning  of  nation- 
ality, upon  the  alter  of  illusions.  For  if  the  Americans  are  the  sovereigns,  it  depends 
upon  them  to  say  whether  the  Filipinos  have  sufficient  men  for  the  government  of  the 
country.  They  never  will  sav  it,  because  interests  of  the  purse,  of  race,  and,  in  short, 
all  the  vital  Interests  of  Anglo-Saxonism  will  prevent  it— American  interests  which 
prevent  a  real  and  sincere  autonomy,  which  are  the  same  which  caused  the  Spanish 
friars  to  oppose  the  assimilation  of  the  country  and  the  secularization  of  the  curacies. 

The  disaffected  element  of  the  population,  or  the  emissaries  of  Aguinaldo's  govern- 
ment, contend  that  the  United  States  has  given  nothing  substantial  as  yet  in  response 
to  its  administrative  promises.  The  archbishop,  they  declare,  still  holds  political  sway, 
the  friars  have  not  been  driven  out  nor  killed,  the  Spaniards  have  been  continued  in 
office,  the  chief  representative  of  United  States  authority  here  (who  has  never  witnessed 
Roman  Catholic  ceremonies  a  dozen  times  in  his  life)  is  an  ardent  Romanist  and  draws 
inspirations  from  the  droppings  of  the  Roman  Catholic  sanctuary  as  set  up  in  the  Phil- 


0RP:G0N    VOLUNTEKR8    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  531 

ippines.  Remove  these  abominations,  they  say,  and  we  will  willingly  accept  United 
States  protection  and  supremacy.  Secretly  these  same  critics  and  complainants  assert 
that  these  friars  and  Spaniards  render  valuable  aid  to  the  insurgent  cause  in  many 
ways,  and  the  number  of  Spaniards  now  offering  their  troops  is  strong  proof  that  their 
assertions  are  correct. 

The  insurgent  armed  forces  are  not  to  be  feared  except  as  they  oppress  their  own  peo- 
ple and  delay  returns  to  conditions  of  peace.  The  length  of  time  they  have  been  in  the 
field  and  their  conduct  has  given  the  practical  lesson  to  the  inhabitants  that  they  can 
not  expect  security  under  Tagalo  rule.  The  lesson  is  deeply  impressed  and  required 
time  to  produce  conviction.  Had  the  rebellion  been  crushed  immediately  upon  its  open 
defiant  demonstrations  of  last  Februarj'  it  would  soon  have  appeared  in  new  form,  for 
the  mass  of  the  people  were  intoxicated  witli  the  cry  for  independence  and  self-govern- 
ment which  the  reflecting  classes  now  realize  is  impossible  until  true  political  education 
is  more  generally  diffused.  The  political  conditions  which  will  follow  armed  resistance 
demand  the  most  serious  attention  of  our  eminent  statesmen,  and  Congressional  action 
can  not  be  too  much  accelerated.  Now  all  executive  functions  of  a  civil  character  in 
these  islands  centers  in  a  military  command  which  is  called  upon  to  administer  the  law 
governing  the  various  departmental  otflces  of  the  executive  branch  of  the  United  States 
Government  and  to  set  aside  Spanish  decrees  when  such  are  in  conflict  therewith.  The 
multitude  of  obtrusive  and  perplexing  questions  which  arise  for  determination  can 
only  be  appreciated  by  those  who  have  confronted  such  a  situation.  I  have  been 
assisted  in  all  duties  of  administration  by  a  conscientious,  hard-working,  and  able  staff, 
who,  with  the  officers  ably  exercising  the  command  of  troops,  have  given  me  their 
loyal  support.  I  herewith  transmit  their  several  annual  reports,  which  furnish  valu- 
able details  on  particular  subjects  which  are  only  alluded  to  in  a  very  general  manner 
in  the  foregoing  pages. 

Very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

E.  S.  OTIS, 

Maior  General,  U.  8.  V.,  Commanding  Department 

of  the  Pacific  and  Eighth  Army  Corps,  and 

Military/  Governor  in  the  Philippines. 


REPORT 


BRIG.  GEN.  IRVING  HALE,  U.  S.  V., 

Commanding  Hecond  Brigade,  Second  Division, 
Eighth  Army  Corps. 

OF  OPERATIONS  OF  HIS  BRIGADE  NEAR  WATERWORKS,  FEBRUARY  (i  TO  9,  1899. 


Headquarters  Second  Brigade,  Second  Division,  Eighth  Army  Corps, 

Manila,  P.  I.,  February  10,  1S99. 

Adjutant  General, 

Second  Division,  Eighth  Army  Corps. 

Sir:  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  the  following  report  of  operations  of  this  brigade  on 
FebruaiT  6th  to  9th,  inclusive.  1899 : 

Operations  of  Sunday,  February  5th,  as  given  in  separate  report,  resulted  in  capture 
of  insurgent  positions  and  establishment  of  our  line  through  Blockhouses  4,  5,  6,  7,  San 
Juan  Bridge,  Pulverin,  Deposito,  San  Juan  Del  Monte  Church,  San  Felipe  Convent,  and 
Mandalayau,  to  the  Pasig  opposite  Santa  Ana. 

Monday,  February  6th.—  On  Monday  forenoon,  February  6th,  one  battalion  Twenty- 
third  U.  S.  Infantry  and  one  battalion  (three  companies)  Oregon  Volunteer  Infantry 
were  ordered  to  Deposito  to  cooperate  with  the  Nebraska  regiment,  two  attached  com- 
panies of  Colorado,  and  Utah  guns,  under  Colonel  Stotsenburg,  in  the  capture  of  the 
waterworks  on  Mariquina  River,  three  and  one  half  miles  east  of  Deposito.  The 
Tennessee  battalion  was  ordered  back  to  provost  guard  in  city,  but  when  the  messenger 
reached  Deposito  they  were  already  in  the  field  and  the  message  did  not  find  them. 
When  they  reached  the  waterworks  I  notified  them  of  the  order  and  they  returned  to 
the  city. 

"W'hen  I  arrived  at  Deposito,  just  after  the  Twenty-third  and  Oregon  battalions, 
Colonel  Stotsenburg  had  started  for  the  waterworks  with  the  following  troops:  Two 
companies  Colorado,  as  advance  guard,  in  extended  order;  battalion  Tennessee  on 
extreme  right,  in  extended  order;  battalion  Nebraska  on  extreme  left,  in  extended 
order ;  battalion  Nebraska  as  reserve  on  road  ;  four  Utah  guns  following  advance  guard 
and  used  to  clear  road  and  woods  to  right  and  left. 

Instructions  were  sent  back  for  the  Oregon  Battalion  to  remain  as  guard  at  Deposito 
and  along  road  toward  waterworks,  and  for  the  Twenty-third  Battalion  to  proceed 
along  road  from  Deposito  to  Mariquina,  about  a  mile  north  of  waterworks,  to  cover  the 
movement  on  latter  against  attack  from  north.  Captain  Brooks,  adjutant  general  of 
the  brigade,  accompanied  the  Twenty-third  Battalion.  I  followed  the  main  body 
toward  waterworks,  catching  it  about  half  way,  where  it  was  engaged  in  a  lively 
skirmish,  especially  on  the  left,  where  considerable  resistance  was  met,  a  number  of 
Insurgents  killed  and  two  taken  prisoners.  Nebraska  had  one  killed  and  three  wounded 
in  this  movement. 


OREGON    VOLUNTKEltS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  Ooo 

A  short  distance  back  tlie  body  of  Assistsint  Surgeon  Young,  of  the  Utah  Battery, 
had  been  found,  with  a  powder-stained  bullet  hole  in  his  head,  indicating  that  he  had 
been  captured  by  the  Insurgents  and  killed  after  capture.  He  had  intended  to  meet 
Major  Young  at  Deposito,  but  apparently  missed  his  way  and  went  beyond. 

The  bluff  overlooking  the  waterworks  was  found  unoccupied  and  the  advance  guard 
proceeded  down  the  hill  in  extended  order,  wheeling  to  left  to  meet  insurgent  Are  from 
the  hills  and  brush  to  north.  After  silencing  this  they  advanced  to  the  works,  finding 
them  unoccupied  and  uninjured  except  removal  of  cylinder  heads  and  valves,  which 
could  be  replaced  in  a  week  or  two.  The  insides  of  cylinders  were  carefully  greased  to 
prevent  rust.  These  missing  parts  were  found  next  day  buried  in  the  ground  of  the  coal- 
room  under  a  pile  of  coal.  The  discovery  was  made  by  Artificer  Hays,  Company  I,  First 
Coloi-ado,  whose  suspicions  were  aroused  by  noticing  a  little  dirt  mixed  with  the  coal  at 
edge  of  pile.  It  is  surmised  that  the  engineer  may  have  done  this,  telling  the  insurgents 
that  they  had  crippled  the  pumps  and  thus  preventing  more  extended  damage. 

The  Tennessee  Battalion,  on  its  an-ival,  was  returned  to  city  in  accordance  with 
orders,  as  explained  above. 

Two  Oregon  companies  were  distributed  along  the  road  to  patrol  it. 

The  Nebraska  Battalions  were  disposed  along  top  of  bluff  commanding  the  water- 
works and  surrounding  country. 

The  Utah  guns  were  placed  at  stone  blockhouse  on  same  bluff.  As  a  number  of  insur- 
gents were  seen  in  vicinity  of  Mariquina,  across  and  up  the  river,  and  the  location  of 
their  headquarters  was  known,  a  few  shots  were  fli-ed  in  that  direction  to  impress  on 
them  the  fact  they  were  covered  by  artillery  and  deter  them  from  attacking  the  Twenty- 
third  Battalion,  moving  toward  Mariquina.  It  was  learned  next  morning  that  this  was 
very  fortunate,  as  it  had  the  effect  of  stopping  the  lively  fire  by  which  the  battalion  was 
met  as  it  approached  the  bluff  overhanging  the  river  opposite  Mariquina. 

The  Twenty-third  Battalion,  under  Major  Goodale,  proceeded  as  directed  from  Depos- 
ito along  Mariquina  road,  but  its  progress  was  slow  on  account  of  difficulty  of  skirmish 
line,  encumbered  with  blanket  rolls,  getting  through  the  cane  fields  and  bamboo  brush 
and  fences.  Just  before  reaching  the  high  ground  this  side  of  the  river,  the  advance 
guard  was  met  by  a  hot  fire  from  insurgents  two  hundred  or  three  hundred  yards  in 
front,  which  was  returned,  resulting  in  a  lively  skirmish  for  a  few  minutes,  which 
stopped  with  the  artillery  fire  from  the  waterworks  mentioned  above.  Our  troops  then 
took  up  an  excellent  position  in  a  ready-made  trench  along  a  ridge,  and  as  it  was  dark 
and  the  position  and  force  of  the  enemy  were  not  known,  it  was  decided  to  wait  there 
until  morning. 

.  Lieut.  A.  B.  Hayne,  California  Heavy  Artillery,  who  had  voluntarily  accompanied 
Major  Goodale  as  aid,  expressing  a  desire  to  return  to  the  city,  was  allowed  to  do  so, 
and  on  his  arrival  went  to  the  department  commander  with  a  grossly  exaggerated  report 
of  the  situation,  on  the  strenth  of  which  the  department  commander  directed  the  with- 
drawal of  the  battalion.  Captain  Krayenbuhl  and  Lieutenant  Perry  of  the  brigade 
staff,  with  a  platoon  of  Oregon  as  escort  and  carrying  two  canteens  of  water  per  man, 
with  a  larger  supply  on  a  cart,  were  therefore  dispatched  to  the  relief  of  the  Twenty- 
third  Battalion.  An  orderly  was  sent  to  the  waterworks  to  notify  Colonel  Stotsenburg 
of  the  withdrawal  of  this  covering  force  on  his  left,  so  that  he  could  take  other  means 
for  protection.  It  was  found  that  the  report  was  practically  groundless;  that  the  posi- 
tion was  a  strong  one;  that  there  was  no  firing  and  no  apparent  danger,  and  that  Major 
Goodale  was  reluctant  to  withdraw,  especially  at  night.  They  therefore  left  the  platoon 
there  and  returned.  Lieutenant  Perry  reporting  the  facts  to  the  department  commander, 
who  authorized  me  to  leave  the  battalion  where  it  was  and  proceed  according  to  my  best 
judgment  in  the  morning.    This  was  about  3.30  a.  m.,  February  7. 

Tuesday,  February  ~.— At  6  a.  M.  I  sent  word  to  the  remaining  platoon  of  the  Oregon 
company  to  join  the  Twenty-third  Battalion,  with  another  supply  of  water,  and  to 
Colonel  Stotsenburg  to  send  two  companies  across  country  as  additional  reenforce- 
ments,  with  a  view  of  surrounding  the  insurgent  force,  if  still  in  their  fr-ont,  and  driv- 
ing it  back  on  the  river,  destroying  or  capturing  it.    I  accompanied  the  Oregon  platoon. 


534  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

and  soon  after  our  arrival  Colonel  Stotsenburg  reported  with  two  companies,  which  he 
left  and  returned  to  waterworks.  Two  companies  of  the  Twenty-third  were  sent  in 
extended  order  to  circle  around  to  north,  cut  off  retreat  of  insurgents  in  that  direction, 
and  take  them  in  flank,  forcing  them  south  in  front  of  our  other  troops  or  back  into 
the  river.  When  they  had  swung  around  on  the  north  the  entire  line,  in  extended 
order,  moved  forward,  closing  in  toward  Mariqiiina  and  sweeping  the  country.  No 
resistance  was  encountered,  and  on  crossing  the  river  into  Mariciuina  it  was  found 
deserted,  with  white  flags  on  all  the  houses. 

While  we  were  there  the  natives  began  to  flock  in  from  the  hills  with  white  flags.  On 
being  informed  that  their  houses  and  property  had  not  been  molested,  and  that  we  were 
friendly  to  them  as  long  as  they  remained  friendly  to  us  and  kept  the  insurrectos  out, 
but  would  destroy  the  town  if  it  was  again  occupied  by  the  insurrectos  they  shouted, 
"  Viva  Americanos,"  and  assured  us  that  they  wanted  to  be  good  American  citizens. 

An  inspection  of  the  insurgents' headquarters  disclosed  nothing  of  special  import- 
ance or  value  excepting  some  surveying  instruments,  which  were  taken,  as  they  would 
doubtless  be  looted  if  left.    They  are  at  these  headquarters,  subject  to  orders. 

We  then  marched  down  the  east  side  of  the  river  to  Santolan  and  forded  the  stream 
to  the  waterworks. 

Wednesday,  February  «.— Wednesday  afternoon,  February  8,  the  battalion  of  the 
Twenty-third  was  relieved  and  returned  to  the  city  and  the  Wj^oming  Battalion  was 
sent  out  in  its  place.  It  was  quartered  for  the  night  in  the  Pulverin,  beyond  San  Juan 
Bridge,  but  on  the  following  morning  was  located  in  San  Juan  del  Monte  Church  and 
San  Felipe  Convent  to  guard  line  from  Deposito  south  Mandalayan,  on  the  Pasig. 

The  Oregon  Battalion  was  stationed  at  Deposito,  forks  of  Mariiiuina  and  waterworks 
roads,  and  Pulverin,  with  a  detachment  at  Blockhouse  7. 

Thursday,  February  .9.— The  line  of  South  Dakota  and  Colorado  regiments  from 
Blockhouses  3  to  6  was  readjusted  along  high  ground  beyond  blockhouses  and  in- 
trenched. 

Two  Utah  guns  were  placed  behind  earthworks  in  commanding  positions  on  the 
ridge  northeast  of  Blockhouse  5. 

The  brigade  now  covers  the  following  lines : 

MUes. 

Front  of  Blockhouses  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  to  San  Juan  Bridge 2)^ 

San  Juan  Bridge  to  Deposito 1 

Deposito  south  to  Mandalayan,  on  Pasig  River 2 

Deposito  east  to  waterworks,  on  Mariquina  River 'S% 

Total 8% 

Very  respectfully, 

IRVING  HALE, 
Brigadier  General,  Commanding. 


Report  of  CoL  John  M.  Stotsenburg,  First  Nebraska  U.  S.  Volunteer 

Infantry,  of  Operations  Near  Pumping  Station, 

Dated  February  25,  1899. 

FiKST  Nebraska  U.  S.  Voi.unteer  Infantry, 

Office  of  the  Commanding  Officer, 

Pumping  Station,  February  i>5,  1899. 
Adjutant  General, 

Second  Brigade,  Second  Division,  Eighth  Army  Corps. 
Sir:  I  have  the  honor  to  state  that  yesterday  morning  about  4  a.  m.  a  company  of 
sharpshooters  in  the  fields  west  of  Mariquina  and  others  in  the  rocks  about  eight  hun- 
dred yards  north  of  the  Mariquina  road  began  firing  into  our  camp.  This  had  stopped 
the  night  before  about  11.  Several  of  their  shots  came  into  our  tents.  The  insurgents 
are  occupying  a  position  about  four  hundred  yards  from  our  outposts  on  the  Mariquina 
road.    After  daylight  we  drove  them  out  of  the  fields  near  Mariquina  with  the  artillery. 


OREGON    VOLUNTIOKKS    IN    SPANISH     WAR.  Oo^ 

and  they  got  Into  the  rocks  north  and  northwest  of  the  Mariquina  road  and  made  it 
very  unpleasant  for  us.  About  12.30  p.  m.  I  came  to  the  Deposito,  intending  to  get  per- 
mission to  dislodge  them  from  there.  When  I  arrived  Mtyor  Eastwick,  Second  Oregon, 
asked  for  permission  to  send  about  twenty  men  out  the  Mariquina  road  to  make  a 
reconnoissance  and  dislodge  some  insurgents  who  seemed  to  be  northeast  of  the  Deposito. 
I  told  him  that,  with  the  approval  of  General  Hale,  he  could  do  it.  I  waited  until 
nearly  2  o'clock,  and  as  the  firing  of  the  sharpshooters  seemed  to  increase,  the  move- 
ment to  begin,  which  I  had  suggested  in  my  telegram  to  General  Hale,  having  been 
approved,  was  ordered.  The  detachment  of  twenty-five  selected  men  of  Major  Eastwick's 
battalion  started  out,  and  after  marching  in  line  of  skirmishers  about  a  mile  and  a  half 
on  the  Mariquina  road,  and  this  continued  until  they  nearly  reached  the  Nebraska  out^ 
post,  the  Hotchkiss  gun  became  disabled,  and  besides  the  moral  effect  was  of  little  use 
to  us.  This  was  no  fault  of  the  gunners,  as  they  did  hard  work.  One  of  the  Utah  Bat- 
tery guns  came  over  and  drove  the  insurgents  out  toward  Mariquina.  They  remained 
away  until  this  morning,  when  they  returned  again  in  small  bodies,  but  up  to  the  pres- 
ent have  done  no  firing.  Last  night  was  the  quietest  one  we  have  had  on  our  outpost. 
The  entire  Second  Oregon  detachment  under  Captain  Barber  did  good  work,  and  as  we 
did  not  get  in  until  late,  remained  all  night. 

The  only  casualty  was  Corp.  William  Ponath,  Company  G,  Second  Oregon,  slightly 
wounded  in  the  chest  and  muscle  of  the  arm.  I  inclose  a  copy  of  Captain  Barber's 
report. 

Four  insurgents  are  known  to  have  been  killed. 

A  Spaniard  who  was  with  us  informed  me  that  three  battalions  of  insurgents  were  at 

San  Mateo  and  that  this  was  their  advance  guard. 

Very  respectfully,  ^  ,^  ^ 

John  M.  Stotsenburr, 

Colonel  First  Nebraska  U.  S.  Volunteer  Infantry. 


Report  of  Capt.  R.  H.  Barber,  Second  Oregon  U.  S.  Volunteer  Infantry, 

of  Reconnoissance  Along  Mariquina  Road,  Dated 

February  25,  1899. 

In  the  Field,  Powdek  Magazine,  February  2'),  1S99. 
Adjutant,  Tliird  Battalion,  Second  Oregon  Volunteer  Infantry. 

Sir  :  1  have  the  honor  to  report  that  I  received  orders  at  1  p.  m.,  February  24th,  to 
prepare  to  advance  with  twenty-five  picked  men  from  Companies  C,  K,  and  G,  Second 
Oregon  Infantry,  along  Mariquina  road.  Left  Pulverin  with  detachment  from  Company 
G  to  cross-roads,  where  I  received  written  orders  from  Major  Eastwick,  commanding 
Third  Battalion,  Second  Oregon  Volunteer  Infantry,  to  proceed  along  Mariquina  road 
in  company  with  a  detachment  with  Hotchkiss  gun  under  command  of  Lieutenant 
Murphy,  Company  K,  Second  Oregon  Volunteer  Infantry.  Threw  out  line  of  skirmishers 
north  of  road.  Marched  along  Mariquina  road,  and  reaching  stone  barricade  the  detach- 
ment was  thrown  out  as  skirmishers  along  north  side  of  road,  keeping  touch  with 
Hotchkiss  gun,  which  joined  our  right  flank.  No  obstruction  was  met  with  until  after 
passing  native  village  and  reaching  row  of  huts  some  three  hundred  yards  from  village, 
when  we  were  fired  upon  by  sharpshooters  stationed  in  native  huts  and  trees.  They 
seemed  strong  in  number,  and  our  fire  failing  to  dislodge  them,  and  there  being  a  favor- 
able position,  fire  from  the  Hotchkiss  was  opened  on  the  village;  but  the  shells  failed  to 
explode  on  striking  the  grass  huts.  We  advanced  and  the  enemy  retreated  toward  our 
left  fiank,  where  a  heavy  fire  was  encountered  from  a  strong  body  of  the  enemy,  who 
were  posted  in  that  vicinity.  Changed  direction  to  the  left  and  look  up  position  behind 
hedge,  which  afforded  fair  cover,  and  endeavored  to  locate  the  enemy,  who  were  now 
firing  upon  us  with  volleys.  We  replied  briskly,  and  the  enemy  retreated  to  probably 
one  thousand  yards,  leaving  behind  them  sharpshooters,  who  annoyed  us  until  they 
were  disposed  of. 


536  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

The  enemy  divided  into  two  large  bands,  one  going  to  tlie  right  and  the  other  to  the 
left,  in  an  apparent  endeavor  to  flank  us.  The  gun  was  brought  up  and  put  into  a  favor- 
able position,  and  shelling  began  iu  the  places  where  the  enemy  were  hidden,  especially 
in  a  house  where  flfty  or  sixty  were  seen  to  congregate,  at  range  of  one  thousand  four 
hundred  yards.  The  shells  burst  close  to  the  house  and  the  enemy  evacuated  it.  A 
rapid  fire  of  shells  seemed  to  work  damage,  the  shells  falling  among  them  and  explod- 
ing. The  enemy  continued  a  heavy  flre  from  the  right,  which  was  situated  on  a  hill 
screened  by  brush.  A  few  shells  were  thrown  there  and  the  gun  jaznmed.  A  company 
of  First  Nebraska  Infantry  came  up  and  formed  on  our  left,  supplying  us  with  ammu- 
nition, which  was  needed,  and  fired  volleys  at  various  ranges.  The  enemy  retreated 
beyond  range  and  we  changed  direction  to  the  right.  Leaving  the  Nebraska  company 
to  cover  our  right,  we  took  gun  to  the  road  and  advanced  slowly  while  repairs  were 
made  to  gun.  Having  advanced  one  fourth  or  one  half  mile,  we  were  fired  on  by  a  num- 
ber of  the  enemj',  who  were  concealed  in  the  cane  flelds  and  trees  and  on  the  surrounding 
heights.  The  flre  was  chiefly  volleys,  and  well  directed,  sweeping  all  the  open  ground, 
and  came  from  the  left  front  and  left  entirely.  We  could  locate  but  few  of  the  enemy, 
owing  to  the  fact  that  they  used  smokeless  powder,  while  we  were  at  a  disadvantage, 
having  the  black-powder  shells.  As  we  were  exposed,  we  advanced  the  right  and  swung 
back  the  left,  so  as  to  avoid  the  flanking  flre  anc^  alTord  better  protection.  The  men 
sheltered  themselves  and  we  endeavored  to  drive  the  enemy  back,  but  they  gave  way 
very  little  and  did  not  relax  their  flre.  The  gun  being  repaired,  now  came  up,  and  we 
opened  on  the  position  of  the  enemy,  but  after  a  few  rounds  the  Hotehkiss  gun  again 
jammed,  owing  to  the  breaking  (rottenness)  of  the  shells.  The  gun  being  useless,  and 
the  enemy  having  our  range,  we  communicated  with  the  Nebraska  company  at  the  out- 
post and  endeavored  to  withdraw  to  the  road,  which  aflTorded  a  certain  amount  of  pro- 
tection. Here  Corporal  Ponath,  Company  G,  Second  Oregon  Volunteer  Infantry,  was 
wounded  in  the  chest.  He  was  carried  to  a  disused  sugar-cane  mill,  which  attbuded 
some  protection.  I  went  to  him  and  ordered  his  removal  to  the  road,  having  in  the 
mean  time  sent  for  a  litter.    This  was  done  under  a  heavy  flre. 

The  enemy  having  accurately  located  the  mill,  I  received  order  from  the  outpost  to 

withdraw  to  the  road  and  come  to  outpost.    The  useless  gun  having  gone  ahead,  we 

withdrew  as  quickly  as  possible  to  the  road,  and  advancing  under  cover  of  the  bushes, 

and  reached  outpost.    I  would  venture  to  suggest  that  black  powder  is  dangerous  as 

betraying  our  position,  while  the  enemy,  using  only  smokeless,  can  only  be  located  by 

the  noise  or  a  quick  eye,  and  that  is  uncertain,  while  each  time  we  flred  black  powder 

they  immediately  sent  a  volley  toward  the  smoke.    Their  flring  was  controlled  by  bugle, 

heard  at  intervals,  and  they  evidently  had  the  range,  as  in  the  second  flght  the  bullets 

were  well  aimed  and  not  too  high,  as  is  usual.    Our  only  casualty  was  Corporal  Ponath, 

Company  G,  Second  Oregon  Volunteer  Infantry.    The  men  were  cool  and  obeyed  orders 

promptly.  As  regards  the  loss  of  the  enemy,  we  could  only  locate  them  by  sounds ;  those 

we  saw  we  left  there.    I  can  give  no  accurate  statistics,  as  it  is  impossible  to  estimate  the 

damage  done  by  the  shells  or  our  volleys  in  the  brush.    The  sharpshooters  who  stayed 

too  long  behind  the  main  body  of  the  enemy  we  could  locate,  and  as  we  had  picked  men 

we  had  no  difl3culty  in  disposing  of  them.   After  reporting  to  Colonel  Stotsenburg  at  the 

outpost  we  were  sent  to  the  Nebraska  camp  for  supper.   We  returned  to  the  outpost  and 

took  up  at  midnight  outpost  work  there.    We  were  supplied  with  food  by  the  Nebraska 

Volunteers,  and  at  9.30,  February  2.5th,  the  men  having  breakfasted,  we  started  to  return 

to  camp  (Pulverin).    I  desire  to  draw  attention  to  the  fact  that  when  Corporal  Ponath 

was  wounded  he  was  at  the  left  of  the  line.    He  was  promptly  carried  to  the  shelter  of 

the  mill  by  Sergeant  Lane,  Privates  William  A.  Shoemaker,  Albert  A.  Eide,  and  John 

J.  Maxwell,  all  of  Company  G,  Second  Oregon  Volunteer  Infantry,  under  a  heavy  flre. 

On  my  request  for  volunteers  to  carry  him  to  the  road,  as  there  was  a  raking  flre  across 

the  open,  these  men  promptly  responded  and  carried  the  wounded  man  gently  across 

the  road,  the  bullets  meanwhile  spattering  all  around  them.    Distance  traveled,  seven 

miles.  ^    ^ 

Respectfully  submitted,  R.  H.  Barber, 

Captain,  Second  Oregon  Volunteer  Infantry. 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  537 


Report  of  Second  Lieut.  Chas.  A.  Murphy,  Second  Oregon  U.  S.  Volun- 
teer Infantry,  Commanding  Hotchkiss  and  Gattling  Battery, 
of  Reconnoissance  Along  Mariquina  Road, 
Dated  February  14,  1899. 

Ckossroads,  San  Juan  del  Monte,  Februarn  i'l,  1S99. 
Maj.  P.  G.  Eastwick,  Jr., 

Commanding  Third  Battalion,  Second  Oregon  Volunteer  Infantry. 

Sir  :   I  beg  to  report  as  follows  : 

Received  verbal  orders  from  Major  Eastwick  to  report— with  one  Hotchkiss  gun  and 
five  men— to  Captain  Barber,  in  command  of  detachment.  Gun  to  be  pulled  by  ten 
prisoners.  Left  crossroads  at  1.30;  proceeded  to  point  on  Mariquina  road  about  two 
and  one  half  miles;  when,  on  order  of  Captain  Barber,  gun  was  put  into  action,  firing 
at  native  houses  where  the  enemy  were  stationed.  Enemy's  fire  ceased.  Hotchkiss 
shells  penetrated  houses,  but  failed  to  explode.  After  firing  ten  or  fifteen  shots  the 
gunner  reported  that  the  gun  was  disabled.  On  examination  I  found  that  the  swivel 
plate  controlling  elevation  gear  was  broken.  I  took  the  plate  off  and  turned  it  in  such 
manner  that  the  gun  could  be  used  (with  care).  I  was  compelled  to  work  under  great 
dlfHculiies  on  account  of  not  having  the  tools  that  belong  to  the  gun.  The  gun  having 
been  prepared.  Captain  Barber  ordered  me  to  place  gun  at  a  point  one-fourth  mile  from 
road  to  the  left  and  shell  a  rocky  ridge  where  there  was  a  body  of  insurgents  in  force. 
Opened  fire  at  fifteen  hundred  yards,  shells  landing  in  the  midst  of  them  and  exploding, 
with  the  effect  that  they  were  driven  from  their  position  after  some  resistance. 

(Note.— Shells  exploded  by  striking  rocks;  would  not  explode  by  striking  bamboo 
houses  or  ordinary  soil.) 

After  firing  one  hundred  or  more  shots  cleaned  the  gun,  and  shortly  afterwards  a 
shell  stuck,  and  Captain  Barber  ordered  me  to  the  road,  where  I  found  firing  pin  bent, 
which  I  hammered  into  shape,  and  removed  broken  shell  from  gun.  Proceeded  on  up 
the  road,  per  order  Captain  Barber,  and  opened  fire  on  hedge  row,  from  which  the  enemy 
were  pouring  in  a  hot  fire.  After  flring  two  shots  the  gun  again  jammed  and  we  suc- 
ceeded in  withdrawing  the  shell  under  a  severe  fire. 

I  then  reported  to  Captain  Barber,  who  ordered  me  to  report  to  captain  of  Nebraska 
company,  who  sent  me  back  to  Captain  Barber  (after  I  had  made  a  verbal  report  to  him 
of  the  condition  of  the  gun)  with  orders  for  him  to  withdraw  his  skirmish  line  to  the 
road  and  advance  to  his  position ;  also  for  me  to  bring  up  the  gun  to  his  position.  On 
arrival  at  his  position  (about  four  miles  from  crossroads  on  top  of  hill  overlooking  Mar- 
iquina) with  the  gun,  Colonel  Stotsenburg  being  present,  I  reported  to  him  in  person. 
He  directed  me  to  place  the  gun  at  a  point  to  be  designated  by  him.  I  placed  the  gun, 
and  after  firing  two  shots  the  gun  jammed  again  and  we  could  not  dislodge  the  shell,  as 
there  were  no  tools  for  the  purpose  at  hand.  Colonel  Stotsenburg  then  ordered  the  gun 
to  be  taken  to  the  pumping  station  to  be  repaired  and  for  me  to  await  further  orders. 
On  arrival  at  the  pumping  station  I  made  a  hollow-shaped  tool  that  fitted  the  bore  of 
the  gun  and  could  be  rammed  against  the  explosive  shell  without  touching- the  cap, 
thereby  removing  the  jammed  shell  from  the  gun.  I  carry  this  tool  on  the  gun  now, 
and  it  can  be  used  in  the  field  in  case  of  future  trouble.  I  also  repaired  plate  on  eleva- 
tion gear  by  using  heavy  iron  washers  and  new  machine  bolts.  Finished  repairs  at 
11  m  p.  M.,  with  gun  in  much  l^etter  and  stronger  condition  than  when  we  left  camp. 

I  received  telegraphic  orders  from  Colonel  Stotsenburg  at  7.40  p.  m.  to  proceed  to 
Deposito  and  place  gun  in  former  position  on  south  wall  of  Deposito.  Above  order 
was  carried  out,  and  I  reported  to  Colonel  Stotsciihurg  at  10  a.  m.  this  i5th  day  of  Feb- 
ruary, 1899. 

Respectfully  submitted,  Charles  A.  Murphy, 

Lieutenant,  Second  Oregon  Volunteer  Infantry, 
Commanding  Hotchkiss  and  Gatling  Battery. 


REPORT 


BRIG.  GEN.  R.  P.  HUGHES,  U.  S.  Y., 

Provost  Marshal  General  in  Manila, 

OF  FIRES  AND  ACCOMPANYING  EVENTS  THAT  OC(^URRKD  FEBRUARY 
AND  28,  1899. 


Office  of  the  Provost  Marshal  General, 

Manila,  P.  I.,  March  17,  1S99. 
Assistant  Adjutant  General, 

Department  of  the  Pacific  and  Eighth  Army  Corps,  Manila,  P.  I. 

Sir  :  The  following  detailed  report  of  the  fires  and  accompanying  events  that  occurred 
on  the  22d  and  23d  of  February  are  submitted  for  the  information  of  the  department 
commander : 

A  few  minutes  after  S  v.  m.  on  the  22d  a  fire  was  noticed  in  No.  22,  Calle  Lacosta,  in  the 
suburb  of  Santa  Cruz,  this  city.  The  house  was  the  abiding  place  of  Filipinos  of  ill 
repute.  The  police,  as  represented  by  the  Thirteenth  Minnesota  Infantry,  U.  S  V., 
arrived  on  the  scene  almost  immediately,  and  were  able  to  establish  beyond  a  doubt  that 
the  fli-e  was  of  incendiary  origin,  and  that  kerosene  oil  was  the  fluid  made  use  of  in 
starting  it.  The  entire  fire  department  of  the  city  and  the  volunteer  brigade  of  English 
firemen  and  their  engine  were  on  the  ground  with  reasonable  promptness,  and  all 
worlied  with  a  zeal  that  was  very  commendable.  The  wind  at  the  time  was  variable, 
and  it  was  necessary  to  fight  the  fire  from  three  sides.  Eftbrts  were  made  to  prevent  the 
efficiency  of  the  firemen  by  occasional  shots  from  the  surrounding  houses.  This  was 
stopped  by  calling  up  some  of  the  provostguard.  Efl'orts  were  also  made  to  destroy  the 
fire  hose  by  puncturing  it,  but  the  police  cured  this  trouble  witli  cominendable  prompt- 
ness. 

The  locality  was  well  selected  for  the  nefarious  purpose  of  tlie  incendiary.  The  build- 
ings were  constructed  of  light  materials  and  the  streets  narrow.  Furthermore,  it  was  a 
district  peopled  by  Chinamen,  and  thej'  had  large  stores  of  dried  cocoanut  shells  stored 
for  fuel.  The  light  fiber  of  these  shells  not  only  ignites  very  readily,  but  they  carry 
sparks  in  clouds.  Owing  to  these  causes  it  was  11  o'clock  p.  m.  before  the  fire  department 
could  get  sufficient  control  of  the  fire  to  assume  the  oflTensive  and  subdue  it.  This  fire 
burned  two  blocks,  as  shown  in  the  accompanying  map  marked  A.  It  would  seem  that 
the  object  of  this  fire  was  to  burn  out  the  barracks  of  the  Tenth  Pennsylvania  Volun- 
teers and  the  police  company  on  Calle  Dolores. 

About  the  time  the  fire  in  Santa  Cruz  was  brought  under  control  a  second  one  was 
noticed  in  the  suburb  of  Tondo.  At  this  time  a  westerly  wind  was  blowing  a  good 
sailing  breeze,  and  the  fire  was  situated  in  the  Nipa  district  of  the  suburb.  It  was  both 
useless  and  dangerous  to  struggle  against  it.  This  fire  was  started  by  insurgent  soldiers 
who  had  entered  the  city  by  passing  around  the  left  of  General  MacArthur's  line.  It 
was  started  at  different  points  to  windward  of  the  location  of  two  of  the  city  police  sta- 
tions—Companies M  and   C,   Thirteenth   Minnesota  —  with   the  evident  intention  of 


OREGON    VOLUNTKERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  539 

roasting  them  out.  The  possibility  of  such  tactics  on  the  part  of  the  enemy  had  been 
foreseen  and  provided  against.  The  police  companies  took  position  to  defend  the  suburb 
of  Binondo  at  Paseo  de  Ascarraga,  and  were  promptly  supported  by  other  troops  of  the 
provost  guard,  Company  E,  Tv?enty-third  U.  S.  Infantry,  Captain  Pratt,  joining  them 
by  way  of  Jolo  Street,  and  Company  H,  Captain  McDonnell,  by  way  of  Calle  de  Santo 
Cristo.  These  troops  checked  any  advance  on  the  part  of  the  enemy  from  Tondo,  and 
the  Are  exhausted  its  material  by  2  o'clock.  Unfortunately,  enemies  were  on  all  sides 
and  occasional  shots  were  fired  from  houses  in  the  vicinity. 

The  first  attempt  ot  the  incendiaries  to  start  a  fire  in  the  rear  of  the  troops  was  made 
in  the  main  building  of  the  Binondo  Market.  But  this  effort  failed,  through  the  vigi- 
lance of  the  police,  who  discovered  it  before  it  had  gotten  beyond  their  power  to  master 
it.  A  second  and  successful  effort  was  made  by  setting  fire  to  some  nipa  structures  out- 
side the  main  building.  'Ihe  wind  had  increased,  and  this  fire,  coming  before  that  at 
Santa  Cruz  was  extinguished,  the  flie  spread  westward  and  southward  with  rapidity. 
The  firemen  reached  the  locality  at  2.30  greatly  fatigued,  and  the  volunteer  brigade 
seemed  to  have  become  totally  discouraged,  and  left  the  place  with  their  engine  without 
even  getting  up  steam.  Fortunately  provisions  had  been  made  for  such  a  contingency 
by  sending  for  Major  Gantenbein's  battalion  of  the  Second  Oregon  Volunteers. 

Some  powder  cartridges  had  been  previously  arranged  for  with  Capt.  W.  T.  Wood, 
chief  ordnance  officer,  and  for  some  axes  with  the  Engineer  Department,  both  of  which 
arrived  on  the  ground  in  time  to  meet  this  emergency.  The  lire  at  this  time  had  hope- 
lessly involved  the  two  blocks  next  to  the  mercado.  It  was  futile,  with  the  means  at 
hand,  to  attempt  to  check  the  Are  to  leeward,  but  it  seemed  impossible  to  prevent  its 
getting  a  hold  across  Calle  de  Lavazares.  After  the  English  volunteer  brigade  had  taken 
their  engine  from  the  scene  it  became  necessary  to  organize  a  volunteer  fire  company 
from  the  battalion  of  the  Second  Oregon  Volunteers,  and  to  send  and  seize  the  engine 
and  to  call  all  other  engines  from  the  Santa  Cruz  district,  at  the  risk  of  a  second  outbreak 
there.  During  the  time  required  to  accomplish  these  things  the  only  means  at  hand  for 
checking  the  flames  were  powder,  axes,  water  carried  in  buckets,  pots,  etc.  The  time 
finally  came  when  the  only  resort  was  powder.  The  danger  points  were  mainly  confined 
to  two  corners,  one  the  southwest  corner  of  Calle  Lavazares  and  Calle  Fundidor  (No.  14 
Calle  Fundidor),  and  the  other  the  northwest  corner  of  Lavazares  and  Santo  de  Cristo 
streets  (No. 48  Calle  Santo  Cristo).  The  building  first  named  was  so  much  ablaze  that  it 
had  started  the  fire  in  the  building  across  the  street.  As  it  was  still  possible  to  extin- 
guish the  fire  across  the  street  by  pressing  Chinamen  and  carrying  water  in  buckets, 
pots,  etc.,  if  the  house  across  the  street  was  neutralized,  it  was  determined  to  use  a 
powder  charge  of  a  10-inch  gun  in  destroying  that  building.  This  building  was  hopelessly 
involved  in  the  fire  at  the  time,  and  the  exploding  of  the  cartridge  only  hastened  its  dem- 
olition by  a  few  moments.  The  building  on  the  northwest  corner  of  Lavazares  and  Santo 
Cristo  streets  (No.  48  Calle  Santo  Cristo)  was  two  stories  high,  and  when  it  became  fully 
involved  it  was  evident  that  it  would  be  impossible,  with  the  means  at  hand,  to  prevent 
the  house  on  the  northeast  corner  taking  fire  unless  some  radical  measures  were  taken. 
A  powder  cartridge  was  carried  in  inclosed  in  its  metallic  case  and  was  exploded  in  the 
corner  of  the  building  for  the  purpose  of  wrecking  it,  which  it  did.  This  cartridge  only 
hastened  the  destruction  of  the  building,  as  it  was  already  so  fully  involved  in  the 
fiames  that  it  could  not  have  been  defended,  and  as  a  matter  of  fact  no  effort,  under  the 
conditions,  would  have  been  made  to  do  so.  In  the  mean  time  the  block  south  of  Calle 
de  Santo  Cristo  and  between  Calles  Lavazares  and  de  Clavel  had  burned  rapidly,  and 
before  a  sufllcient  number  of  streams  could  be  gotten  on  it  the  flames  had  crossed  Calle 
de  Elcano,  and  before  its  progress  could  be  stopped  about  one  third  of  this  block  also 
was  in  ashes.  The  market,  two  full  blocks,  and  about  one  third  of  another  were  burned 
at  this  place.    This  third  fire  was  subdued  by  7  A.  M.  of  tlie  23d. 

The  enemy  still  held  possession  of  the  northern  portion  of  the  suburb  of  Tondo,  above 
Moriones  Street,  and  while  the  provost  guard  was  engaged  in  suppressing  the  fire  and 
preserving  order  in  the  city  they  were  busy  errecting  barricades  and  field  works,  for 
which  purposes  they  used  materials  ready  at  hand  for  building  purposes,  foundation 


540  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

stoues,  railroad  iron,  etc.,  and  in  many  instances  the  walled  courts  and  houses  were 
occupied.  After  the  provost  guard  had  had  some  rest  and  breakfast  six  companies  were 
sent  to  throw  these  invaders  out  of  the  city.  Two  companies  of  the  Thirteenth  Minne- 
sota, two  companies  of  the  Second  Oregon,  and  two  companies  of  the  Twenty-third  U.  S. 
Infantry,  the  whole  being  under  the  direction  of  Maj.  G.  A.  Goodale,  Twenty-third  U.  S. 
Infantry.  The  work  was  thoroughly  done,  and  the  city  was  cleared  of  armed  organized 
insurgents  by  5  p.  m.  In  this  contest  the  loss  of  the  enemy  was  severe,  as  they  were  in 
some  instances  caught  in  the  inclosures  from  which  they  could  not  escape,  and  they 
would  not  surrender.  The  houses  along  the  line  of  the  enemy's  retreat  were  nearly  all 
burned  during  the  aflfair.  As  they  were  nearly  all  of  nipa,  the  loss  in  money  value  was 
not  great. 

The  loss  in  Binondo  was  the  heaviest,  and  it  will  be  necessary  to  take  some  steps  to 
provide  new  market  accomodations  for  that  suburb  in  the  near  future. 

The  lesson  learned  by  these  fires  is  that  we  are  living  in  the  midst  of  cruel  enemies, 
who  are  capable  of  i-esorting  to  any  means  to  further  their  ends. 

The  work  performed  by  the  provost  guard  was  exceedingly  satisfactory.  All  did 
their  very  best. 

I  wish  to  make  special  mention  of  Sergt.  Leon  H.  Chick,  Battery  H,  Third  U.  «. 
Artillery,  who  was  acting  under  the  direction  of  Capt.  W.  T.  Wood,  chief  ot  ordnance,  in 
placing  and  firing  the  powder  cartridges.  The  fuse  of  the  second  cartridge  failed,  and 
the  building  was  one  sheet  of  flame  in  ihe  lighter  materials  of  the  upper  story.  Sergeant 
Chick  simply  asked,  when  it  became  apparent  that  the  first  fuse  had  probably  failed,  if 
Captain  Wood  wished  the  fuse  replaced,  and  on  receiving  an  affirmative  answer  he 
entered  this  fire  trap,  renewed  the  fuse,  and  caused  the  explosion  of  the  cartridge,  which 
so  wrecked  the  building  as  to  enable  the  fire  to  be  checked  with  the  means  then  at  hand. 
This  quiet  discharge  of  so  perilous  a  duty  is,  in  my  opinion,  worthy  of  special  recognition, 
and  I  therefore  recommend  Sergeant  Chick  for  the  appointment  of  ordnance  sergeant, 
which  I  am  informed  is  a  position  he  seeks,  and  also  that  he  be  granted  a  certificate  of 
merit. 

Drawings  showing  the  districts  burned  in  shaded  lines  are  forwarded  herewith. 
The  following  reports  are  also  inclosed  :  Report  of  Maj.  G.  A.  Goodale,  Twenty-third 
U.S.  Infantry;  report  of  Maj.  Percy  Willis,  Second  Oregon  Volunteer  Infantry;  and 
report  of  Col.  Fred  W.  Ames,  Thirteenth  Minnesota  Volunteer  Infantry,  which  contains 
the  reports  of  Captains  Morgan,  McKelvey,  Robinson,  and  Metz;  also  those  of  Lieuten- 
ants Snow  and  Bruckart. 

Respectfully  submitted. 

R.  P.  HUGHES, 

Brigadier  General  U.  S.  V.,  Provost  Marshal  Oeneral. 


Report  of  Maj.  G.  A.  Goodale,  Twenty-third  U.  S.  Infantry,  of  Pursuit 
of  Insurgents  in  Tondo,  February  23,  1899. 

Manila,  P.  I.,  February  2!,,  1899. 
Adjutant  Twenty-third  U.  .S.  Infantry. 

Sir:  I  have  the  honor  to  report  that,  in  obedience  to  instructions  from  the  provost 
marshal  general,  I  yesterday,  February  23d,  with  two  companies  of  my  battalion  (K, 
Lieutenant  Moore,  and  M,  Lieutenant  Stritzinger),  one  officer  and  thirty-five  men  each, 
proceeded  at  10.30  o'clock  a.  m.  to  the  Tondo  district,  in  the  northern  part  of  Manila,  to 
dislodge  and  destroy  a  partj'  of  Filipino  soldiers,  supposed  to  be  about  one  hundred  and 
fifty,  who  had  worked  through  General  MacArthur's  lines  the  night  before.  The  com- 
mand went  in  light  marching  order,  without  rations,  and  with  one  hundred  rounds 
ammunition  on  the  person  and  a  like  amount  on  two  carts.  The  first  of  the  enemy 
were  encountered  a  short  distance  from  (beyond)  the  cuartel  of  Company  C,  Thirteenth 
Minnesota.    At  about  this  time  I  was  joined  by  Company  E,  Captain  Davis,  and  Com- 


OREGON    V0LUNTF:ERS    in    SPANISH    WAR.  541 

pany  M,  Captain  Poorman,  Second  Oregon,  under  Major  Willis  of  that  regiment;  also 
Company  C,  Lieutenant  Snow,  and  Company  M,  Captain  McKelvey,  Thirteenth  Minne- 
sota. A  great  measure  of  the  success  of  the  day  was  due  to  these  troops,  which  had  pre- 
ceded me  nearly  an  hour,  and  by  repeated  charges  had  cleared  several  blocks  of  sharp- 
shooters, forcing  them  back  from  house  to  house,  and  killing  many. 

We  encountered  Ave  very  substantial  barricades  extending  across  the  street.  These 
were  successively  charged,  as  were  numerous  houses  used  as  places  of  concealment,  and 
the  latter  were  invariably  burned.  As  a  result,  but  few  remain  along  the  road  to 
Caloocan. 

When  near  the  railroad  depot  two  troops  Fourth  U.  8.  Cavalry  reported,  and  I  sent 
them  to  scour  the  woods  to  the  east,  while  I  proceeded  with  an  extended  skirmish  line 
to  the  right  and  left  of  the  road,  in  the  direction  of  Caloocan.  There  was  little  opposi- 
tion along  the  road  beyond  the  city,  but  several  skirmishes  occurred  in  the  thickets  to 
the  right,  in  which  Lieutenant  Stritzinger  had  one  man  (Private  John  L.  Barker,  Com- 
pany M,  Twenty-third  Infantry)  dangerously  wounded,  shot  through  leg  and  arm,  and 
one  man  killed,  (Private  Edward  Reaver,  Company  G,  Twenty-third  Infantry)— the 
only  losses  in  the  Twenty-third  Infantry.  Private  Reaver  had  become  separated  from 
his  company  in  another  part  of  the  city,  and  reported  to  Lieutenant  Stritzinger  a  short 
time  before  he  was  killed.  One  man  (Private  George  W.  Baker,  Company  G,  Thirteenth 
Minnesota)  was  dangerously  wounded  by  a  shot  in  the  neck.  These  were  the  only 
losses  of  the  day. 

During  the  afternoon  I  received  orders  from  the  provost  marshal  general  to  cover  the 
ground  well  out  to  General  MacArthur's  line,  which  I  did,  reaching  the  headquarters  of 
the  Twentieth  Kansas  at  4.50  o'clock  v.  m.,  and  starting  on  my  return  at  5  o'clock,  reach- 
ing barracks  at  6.45  o'clock. 

Owing  to  the  nature  of  the  fighting,  it  is  difficult  to  more  that  approximate  the  num- 
ber of  the  enemy  killed,  but  I  believe  it  to  be  not  less  than  seventy-five.  A  captain  of 
the  Second  Oregon  counted  in  one  block  thirty-four  dead,  and  Lieutenant  Moore, 
Twenty-third  Infantry,  counted  thirteen  in  another  small  yard. 

There  were  many  prisoners  made;  only  the  men  were  retained,  and  were  sent  back 
in  squads  to  the  Minnesota  cuartel.  It  is  impo.ssible  to  state  accurately  how  many,  but 
more  than  one  hundred  and  fifty,  at  least  ninety-five  per  cent  of  whom  were  soldiers, 
some  in  uniform  clothing,  but  more  with  their  uniforms  hastily  pulled  off,  showing  the 
usual  white  garb  of  the  natives.  Yards  and  houses  were  strewn  with  the  discarded 
uniforms. 

The  conduct  of  officers  and  men  is  to  be  commended.  All  behaved  in  the  coolest 
manner  under  the  new  conditions  of  street  fighting;  and,  although  all  had  been  up 
throughout  all  of  the  previous  night,  and  were  without  food  or  cofiee  for  thirteen  hours, 
not  a  murmur  of  complaint  was  heard. 

Private  Ira  B.  Smith,  Company  C,  Thirteenth  Minnesota,  was  struck  by  a  spent  ball 
directly  over  the  heart,  but  was  not  disabled.  The  ball  penetrated  the  clothing  and  was 
pulled  from  the  fiesh. 

A  number  of  rifles  were  captured  ;  I  can  not  state  how  many.  The  companies  were 
more  or  less  detached  and  returned  after  dark. 

Respectfully,  your  obedient  servant,  G.  A.  Goodale, 

Major,  Twentjj-third  U.  8.  Infantry. 


Report  of  Capt.  John  M.  Poorman,  Second   Oregon   U.  S.  Volunteer 
Infantry,  of  Pursuit  of  Insurgents  in  Tondo,  February  33,  1899. 

Manila,  P.  I.,  February  2ii,  1899. 

Maj.  PERt'Y   WlI-LIS, 

Second  Oregon  U.  8.  Volunteers. 
Sir:   I  have  the  honor  tohand  you  herewith  a  report  of  the  part  my  company  took 
in  the  engagement  with  the  insurgents  in  Tondo  on  February  23,  IStti): 


542  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

About  9.30  A.  M.  on  the  23d  instant  I  received  orders  from  Lieutenant  Colonel  Yoran 
to  have  my  company  ready  to  move  at  once.  There  were  but  forty-three  enlisted  men 
available,  and  part  of  them,  with  ijieutenant  Platts,  had  been  on  guard  all  night  at  the 
penitentiary.  Captain  Davis,  Company  E,  had  received  the  same  orders,  and  in  about 
twenty  minutes  the  two  companies,  under  your  command,  marched  to  the  Tondo 
Church,  where  we  were  joined  by  Companies  M  and  C  of  the  Thirteenth  Minnesota. 
About  two  hundred  yards  beyond  this  church,  in  obedience  to  your  command,  the  com- 
panies deployed.  Company  E,  Second  Oregon,  on  the  extreme  left.  Company  C  of  the 
Thirteenth  Minnesota  on  the  right,  and  my  company  in  the  center,  with  Company  M  of 
the  Thirteenth  in  reserve. 

At  the  command,  the  line  advanced,  taking  advantage  of  cover  and  avoiding  streets 
as  much  as  possible.  The  line  had  advanced  but  a  short  distance  when  the  enemy 
opened  fire  on  us  from  the  nlpa  huts  and  from  the  trees.  We  returned  the  fire  when  we 
could  locate  the  enemy,  but  with  very  slight  eflfect.  As  the  line  advanced  it  became  nec- 
essary to  burn  the  native  shacks  to  dislodge  the  insurgents.  This  we  did  as  we 
advanced,  and  in  a  very  short  time  the  main  body  of  insurgents  was  located  in  a  stone 
inclosure  and  behind  breastworks  of  stone  across  the  streets  in  front  of  ray  company. 
A  heavy  fire  was  opened  up  by  both  sides,  with  telling  effect  on  the  enemy.  The  insur- 
gents behind  the  breastworks  retreated  to  the  stone  inclosure  and  continued  the  fight- 
ing until  a  flank  attack  by  the  right  of  my  company  forced  them  to  surrender. 

We  killed  thirty  natives,  wounded  nine,  and  took  about  twenty  prisoners,  all  with- 
out a  man  of  my  command  killed  or  wounded. 

The  fighting  of  the  day,  so  far  as  my  company  was  concerned,  ended  here. 

I  was  ordered  to  deploy  my  men  on  the  left  of  the  main  road  to  Caloocan,  but  after 
advancing  about  one  fourth  mile  found  the  countrj'  impassable  on  account  of  water, 
and  had  to  return  to  the  main  road,  which  we  followed  until  we  reached  the  stone 
bridge,  beyond  the  car  shops.  Here  we  deployed  on  the  right  of  the  Minnesotas,  and, 
with  Captain  Davis's  company  on  my  right,  we  continued  on  to  Caloocan,  burning  all 
the  native  huts  on  the  way.  After  a  short  rest  both  Companies  M  and  E  of  ihe  Second 
Oregon  returned  to  their  quarters.  The  Minnesota  companies,  having  joined  Major 
Goodale's  command,  returned  ahead  of  us. 

This  was  the  first  engagement  for  my  company,  but  they  behaved  like  veterans. 
Lieutenant  Platts  deserves  special  mention,  and  both  sergeants  and  corporals  looked 
well  after  their  duties.    My  company  fired  about  four  thousand  rounds  of  ammunition. 
Time  of  active  fighting,  about  three  hours;  distance  marched,  fourteen  miles. 
Very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

J.   M.   POOKMAN, 

Commanding  ComjJ'cny  M,  Second  Oregon,  U.  8.  V. 


Report  of  Capt.  R.  E.  Davis,  Second  Oregon  U.  S.  Volunteer  Infantry, 
of  Pursuit  of  Insurgents  in  Tondo,  February  23,  1899. 

•Manila,  P.  I.,  Febnuiry  21,,  1899. 
Maj.  Pekcy  Willis, 

Commanding  Second  Battalion,  Oregon  U.  S.  V. 

Sir  :  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  the  following  report  of  my  company's  actions  dur- 
ing the  skirmish  and  advance  to  Caloocan  from  Tondo,  February  23,  1899: 

After  receiving  your  order  to  deploy  as  skirmishers  and  protect  the  left  flank  of  the 
line,  we  advanced  steadily  with  short  rests  for  better  flre  facilities,  using  both  individual 
and  volley  flring,  as  position  of  our  line  and  enemy  would  permit.  We  burned  all  houses 
in  our  rear,  after  thoroughly  examining  them,  and  sent  to  the  rear  about  fifty  male 
pi'isoners.  After  the  last  halt  on  stone  bridge  I  was  ordered  to  cross  the  lagoon  and 
advance  in  skirmish  line  toward  Caloocan,  examining  and  burning  all  houses  In  our 


OREGON    VOLUNTFCERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  543 

front.  In  carrying  out  these  instracttons  we  could  not  find  a  single  stand  of  arms  and 
very  few  knives  of  any  kind,  although  careful  search  was  made  for  them. 

After  reaching  the  railroad  station  about  two  miles  north  of  Tondo  we  relieved  the 
Montana  company  holding  the  road,  and,  awaiting  your  advance,  halted  for  lunch.  Up 
to  this  point  the  country  was  full  of  houses,  and  we  burned  them  all  after  .sending  about 
one  hundred  men  and  women  to  the  rear.  As  they  were  not  armed  or  in  resistance  and 
our  force  was  small  we  did  not  put  them  under  arrest. 

To  sum  up  events  we  killed  probably  about  thirty  insurgents,  as  we  ccninted  twenty- 
five  in  our  front  while  advancing.  We  sent  to  the  rear  tlfty  prisoners  and  burned  nearly 
one  hundred  houses. 

Our  total  casualties  were  a  slight  superficial  wound  on  inde.x  flnger  of  left  hand  of 

Martin  Hildebrandt.    We  had  a  force  of  fifty  men  with  Captain  Davis  and  Lieutenant 

Dunbar  in  command.    I  can  not  speak  too  highly  of  the  conduct  of  the  men,  as  my  only 

difficulty  was  to  hold  them  back  and  prevent  unnecessary  exposure  to  Are. 

Very  respectfully, 

R.  E.  Davis, 

Ciiptuin,  Second  Oregon  U.  S.  Volunteer  Infanlry,  Vomnvinding  Company  E. 


Report  of  Maj.  Percy  Willis,  Second  Oregon  U.  S.  Volunteer  Infantry, 
of  Pursuit  of  Insurgents  in  Tondo,  February  23,  1899. 

OUARTEL  DE  EsPANA,  MANILA,  P.  I.,  February  J'),  1S;)». 
Adjutant,  Second  Regiment,  Oregon  U.  S.  V. 

Sir  :  I  have  the  honor  to  make  the  following  report  of  the  engagement  in  Tondo  on 
the  23d  day  of  February,  1899 : 

About  9.30  o'clock  in  the  morning  of  that  day  I  received  verbal  orders  through  Lieut. 
Col.  (t.  O.  Yoran,  to  take  two  companies  of  my  battalion  and  proceed  to  Tondo  for  the 
purpose  of  capturing  or  driving  out  a  body  of  insurgents,  which  had  in  some  manner 
passed  our  lines  and  established  themselves  in  that  neighborhood.  Taking  Companies 
E  and  M,  I  started  from  the  Cuartel  de  Espaiia  about  10  a.  m.  Company  E,  Capt.  R.  E. 
Davis,  had  fifty  men.  First  Lieut.  T.  N.  Dunbar  being  second  in  command.  Company 
M,  Capt.  J.  M.  Poorman,  had  forty-three  men.  Second  Lieut.  C.  R.  Platts  also  being  with 
the  company.  The  men  carried  one  hundred  rounds  of  ammunition  each,  and  one 
day's  travel  ration. 

Near  the  Bridge  of  Spain  Capt.  J.  E.  McKelvey,  of  the  Thirteenth  Minnesota  Regi- 
ment, reported  to  me,  by  order  of  General  Hughes,  to  direct  me  to  the  proper  district.  We 
proceeded  to  the  church  in  Tondo,  headquarters  of  Company  M,  Thirteenth  Minnesota, 
and  halted.  Insurgent  sharpshooters  were  close  by  and  were  making  things  decidedly 
interesting.  I  ascended  the  tower  of  the  church,  and  had  a  good  view  of  the  battlefield 
and  the  position  of  the  insurgents,  which  was  pointed  out  to  me  by  First  Lieut.  L.  D. 
Bruckart,  Company  M,  Thirteenth  Minnesota.  At  the  church  I  was  joined  by  Compa- 
nies C  and  M  of  that  regiment.  Company  C,  Second  Lieut.  James  F.  Snow  in  command, 
had  thirty-five  men,  and  Company  M.  Captain  McKelvey,  had  forty-five  men.  P'irst 
Lieutenant  Bruckart  was  present  with  this  company. 

Advancing  down  the  road  to  the  north,  as  far  as  the  first  main  crossroad,  I  halted 
and  formed  a  line  of  battle.  Company  E,  Captain  Davis,  was  given  a  position  on  the 
left,  in  line  of  skirmishers,  with  his  left  fifty  yards  from  the  water.  Company  M,  Second 
Oregon,  Captain  Poorman,  was  placed  in  the  center  of  the  line,  and  Company  C,  Second 
Lieutenant  Snow,  Thirteenth  Minnesota,  on  the  right.  Company  M,  Thirteenth  Minne- 
sota, Captain  McKelvey,  was  held  in  reserve.  This  made  a  continuous  line  of  skirmishers 
about  one  quarter  of  a  mile  in  length.  Directly  in  front  of  us  was  a  thick  collection  of 
huts  scattered  through  the  trees.  The  line  was  pierced  in  two  places  by  the  main  streets 
leading  toward  Caloocan.    On  these  streets  our  line  was  left  blank  because  of  the  heavy 


544  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

fire  down  them  maintained  by  the  insurgents  from  their  stone  barricades  erected  a  short 
distance  ahead  and  behind  which  a  good  force  of  sharpshooters  had  been  stationed. 

The  line  having  been  formed,  the  bugle  sounded  "Forward,"  and  the  advance  com- 
menced. Firing  began  almost  Immediately  and  soon  became  very  warm.  The  Mausers 
could  be  heard  on  all  sides,  and  it  was  impossible  to  ascertain  where  the  bullets  came 
from,  as  smokeless  powder  was  being  used  by  the  enemy.  Our  men  became  a  little  nerv- 
ous under  this  flank  Are,  and  we  halted  before  we  had  proceeded  more  than  one  hundred 
yards,  the  men  taking  refuge  behind  a  stone  wall.  Seeing  that  nothing  could  be  done 
until  this  flank  flre  by  the  sharpshooters  had  been  stopped,  and  as  it  seemed  to  be  com- 
ing from  the  native  huts,  I  sent  out  orders  to  burn  all  the  huts,  and  to  advance  again, 
slowly,  burning  the  huts  as  we  proceeded.  The  bugle  again  sounded  "Forward,"  and 
the  line  moved  on.  As  the  houses  on  all  sides  of  us  began  to  go  up  in  flames  the  position 
of  the  insurgent  sharpshooters  became  untenable  and  they  retreated,  relieving  our  men 
from  the  flank  flre.  The  different  companies  kept  in  touch  with  each  other  on  the  flanks 
in  fine  style,  and  we  advanced  steadily.  The  firing  again  became  very  heavy  all  along 
the  line,  but  the  men  exercised  good  judgment  and  kept  under  cover  as  much  as  possible 
while  advancing.  The  insurgents,  when  driven  from  their  houses,  bore  ofl' toward  the 
left  flank,  and  many  of  them  were  shot  down  by  our  men.  Tliey  were  evidently  making 
for  the  lagoon  in  front  of  Malabon,  where,  I  afterwards  ascertained,  a  good  many  of  them 
escaped  by  wading  and  swimming. 

As  we  neared  the  line  of  barricades  across  the  streets,  the  flre  became  very  hot,  as  the 
enemy  was  protected  on  each  street  by  stone  inclosures.  The  stone  inclosure  to  the  left 
of  the  street-car  line  and  in  front  of  Company  M,  Second  Oregon,  and  Company  C,  Thir- 
teenth Minnesota,  was  especially  well  defended.  Here  a  hot  flre  was  maintained  until 
some  of  our  men  got  up  In  a  house  which  gave  them  a  flank  flre  into  the  insurgents,  and 
from  which  many  of  the  enemj'  were  killed,  and  resulting  in  the  Filipinos  being  driven 
out  of  their  stronghold.  As  they  ran  they  were  exposed  to  the  flre  of  our  men  on  the 
left,  and  many  of  them  were  killed  on  the  outside.  Around  this  inclosure  and  inside  of 
it  thirty  dead  insurgents  were  afterwards  counted.  On  the  other  street  the  inclosure  was 
obstinately  defended  by  them,  but  the  insurgents  were  driven  out  in  good  style  by  the 
left  of  Captain  Poorman's  line  and  the  right  of  Captain  Davis's.  Inside  of  this  inclosure 
were  found  flve  dead  insurgents  and  six  wounded,  and  many  dead  were  scattered  over 
the  adjacent  gardens.  When  we  reached  the  first  line  of  barricades,  near  the  inclosures 
which  we  had  captured,  I  halted  and  reformed  the  line,  where  we  rested  a  little  while, 
keeping  up  in  the  mean  time  an  incessant  fire  on  the  insurgents  remaining  in  our  front. 
At  this  time  I  sent  back  for  more  ammunition,  as  the  supply  had  nearly  run  out.  Com- 
panies C  and  M,  Thirteenth  Minnesota,  each  had  two  thousand  rounds  in  reserve  in 
their  quarters.  This  was  brought  up  in  carremeteras,  and  distributed  to  the  men  on  the 
firing  line.    Word  was  sent  to  Genei'al  Hughes  with  the  request  that  more  be  forwarded. 

The  hardest  fighting  was  now  over,  although  our  work  was  not  yet  completed  by  any 
means.  Company  M,  Thirteenth  Minnesota,  commanded  by  Captain  McKelvey,  was 
held  in  reserve,  and  although  his  men  were  not  on  the  firing  line,  the  company  did  good 
work  escorting  prisoners  to  the  rear  and  as  scouts  sent  out  to  the  right  and  left  to  keep 
me  informed  as  to  the  position  of  our  line.  A  private  of  Company  G,  Thirteenth  Min- 
nesota, named  Baker,  was  badly  wounded  at  this  point  by  a  shot  through  the  back  of 
the  neck,  and  Private  M.  Hilderbrandt,  of  Company  E,  Second  Oregon,  was  shot  in  the 
finger,  receiving  a  slight  wound.  One  other  private,  Ira  B.  Smith,  of  Company  C,  Thir- 
teenth Minnesota,  was  slightly  %vounded  in  the  breast.  Under  the  shelter  of  the  stone 
inclosure  at  these  barricades  Dr.  Ritchie,  Thirteenth  Minnesota,  and  Hospital  Steward 
Brosius,  Second  Oregon,  did  excellent  work  in  caring  for  the  wounded.  Those  able  to 
be  moved  were  transported  to  the  rear.  At  this  point  many  prisoners  were  captured 
and  sent  to  the  rear  under  guard. 

While  waiting  there  two  companies  of  the  Twenty-third  Infantry  arrived  upon  the 
scene,  under  command  of  Major  Goodale.  He  being  my  senior,  and  desiring  first  of  all 
hearty  cooperation  in  the  work  before  us,  I  oflTered  him  the  command  of  the  whole  line, 
which  he  accepted.   Aftera  short  rest  the  whole  line  again  advanced,  driving  everything 


OREGON    VOLUNTKEIIS    IN    SPANISH     WAK.  545 

before  it  until  we  reached  the  depot  of  the  Manila  and  Malabon  tramway.  Here  we 
again  halted  and  reformed  the  companies.  At  this  point  Captain  McKelvpy,  in  com- 
mand of  Company  M,  Thirteenth  Minnesotii,  was  obliged  to  return  to  the  hospital.  He 
had  been  on  duty  for  forty-eight  hours  without  rest,  lighting  fires,  doing  patrol  work, 
etc.,  and  was  well  nigh  worn  out.  He  had  performed  good  work  during  the  tiring,  and 
deserves  credit  for  sticking  to  it  as  long  as  he  did.  First  Lieutenant  Bruckai't  took  com- 
mand in  his  stead.    Here  we  received  an  abundant  supply  of  ammunition. 

Here  I  suggested  to  Major  Goodale  that  Company  E,  Second  Oregon,  Captain  Davis, 
be  sent  across  the  bridge  to  deploy  in  skirmish  order  through  the  timber  to  the  right,  to 
be  joined  on  the  left  by  other  companies  in  skirmish  order.  Thus  we  would  have  a  line 
before  which  we  could  drive  tlie  enemy.  This  was  done,  Captain  Davis  forming  as  des- 
ignated and  advancing  toward  Caloocan.  Lieutenant  Snow,  Thirteenth  Minnesota, 
formed  with  his  company  on  the  left.  Major  Goodale  then  advanced  down  the  road 
with  his  companies  of  tlie  Twenty-third,  and  I  followed  with  companies  M  of  the  Second 
Oregon  and  the  Thirteenth  Minnesota.  After  a  short  advance  I  crossed  the  slough  to 
the  right  with  my  two  companies  and  formed  them  in  the  brusli  in  skirmish  order  to 
the  left  of  Captain  Davis's  line.  We  then  advanced  through  the  woods  in  skirmish 
order,  clearing  up  everything  in  front  of  us  until  we  reached  Caloocan,  in  the  rear  of 
Major  General  Mac  Arthur's  quarters.  On  nearing  Caloocan  the  center  and  right  of  my 
line  on  the  crest  of  the  ridge  were  exposed  to  the  view  of  the  insurgents  beyond  the  line 
of  Major  General  MacArthur  and  were  given  two  or  three  volleys.  The  Mauser  bullets 
fell  about  thickly,  but  no  one  was  hurt. 

On  reaching  Caloocan  the  companies  wei-e  reformed  and  I  reported  my  arrival  to 
General  MacArthur.  Having  completed  the  work  for  which  we  were  sent  out,  we 
returned  to  our  quarters  in  the  city. 

Too  much  praise  can  not  be  given  the  officers  and  men  of  the  Oregon  and  Minnesota 
regiments  who  took  part  in  the  engagement.  Captain  Davis  on  the  left.  Captain  Poor- 
man  in  the  center,  and  Lieutenant  Snow  on  the  right  held  their  companies  in  good  con- 
trol, kept  their  men  advancing  steadily,  took  advantage  of  every  cover,  and  inflicted 
heavy  loss  upon  the  enemy,  with  very  slight  loss  to  ourselves.  In  my  battalion  not  a 
man  was  killed,  and  only  three  were  wounded ;  one  in  Company  C,  Thirteenth  Minne- 
sota ;  one  in  Company  G,  same  regiment,  and  one  in  Company  E,  Second  Oregon.  Lieu- 
tenant Bruckart  did  excellent  work  with  his  company  after  he  took  command.  My 
adjutant,  Lieut.  A.  J.  Brazee,  in  delivering  orders  to  diflt'erent  parts  of  the  line,  did  good 
work  and  showed  good  judgment,  as  did  also  Lieutenant  Dunbar,  of  Company  E,  and 
Lieutenant  Platts,  of  Company  M. 

It  is  not  now  definitely  known  how  many  of  the  insurgents  were  killed,  but  I  am 
informed  that  a  burial  party  sent  out  the  next  day  to  the  neighborhood  of  the  battlefield 
buried  one  hundred  and  thirteen.  We  captured,  I  estimate,  about  one  hundred  prison- 
ers, and  cleaned  out  the  whole  country  we  covered  from  the  Tondo  church  to  General 
MacArthur's  line.  Our  gunboats  fired  several  shots,  presumably  at  those  insurgents 
who  escaped  across  the  lagoon  on  our  left.  All  the  men  behaved  admirably,  and  as  it 
was  their  first  experience  under  fire  their  coolness  and  determination  was  very  marked, 
all  of  which  it  gives  me  great  pleasure  to  testify  to. 
I  am,  very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

Percy  Willis, 
Major,  Second  Oregon  U.  8.  Volunteer  Infantry. 


35 


REPORT 

OF 

BKIG.  GEN.  LOYI)  WHEATON,  U.  S.  V., 

OF  OPERATIONS  ALONG  THE  PASId  RIVER,  MARCH  13  TO  19,  Um. 


Manila,  P.  I.,  Mm-ch  21, 1S99. 
ArtJUTANT  General,  United  States  Army, 

Washingion,  D.  C. 

Sir  :  By  General  Orders  No.  11,  current  series,  headquarters  Department  of  the  Pacific 
and  Eighth  Army  Corp.s,  I  was  assigned  to  the  command  of  "a  provisional  brigade" 
composed  of  the  Twentieth  and  Twenty-second  Regiments,  U.  S.  Infantry,  two  battaUons 
of  the  First  Washington  Volunteer  Infantry,  seven  companies  of  the  Second  Oregon 
Volunteer  Infantry,  a  platoon  of  the  Sixth  U.  S.  Artillery,  and  a  squadron  of  three  troops 
Fourth  U.  S.  Cavalry. 

My  instructions  were  to  clear  the  enemy  from  the  country  to  Pasig  and  to  strike  him 
wherever  found.  The  brigade  was  formed  on  the  night  of  the  12th  instant  and  biv- 
ouacked in  line  in  rear  of  the  intrenched  position  extending  from  San  Pedro  Macati  on 
the  Pasig  one  and  one  half  miles  in  the  direction  of  Passay  from  right  to  left  in  the  fol- 
lowing order: 

Squadron  Fourth  U.  S.  Cavalry,  Major  Rucker;  Twenty-second  U.  S.  Infantry,  Colo- 
nel Egbert;  Twentieth  U.  S.  Infantry,  Lieutenant  Colonel  McCaskey;  seven  companies 
Second  Oregon  Volunteer  Infantry,  Colonel  Summers;  one  platoon  (two  guns)  Sixth 
U.  S.  Artillery,  Lieutenant  Scott;  two  battalions  First  Washington  Volunteer  Infantry, 
Colonel  Wholley. 

Soon  after  daylight  on  the  morning  of  March  13th  the  brigade  moved  under  my 
instructions,  by  echelon,  from  the  right,  the  Fourth  U.  S.  Cavalry  and  Twenty-second 
U.  S.  Infantry  moving  first ;  then  the  Twentieth  U.  S.  Infantry,  followed  by  the  Second 
Oregon  Volunteer  Infantry.  When  the  cavalry  and  Twenty-second  U.  S.  Infantry  had 
advanced  one  and  one  half  miles  along  the  line  wheeled  to  the  left  and  marched  toward 
the  river  road  along  the  Pasig.  Scott's  guns  had  now  opened  upon  the  position  of  the 
enemy  at  Guadalupe,  and  the  left  of  the  line  advancing  forced  him  out,  the  Twentieth 
U.  S.  Infantry  and  First  Washington  Volunteer  Infantry  reaching  the  church  at  Guad- 
alupe at  nearly  the  same  time.  The  right  of  the  Twenty-second  U.  S.  Infantry  struck 
the  enemy  as  he  was  retreating  in  the  direction  of  Pasig,  inflicting  heavy  loss.  The 
whole  line  moved  on  and  occupied  the  Pasig  road,  and  then  marching  east  along  the 
road  soon  came  under  fire  of  the  enemy  from  his  intrenched  position  at  Pasig,  on  the 
north  side  of  the  river.  Opened  fire  upon  his  intrenchments  from  one  gun  on  the  road, 
and  placed  the  other  upon  a  cliflT  or  ridge  extending  at  right  angle  to  the  Pasig ;  occupied 
the  ridge  with  infantry  and  extended  the  Twentieth  and  Twenty-second  U.  S.  Infantry 
to  the  right  on  the  high  ground  in  the  direction  of  Pateros.  One  battalion  of  the  Twenty- 
second  U.  S.  Infantry,  under  Captain  Lockwood,  and  the  squadron  of  Fourth  U.  S.  Cav- 
alry, under  Major  Rucker,  attacked  a  force  of  the  enemy  in  the  direction  of  Pateros  and 
drove  him  beyond  Taguig.  The  gunboat  Laguna  de  Bay,  under  command  of  Captain 
Grant,  came  up,  and  night  closed  with  the  enemy  driven  to  the  north  side  of  Pasig. 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  547 

March  ;',.— Entended  mj'  line  to  the  south  and  west  of  Pateros  and  reconnoitered  the 
country  to  the  west  and  south.  The  cavalry  engaged  the  enemy  in  force  in  the  direction 
of  Taguig,  and  drove  him  beyond  that  place.  The  enemy  being  intrenched  in  the  bam- 
boo thickets  across  the  channel,  near  Pateros,  the  first  Washington  Volunteer  Infantry 
—  one  battalion,  under  Maj.  J.  J.  Weisenburger  — crossed  the  channel  in  cascos  and  by 
swimming,  stormed  the  intrenchments,  and  captured  or  killed  all  the  rebels  there.  The 
town  of  Pateros  took  fire  and  burned. 

March  15.— 1  sent  one  battalion  of  the  Twentieth  U.  S.  Infantry,  under  Major  Rogers, 
across  the  river  at  Pasig,  brought  up  a  gun,  and  shelled  the  intrenchmenfs'in  front  of 
Pasig  and  to  the  left.  The  battalion  of  the  Twentieth  U.  S.  Infantry  carried  the  city  by 
storm.  Crossed  a  part  of  the  Second  Oregon  Volunteer  Infantry  below  Pasig,  and  when 
the  rebels  fled  from  Pasig  they  were  exposed  to  a  heavy  flank  fire  from  this  detachment. 
Sent  the  whole  of  the  Twentieth  U.  S.  Infantry  over  to  Pasig,  the  regiment  being  taken 
across  upon  the  steam  launch  Maritime.  Advanced  the  First  Washington  Volunteer 
Infantry  on  my  light  to  Taguig  and  captured  about  five  hundred  prisoners.  Night 
came  on  with  the  enemy  in  my  front  and  on  my  right  killed,  captured,  or  dispersed. 
The  enemy  lost  at  least  one  thousand  men  this  day. 

March  W.— Instructed  Lieutenant  Colonel  McCaskey,  commanding  Twentieth  U.  S. 
Infantry,  at  Pasig,  to  clear  the  country  in  his  immediate  vicinity  of  any  of  the  insurgents 
who  might  be  lurking  near,  and  soon  after  received  a  dispatch  from  him  that  he  had 
sent  out  two  battalions  to  be  deployed  as  skirmishers  to  clear  the  island  of  Pasig.  Soon 
after,  heavy  and  long-continued  firing  was  heard  to  the  east  and  north  of  Pasig.  At  12 
M.  learned  that  Maj.  William  P.  Rogers,  commanding  Third  Battalion  Twentieth  U.  S. 
Infantry,  had  come  upon  the  enemy,  intrenched  one  thousand  strong  at  the  village  of 
Cienta,  and  that  he  had  carried  the  intrenchments  and  burned  the  town,  the  enemy  fly- 
ing in  the  direction  of  Taytay.  Major  Rogers  returned  with  his  battalion  to  Pasig.  In 
this  aflair  he  lost  two  killed  and  fourteen  wounded. 

On  the  17th  of  March,  by  direction  of  the  corps  commander,  I  returned  the  Twentieth 
U.  S.  Infantry  to  Manila,  relieving  the  regiment  at  Pasig  by  a  part  of  the  First  Wash- 
ington Volunteer  Infantry. 

On  the  afternoon  of  March  18th  a  force  of  the  enemy  appeared  in  the  vicinity  of  Tag- 
uig, which  was  held  by  one  company  of  the  First  Washington  Volunteer  Infantry. 
Reeforced  the  place  with  two  companies  of  infantry  and  directed  the  colonel  of  the 
Twenty-second  U.  S.  Infantry  to  send  one  battalion  of  his  regiment  south  of  the  position 
held  by  his  regiment  and  to  the  west  of  Taguig  to  ascertain  the  force  of  the  enemy.  The 
enemy  was  found  about  eight  hundred  strong  occupying  the  crests  of  the  ridges,  and  a 
spirited  combat  ensued,  which  was  terminated  by  darkness.  The  Twenty-second  had 
twenty  men  killed  and  wounded  in  this  aflTair.  Among  the  wounded  was  Capt.  Frank 
B.  Jones,  Twenty-second  Infantry,  commanding  the  battalion.  The  enemy  fell  back 
toward  the  south. 

The  morning  of  the  I9th  instant  shortly  after  daylight  I  formed  line,  deployed  in  the 
extended  order  facing  to  the  south,  as  follows:  Twenty-second  U.  S.  Infantry  and  one 
gun  Sixth  Artillery  on  the  right;  Second  Oregon  Volunteer  Infantry  (six  companies), 
center ;  First  Washington  Volunteer  Infantry  (six  companies),  left.  Advanced  the  line 
and  struck  the  enemy  four  miles  south  of  Taguig.  My  line,  wheeling  to  the  left,  partly 
inclosed  him  toward  the  lake,  and  he  was  completely  routed,  with  great  loss.  My  left 
pursued  hiin  down  the  lake  fifteen  miles  from  Taguig  as  far  as  San  Pedro  Tamisan,  all 
the  houses  along  the  lake  to  that  point  being  burned.  The  enemy's  intrenchments  on 
our  left  and  in  front  of  the  First  Washington  Volunteer  Infantry  were  carried,  the 
enemy  leaving  more  than  two  hundred  dead  upon  the  field.  Returned  to  the  vicinity 
of  Pateros  and  there  bivouacked,  receiving  orders  to  return  the  command  to  former 
encampments  near  Manila,  excepting  that  the  First  Washington  Volunteer  Infantry 
was  designated  to  hold  Pasig,  Pateros,  and  Taguig  and  adjacent  country. 

This  ended  the  operations  of  the  provisional  brigade.  In  one  week  all  his  positions 
that  were  attacked  taken  and  his  troops  killed,  captured,  or  dispersed  ;  the  towns  from 
where  he  brought  over  troops  or  in  which  be  resisted  us  burned  or  destroyed,   He  burned 


54S  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

them  himself.    His  loss  in  killed,  wounded,  and  captured  was  not  less  than  twenty-five 
hundred  men. 

I  was  ably  supported  and  assisted  by  the  several  regimental  commanders  through 
the  series  of  operations.  I  desire  to  call  attention  to  the  energetic  conduct  of  Col.  J.  H. 
Wholly,  First  Washington  Volunteer  Infantry,  and  the  gallant  conduct  in  action  of 
Maj.  William  P.  Rogers,  Twentieth  U.  S.  Infantry,  and  Maj.  J.  J.  Weisenburger,  First 
Washington  Volunteer  Infantry,  and  to  the  gallant  and  meritorious  services  of  Capt. 
Frank  B.  Jones,  Twenty-second  U.  S.  Infantry.  Second  Lieut.  E.  D.  Scott,  Sixth  U.  S. 
Artillery,  rendered  most  efficient  service  with  his  guns,  showing  skill  and  intrepidity. 
I  desire  to  call  attention  to  the  very  gallant  conduct  of  Capts.  Herbert  S.  Foster,  James 
A.  Irons,  and  Benjamin  Alvord,  Twentieth  Infantry,  in  the  storming  of  Pasig  and  in 
the  combat  at  Cienta.  I  am  indebted  to  Lieut.  F.  D.  Webster,  Twentieth  U.  S.  Infantry, 
aid-de-camp,  and  to  Lieut.  Charles  R.  Howland,  Twentieth  U.  S.  Infantry,  aid-de-camp, 
actingassistantadjutant  general,  for  valuable  assistance;  also  to  First  Lieut.  William 
D.  Connor,  Corps  of  Engineers,  acting  aid. 

Service  both  gallant  and  efficient  was  rendered  by  Capt.  Elmore  McKenna  and  Lieut. 
Charles  E.  Kilbourne,  Volunteer  Signal  Corps. 

Very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant,  ^^^^  WHEATON, 

Brigadier  General,  U.  8.  V.,  Commanding. 


Report  of  Brigidier   General  Loyd  Wheaton,  U.  S.  V.,  of  Operations 
of  His  Brigade,  March  22  to  31,  1899. 

Headquarters  Third  Brigade,  First  Division,  Eighth  Army  Corps, 

Malolos,  P.  /.,  March  31,  1899, 
Adjutant  General,  U.  S.  A., 

Washington,  D.  C. 

Sir:  Relating  to  the  recent  operations  of  this  brigade  in  connection  with  the  move- 
ments of  Major  General  MacArthur's  Second  Division,  Eighth  Army  Corps,  I  have  to 
report  that  I  was  directed  in  orders  from  headquarters  Department  of  the  Pacific  and 
Eighth  Army  Corps  to  report  for  temporary  duty,  with  my  brigade,  to  General  Mac- 
Arthur  March  22,  1899.  The  brigade  consisted  of  one  battalion  Third  U.  S.  Infantry,  just 
landed  from  transport,  Twenty-second  U.  S.  Infantry,  and  eleven  companies  Second 
Oregon  Volunteer  Infantry ;  in  all  two  thousand  two  hundred  and  forty-one  officers 
and  men  eflfective  for  duty. 

The  night  of  March  24th  the  brigade  relieved  the  First  Brigade,  Second  Division,  Brig. 
Gen.  H.  G.  Otis,  in  the  trenches  extending  from  the  left  west  of  Caloocan  to  the  vicinity 
of  La  Loma  Church.  This  disposition  was  made  in  the  darkness  without  the  enemy 
gaining  any  knowledge  of  it,  although  his  intrenchments  were  close  in  front  and  our 
movements  exposed  to  his  short-range  fire.  The  Second  Oregon  Volunteer  Infantry 
was  placed  on  the  left;  Twenty-second  U.  S.  Infantry  on  the  right;  the  battalion  Third 
U.  S.  Infantry  in  the  inclosure  or  wall  about  Caloocan  church  and  near  the  center. 

On  March  25th  soon  after  daylight,  Major  General  MacArthur  commenced  his  move- 
ment by  advancing  his  right  brigade  to  attack  the  enemy  in  the  trenches  in  his  front 
and  to  advance  his  right  on  Polo.  Soon  after,  his  left  took  up  the  movement  and 
advanced  to  the  front  and  left,  his  artillery  near  the  center  advancing  with  the  line. 

As  soon  as  his  left  brigades  moved  I  advanced  one  battalion  Twenty-second  U.  S. 
Infantry  on  my  right  to  cover  the  movement  of  the  Third  U.  S.  Artillery,  foot,  on  Gen- 
eral MacArthur's  left.  The  turning  movement  having  sufficiently  developed  to  threaten 
the  rebel  intrenchments  on  their  left  flank,  I  directed  that  fire  be  opened  on  the  rebel 
intrenchments  in  my  front  by  the  guns  of  the  Utah  Volunteer  Light  Artillery,  First 
Lieut.  Geoi^  W.  Gibbs  and  at  8.30  a.  m.  directed  my  whole  line  to  advance  in  the  follow- 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  549 

ing  oidor:  Twenty-second  U.  S.  Infantiy,  Col.  H.  C.  Egbert,  on  the  right  to  endeavor  to 
keep  touch  and  communication  with  the  Third  U.  S.  Artillery,  on  the  left  of  Otis's 
brigade,  MacArthur's  Division;  one  Battalion  Third  U.  S.  Infantry,  Captain  Cooke, 
center ;  two  companies  on  the  east  side  of  the  railroad  track  and  two  on  the  west  side ; 
Second  Oregon  Volunteer  Infantry,  Col.  O.  Summers,  left  extending  to  near  the  channel 
separating  Malabon  from  the  mainland. 

The  rebels  were  found  in  their  intreuchments  in  great  force,  and  line  after  line  of  their 
works  were  carried  with  the  utmost  gallantry.  The  roll  of  infantry  Are  was  now  con- 
tinuous and  intense,  the  heaviest  fighing  at  this  time  falling  on  the  Second  Oregon  Vol- 
unteer Infantry  and  two  companies  of  the  Third  U.  S.  Infantry. 

By  11.30  A.  M.  the  enemy  was  thrown  to  the  line  of  intrenchments  in  my  front  along 
the  Tuliahan  River,  he  having  been  driven  from  his  successive  lines  of  intrenchments 
with  great  slaughter.  I  now  brought  two  guns  of  the  Utah  Volunteer  Light  Artillery, 
under  Lieut.  Geo.  A.  Seaman,  from  our  line  of  works  in  front  of  Caloocan  to  a  point  on 
the  railroad  track  nine  hundred  yards  from  the  bridge  across  the  Tuliahan ;  sent  a 
Hotchkiss  revolving  cannon  to  my  extreme  left  to  keep  down  the  fire  of  the  enemy  com- 
ing across  the  channel  near  Malabon.  Shelled  his  blockhouses  and  Intrenchments 
along  the  river  on  the  north  bank. 

A  battalion  of  two  companies  of  the  Twenty-third  Infantry  (U.  S.),  one  hundred  and 
fifty-nine  officers  and  men,  Capt.  S.  B.  Pratt,  having  been  sent  out  from  the  city,  I  placed 
them  on  my  right  with  instructions  to  connect  with  the  left  of  Otis's  brigade  of  Mac- 
Arthur's  division,  which  was  done  by  fording  the  Tuliahan.  Late  In  the  afternoon  I 
received  a  dispatch  from  Major  General  MacArthur  that  it  was  probable,  owing  to  diffi- 
cult country,  he  would  not  be  able  to  place  his  right  in  Polo  during  the  day,  but  hoped 
to  be  there  early  next  morning.  I  had  now  suspended  my  forward  movement  in  order 
that  the  enemy  might  not  be  driven  beyond  Polo  or  Malinta  before  the  ground  in  that 
vicinity  had  been  seized  by  General  MacArthur.  Night  closed  with  my  right  connecting 
with  Otis's  brigade  of  the  Second  Division,  and  my  line  close  to  the  Tuliahan,  with  the 
enemy  all  driven  to  the  north  bank. 

March  2()th  at  daylight  the  indications  were  that  the  enemy  was  preparing  to  retreat. 
The  city  of  Malabon  on  my  left  was  on  lire  and  a  stream  of  fugitive  soldiers  of  the  enemy 
and  inhabitants  was  pouring  from  the  city  toward  the  north.  I  directed  Colonel  Egbert 
with  his  regiment,  the  Twenty-second  U.  S.  Infantry,  to  ford  the  Tuliahan  near  my  right 
and  form  line  perpendicular  to  the  river,  his  right  to  the  north,  the  left  of  the  Twenty- 
second  to  be  supported  by  the  battalion  of  the  Twenty-third  U.  S.  Infantry.  By  11  a.  m. 
all  entrenchments  near  the  river  were  carried  ;  the  Second  Oregon  Volunteer  Infantry 
on  the  left  meeting  with  an  obstinate  resistance.  I  crossed  the  river  in  person  at  this 
time  near  the  railroad  bridge,  and  the  rebels  opened  fire  from  an  entrenchment  halfway 
from  Malinta,  from  walls  loopholed  for  musketry  about  the  church  and  from  entrench- 
ments at  Malinta.  I  directed  the  Twenty-second  U.  S.  Infantry  to  form  line  facing  the 
intrenchments  and  to  charge  and  carry  them,  which  the  regiment  did  with  great  gal- 
lantry. Col.  H.  C.  Egbert  was  mortally  wounded  in  this  charge  and  died  soon  after.  At 
the  same  time  the  Second  Oregon  Volunteer  Infantry  on  my  left  carried  everything 
before  it.  The  Third  Artillery  now,  about  12  M.,  entered  Malinta,  my  right  and  the 
Second  Oregon,  my  left,  entering  about  the  same  time.  The  enemy  fled  north,  pursued 
by  Major  General  MacArthur's  center  and  right.  Went  into  camp  at  Malinta  with  whole 
brigade,  the  two  remaining  battalions  of  the  Third  U.  S.  Infantry  having  joined  from 
the  transport  about  dark. 

March  27.—  Under  orders  from  the  division  commander,  left  the  Second  Oregon  Vol- 
unter  Infantry  at  Malinta  and  joined  head  of  column  with  Third  U.  S.  Infantry  and 
Twenty-second  U.  S.  Infantry.  The  battalion  of  the  Twenty-third  U.  S.  Infantry  was 
returned  to  Manila.  At  8.40  A.  M.  received  a  telegraphic  dispatch  from  department  com- 
mander to  be  under  his  orders  direct  and  to  keep  railroad  open  in  the  rear  of  General 
MacArthur's  division. 

March  2S.— Marched  Third  and  Twenty-second  U.  S.  Infantry  to  Marilao. 


550  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

March  29  —  Crossed  the  Marilao  and  marched  up  the  railroad.  The  Thirteenth  Min- 
nesota Infantry  was  assigned  to  my  command. 

March  SO  — Column  moved  at  6.30  a.  m.  All  trains  left  at  Bocaue  with  one  battalion 
Twenty-second  U.  S.  Infanti-y  as  guard.  Column  reached  Guiguinto  at  9.30  a.  m.,  and 
before  dark  the  Third  U.  S.  Infantry  (Colonel  Page)  and  two  battalions  Twenty-second 
U.  S.  Infantry  were  in  bivouac  one  half  mile  in  the  rear  of  Major  General  MacArthur's 
line  of  battle,  one  and  one  half  to  two  miles  from  Malolos. 

In  conference  with  Major  General  MacArthur  it  was  decided  that  I  should  support 
his  attack  on  the  enemy's  position  in  front  of  Malolos  by  supporting  his  right  with  three 
battalions  Third  U.  S.  Infantry  and  left  with  two  battalions  Twenty-second  U.  S. 
Infantry. 

March  51  — Soon  after  daylight  the  five  battalions  mentioned  were  placed,  deployed 
in  two  lines  of  skirmishers,  closed  to  two  and  one  half  paces  interval,  distance  between 
lines  five  hundred  yards,  the  right  and  left  battalions  to  lap  over  or  beyond  the  line  of 
battle  of  the  division.  Action  commenced  about  7  a.  m.,  the  left  occupying  Malolos,  the 
enemy's  capital,  early  in  the  day.  I  was  with  the  right  and  opened  fire  on  an  intrench- 
ment  of  the  enemy  with  Hotchkiss  revolving  cannon  soon  after  the  line  was  formed. 
After  some  maneuvering  Hale's  brigade  in  my  front  carried  the  enemy's  works  and 
pursued  him  in  the  direction  of  Calumpit.  The  entire  movement  from  our  lines  in  front 
of  Caloocan  to  Malolos  was  a  complete  success. 

Great  damage  and  heavy  loss  in  killed  and  wounded  has  been  inflicted  upon  the 
rebels  and  nowhere  was  the  enemy  able  to  considerably  retard  our  advance.  He  was  in 
strong  force  in  front  of  our  lines  on  March  2.3th.  In  front  of  my  brigade  his  intrench- 
ments  were  held  by  not  less  than  four  thousand  men,  mostly  armed  with  Mauser  rifles. 

The  conduct  of  our  officers  and  men  was  distinguished  by  daring  and  the  utmost 
energy.  I  desire  to  express  the  highest  admiration  for  the  distinguished  gallanti-y  of 
Col.  H.  C.  Egbert,  Twenty-second  U.S.  Infantry,  who  fell  at  Malinta  during  the  charge 
of  his  regiment  upon  the  enemy's  intrenchments.  He  should  be  held  in  grateful  remem- 
brance by  his  countrymen. 

The  gallant  conduct  of  Col.  O.  Summers,  Second  Oregon  Volunteer  Infantry,  on 
March  25th  and  26th,  is  worthy  of  the  highest  praise.  He  maneuvered  his  regiment  with 
ability  and  did  excellent  service,  inspiring  his  command,  which  fought  with  great 
courage  and  determination.  The  conduct  of  Capt.  John  G.  Ballance,  Twenty-second  U.  S. 
Infantry,  was  distinguished  for  courage  and  skill.  His  ability  in  handling  the  battalion 
he  commanded  under  the  enemy's  Are  is  worthy  of  the  highest  consideration. 

I  am  indebted  for  the  valuable  assistance  of  Capt.H.  C.  Cabell,  Third  U.  S.  Infantry. 
Captain  and  Assistant  Adjutant  General  of  Volunteers ;  First  Lieut.  F.  D.  Webster, 
Twentieth  U.  S.  Infantry,  aide-de-camp;  First  Lieut. H.  E.  Ely, Twenty-second  Infantry, 
Brigade  Quartermaster  and  Acting  Commissary  of  Subsistence ;  Second  Lieut.  W.  D. 
Connor,  Corps  of  Engineers,  acting  aide-de-camp;  and  Second  Lieut.  A.  P.  Hayne,  Bat- 
tery A,  California  Volunteer  Heavy  Artillery,  acting  aide-de-camp.  They  carried  my 
orders  to  all  parts  of  the  field  during  these  operations.  They  have  my  thanks  for  the 
courage  and  ability  with  which  they  conveyed  my  orders.  Maj.  G.  F.  Shields,  Brigade 
Surgeon  of  Volunteers,  rendered  valuable  service  in  bringing  wounded  from  the  most 
exposed  places  and  in  many  instances  conveying  my  orders  under  the  heaviest  fire  of 

the  enemy. 

Very  respectfully, 

LOYD  WHEATON, 

Brigadier  General,  U.  S.  V.,  Comvianding . 


Headquarters  Third  Brigade,  First  Division,  Eighth  Army  Corps, 

Malolos,  P.  I.,  April  IS,  1899. 
Adjutant  General,  U.  S.  A., 

Washington,  D.  C. 
Sir:   At  1  o'clock  a.  m.  the  llth  instant  I  received  a  dispatch  from  the  commanding 
officer  at  Bigaa  that  the  enemy  had  attacked  in  force  at  Bocaue ;  that  he  was  attacked 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    TN    SPANISH    WAR.  551 

and  that  he  wanted  reinforcements.  In  compliance  with  instiuctlous  from  Major  Gen- 
eral MacArthur,  commanding  Second  Division,  Eighth  Army  Corps,  I  immediately 
proceeded  (on  foot)  in  the  direction  of  points  attaclred,  taking  with  me  a  detachment  of 
twenty-five  men  of  the  Fourth  U.  S.  Cavalry  (dismounted)  under  command  of  Lieut. 
Charles  Boyd,  Fourth  U.  S.  Cavalry.  Upon  reaching  a  company  of  the  Thirteenth  Min- 
nesota Volunteer  Infantry,  encamped  two  and  one  half  miles  south  of  Malolos  and  along 
the  railroad  track,  I  found  an  additional  company  had  been  sent  there  from  Guiguinto. 
I  directed  the  company  to  follow  me,  and  also  one  platoon  of  the  other  company.  Upon 
arriving  at  the  bridge,  one  mile  or  less  from  Guiguinto,  I  ordered  the  company  there  to 
follow  me. 

I  arrived  at  Guiguinto  as  the  enemy  attacked  the  outposts.  The  commanding  offlcer 
seemed  to  have  made  no  adequate  preparations  for  combat.  I  immediately  deployed 
the  whole  force,  amounting  to  about  four  hundred  men,  along  the  railroad  track,  and 
pushed,  by  hand,  the  armored  train  lying  there  into  position  to  command  the  ground 
east  and  north  of  Guiguinto. 

The  enemy  now  attacked  by  firing  from  all  the  bamboo  thickets  and  timber  near  the 
station  and  north  and  east  of  the  depot.  I  opened  flre  from  the  six-pound  rifle  and 
Hotchkiss  revolving  cannon  and  two  machine  guns  on  the  armored  train.  The  whole 
infantry  line  opened  flre  and  before  daylight  the  enemy  was  driven  off  and  dispersed. 
I  then  proceeded  to  Bigaa,  taking  the  troops  at  Guiguinto  with  me  and  leaving  the  detach- 
ment Fourth  U.  S.  Cavalry  to  guard  the  station  until  relieved  by  troops  sent  from 
Malolos  by  the  division  commander.    The  armored  train  I  had  pushed  by  hand. 

Drove  the  enemy  from  the  vicinity  of  Bigaa  and  taking  the  troops  there,  excepting 
detachment  left  as  guard,  proceeded  to  Bocaue.  Upon  arriving  within  a  mile  of  that 
place  I  found  the  troops  yet  engaged.  OiDened  on  the  enemy  with  machine  guns  and 
attacked  him  with  infantry  deployed  in  extended  order,  and  drove  him  in  flight  in  the 
direction  of  Santa  Maria  and  east  of  Bocaue.  Found  that  there  had  been  a  spirited 
combat  at  Bocaue  and  that  the  four  companies  of  infantry  in  the  vicinity  had  preserved 
the  railroad  intact  and  had  inflicted  loss  upon  the  enemy. 

Learned  that  the  three  companies  of  the  Second  Oregon  Volunteer  Infantry  at  Mari- 
lao  had  been  attacked  by  about  four  hundred  rebels,  who  were  driven  off.  The  telegraph 
line  between  Bocaue  and  Marilao  had  been  cut  in  several  places  and  it  was  not  until 
afternoon  that  the  line  was  restored.  The  enemy  had  attacked  in  considerable  force  all 
the  places  held  by  troops  from  Marilao  to  Guiguinto,  inclusive ;  he  was  beaten  ofl' every- 
where by  daylight,  and  driven  from  the  vicinity  of  all  stations  before  6.30  A.  m.  I  ordered 
four  companies.  Second  Oregon  from  Malinta  and  two  from  Marilao,  and  with  two  com- 
panies. Second  Oregon  at  Bocaue,  assembled  at  that  point  two  battalions  of  the  regiment 
and  had  there  the  entire  Thirteenth  Minnesota  Volunteer  Infantry.  Major  General 
MacArthur  sent  me  from  Malolos  one  3.2-inch  gun  and  one  Hotchkiss  revolving  cannon. 
At  daylight  the  morning  of  the  12th  instant  I  moved  on  Santa  Maria  with  this  force. 
Opened  upon  the  position  and  intrenchments  of  the  enemy  at  tliat  place  with  artillery 
and  advanced  the  infantry  in  extended  order. 

The  enemy,  eleven  companies  of  infantry,  offered  a  feeble  resistance  and  fled  north 
and  east  of  Santa  Maria.  Sent  strong  detachments  on  all  north  and  east  roads.  They 
pursued  the  enemy  in  every  direction,  but  were  unable  to  come  up  with  him,  as  he  had 
dispersed.  Returned  to  Bocaue  during  tlie  afternoon  and  from  there  sent  troops  to  the 
several  stations  they  occupied  before  the  enemy's  attack  upon  the  points  held  by  our 
troops  along  the  railroad.  From  information  obtained  from  prisoners  and  from  escaped 
Spanish  refugees  it  was  learned  that  this  attack  upon  our  communications  was  made 
under  the  orders  and  supervision  of  Aguinaldo,  who  was  at  Santa  Maria  the  11th 
instant. 

The  loss  of  the  enemy,  as  near  as  could  be  ascertained,  was  about  two  hundred  and 
fifty  killed  and  wounded. 

Thanks  are  due  Col.  Owen  Summers,  Second  Oregon  Volunteer  Infantry,  for  prompt 
cooperation,  and  to  Capt.  H.  C!.  Cabell  for  ably  assisting  me;  also  to  First  Lieut.  F.  D. 
Webster,  Twentieth  U.  S.  Infantry,  aide-de-camp,  and  First  Lieut.  H.  E.  Ely,  Twenty- 


552  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

second  U.  S.  Infantry,  Acting  Assistant  Quartermaster  and  Acting  Commissary  of  Sub- 
sistence.   Major  Bell,  U.  S.  Volunteer  Engineers  of  Major  General  MacArthur's  staff, 
rendered  valuable  service  on  the  12th  instant,  and  had  charge  of  an  important  recon- 
noissance  made  from  Santa  Maria. 
Very  respectfully, 

LOYD  WHEATON, 
Brigadier  General,  U.  S.  V.,  Commanding. 


Report  of  Col.  O.   Summers,  Second  Oregon  U.  S.  Volunteer  Infantry, 
of  Operations  of  His  Regiment,  March  24  to  31,  1899. 

Headquartkrs  Second  Oregon  Infantry,  U.  S.  V., 

In  the  Field,  Malinta,  P.  I.,  April  10,  1899. 
Assistant  Adjutant  General., 

Third  Brigade,  First  Division,  Eighth  Army  Corps,  Malolos,  P.I. 

Sir:  In  compliance  with  instructions,  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  the  following 
report  of  the  operations  of  my  command  from  March  24  to  31,  1899,  inclusive: 

In  compliance  with  written  instructions  of  the  brigade  commander,  dated  March  2.3, 
1899,  field  staff,  noncommissioned  staff.  First  Battalion,  Maj.  Percy  Willis,  commanding  ; 
Company  B,  Capt.  John  C.  May,  commanding,  First  Lieut.  Frank  B.  Hamlin,  Second 
Lieut.  E.  Thornton,  and  eighty-one  men  ;  Company  E,  Capt.  R.  E.  Davis,  commanding, 
First  Lieut.  T.  N.  Dunbar,  Second  Lieut.  M.  S.  Jameson,  and  sixty-seven  men  ;  Company 
I,  First  Lieut.  M.  D.  Phillips,  commanding,  Second  Lieut.  J.  U.  Campbell,  and  seventy- 
seven  men  ;  Capt.  J.  M.  Poorman,  commanding,  First  Lieut.  W.  E.  Finzer,  Second  Lieut. 
C.  R.  Platts,  and  seventy-nine  men;  Second  Battalion,  Maj.  P.  G.  Eastwick,  Jr.,  com- 
manding; Company  C,  Capt.  W.  S.  Moon,  commanding.  First  Lieut.  R.  S.  Huston,  and 
seventy-eight  men;  Company  F,  Capt.  J.  F.  Case,  commanding.  First  Lieut.  Edwin 
Grimm,  Second  Lieut.  C.  H.  Meussdorffer,  Jr.,  and  seventy-three  men;  Company  G, 
Capt.  R.  H.  Barber,  commanding.  Second  Lieut.  D.  J.  Sutton,  and  seventy-four  men ; 
Company  K,  Capt.  E.  O.  Worrick,  commanding.  Second  Lieut.  C.  A.  Murphy,  and  eighty 
men;  Third  Battalion,  Capt.  H.  L.  Heath,  commanding;  Company  A,  First  Lieut. 
F.  S.  Kelly,  commanding,  Second  Lieut.  J.  A.  Young,  and  eighty-four  men  ;  Company  D, 
Capt.  A.  F.  Prescott,  commanding,  First  Lieut.  George  A.  Hartman,  Jr.,  and  seventy-six 
men;  Company  L,  Capt.  H.  C.  Wells,  commanding.  First  Lieut.  George  F.  Telfer,  and 
sixty-nine  men  ;  Hospital  detachment,  U.  S.  Hospital  Corps,  First  Lieut.  C.  F.  de  May, 
nine  men,  and  wagon  train,  left  Camp  Hughes  at  7.30  o'clock  a.  m.  on  the  morning 
of  March  24, 1899,  and  marched  to  Caloocan,  a  distance  of  about  five  miles,  arriving  at 
9.30  a.  m.  At  nightfall  companies  entered  the  trenches,  and  remained  during  the  night, 
relieving  the  Twentieth  Kansas,  U.  S.  Volunteers,  March  25,  1899. 

March  25,  1899,  after  receiving  instructions  from  the  brigade  commander,  left  trenches 
at  8.30  o'clock  A.  M.,  forming  a  skirmish  line  on  the  extreme  left  of  the  line,  the  Twenty- 
second  U.  S.  Infantry  being  on  the  right,  and  advanced  upon  the  enemy.  Were  met  by 
very  hot  flre  and  resistance  on  the  part  of  the  enemy  from  all  sides  and  from  Malabon. 
Took  trenches  by  successive  charges  and  rushes,  and  drove  the  enemy  in  disorder  across 
the  Tuliahan  River,  east  of  Malabon.  During  the  advance,  Company  G,  Lieutenant  Han- 
nay  commanding,  and  Company  M,  Captain  Day  commanding;  Third  U.  S.  Infantry, 
and  one  company  of  the  First  Montana,  U.  S.  Volunteer  Infantry,  reported  to  me  on 
the  line  for  duty,  and  remained  with  my  command  during  the  evening,  doing  excellent 
service.  Arriving  at  the  river  the  line  was  extended  from  the  causeway  leading  into 
Malabon  on  the  left,  to  the  right  of  the  stone  bridge  across  the  Tuliahan  River  on  the 
right,  Companies  A,  L,  and  D,  on  the  left,  throwing  up  inlrenchments.  During  the  day  a 
continual  flre  was  kept  up  by  the  insurgent  sharpshooters  in  and  about  Tinajeros  and 
from  Malabon  trenches  on  the  left.  At  this  point  was  stationed  a  revolving  Hotchkiss 
cannon,  under  charge  of  Corporal  Dusenberry,  Utah  Battery,  to  whom  too  much  praise 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  553 

can  uot  be  given  for  the  excellent  work  and  execution  done  by  him.  Toward  evening 
the  flre  from  the  enemy,  was  silenced,  and,  in  accordance  .with  instructions,  bivouaclied 
for  the  night.    Distance  traveled,  two  miles. 

The  following  morning,  in  compliance  with  instructions,  regiment  crossed  the  river 
and  entered  Tinajeros,  and  forming  line  of  skirmishers,  facing  toward  Polo  and  Obando, 
with  the  Third  Battalion  as  reserve,  advanced  about  one  thousand  yards  and  await- 
ing orders.  At  11  o'clock  a.  m.  in  compliance  with  orders,  the  line  was  advanced  par- 
allel with  road  leading  to  Bulacan ;  here  the  enemy  was  encountered,  very  strongly 
intrenched  in  a  series  of  trenches,  which  were  taken  by  successive  charges  in  face  of  a 
hot  flre  from  the  enemy  in  front,  a  flank  flre  on  the  right  from  across  the  Tuliahan 
River,  and  also  from  trenches  obout  one  thousand  flve  hundred  to  two  thousand  yards 
on  the  left  flank  north  of  Malabon,  covered  by  heavy  bamboo  thickets.  Enemy  were 
entirely  dislodged,  and  retreated  in  disorder  toward  Bulacan  and  Polo.  There  being  no 
enemy  in  front  of  us,  returned,  under  orders,  to  Malinta,  and  went  into  camp,  arriving 
at  4.30  o'clock  p.  M.  Distance  traveled,  about  seven  miles.  The  enemy  estimated  at 
about  two  thousand  five  hundred  to  three  thousand  strong  and  their  loss  in  killed  and 
wounded  was  considerable. 

After  the  advance  upon  the  enemy  was  commenced.  Prince  Loewenstein  (with  com- 
panion) was  found  mortally  wounded  inside  insurgent  lines  taken  by  our  forces,  having 
previously  passed  through  our  lines  ;  was  warned  by  commanding  officer  not  to  go  far- 
ther than  advance  guard,  but  insisted  upon  going.  When  warned  by  the  commanding 
officer  that  he  went  at  his  own  peril  and  risk,  replied  that  he  understood  so,  and  that  he 
went  at  his  own  risk. 

March  27,  iS99.— Companies  A,  L,  and  M  took  station  at  Caloocan  and  performed 
train-guard  duty,  the  remaining  companies  remaining  in  camp  at  Malinta. 

Marches,  JS99.— Companies  D  and  E,  Captain  Prescott  commanding,  took  station  at 
Malabon,  and  performed  guard  and  patrol  duty. 

Major  Willis,  in  command  of  Company  I  (Lieutenant  Phillips),  and  one  platoon  of 
Company  B  (Captain  May)  left  camp  atSo'clock  a.  M.,and  marched  north  to  Polo,  enter- 
ing from  the  east  over  stone  bridge.  Passed  through  Polo  to  Obando  Church,  marched 
south  on  Malabon  road  one  mile  and  turned  west,  crossing  several  sloughs  on  bamboo 
bridges,  and  entered  Malabon  from  the  north;  large  buildings  in  the  southern  part  of 
town  were  burning.  Many  natives  and  Chinese  in  city.  On  leaving  city,  marched  south- 
west on  causeway  leading  to  Caloocan.  One  section  (twenty  feet)  of  stone  bridge  des- 
troyed, causeway  cut  in  places,  and  trenches  thrown  up.  Returned  to  camp  at  3.45  p.  m. 
Distance  traveled,  about  twelve  miles. 

Major  Eastwick,  in  command  of  Company  C  (Captain  Moon),  and  one  platoon  of 
Company  G  (Lieutenant  Sutton)  left  camp  at  8.30  a.  m.  Marched  east  about  two  miles  ; 
country  deserted,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  old  men  and  women.  At  a  point  about 
two  miles  from  camp,  advance  guard  sighted  a  number  of  natives  carrying  bundles  and 
going  northeast.  Were  flred  upon  on  refusing  to  halt.  After  going  east,  moved  in  col- 
umn of  flies  northwest,  captured  two  natives  with  knives.  Formed  in  skirmish  line 
and  advanced  two  miles  north  and  northwest,  crossing  railroad,  and  returned  through 
Polo  district,  arriving  at  12.35  p.  m.    Distance  traveled,  about  six  miles.    No  casualties. 

March  29,  ;S99.— Major  Willis's  Battalion,  Companies  B  and  I,  left  camp  at  1.45  p.  m. 
and  marched  northeast  about  flve  miles,  from  which  point  many  natives— women, 
children,  and  some  men  (a  few  in  uniform),  were  seen  going  north.  Forced  skirmish 
line  and  turned  west.  Natives  scattered  in  all  directions.  Traveled  west  two  and  one 
half  miles ;  then  southwest  three  and  one  half  miles  to  near  railroad  bridge  ;  then  south 
on  railroad,  arriving  at  camp  at  8  o'clock  p.  m.  Distance  traveled  thirteen  ond  one  half 
miles.    Eleven  prisoners  captured.    No  casualties. 

March  SO  and  31,  1899.— Different  companies  of  the  regiment  retained  relative  posi- 
tions of  preceding  day,  performing  guard,  outpost,  and  patrol  duty. 

In  concluding  this,  my  report,  I  wish  to  respectfully  call  your  attention  to  the  great 
appreciation  of  myself  toward  every  officer  and  member  of  my  command  for  their  strict 
compliance  with  orders  and  the  successful  termination  of  every  duty  assigned  to  them. 


554  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

It  would  be  impossible  for  me  at  this  time  to  make  any  specific  mention  of  any  officer 
or  member  of  my  regiment  for  any  conspicuous  bravery  or  actions  during  these  several 
engagements,  as  every  one  proved  equal  to  the  tasks  assigned  them  and  performed  them 
to  the  very  best  of  their  ability.  However,  I  will  have  communications  sent  to  the  com- 
manding officers  of  the  several  organizations  of  this  regiment  and  ask  them  for  their 
report  on  any  meritoi-ious  cases  of  conspicuous  bravery  while  in  action,  and  will  for- 
ward the  same  to  you  if,  in  my  judgment,  they  are  worthy  of  your  consideration. 
Respectfully, 

O.  Summers, 
Colonel  Second  Oregon  Infantry,  U.  8.  V. 


Casualtie.i. —Murch  25,  1899:  Birt  J.Clark,  private.  Company  A,  killed;  William  A. 
Cook,  private,  Company  D,  killed ;  Guy  Millard,  private.  Company  L,  killed ;  L.  V. 
Strawderman,  private,  Company  L,  killed;  H.  B.  Taj-lor,  private.  Company  L,  killed  ; 
H.  K.  Wells,  captain  Company  L,  wounded  in  stomach  by  spent  ball ;  A.  J.  Brazee,  lirst 
lieutenant  Company  E,  and  battalion  adjutant,  wounded  in  left  forearm;  George  C. 
Snyder,  private,  Company  A,  wounded  in  upper  right  chest;  Frank  H.  Thompson,  pri- 
vate. Company  A,  wounded  in  head;  William  B.  Ungermau,  private,  Company  A, 
wounded  in  scrotum  and  right  thigh  ;  Herman  P.  Adams,  private,  Company  B,  wounded 
below  heart;  William  J.  Armitage,  private.  Company  B,  wounded  in  arm;  Elvin  J. 
Crawford,  wagoner,  Company  C,  wounded  in  head;  Bert  B.  Chandler,  private,  Company 
C,  wounded  in  head ;  Earl  Mount,  private.  Company  C,  wouuded  in  right  arm :  Elmer 
C.  Roberts,  private.  Company  C,  wounded  in  right  side ;  James  E.  Snodgrass,  private, 
Company  C,  wounded  in  right  knee  ;  James  West,  first  sergeant.  Company  D,  wounded 
in  right  arm  and  left  leg ;  Lee  A.  Morelock,  sergeant.  Company  D,  wounded  in  left  foot ; 
J.  C.  Headlie,  private.  Company  D,  wounded  in  right  arm  and  upper  chest;  W.  E. 
Searcy,  private,  Company  D,  wounded  through  both  buttocks;  Asa  L.  Roberts,  corporal. 
Company  D,  wounded  in  left  ankle;  John  E.  Davis,  private,  Company  E,  wounded  in 
left  shoulder ;  Jacob  N.  Smith,  private.  Company  E,  wounded  in  head  ;  Charles  Ruedy, 
private.  Company  F,  wounded  in  head ;  Charles  A.  Marcy,  private.  Company  G, 
wounded  in  right  side;  Albert  N.  Jordan,  private,  Company  G,  wounded  in  both  legs; 
Eugene  Sampson,  private.  Company  G,  wounded  in  right  arm  ;  George  Eichhamer,  pri- 
vate, Company  G,  wounded  in  abdomen;  George  W.  Spicer,  pi-ivate.  Company  G, 
wounded  in  upper  jaw  ;  Rudolph  Gantenbein,  corporal,  Company  I,  wounded  in  right 
leg;  Ray  L.  Antrim,  private.  Company  K,  wounded  in  left  leg;  Emmet  L.  Jones,  pri- 
vate, Company  K,  wounded  in  back;  John  Jensen,  private,  Company  K,  wounded  in 
left  thigh  ;  William  F.  Schwarz,  private.  Company  K,  wounded  in  left  shoulder;  W.  W. 
Wilson,  sergeant.  Company  L,  wounded  in  right  hand ;  Guy  N.  Saunders,  private,  Com- 
pany L,  wounded  in  right  arm  and  neck  ;  C.  E.  Saunders,  private.  Company  L,  wounded 
in  left  leg;  Charles  R.  Rubart,  private.  Company  L,  wounded  in  right  leg;  W.  T.  Allen, 
private.  Company  L,  wounded  in  thigh  ;  B.  F.  Dunseth,  private,  Companj^  L,  wounded 
in  right  foot;  John  A.  Bailey,  private.  Company  L,  wounded  in  right  arm  and  hand  ; 
Frank  E.  Adams,  private.  Company  L,  wounded  in  right  side;  Brady  F.  Burnett,  cor- 
poral, Company  M,  wounded  in  right  shoulder ;  L.  H.  Holland,  corporal,  Company  M, 
wounded  in  left  shoulder;  John  Blosser,  private.  Company  M,  wounded  in  back  side  of 
face;  Emmet  Casper,  private.  Company  M,  wounded  in  right  foot ;  A.  J.  Galifl",  private. 
Company  M,  wounded  in  right  arm ;  Ed.  J.  Colgan,  quartermaster-sergeant.  Company 
K,  injured  in  leg  by  piece  of  bursting  shell  striking  leg;  Edward  Jaques,  private.  Com- 
pany M,  injured  in  left  hand  by  rifle  exploding. 

March  25,  is.99.— Leo  B.  Grace,  private.  Company  A,  wounded  in  neck  ;  Frank  Wood- 
ruff", private.  Company  C,  wounded  in  left  heel;  Richard  E.  Brickdale,  Jr.,  private, 
Company  F,  wounded  in  left  leg;  E.  C.  Thornton,  private.  Company  G,  w-.mnded  in  left 
hand;  Frank  E.  Edwards,  corporal.  Company  M,  wounded  through  both  legs;  Daniel 
C.  Bowman,  private,  Compauy  D,  injured  in  hand  by  accidental  discharge  of  rifle. 


REPORT 

OF 

MAJ.  GEN.  H.  W.  LAWTON,  U.  8.  V., 

OP  SAN  ISIDKO  OR  NORTHERN  EXPEDITION,  APRIL  22  TO  MAY  30,  1899. 


Headquarters  First  Division,  Eighth  Army  Corps, 

Manila,  P.  I.,  September  26,  1S99. 
Adjutant  General  United  States  Army, 

Washington.  D.  C. 

Sir  :  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  the  following  report  of  the  operations  of  an  expedi- 
tion in  the  provinces  of  Bnlaean,  Nueva  Eci.ja,  and  Pampanga,  covering  the  period  April 
21  to  May  30,  1899. 

The  object  of  this  expedition  was  to  operate  in  the  country  north  of  Manila,  between 
the  mountains  on  the  east  and  the  Rio  Grande  de  Pampanga  on  the  west,  with  San 
Miguel  as  the  Hrst  objective.  It  was  arranged  that  the  main  column  should  assemble  at 
La  Loma  Church  on  the  evening  of  the  21st  of  April  and  march  to  Novaliches  the  22d, 
thence  to  San  Jos6  the  22d  and  to  Norzagaray  the  24th ;  that  a  second  column  under 
Colonel  Summers,  of  the  Second  Oregon  Volunteer  Infantry,  should  march  from  Bocaue 
the  23d  and  join  the  main  column  at  Norzagaray  the  24th.  In  the  mean  time  General 
MacArthur  was  to  attack  at  Calumpit  April  24th  ;  carrying  that  place  he  was  to  proceed 
northeast  and  form  a  junction  with  this  column  at  or  near  San  Miguel. 

The  arrival  of  this  column  at  Norzagary  and  on  the  flank  of  the  enemy  on  the  date 
fixed  for  the  attack  on  Calumpit  was  arranged  with  the  purpose  of  attracting  the  atten- 
tion of  the  enemy  in  that  position,  and  holding  as  large  a  force  in  that  vicinity  as  pos- 
sible to  prevent  the  reenforeement  of  Calumpit. 

As  will  be  observed  from  the  following  report,  many  changes  necessarily  occurred  in 
the  original  plan,  and  the  objective  was,  after  the  fall  of  San  Miguel,  extended  to  San 
Isidro. 

To  carry  out  the  verbal  instructions  received  from  the  department  commander,  the 
following  orders  were  issued  : 

General  Orders,  |         Headquarters  First  Division,  Eighth  Army  Corps, 
No.  20.  )  Manila,  P.  I.,  April  19,  1899. 

The  following  named  troops  of  this  command  will  hold  themselves  in  readiness  to 
march  on  receipt  of  notice: 

Twenty-second  U.  S.  Infantry. 

Gale's  squadron.  Fourth  U.  S.  Cavalry  (dismounted). 

First  North  Dakota  Volunteer  Infantry. 

Two  field  guns,  Scott's  battery  (D,  Sixth  Artillery). 

Two  mountain  guns,  Hawthorne's  separate  battery. 

The  command  will  bo  supplied  with  ten  days'  rations,  and  each  man  will  carry  on 
his  person  100  rounds  of  aniinniiltion,  and  !(H>  rounds  per  man  will  be  taken  in  reserve. 
The  iJuarterinsisicr's  Depart  )ii(iit  will  iLifnish  the  necessary  transportation.  As  trans- 
portation is  very  limited,  the  (•..niniand  must  he  equipped  in  the  lightest  possible 
marching  order.  Nolhins  whatever  will  be  permitted  to  be  transported  except  rations 
and  ammunition  and  the  least  possible  equipment  for  officers.  Wagons  must  be  loaded 
to  3,000  pounds  and  carts  to  1,500  pounds,  exclusive  of  forage  taken  for  the  animals. 

The  chief  quartermaster  of  the  division  will  temporarily  perform  the  duties  of  chief 
commissary  of  subsistence. 


556  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

The  teams  on  the  march  will  be  under  the  control  of  the  chief  iinnrtorinastor  and  will 
march  in  the  rear  of  the  command  in  the  order  wliicli  llic  t  roups  arc  nian-hed. 

The  regimental  and  battalion  trains  will  he  in  diaru.' ..t  ilir  iv.nini.'ntal  and  battalion 
quartermasters,  or,  in  case  there  is  no  snch  orticcr.  tlicn  a  suitable  and  coniiictent  ser- 
geant, who  will  report  to  and  be  under  the  direction  of  the  chief  quartermaster  on  the 
march. 

('apt.  G.  H.  G.  Gale,  Fourtli  U.  S.  Cavalry,  is  announced  «s  provost  marshal  of  the 
expedition,  and  his  squadron  will  form  the  provost  guard.  Straggling,  looting,  pillag- 
ing, burning,  or  the  commis.sion  of  any  unlawful  excesses  on  the  part  of  any  member  of 
this  command  is  prohibited,  and  the  provost  marshal  will  exert  himself  to  prevent  the 

The  officers  representing  tlie  various  start' corps  on  duty  at  these  headquarters  will  be 
held  responsible  that  their  respective  departments  are  properly  equipped  and  provided 
for  any  emergency  that  may  arise  on  tliis  exi)odition. 

The  inspector  geniial  will  ascertain  by  jx-rsonal  investigation  that  the  command  is 
properly  equipped  and  supplied  as  contemplated  in  this  order.  ^     ^,, 

Communication  will  be  maintained  with  this  command  on  this  expedition  by  field 
telegraph.  Capt.  E.  A.  McKenna,  U.  S.  Volunteer  Signal  Corps,  who  has  been  acting  as 
chief  signal  officer  of  this  di\  ision,  will  take  the  necessary  steps  to  accomplish  this 
object. 

By  command  of  Major  General  Lawton  : 

Clarence  R.  Edwards, 

Assista7it  Adjutant  General. 

In  addition  to  those  mentioned  in  the  above  order,  the  following-named  organizations 
were  detached  from  the  Second  Division  for  duty  with  the  expedition  :  Two  battalions 
(Companies  F,  G,  H,  M,  and  A,  C,  K,  L),  Third  U.  S.  Infantry;  two  battalions  (Com- 
panies A,  B,  I,  L,  and  F,  G,  K),  Second  Oregon  Volunteer  Infantry;  two  battalions 
(Companies  G,  K,  L,  M,  and  C,  D,  E,  H),  Thirteenth  Minnesota  Volunteer  Infantry; 
Troop  I,  Fourth  U.  S.  Cavalry  (mounted),  and  one  gun,  Utah  Volunteer  Light  Artillery. 
The  battalions  of  the  Third  Infantry  were  camped  north  of  this  city  near  La  Loma 
Church;  the  other  organizations  were  farther  north  and  in  the  vicinity  of  the  railway. 

It  was  arranged  by  the  department  commander  that,  with  the  exception  of  the  bat^ 
talions  of  the  Third  Infantry,  the  troops  from  the  Second  Division  would  concentrate  at 
Bocaue,  and,  marching  via  Santa  Maria,  make  a  juncture  with  the  main  column  at  or 
near  Norzagaray.  Maj.  C.  G.  Starr,  inspector  general,  U.  S.  V.,  was  sent,  April  21,  to 
Bocaue  to  conduct  that  column. 

At  5  o'clock  p.  M.,  April  21,  ISitO,  the  troops  mentioned  in  General  Orders  No.  21,  cur- 
rent series,  these  headquarters  given  above,  were  concentrated  near  La  Loma  Church, 
about  four  miles  north  of  Manila,  in  obedience  to  verbal  instructions  conveyed  by  staff 
officers,  and  bivouacked  for  the  night. 

The  battalions  of  the  Third  Infantry,  Capt.  J.  W.  Han  nay,  of  that  regiment,  com- 
manding, were  encamped  about  a  mile  distant.  Captain  Hannay  reported  his  command 
for  duty  M'ith  the  expedition,  and  received  verbal  instructions  to  join  the  column 
directed  to  march  next  morning,  as  indicated  in  the  following  order: 

General  Field  Orders,  |  Headquarters  First  Division, 

No.  1.  J  Eighth  Army  Corps, 

In  the  Meld,  near  La  Loma  Church,  Manila,  April  U,  1899. 

This  command  will  march  at  5  o'clock  to-morrow  morning,  the  22d  instant,  in  the  fol- 
lowing order:  ,    ^ 

First  North  Dakota  Vqjunteer  Infantry,  which  will  constitute  the  advance  guard  of 
this  command. 

Hawthorne's  separate  mountain  battery. 

Twenty-second  U.  S.  Infantry. 

Third  U.  S.  Infantry. 

Scott's  platoon,  Dyer's  Battery. 

Gale's  squadron.  Fourth  U.  S.  Cavalry,  which  will  constitute  the  rear  guard  of  this 
command.  ^ 

The  trains  will  form  on  the  road  in  the  above  order,  as  indicated  in  General  Orders, 
No.  20,  current  series,  these  headquarters,  under  the  charge  of  the  chief  quartermaster. 
The  rear  guard  will  march  in  rear  of  the  wagon  trains. 

No  one,  other  than  those  authorized,  will  march  with  the  trains.  These  authorized 
persons  will  be  provided  with  written  authority  approved  by  the  commanding  officer  of 
their  regiment. 

Under  no  circumstances  will  any  person  be  permitted  to  ride  on  wagons  or  carts. 

Ambulances  will  n\arch  in  rear  of  troops  just  in  advance  of  the  wagon  train. 

Proper  and  suitable  dispositions  will  be  made  by  the  commanders  of  advance  guards 
to  insure  the  saiei  \  ot  tlie  command  on  the  march.  In  columns  the  sharpshooters  will 
be  held  in  readiness  to  be  instantlv  deploved  on  either  flank  in  caseof  attack  or  alarm. 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH     WAR.  557 

The  march  will  be  in  the  direction  of  Novaliches.  A  staff  officer  will  accompany  the 
advance  guard  to  indicate  the  road.  ,      .     ,       ,.  ^  .^      ,..  ,    - 

The  Signal  Corps  detachment  will  operate  under  the  instructions  of  the  chief  signal 

The  principles  set  forth  above  will  obtain  on  the  march  until  further  orders.  With 
the  exception  of  the  artillery,  which  will  retain  its  relative  position  in  column,  oraniza- 
tions  will  advance  in  column  daily,  the  advance  guard  of  one  day  forming  the  rear  guard 
of  the  day  following. 

By  command  of  Major  General  Law  ton:  ^    ^^ 

^  Cl^ARENCE  R.   EDWAimS, 

Assistant  Adjutant  Oeneral. 

As  reported  by  their  respective  commanding  officers  the  effijctive  strength  of  the 
several  organizations  forming  the  command  at  La  Loma  was  as  follows  : 


Officers. 

M.... 

17 
22 
3 
21 

1 

683 

945 

218 

North  Dakota  Volmitoer  Infantry  (8  companies) 

Scott's  platoon  (1),  Sixth  Artillery) 

Hawthorne's  separate  mountain  battery 

453 
82 
23 

66 

2,354 

At  5  o'clock  A.  M.,  April  22d,  the  column  formed  and  marched  northward  toward 
Novaliches. 

After  proceeding  about  six  miles  a  small  force  of  the  enemy  was  encountered.  But 
little  resistance  was  met,  the  enemy  falling  back  rapidly  on  the  deployment  of  the  first 
five  companies  of  the  North  Dakotas.  After  driving  the  enemy  for  about  a  mile,  column 
was  reformed  and  the  march  continued. 

The  enemy  in  greater  force  was  developed  about  a  mile  farther  on,  meeting  our 
advance  with  a  determined  resistance,  pouring  in  a  Are  from  both  sides  of  the  road. 
Four  companies  of  the  North  Dakotas  were  deployed  and  brought  into  action,  routing 
the  insurgents,  who  were  driven  back  about  two  miles  across  the  Rio  de  Tuliahan  and 
through  Novaliches,  which  was  occupied  by  our  troops  about  10  a.  m. 

Our  casualties  were  two  enlisted  men.  First  North  Dakotas,  wounded,  and  several 
cases  of  heat  prostration. 

Considerable  difficulty  was  experienced  in  crossing  the  transportation  over  the  river, 
the  north  bank  of  which  is  .solid  rock  through  which  no  suitable  approach  to  the  ford 
for  wagons  had  ever  been  constructed. 

During  the  afternoon  the  pickets  of  the  Twenty-second  Infantry  on  the  northeast 
side  of  the  village  were  fired  on  by  the  enemy,  who  was  intrenched  on  a  hillside  near 
the  San  Mateo  road,  about  one  thousand  seven  hundred  yards  distant.  Scott's  artillery 
platoon  was  brought  into  position,  and  with  shell  and  shrapnel  temporarily  silenced 
the  enemy,  scattering  shots  continuing  throughout  the  night. 

An  ambulance  had  been  telegraphed  for  to  take  in  the  wounded  men  whose  condition 
was  so  serious  as  to  prevent  their  continuing  with  the  expedition.  It  arrived  about 
midnight  and  immediately  returned  to  Manila,  reaching  there  next  morning  without 
incident. 

It  seemed  probable  that  the  insurgents  who  had  moved  ofl'  to  the  northeast  would 
close  in  behind  us  on  our  advance  to  the  northward  next  morning  and  destroy  our 
telegraph  line.  An  additional  supply  of  ammunition  would  be  needed  if  continued 
opposition  was  met  along  the  line  of  march.  Both  of  these  matters  were  brought  to  the 
attention  of  the  department  commander,  and  information  received  that  a  detachment 
would  be  sent  to  keep  up  the  telegraph  line  as  long  as  possible  and  that  additional 
ammunition  would  be  supplied  in  a  few  days. 

The  town  being  entirely  deserted  by  the  inhabitants,  the  troops  occupied  nipa  huts 
as  quarters  for  the  night.  Everything  of  value  including  rice  and  other  provisions,  had 
been  removed  before  the  arrival  of  our  troops. 


558  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

At  5  o'clock  next  morning,  the  23d  Instant,  the  command  was  again  on  the  move 
northward,  San  Jose  being  the  objective  point. 

Telegraphic  instructions  were  sent  Major  Starr,  at  Bocaue,  to  push  his  cavalry  for- 
ward and  open  communication  with  the  main  column  when  near  Norzagaray. 

On  leaving  Novaliches  the  road  which  up  to  that  village  had  been,  with  the  exception 
of  the  approaches  to  the  ford,  passable  for  wagons  and  carts,  now  became  a  mere  foot- 
path. Great  difHculty  was  experienced  in  moving  the  wagon  train,  the  "road"  leading 
over  a  succession  of  hills  and  through  deep  valleys.  On  the  former  the  troops  and 
animals  were  exposed  to  the  burning  rays  of  the  sun  and  in  the  latter  they  labored 
through  jungle  and  mud  holes.  The  trail  was  rough,  and  the  heat  so  intense  it  was 
necessary  to  unhitch  the  carabao  on  many  of  the  divides  and  lead  them  down  to  the 
water  holes  to  soak  for  half  an  hour,  thus  greatly  impeding  the  progress  of  the  train. 

Headquarters  Third  and  Twenty-second  regiments  of  infantry  and  Scott's  artillery 
platoon  reached  the  ford  crossing  the  Pasunkambor  River,  about  two  miles  south  of  San 
Jos6,  at  3.30  o'clock  p.  m.,  and  rested  for  the  night. 

The  squadron  —  Fourth  Cavalry,  Hawthorne's  Battery,  and  the  North  Dakotas,  with 
the  wagon  train,  went  into  camp  about  four  miles  in  rear  ;  the  men  and  animals  being 
almost  completely  exhausted.  The  advance  during  the  day  had  been  without  contact 
with  the  enemy. 

Early  next  morning,  April  24th,  the  Twenty-second  Infantry  and  Scott's  artillery 
platoon  were  sent  forward,  accompanied  by  Capl.  W.  E.  Birkhimer,  of  the  division 
staff,  to  reconnoiter  the  town  of  San  Jos6.  None  of  the  enemy  was  encountered  and  the 
town  was  occupied  about  8  o'clock  a.  m. 

The  Third  United  States  Infantry  was  posted  at  the  approaches  to  the  ford,  where 
the  advance  portion  of  the  column  had  rested  the  night  before,  to  protect  the  passage  of 
the  transportation. 

The  remainder  of  the  command,  with  the  wagon  train,  resumed  the  advance  toward 
the  river.  The  same  conditions  (or  worse,  if  possible)  as  on  the  daj'  previous  continued 
to  impede  the  progress  of  the  wagon  train.  Captain  Gale,  with  his  dismounted  squadron 
of  the  Fourth  Cavalry,  furnished  the  advance  guard  and  convoy  of  the  train,  and  with 
his  entire  command  rendered  valuable  aid  assisting  in  building  bridges  and  making 
roads.  IJeutenant  Hawthorne,  with  his  mountain  battery  detachment,  Maj.  George 
Penrose  and  Lieutenant  Kemp,  of  the  Medical  Corps,  with  their  hospital  squads  and 
Chinese  litter  bearers,  lent  willing  hands  to  overcome  what  frequently  appeared  insur- 
mountable obstacles  to  further  progress.  But  of  the  North  Dakotas,  commanded  by 
Lieutenant  Colonel  Treuinann,  it  is  desired  to  express  special  appreciation.  They 
exchanged  their  well-performed  duties  of  advance  guard  of  the  day  before  for  the  labor- 
ious ones  of  rear  guard  of  the  two  days  necessary  to  reach  Norzagaray.  This  regiment 
had  orders  to  leave  nothing  behind,  and  literally  carried  transportation  over  bad  places 
and  put  squads  of  men  in  the  shafts  to  replace  worn  out  and  dead  bulls.  Every  service 
—  even  to  the  use  of  pick  and  shovel  — was  performed  by  each,  from  the  colonel  down  to 
the  private,  with  the  commendable  earnestness  that  has  given  this  regiment  its  reputa- 
tion for  cheerful  and  effective  accomplishment  of  any  task  set  it. 

About  1  o'clock  p.  M.,  April  24th,  Lieutenant  Boyd  with  his  mounted  Troop  I,  Fourth 
Cavalry,  reached  San  Jos6,  bringing  information  of  the  arrival  of  the  Bocaue  column, 
under  Colonel  Summers,  at  Norzagaray;  returning  to  Norzagaray  with  his  troops  the 
same  day. 

The  wagon  train  of  the  main  column  arrived  at  San  .lose  during  the  night.  Both 
men  and  animals  completely  worn  out. 

For  the  movement  on  the  morning  of  April  25th  the  following  instructions  were 
given: 

Headquarters  First  Division  a>'d  Eighth  Army  Corps, 
San  Jose,  Luzon,  April  ZU,  1899. 
memorandum  circular. 

The  command  will  be  prepared  to  march  as  usual  to-morrow,  the  25th  instant,  as  soon 
as  it  is  practicable  to  get  the  transportation  on  the  road.    Each  separate  command  will 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 


559 


be  accompanied  by  its  transportation  and  is  charged  with  the  assistance  and  safe  con- 
duct of  the  same. 

Captain  Gale's  squadron  of  the  F'ourth  Cavalry  will  accompany  the  commanding 
general  as  escort.  With  the  above  exception,  the  command  will  move  out  in  the  follow- 
ing order: 

Third  U.  S.  Infantry,  advance  guard. 

Hawthorne's  mountain  battery. 

First  North  Dakota  Volunteer  Infantry. 

Scott's  artillery  platoon. 

Ambulances. 

Twenty-second  Infantry,  rearguard. 

Transportation  will  be  carefully  inspected  and  loads  reduced  to  the  minimum. 

By  command  of  Major  General  Lawton  : 

Ci.AKENCB  R.  Edwards, 
Assistant  Adiutant  General. 

As  directed,  the  column  resumed  the  advance  in  the  morning  at  the  usual  hour.  The 
commanding  general  and  staff',  accompanied  by  Troop  L,  Fourth  Cavalry,  as  escort, 
moved  out  without  waiting  for  the  column,  headquarters  arriving  at  Norzagaray  about 
12.30  P.  M.  without  incident,  the  escort  coming  in  about  an  hour  later. 

Colonel  Summers  reported  that  his  column  had  left  Bocaue  April  23d ;  that  soon  after 
crossing  the  Rio  Guyon  at  2.45  p.  M.  the  enemy  was  encountered  by  the  cavalry,  which 
was  in  advance;  a  battalion  of  the  Oregon  was  deployed  and  the  advance  continued, 
meeting  with  but  slight  resistance  until  the  bluflfs  overlooking  Norzagaray  were 
reached;  here  two  battalions  and  the  cavalry  engaged  the  enemy  until  darkness  came 
on,  when  they  rested  for  the  night.  On  the  following  morning  the  enemy  was  driven 
out  of  Norgazaray  and  across  the  river,  the  town  being  occupied  about  7  A.  m. 

Our  casualties:  Three  enlisted  men.  Thirteenth  Minnesota,  and  one  enlisted  man. 
Fourth  Cavalry,  wounded  ;  one  horse  killed.  He  had  then  sent  a  battalion  of  the  Thir- 
teenth Minnesota  down  the  river  toward  Angat  to  reconnoiter  the  road  in  that  direc- 
tion. Captain  Heath's  battalion,  Second  Oregon,  and  Troop  I,  Fourth  U.  S.  Cavalry, 
were  sent  toward  San  Jos^  to  open  communication  with  the  main  column. 

Major  Eastwick's  battalion  of  the  Second  Oregon,  Captain  Spear's  battalion  of  the 
Thirteenth  Minnesota,  and  detachment  of  Utah  Volunteer  Light  Artillery  left  Norza- 
garay about  6  o'clock  the  morning  of  the  25th  and  advanced  toward  Angat.  The  enemy 
was  encountered  in  considerable  force.  After  a  spirited  engagement,  during  which  the 
artillery  was  brought  into  action,  the  insurgents  evacuated  the  town  and  took  up  a 
position  across  the  river,  the  Are  from  which  was  silenced;  a  portion  of  the  town  was 
burned,  and  the  troops  returned  to  Norzagaray.  Casualties:  One  enlisted  man.  Thir- 
teenth Minnesota,  wounded. 

While  the  engagement  at  Angat  was  in  progress  troops  in  camp  at  Norzagaray  were 
fired  on  by  the  enemy  from  across  the  river ;  this  kept  up  for  some  time,  but  was  finally 
silenced. 

The  effective  strength  of  the  Bocaue  column  was  as  follows : 


Troop  I,  Fourth  Infantry 

Thirteenth  Minnesota  Volunteer  Cavalry 

Second  Oregon  Volunteer  Infantry 

Detachment  Utah  Volunteer  Light  Artillery 


Total . 


Which,  with  the  main  column,  gave  a  grand  total  of  one  hundred  and  sixteen  officers 
and  four  thousand  four  hundred  and  seventy-three  men. 

April  26th  the  Third  and  Twenty-second  Infantry,  the  first  Norlh  Dakota,  and  Haw- 
thorne's mountain  battery  were  put  into  camp  at  Angat. 

The  following  orders  were  issued  reorganizing  the  troops  from  the  Second  Division 
(Bocaue  column): 


560  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

General  Field  Orders,  )  Headquarters  First  Division, 

No.  2.  i  Eight  Army  Corps. 

Xorzagnray,  Luzon,  April  26,  1899. 

(1)  The  First  and  Second  battalions,  Second  Orggon  Volunteer  Infantry,  and  the 
Second  and  Third  battalions.  Thirteenth  Minnesota  Volunteer  Infantry,  having  reported 
at  these  headtjuarters  in  obedience  to  Field  Orders  No.  21,  headquarter.s  Second  Division, 
Eighth  Army  Corps,  April  20,  lSf)9,  are  constituted  a  provi-sional  brigade. 

(2)  Colonel  Summers,  Second  Oregon  Infantry,  is  assigned  to  command  the  provis- 
ional brigade,  constituted  in  the  preceding  paragraph. 

(3)  Troop  I,  Fourth  U.  S.  Cavalry,  having  reported  at  thesp  headquarters  in  compli- 
ance with  verbal  instructions  from  the  commanding  general  Second  Division,  Eighth 
Armj'  Corps,  will  report  for  duty  under  the  immediate  direction  of  the  Division  com- 
mander. 

(4)  The  section  of  the  Utah  Volunteer  light  artillery  which  reported  at  these  head- 
quarters in  compliance  with  verbal  instructions  from  the  commanding  general  Second 
Division,  Eighth  Army  Corps,  is  attached  to  Scott's  platoon.  Battery  D,  Sixth  Artillerv. 
The  section  commander  will  accordingly  report  without  delay. 

(5)  Commanding  olHcers  will  frequently  inspect  their  transportation  and  keep  the 
loads  at  the  minimum. 

(6)  In  view  of  the  small  amountof  ammunition  with  the  command,  every  precaution 
will  be  taken  to  prevent  its  unnecessary  use. 

By  command  of  Major  General  Lawton  : 

Clarence  R.  Edwards, 
Assistant  Adjutant  General. 

April  26th  the  mounted  troop  was  sent  on  reconnoissance  along  the  west  bank  of 
river,  and  about  two  miles  west  from  Angat,  toward  Marunco,  encountered  the  enemy 
in  foi-ce,  reported  to  be  about  live  hundred,— two  hundred  being  actually  counted  by 
Captain  Birkhimer,  of  the  division  staff.  At  the  same  time  one  battalion  of  the  Oregon's 
under  Major  Eastwick  forded  the  river  just  above  Norzagaray  and  drove  the  enemy  from 
the  country  opposite  Marunco.  Major  Eastwick  reported  an  insurgent  loss  of  six  or 
seven  killed  and  nine  prisioners  captured. 

On  the  morning  of  April  27th  the  troops  at  Norzagaray,  with  the  exception  of  Troop 
I,  Fourth  Cavalry,  moved  down  the  left  bank  of  the  river  to  Angat  and  went  into  camp 
at  that  point,  except  Colonel  Summers's  brigade,  which  continued  down  the  river  and 
went  into  camp  at  Marunco. 

On  the  report  of  Lieutenant  Boyd  that  the  enemy  was  trying  to  cross  the  river  at 
Norzagaray,  two  companies  of  the  Twenty-second  Infantry  were  sent  from  Angat  to 
that  point  April  27th. 

April  28th,  Capt.  J.  F.  Case,  acting  engineer  ofl3cer  of  the  expedition,  escorted  by  one 
battalion  each  of  the  Oregon  and  Minnesota  regiments,  commanded  by  Major  Diggles, 
made  a  reconnoissance  north  from  Angat  for  the  purpose  of  locating  any  roads  or  trails 
leading  in  that  direction.  The  enemy  was  developed  in  small  force,  but  was  soon  dis- 
persed by  a  flank  movement.  The  party  then  returned  to  Marunco,  having  failed  to  find 
a  road  of  any  description  other  than  a  narrow  sled  path. 

Telegraphic  communication  was  established  with  Manila,  via  Bocaue,  April  28th,  and 
the  occupation  of  Marunco  reported  to  the  adjutant  general  of  the  department,  as  was 
also  a  contemplated  movement  on  San  Rafael,  to  take  place  the  day  following.  For  this 
movement  two  columns  were  organized:  One,  consisting  of  the  Provisional  Brigade  and 
Hawthorne's  mountain  battery,  under  command  of  Colonel  Summers,  to  move  down 
the  right  bank  of  the  river  and  occupy  San  Rafael ;  the  other  consisting  of  the  First 
North  Dakota,  Third  U.  S.  Infantry,  and  Scott's  artillery  platoon,  to  move  down  the  left 
bank,  under  command  of  Lieutenant  Colonel  Treumann,  to  support  Colonel  Summers. 
Early  next  morning,  April  29th,  instructions  were  given  for  this  movement  as  indicated  ; 
and  at  4.33  A.  m.  the  adjutant  general  of  the  department  was  informed  that  the  move- 
ment on  San  Rafael  had  commenced  :  that  if  hostilities  were  to  cease  telegraphic  notice 
should  be  given  at  once. 

The  troops  which  did  not  participate  in  the  movement  on  San  Rafael  remained  at 
their  camps  at  Angat  and  Norzagaray,  under  the  command  of  Maj.  L.  Parker,  Twenty- 
second  Infantry.  The  transportation  of  the  participating  organizations  was  left  behind 
with  suitable  guard  detachments  in  readiness  to  be  promptly  brought  forward  if  oidered. 

After  waiting  a  reasonable  time  for  instructions  from  department  headquarters,  the 
division  commander  and  staff  proceeded  down  the  left  bank  of  the  river  and  joined 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  561 

Colonel  Treumann's  column,  which,  later,  developed  the  enemy,  estimated  to  be  about 
three  hundred  strong,  just  before  reaching  a  point  opposite  San  Rafael.  After  about 
one  hour's  spirited  engagement,  during  which  the  enemy  had  been  driven  some  dis- 
tance, telegraphic  instructions  were  received  from  the  department  commander  that  the 
command  remain  at  Angat  until  it  receive  its  supplies.  This  telegram  had  been  received 
at  Angat  at  9.08  A.  si.  and  hurriedly  brought  forward  by  mounted  courier.  Reply  was 
immediately  sent  that  the  intention  to  move  on  San  Rafael  had  been  telegraphed  the 
night  before;  that  notice  of  the  commencement  of  the  movement  had  been  given  that 
morning;  that  the  command  would  return  to  Angat  as  directed  ;  and  that  the  possibility 
of  encamping  our  advance  near  San  Rafael  had  been  considered.  A  brief  account  of 
the  operations  of  the  morning  was  also  given.  Verbal  instructions  for  the  return  to 
Angat  were  at  once  given  Lieutenant  Colonel  Treumann  and  sent  Colonel  Summers,  of 
whom  nothing  had  as  yet  been  heard.  The  former  had  dispersed  the  enemy,  inflicting 
some  loss,  although  but  one  killed  fell  into  our  hands,  with  him  his  rifle  and  eighty-six 
rounds  of  ammunition.  Our  casualties  were  Second  Lieut.  C.  C.  Todd,  Third  Infantry, 
slight  gunshot  wound,  right  thigh;  two  enlisted  men,  Third  Infantry,  and  one  First 
North  Dakota,  wounded,  the  latter  seriously. 

Colonel  Summers's  column  on  the  right  bank  of  the  river  had  advanced  to  and 
occupied  San  Rafael  without  meeting  opposition.  As  ordered,  this  command,  as  well 
as  that  which  had  driven  the  enemy  down  the  left  bank,  returned  to  the  camps  of  the 
night  previous,  necessarily  permitting  the  enemy  to  reoccupy  San  Rafael  should  he  so 
desire. 

During  the  morning  of  April  29th  a  telegram  was  received  from  the  adjutant  general 
of  the  department  informing  that  rations  would  be  sent  from  Bocaue  Sunday  morning, 
April  30th  ;  that  representatives  of  the  insurgent  army  were  in  Manila,  and  that  every- 
thing would  "be  peaceful,  at  least  while  they  are  in  our  lines  ;"  also,  that  the  orders  to 
advance  on  San  Miguel  might  be  changed.  Reply  was  made  that  rations  would  be 
received  at  Angat,  and  receipt  of  information  concerning  peaceful  conditions  and 
possible  change  of  objective  acknowledged. 

Later  in  the  day,  after  the  return  of  all  the  troops  to  their  original  positions,  a  tele- 
gram was  received  from  the  adjutant  general  of  the  department,  stating  that  it  was  not 
necessary  the  "entire  force  should  return,  but  suflJcient  of  it  to  insure  safety  of  train" 
and  return  of  escort  from  Angat;  that  the  armistice  requested  by  the  insurgents  had 
not  been  granted ;  and  that  on  moving,  our  next  objective  would  be  Baliuag,  "where  a 
considerable  force  of  the  enemy  was  reported  to  be. 

With  the  exception  of  the  escort  and  wagons  which  were  sent  to  Bocaue  to  bring  up 
supplies,  the  command  remained  in  camp,  the  Provisional  Brigade  at  Marunco,  near 
Angat;  Troop  I,  Fourth  Cavalry,  at  Norzagaray,  headquarters;  and  the  remainder  of 
the  expedition  at  Angat,  April  30th. 

A  detachment  of  scouts  was  organized  consisting  of. twenty-five  specially  qualified 
enlisted  men,  selected  from  the  organizations  in  the  command,  and  an  experienced 
civilian  scout  (Mr.  W.  H.  Young)  was  employed  as  chief  scout  and  placed  in  charge. 

On  the  morning  of  May  1st,  Troop  I,  Fourth  United  States  Cavalry,  was  ordered  to 
Join  the  command  at  Angat  and,  with  a  view  to  resuming  the  forward  movement  at  the 
earliest  possible  moment,  the  following  orders  were  issued  : 

General  Fiei.d  Orders,  )  Headquarters  First  Division, 

No.  4.  J  Eighth  Army  Corps, 

In  the  Field,  Angat,  Luzon,  May  1,  1899. 

If  practicable,  this  command  will  move  to-day  as  soon  as  the  issue  of  rations  is  com- 
pleted. 

The  order  of  march  will  be  as  follows : 

Provisional  Brigade  (Colonel  Summers  commanding); 

Gale's  squadron.  Fourth  U.  S.  Cavalry  ; 

Mounted  troop  of  cavalry  ;  and 

Scott's  battery  will  cross  the  river  at  a  suitable  ford  and  proceed,  if  possible,  doM^ 
the  north  bank  to  San  Rafael,  where  they  will  encamp  for  the  night. 

The  commanding  officer  Third  Infantry  will  report  his  conunand  to  (lolonel  Sum- 
mers and  march  under  his  instructions. 

3(5 


562  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

The  mounted  troop  will  accompany  the  major  general  commanding. 

The  issue  of  rations  will  be  made  to  Colonel  Summer's  column  first,  to  enable  it  to 
commence  the  crossing  as  soon  as  possible  of  its  transportation. 

The  First  North  Dakota,  Twenty-second  Infantry,  and  Hawthorne's  battery  will  pro- 
ceed down  the  south  bank  of  the  river  under  command  of  Lieutenant  Colonel  Treu- 
raann  (the  commanding  officer  Twenty-second  Infantry  and  battery  reporting  to  Lieu- 
tenant Colonel  Treuman)  to  a  point  near  or  beyond  where  ihe  last  skirmish  occurred. 
Maj.  C.  C.  Starr,  inspector  general,  will  accompany  this  column,  representing  the  major 
general.  ,,   . 

A  detachment  of  mounted  cavalry  will  report  to  Majo 
ing  communication  with  the  column  on  the  north  bank 

A  party  of  scouts  specially  detailed  from  these  headquarters  will  precede  each  col- 
umn to  the  point  indicated  ;  but  this  will  not  relieve  the  commanding  officer  of  each 
column  from  the  responsibility  for  the  proper  precaution  on  the  march. 

By  command  of  Major  General  Lawton  : 

Clarence  R.  Edwards, 
Assistant  Adjutant  General. 

Colonel  Summers  was  directed  to  send  to  Angat  at  once  for  rations  and  to  then  com- 
mence crossing  the  river.  Before  noon  his  command  was  moving  across  and  down  the 
river,  and  hy  3  p.  m.  Lieutenant  Colonel  Treumann's  command  had  received  its  rations 
and  was  advancing  down  the  left  or  south  bank  of  the  river  as  ordered. 

About  two  miles  below  the  Marunco  Ford  Colonel  Summers's  .scouts  and  advance 
guard  were  fired  on  by  sharpshooters,  who  were  speedily  dislodged  and  silenced.  When 
within  a  mile  and  a  quarter  of  San  Rafael,  two  of  the  scouts  developed  a  force  of  the 
enemy  about  two  hundred  strong,  which  they  drove  back  toward  the  main  body  on  a 
ridge  to  the  right  and  rear  of  the  town,  and  held  them  in  check  until  Lieutenant  Colonel 
Yoran  came  up  with  two  battalions  of  the  Second  Oregon,  and  forced  the  enemy  back 
through  the  town,  across  the  river,  and  Into  the  jungle  on  the  opposite  bank.  The 
remainder  of  Colonel  Summers's  column  continued  on  the  road  along  the  river  and 
entered  the  town  about  the  same  time  as  Lieutenant  Colonel  Yoran's  detachment.  The 
enemy  opened  a  heavy  Are  on  the  town  from  the  thickets  across  the  river ;  Scott's  artil- 
lery was  brought  into  position  by  the  division  commander,  within  easy  rifle  range,  and 
by  a  well-directed  Are  dispersed  the  enemy,  the  column  on  the  south  bank  cooperating. 
Our  cusualties  were :  One  enlisted  man.  Thirteenth  Minnesota,  killed ;  one  enlisted 
man,  Light  Battery  D,  Sixth  Artillery,  and  three  enlisted  men,  Second  Oregon,  wounded. 
The  enemy,  whose  strength  was  estimated  at  one  thousand,  must  have  suflfered  many 
casualties,  although  none  fell  into  our  hands. 

The  troops  on  the  right  bank  of  the  river  rested  in  the  town  that  night;  the  other 
column  bivouacked  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river.  The  adjutant  general  of  the  corps 
was  informed  by  telegraph  of  the  result  of  the  day's  operations ;  that  the  forward  move- 
ment would  be  resumed  at  5  o'clock  next  morning  (May  2d),  and  that  resistance  was 
expected  from  there  on. 

Both  columns  took  up  the  advance  down  the  river  next  morning  as  planned,  the  col- 
umn marching  along  the  left  .bank  under  command  of  Lieutenant  Colonel  Treumann 
meeting  opposition  about  one  mile  above  Bustos,  drove  the  enemy,  and  occupied  the 
town  without  casualty  ;  shortly  afterwards  the  .scouts  crossed  the  river  to  Baliuag  and 
announced  their  arrival  by  ringing  the  cathedral  bells  at  12  noon. 

The  command  on  the  right  bank,  under  Colonel  Summers,  met  the  enemy  about  two 
miles  out  from  San  Rafael,  skirmished,  driving  them  for  more  than  two  miles,  when 
both  troops  and  noncombatants  were  .seen  fleeing  in  great  confusion  along  the  road  to 
San  Miguel  and  other  roads  to  the  west  and  northwest.  Owing  to  the  great  number  of 
women  and  children,  and  what  appeared  to  be  wounded  men  being  carried  on  litters, 
our  Are  ceased  and  a  flag  of  truce  was  sent  out,  hoping  it  might  assure  them  of  safety. 
Capt.  J.  F.  Case,  of  the  division  staflT,  Sergt.  Maj.  J.  W.  Marshall,  Second  Oregon  Volun- 
teer Infantry,  and  Private  Edmund  Schutehaus,  Jr.,  Company  A,  First  Idaho  Volun- 
teer Infantry,  flag  orderly,  conducted  the  flag  towards  these  people  until  when  within 
flve  hundred  yards  the  detachment  was  fired  upon  and  returned  to  our  lines.  Colonel 
Summers's  command  was  then  deployed  and  an  effort  made  to  surround  and  cut  oflT 
the  fugitives,  but  they  scattered  in  the  wildest  confusion.  Captain  Gale  was  sent  with 
his  dismounted  squadron  and  mounted  troop  along  the  San  Miguel  road  for  the  pur- 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  563 

pose  of  flitting  off  those  who  were  attempting  to  escape  in  that  direction.  After  pro- 
ceeding about  thi-ee  miles  the  enemy  opened  fire  from  the  front;  two  troops  were 
deployed  and  moved  forward  rapidly  on  either  side  of  the  road,  skirmishing  with  what 
seemed  to  be  the  rear  guard  of  the  enemy,  until  thirty-flve  of  our  men  fell  from  heat 
and  exhaustion,  eight  of  them  in  a  comatose  condition.  The  pursuit  was  discontinued, 
and  the  command  proceeded 'cross  country  to  the  left  and  entered  Baliuag  from  the 
north  without  further  incident. 

In  the  operations  of  May  2d,  during  which  Gen.  Gregorio  del  Pilar's  division  was 
routed  and  the  important  cities  of  Baliuag  and  Bustos  occupied  by  our  forces,  the  col- 
umn on  both  sides  of  the  river  were  engaged,  yet  our  casualties  were  only  two  enlisted 
men.  Third  Infantry,  wounded. 

The  effective  work  of  the  scouts  since  their  organization  was  reported  to  the  adjutant 
general  of  the  department,  as  well  as  the  intention  to  send  them  to  look  up  the  enemy 
above  mentioned  as  engaged  in  "concentrating  storehouses."  Also,  permission  was 
requested  to  send  Colonel  Summers  forward  on  the  San  Miguel  road  to  the  Maasim 
River,  crossing  that  night  or  the  following  morning.  The  exaggerated  strength  of  the 
enemy  was  pointed  out,  as  well  as  his  demoralized  and  disintegrating  condition  and 
failure,  thus  far,  to  offer  determined  or  effective  resistance.  The  impracticability  of  the 
country  for  vehicles  off"  the  roads  on  account  of  the  daily  rains  was  also  reported. 

In  reply  authority  was  given  to  send  Colonel  Summers  forward  as  proposed,  provided 
he  was  "strong  enough  to  take  care  of  himself,"  and  instructions  were  given  to  search 
tor  and  destroy  subsistence  stores  which  the  enemy  was  sending  into  the  Maasim 
country. 

Accordingly  the  following  orders  were  issued  : 

Genbbai.  Fielb  Orders,  (  Headquarters  First  Division, 

No.  5.  i  Eighth  Army  Corps, 

In  the  Field,  Baliuag,  Luzon,  May  3,  1899. 
The  following  named  troops,  fully  eq  nipped,  under  command  of  Col.  Owen  Summers, 
Second  Oregon   Volunteer  Infantry,   will   proceed  as  early  as  practicable   to-morrow 
morning,  the  4th  instant,  on  the  San  Miguel  road  as  far  as  Maasim  and  occupy  that 
town  : 

Provisional  brigade. 

Third  U.  S.  Infantry  (First  and  Second  Battalions)  and  the  section  Utah  Volunteer 
Light  Artillery. 

The  artillery  and  infantry  organizations  will  be  immediately  reported  to  Colonel 
Summers  by  their  respective  commanding  officers. 

The  chief  signal  officer  will  make  the  necessary  arrangements  for  telegraphic  com- 
munication with  this  column. 

By  command  of  Major  General  Lawton  : 

Clarence  R.  Edwards, 

Assistant  Adjutant  General. 

Headquakteks  First  Division,  Eighth  Army  Corps, 

In  the  Field,  Baliuag,  Luzon,  May  S,  1899. 
Col.  Owen  Summers, 

Second  Oregon  Volunteer  Infantry,  Commanding  Erpedition  to  Maasim; 
Colonel:  With  reference  to  liinieial  Field  <  irders.  No.  5,  current  series,  these  head- 
quarters, the  m:iji>i-  -eiiiTal  cDiiiinaiHliiifidirei-tsiiietoinformyou  the  corps  commander 
is  assured  that  sub-isienre  belniiKini;  lo  the  insurgent  array  is  being  sent  into  the 
country  of  Maasim  for  future  u.sc.  Y(ni  will  let  scouting  parties,  of  sufficient  size  to 
insure  safety,  find  and  destroy  subsistence  belonging  to  insurgent  army,  respecting 
private  property  and  reporting  amount  destroyed. 

Very  respectfully,  Clarence  R.  Edwards, 

Assistant  Adiutant  General. 

Telegraphic  communication,  via  Quinguaand  Malolos,  was  now  established,  and,  in 
compliance  with  telegraphic  instructions  from  department  headquarters,  a  company  of 
infantry  was  sent  to  the  former  place  for  the  purpose  set  forth  in  the  following  oi-ders : 

General  Field  Orders,  )  Headquarters  First  Division, 

No.  <i.  J  Eighth  Army  Corps, 

In  the  Field,  Baliuag,  May  4,  1899. 
One  company  of   the  Twenty-second  U.  S.  Infantry,  to  be  designated   by  the  coni- 
ma-nding  officer  of  that  regiment,  will  this  morning  proceed  to  and  occupy  the  town  of 
Quingua.  ^' 


564  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

The  cominauding  officer  of  that  company,  upon  arrival  at  that  point,  is  charged  wltli 
keeping  open  the  road  from  this  town  and  preventing  interference  with  the  railroad 
from  the  north. 

By  command  of  Major  General  Lawton  : 

Clarence  R.  Edwards, 

Assistant  Adjutant  General. 

The  detachment  of  scouts  which  had  been  sent  out  on  the  San  Miguel  road  encount- 
ered the  enemy,  at  least  two  hundred  strong,  about  3  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  some 
three  miles  out  from  Baliuag.  They  attacked  and  routed  the  enemy,  and  the  mounted 
troop,  which  had  been  sent  out  as  reinforcement,  took  up  the  pursuit,  which  continued 
until  darkness  came  on.    There  were  no  casualties  on  our  side. 

Colonel  Summers,  with  his  provisional  brigade,  the  two  battalions  Third  Infantry, 
and  the  Utah  gun,  left  Baliuag  en  route  to  Maasim  early  May  4th.  No  opposition  was 
met  until  the  advance  arrived  at  the  river  opposite  Maasim,  when  the  enemy,  about 
four  hundred  strong,  opened  fire  from  intrenchments  on  the  Maasim  side  of  the  river. 
Colonel  Summers  deployed  his  command,  crossed  the  river  under  fire,  charged  and  car- 
ried the  intrenchments  and  drove  the  enemy  beyond  the  town,  which  he  occupied.  Our 
casualties  were  Capt.  P.  S.  Heath,  Second  Oregon,  slight  wound  of  leg,  and  two  enlisted 
men.  Thirteenth  Minnesota,  severely  wounded.    The  enemy  left  four  killed  on  the  field. 

The  scouts  were  sent  out  in  the  afternoon  with  instructions  to  find  and  destroy  all 
supplies  of  the  enemy  in  the  country  to  the  northeast  between  San  Rafael  road  and 
Maasim  River.  They  were  cautioned  to  respect  the  persons  and  property  of  noncom- 
batants,  to  conceal  their  movements  as  much  as  possible,  and  avoid  assuming  the  oflFen- 
sive  against  the  enemy.  Troop  I,  Fourth  Cavalry,  was  sent  up  the  river  toward  the 
foothills  of  the  mountains  with  verbal  instructions  to  the  same  eflect. 

During  the  day,  May  4th,  the  wagon  train  left  for  Malolos  to  bring  out  supplies  which 
would  arrive  there  the  day  following  ;  it  was  accompanied  by  the  sick  and  wounded  in 
ambulances. 

Much  annoyance  was  caused  by  the  Chinese  coolies,  furnished  by  the  quartermaster 
department  as  litter  bearers  and  laborers,  wandering  from  the  organizations  to  which 
they  were  attached  and  committing  many  minor  depredations,  necessitating  the  issue 
of  the  following  orders  : 

General  Field  Orders,  i  Headquarters  First  Division, 

No.  7.  f  Eighth  Army  Corps, 

In  the  Field,  Baliuag,  May  U,  1S99. 

Hereafter  each  Chinese  coolie  with  his  command  will  be  required  to  wear  upon  his 
hat,  or  other  conspicuous  part  of  his  clothing,  a  tag  which  will  be  legibly  marked  in 
English  the  name  of  the  organization  to  which  the  wearer  is  assigned  or  belongs. 

Commencing  to-morrow,  the  5th  instant,  all  such  camp  followers  found  without  the 
identification  tax  above  required  will  be  arrested  and  turned  over  to  the  provost  guard. 

No  coolie  wearing  such  an  indentification  tag  will  be  required  to  perform  labor  for 
individuals  or  organizations  than  that  to  which  he  is  assigned  or  belongs,  and  no 
unauthorized  person  will,  in  any  way,  interfere  with  any  Chinaman  not  misconducting 

Commanding  officers  of  organizations  are  charged  with  the  prompt  execution  of  the 
above  orders,  and  will  be  held  strictly  accountable  for  the  conduct  of  the  coolies  assigned 
or  belonging  to  their  respective  commands. 

By  command  of  Major  General  Lawton  :  ^ 

Clarence  R.  Edwards, 
Assistant  Adjutant  General. 

Large  quantities  of  rice  and  sugar  were  found  in  Baliuag,  much  of  it  in  storehouses 
said  to  belong  to  the  enemy.  A  conservative  estimate  of  the  contents  of  storehouses  not 
manifestly  private  was  no  less  than  one  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  bushels  of  rice  and 
two  hundred  and  sixty-five  tons  of  sugar,  which  with  the  quanities  not  included,  but 
none  the  less  available,  would  undoubtedly  be  sufficient  to  subsist  all  troops  of  the 
enemy  for  at  least  six  months.  A  large  storehouse  of  the  tax  collector  was  opened  and 
the  contents  issued  to  the  natives,  who  claimed  to  have  been  robbed  of  their  rice  by  the 
insurgents  and  were  now  in  a  famishing  condition.  Under  the  careful  supervision  of  the 
provost  marshal  this  distribution  was  continued  at  the  suggestion  of  the  department 
commander  to  families  residing  at  Baliuag  and  vicinity. 

Telegraphic  information  was  received  from  the  palace  (department   headquarters) 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SI'ANISH    WAR.  fiGf) 

May  6th  that  it  was  reported  General  Geronimo,  who  had  three  thousand  troops  in  the 
vicinity  of  San  Matoe,  and  Pio  del  Pilar,  with  about  two  thousand  in  and  around  Anti- 
polo,  had  received  instructions  from  Aguinaldo  to  proceed  with  their  united  forces  by  a 
mountain  road  to  Norzagaray,  thence  via  Angat,  San  Rafael,  and  Bustos,  for  the  purpose 
of  cutting  off  our  lines  of  communication  and  supplies,  which  was  supposed  to  be  by 
Angat,  then  to  attack  our  flank.  Caution  was  made  to  watch  well  by  scouting  parties 
the  country  to  the  east.  Reply  was  immediately  made  that  the  company  of  North 
Dakotas  escorting  the  party  taking  up  telegraph  line  virt  Angat  would  be  warned  to 
watch  for  the  enemy;  that  the  mounted  troop  now  east  of  San  Rafael  and  Maasim 
would  be  pushed  farther  east,  and  that  Colonel  Summers,  at  Maasim,  would  be  notified 
to  watch  the  enemy's  movements,  and  later  that  the  mounted  troop  would  be  on  the 
hills  southeast  of  Norzagaray,  where  the  country  could  be  observed  for  miles ;  also  that 
three  companies  would  be  at  San  Rafael  next  morning.  The  department  commander's 
views  as  to  the  situation  and  wishes  regarding  movement  of  the  expedition  were 
I'equested,  as  well  as  permission  to  have  Colonel  Summers  drive  the  enemy  from  San 
Ildefonso,  and  threaten  San  Miguel.  To  this  the  adjutant  general  of  the  department 
replied  that  it  was  "not  prudent  to  advance  Summers  north  until  the  reported  move- 
ment of  insurgents  from  south  develops,"  and  that  his  command  should  be  held  in 
readiness  to  unite  with  the  troops  at  Baliuag  to  crush  the  enemy  should  he  appear  in 
force. 

Since  the  occupation  of  Baliuag  by  our  forces  large  numbers  of  inhabitants  had 
returned,  and  on  May  6th  verbal  permission  was  given  them  to  hold  a  meeting  in  the 
public  square,  or  plaza,  for  the  purpose  of  electing  a  captain  municipal,  or  mayor,  to 
administer  the  civil  affairs  of  the  town  and  represent  its  interest  in  connection  with  the 
military  forces  occupying  it.  The  result  of  this  election  was  announced  in  the  following 
orders,  which  were  published  in  English,  Spanish,  and  Tagalog: 

General  Field  Orders,  /  Headquarters  First  Division, 

No.  8.  j  Eighth  Army  Corps, 

In  the  Meld,  Baliuag,  May  7,  1S99. 
For  the  purpose  of  official  and  just  representation  of  the  inhabitants  of  this  town 
with  the  military  authorities,  as  well  as  for  temporary  convenience  in  restoring  and 
maintaining  order  among  the  formei",  the  citizens  were  authorized  to  meet  and  elect  a 
mayor  (captain  municipal).  The  result  of  such  meeting  has  been  the  election  of  Senor 
Kranclsco  Guerrero,  who  is  therefore  announced  as  mayor,  and  authorized  to  select  a 
council  and  such  other  assistants  or  officers  as  may  be  necessary  to  properly  administer 
municipal  affairs.    He  will  be  accordingly  respected  and  obeyed. 

The  United  States  will  in  no  way  be  held  accountable  or  responsible  for  any  salaries 
or  compensation. 

By  command  of  Major  General  Lawton  : 

Clarence  R.  Edwards, 

Assistant  Adjutant  General. 

This  mayor  of  Baliuag  was  the  flrst  native  official,  by  virtue  of  election  by  his  peers, 
holding  office  in  these  islands  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  United  States. 

While  the  command  was  held  waiting  for  the  movement  of  the  enemy  from  the  south 
to  develop  preparations  were  made  for  the  advance  toward  San  Miguel.  It  was  learned 
by  reconnoissance  that  the  enemy,  when  driven  out  of  Maasim,  had  fallen  back  to 
Ildefonso,  and  was  intrenching  along  a  ridge  about  one  thousand  eight  hundred  yards 
south  of  that  town.  The  engineer  officer  went  to  Maasim  on  May  8th,  and  with  one 
company  each  from  the  Minnesotas  and  Oregons  reconnoitered  and  sketched  the 
enemy's  position.  During  the  reconnoissance  Maj.  A.  M.  Diggles,  Thirteenth  Minnesota, 
was  mortally  wounded.  Nothing  remained  to  be  done  by  the  force  at  Maasim  beyond 
keeping  the  enemy  well  under  observation  and  the  command  in  readiness  to  attack 
when  ordered  until  authority  to  advance  could  be  obtained  from  department  Jiead- 
quarters. 

Parties  sent  out  from  Maasim  and  the  scouts  found  and  destroyed  more  than  (jue 
hundred  thousand  bushels  of  rice,  large  quantities  of  corn  and  sugar,  also  reloading 
tools  and  uniforms. 

Early  May  9th  Capt.  H.  C.  Hodges,  with  Companies  B,  C,  H,  and  L,  Twenty-second 
Infantry,  made  a  reconnf)issance  along  the  roads  leading  from  Baliuag  toward  San  Luis 


566  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

and  Candaba  without  finding  any  signs  of  the  enemy,  all  natives  seeming  to  be  engaged 
in  peaceful  pursuits. 

In  a  telegram  to  the  adjutant  general  of  the  department  on  the  morning  of  May  9th 
it  was  suggested  that  the  scouting  east  of  Norzagaray  would  clear  up  the  situation  in 
that  direction,  and  permission  was  asked  to  call  in  the  troops  which  had  been  engaged 
the  last  three  days  in  a  fruitless  seaich  for  the  Antipolo  and  Ban  Mateo  columns,  stating 
that  the  expedition  would  "then  be  ready  to  move  immediately  in  any  direction."  To 
this  reply  was  received  authorizing  the  withdrawal  of  the  .scouting  parties,  but  making 
no  reference  to  the  implied  request  for  orders  to  advance,  the  remark  in  a  telegram  of 
the  day  previous,  '-You  will  hardly  be  able  to  make  any  decided  move  until  MacArthur 
gets  in  condition,"  remaining  the  latest  from  department  headquarters  on  this  most 
interesting  subject.  Next  morning  a  telegram  was  sent  the  adjutant  general  of  the 
department  asking  if  further  instructions  were  to  be  waited  for  before  moving,  to  which 
he  replied  in  the  affirmative,  stating  that  "Certain  information  which  we  are  expecting 
is  important  before  directing  further  operations." 

May  11th  telegraphic  instructions  were  received  that  the  expedition  should  be  pre- 
pared for  a  movement  on  the  following  Monday  (May  Hth)  and  should  be  rationed  to 
include  May  25th.  Information  was  given  at  the  same  time  to  the  effect  that  a  battalion 
of  the  Seventeenth  Infantry  would  be  sent  on  the  morning  of  May  12th  to  join  the 
expedition  ;  that  the  gunboats  (on  the  Rio  Grande  de  la  Pampanga)  and  General  Mac- 
Arthur  (commanding  Second  division  at  San  Fernando)  should  be  ready  to  advance  at 
the  same  time  (May  12th),  MacArihur  by  Mexico  and  Candaba,  making  a  junction  with 
this  expedition  at  San  Miguel,  if  necessary,  from  which  point  its  movement  would  be 
in  a  westerly  direction.  On  the  day  following  this  plan  for  a  concerted  movement  was 
changed,  the  adjutant  general  of  the  department  stating  in  a  telegram  of  that  date, 
"General  MacArthur  thinks  he  can  not  move  successfully  via  Mexico  and  Candaba," 
and  that  it  was  in  contemplation  sending  the  entire  Seventeenth  Infantry,  one  battal- 
ion of  the  Ninth  Infantry,  and  part  of  Light  Battery  E  (Andrews's),  First  Artillery, 
equipped  with  three  mountain  Hotchkiss  guns,  "  to  move  as  an  independent  column  on 
Candaba,  with  aid  of  gunboats,"  which  column  would  join  the  main  expedition  at  San 
Miguel,  or  with  which  the  expedition  could  later  join  on  the  river  south  of  San  Isidro. 
This  column  was  organized;  moving  up  the  river,  and  was  joined  by  the  expedition 
south  of  San  Isidro  according  to  plan,  as  will  appear  later. 

On  account  of  a  rumor  that  the  enemy  at  San  Miguel  had  been  greatly  reenforced  the 
scouts  were  sent  to  report  to  Colonel  Summers  at  Maasim.  He  was  directed  to  have 
them  search  for  a  road  to  the  cast  of  San  Ildefonso  which  was  supposed  to  lead  into  the 
main  road  north  of  that  point  and  secure  all  the  information  possible  as  to  the  location 
and  strength  of  the  enemy. 

Captains  Birkhimer  and  Case,  of  the  division  stafT,  were  ordered  to  proceed  to  Maasim 
May  12th  to  thoroughly  acquaint  themselves  with  and  reconnoiter  the  enemy's  position 
with  a  view  to  the  future  operations  of  the  command.  They  were  instructed  to  confer 
with  the  commanding  officer  at  Maasiin,  requesting  the  necessary  assistance,  including 
the  use  of  the  scouts.  Additional  instructions  were  given  Captain  Birkhimer,  verbally,  to 
locate  positions  from  which  field  artillery  could  be  used  with  advantage  and  to  examine 
the  road  passing  to  the  east  of  San  Ildefonso  into  the  main  road  north  of  that  place. 
When  these  staff  officers  arrived  they  found  the  scouts  examining  the  enemy's  position 
at  San  Ildefonso  and  drawing  therefrom  considerable  fire,  to  which  they  returned  only 
an  occasional  shot  when  a  good  target  presented  itself.  Two  companies  (eighty-four 
men)  Second  Oregons,  under  Major  Eastwick,  were  secured  as  support,  and,  withdraw- 
ing the  scouts  to  be  used  as  escort,  Captain  Birkhimer  reconnoitered  the  enemy's  front. 
Captain  Case  meanwhile  sketching  theposition.  As  they  approached  the  enemy's  left 
the  scouts  were  subjected  to  a  hot  fire,  the  support  having  been  sent  by  a  circuitous 
route,  under  cover,  leaving  only  the  staff  officers  and  scouts,  about  two  hundred  men 
in  a-11,  to  be  seen  by  the  enemy.  The  fire  came  from  a  knoll  which  commanded  the 
adjacent  country,  particularly  that  over  which  the  scouts  were  advancing.  Without 
hesitation  these  few  men  charged  and  drove  the  enemy  from  the  knoll,  back  onto  his 


OREGON    VOLUNTEKKS    IN    SPANISH     WAK.  OG < 

main  line,  and  occupied  the  position,  wjiiting  the  arrival  of  the  support  for  which  Cap- 
tain Case  had  gone.  While  in  this. position  the  scouts  (one  being  wounded)  were  under 
a  heavy  tire,  delivered  with  great  precision  over  previously  measured  and  marked 
ranges.  By  eflfective  markmanship  the  enemy  was  held  in  check  until  the  support 
could  come  up,  when  their  fire  was  immediately  lessened.  The  scouts  were  replaced  on 
the  knoll  by  an  equal  number  from  the  support  to  prevent  any  untoward  movement  of 
the  enemy  in  that  direction,  and  the  reconnossance  resumed. 

On  a  point  due  east  of  San  Ildefonso  the  enemy  could  be  seen  withdrawing  in  haste 
toward  San  Miguel.  Parties  could  be  seen  moving  independently  to  the  northeast. 
From  a  hilltop,  commanding  a  view  of  both  San  Ildefonso  and  San  Miguel,  it  could  be 
seen  that  the  enemy  had  evacuated  the  former. 

It  was  now  shortly  after  1  o'clock  in  the  afternoon.  The  command,  scarcely  one 
hundred  strong,  was  concentrated  at  the  front,  and  after  a  few  minutes'  rest  continued 
the  reconnoissance  toward  San  Miguel.  In  doing  so  the  enemy  was  forced  back  to  the 
vicinity  of  that  city,  losing  several  in  killed  and  wounded  while  skirmishing.  Return- 
ing as  far  as  San  Ildefonso,  Captain  Birkhimer  forwarded  a  brief  report  of  the  day's 
'operations  and  stated  that  that  point  was  then  held  by  our  forces.  The  report  was 
repeated  to  the  adjutant  general  of  the  department,  with  remark  that  a  reconnoissance 
had  been  ordered  that  morning,  but  without  intention  of  advance  making  attack. 

Captain  Birkhimer  was  instructed  to  have  the  scouts  "  keep  in  touch  with  the  enemy 
and  open  communication  with  them  if  possible,"  exercising  caution  to  avoid  capture  or 
harm.  Later,  Colonel  Summers  reported  the  occupation  of  San  Ildefonso  by  a  battalion 
of  his  command,  and  the  presence  of  the  enemy  three  miles  beyond  that  point.  A  tele- 
gram was  sent  the  adj  utant  general  of  the  department  that  the  Oregons  and  Minnesotas 
would  be  ordered  to  occupy  San  Ildefonso,  the  Third  Infantry  (eight  companies) 
remaining  at  Maasim.  Nothing  to  the  contrary  being  received  from.higher  authority. 
Colonel  Summers  was  directed  to  make  the  above  disposition  of  his  command  and  to 
keep  the  enemy  well  under  observation. 

During  the  day's  operations  many  wounded  were  seen  being  carried  to  the  rear, 
among  them,  as  was  afterwards  learned,  a  captain  and  a  lieutenant.  Four  killed  and 
six  M'ounded  were  found  on  the  field. 

Almost  immediately  after  the  occupation  of  San  Ildefonso  an  insurgent  officer 
entered  our  lines  under  a  flag  of  truce  and  presented  a  communication  from  Gen.  Gre- 
gorio  del  Pilar,  requesting  that  a  safe-conduct  to  Manila  be  granted  a  Filipino  commis- 
sion authorized  to  arrange  terms  of  peace.  In  accordance  with  instructions  from 
department  headquarters  he  was  sent  in  to  Manila,  Capt.  Robert  Sewell,  aid-de-camp, 
accompanying.  After  a  short  conference  with  the  department  commander  he  returned 
to  Baliuag,  and  from  there  outside  our  lines,  bearing  with  him  a  letter  to  General  Pilar 
from  the  division  commander  promising  safe-conduct  to  and  from  Manila  for  the  pro- 
posed commission. 

In  acknowledgment  of  the  dispatch  regarding  the  Candaba  column,  and  with  refer- 
ence to  the  enemy's  peace  advances,  an  entire  lack  of  faith  was  expressed  in  the  propo- 
sitions to  discuss  terms  of  peace,  which  were  believed  to  be  only  a  scheme  of  the  enemy 
for  time  to  gather  supplies,  strengthen  positions,  and  bring  us  into  the  rainy  season.  It 
was  pointed  out  to  the  adjutant  general  of  the  department  that  already  the  fields  were 
partly  covered  with  water,  and  that  twenty-four  hours'  rain  would  render  travel  with 
transportation  impossible.  Immediate  resumption  of  operations  under  the  then  favor- 
able weather  conditions  was  urged,  the  opinion  being  ottered  that  from  experience  the 
enemy  was  not  believed  to  be  in  very  great  force  nor  disposed  to  show  much  pertinacity. 
The  necessity  for  a  good  Interpreter  and  for  maps  of  the  country  north  of  San  Miguel 
was  also  stated.  To  this,  reply  was  received  that  it  was  contemplated  putting  Major 
Kobbe,  Third  Artillery,  in  command  of  the  column  to  move  along  the  Rio  Grande  de  la 
Pampanga,  and  that  "your  advance  must  be  postponed  a  day  or  two  to  get  troops  in 
position." 

Captain  Birkhimer,  with  the  scouts,  only  eighteen  of  whom  were  able  to  march  after 
the  fatiguing  work  of  the  preceding  day,  moved  out  from  San  Ildefonso   toward  San 


568  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

Miguel  at  an  early  hour,  May  loth,  to  carry  out  the  original  instructions  to  examine  the 
enemy's  position,  and,  their  later  orders,  to  keep  in  touch  with  the  enemy.  To  secure 
unity  of  action.  Captain  Case  accompanied  the  support,  which  consisted  of  one  com- 
pany each  of  the  Minnesotas  and  Oregons,  under  command  of  Capt.  H.  L.  Heath,  of  the 
latter  regiment.  Advancing  northward  neither  opposition  nor  considerable  parties  of 
the  enemy  were  encountered  until  when,  within  about  a  mile  of  San  Miguel,  the  scouts 
in  skirmish  line  entered  a  thicket  and  were  met  by  volleys  from  a  force  of  no  less  than 
three  hundred  of  the  enemy  lying  behind  rice-field  dykes,  about  one  hundred  yards  dis- 
tant, and  right  and  left  flanks  resting,  respectivelj',  upon  the  steep  bank  of  a  large 
stream  and  behind  a  dense  thicket.  Captain  Case  brought  the  support  forward  promptly 
in  extended  order,  but  before  it  could  come  up  and  engage,  the  twelve  scouts  on  the  left 
of  the  center,  encouraged  by  two  of  their  number  (Chief  Scout  Young  and  Private  Har- 
rington), under  the  direct  supervision  of  Captain  Birkhimer,  broke  from  the  bushes 
which  temporarily  concealed  them  and  charged  straight  across  the  open  for  the  right 
center  of  the  enem.v's  line,  which  wavered,  broke,  and,  carrying  with  it  the  flanks,  pre" 
cipitately  fled  before  the  scouts  could  reach  it.  The  enemy  on  reaching  the  buildings  in 
the  outskirts  of  the  city  fired  from  behind  houses  and  other  cover.  Being  driven  rapidly* 
eastward  through  the  town,  part  took  a  northerly  direction  toward  San  Isidro,  another 
part  went  southeast  in  the  direction  of  Biacnabato,  and,  as  usual,  many  small  parties 
moved  oflT  independently  in  other  directions.  Just  before  reaching  the  bridge,  which 
crosses  the  river  near  the  center  of  the  city,  while  pursuing  the  enemy.  Chief  Scout 
Young  received  a  severe  wound  through  the  right  knee.  Although  given  every  atten- 
tion, and  receiving  the  most  skillful  treatment  the  hospitals  of  Manila  could  aflford,  the 
wound  resulted  fatally.  In  the  disabling  and  death  of  this  man  the  expedition  and  the 
service  lost  an  ideal  chief  of  scouts. 

Having  driven  the  enemy  from  the  city,  immediate  disposition  of  the  command  (one 
hundred  and  .sixteen  men)  was  made  to  hold  it  until  reenforcements  could  arrive,  and 
dispatches  were  sent  informing  the  division  commander  of  the  result  of  the  morning's 
reconnoissance. 

The  adjutant  general  of  the  department  was  informed  of  the  capture  of  San  Miguel, 
and  Colonel  Summers  was  instructed  to  send  a  battalion  at  once  to  occupy  it. 

The  expedition,  which  was  still  (May  13th)  being  held  at  Baliuag,  waiting  for  sup- 
plies, reenforcements,  and  what  had  been  most  frequently  requested,  and  was  most 
desired,  viz,  orders  to  advance,  thus  reached  its  objective  — San  Miguel,  as  a  result  of 
two  reconnoissances  by  less  than  a  score  of  picked  men  supported  on  both  occasions  by 
less  than  a  full  company  of  infantry.  Captain  Birkhimer  and  the  following-named 
eleven  surviving  scouts,  who  so  gallantly  charged  and  routed  the  enemy  at  San  Miguel, 
have  been  recommended  for  Congressional  medals  of  honor : 

Private  Eli  L.  Watkins,  Troop  C,  Fourth  U.  S.  Cavalry. 
Private  S.  Harris,  Troop  G,  Foui-th  U.  S.  Cavalry. 

Private  Peter  McQuinn  (Peter  Q,uinn),  Troop  L,  Fourth  U.  S.  Cavalry. 
Corporal  F.  L.  Andres,  Company  B,  First  North  Dakota  Volunteer  Infantry. 
Private  J.  Mclntyre,  Company  B,  First  North  Dakota  Volunteer  Infantrj  . 
Private  G.  Jensen,  Company  D,  First  North  Dakota  Volunteer  Infantry. 
Private  W.  H.  Downs,  Company  H,  First  North  Dakota  Volunteer  Infantry. 
Private  P.  Hussey,  Company  K,  First  North  Dakota  Volunteer  Infantry. 
Private  F.  Summerfleld,  Company  K,  First  North  Dakota  Volunteer  Infantry. 
Private  E.  Lyon,  Company  B,  Second  Oregon  Volunteer  Infantry. 
Private  J.  Harnngton,  Company  G,  Second  Oregon  Volunteer  Infantry. 

The  wounding  of  Chief  Scout  Young  and  one  of  his  detachments  comprised  our  casu- 
alties in  the  operations  of  the  day.    Three  of  the  enemy's  dead  were  found  on  the  field. 

Later  Colonel  Summer's  entire  command  was  moved  forward  to  San  Miguel,  with  the 
exception  of  four  companies  of  the  Third  Infantry,  two  of  which  remained  at  Maasim 
and  two  at  San  Ildefonso. 

The  payment  of  S:BO,  Mexican,  for  each  serviceable  rifle  surrendered  by  disbanded 


OREGON    VOUTNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  569 

detachments  of  the  insurgent  army  or  others  was  authorized  In  a  telegram  of  May  13th 
from  the  adjutant  general  of  the  department.  Immediate  announcement  was  made  to 
the  command,  and,  in  Spanish  and  Tagalo,  to  the  native  population,  every  effort  being 
made  to  get  the  information  within  the  enemy's  lines.  Measures  were  taken  to  provide 
for  prompt  payments. 

May  13th,  in  reply  to  a  telegram  saying  the  expedition  would  move  as  soon  as  rations, 
then  en  route,  were  distributed,  the  adjutant  general  of  the  department  stated,  "it  is 
thought  that  the  time  for  your  advance  can  be  fixed  this  evening."  The  matter  of  the 
detachment  to  be  left  at  Baliuag  on  the  advance  of  the  expedition  was  also  touched  on 
in  this  telegram. 

That  point  possessed  great  strategic  importance.  Seven  main  roads  converged  there  ; 
it  was  the  market  center  for  a  large  territory,  and  had  a  considerable  present  popula- 
tion who  professed  friendliness  to  and  desired  the  protection  of  our  Government.  Also, 
our  line  of  communication,  for  a  time  at  least,  would  be  via  Baliuag  and  Malolos,  and 
unless  protected  would  be  speedily  cut.  As  a  result  of  telegraphic  correspondence  on 
the  subject,  it  was  finally  decided  to  leave  a  battalion  at  Baliuag. 

The  company  at  Quingua  was  ordered  to  Baliuag  May  14th,  a  garrison  for  that  point 
having  been  supplied  from  another  command. 

About  9  A.  M.  the  adjutant  general  of  the  department  was  informed  by  telegram  that 
all  supplies  for  the  expedition  would  arrive  and  be  distributed  that  day;  that  the  com- 
mand could  not  move  that  afternoon,  and  that,  unless  otherwise  instructed,  headquar- 
ters would  proceed  to  San  Miguel  at  noon  that  day. 

Reply  was  received  inquiring  whether  the  8.2-inch  gun  from  General  MacArthur's 
command  and  the  two  companies  Third  Infantry  from  Calumpit,  which  had  been 
ordered  to  join  the  expedition  at  Baliuag,  had  yet  arrived,  and  stating,  "Commanding 
general  directs  that  you  hold  your  forces  in  readiness  to  move,  but  do  not  move  till 
ordered  from  here."  Reply  was  made  acknowledging  receipt  of  orders  to  hold  the  force 
in  readiness  to  move,  and  inquiring  if  it  was  desired  that  headquarters  be  held  at 
Baliuag  until  further  orders ;  and  that  the  artillery  and  companies  of  the  Third  Infantry 
had  not  yet  arrived,  but  having  left  Calumpit  at  noon  the  day  previous,  they  should 
arrive  at  any  moment.  A  telegram  was  later  received  from  the  adjutant  general  of  the 
department  authorizing  an  advance  as  soon  as  the  artillery,  companies  Third  Infantry, 
and  transportation  reached  Baliuag.  It  also  stated  that  Major  Kobbe  was  preparing 
the  column  to  move  up  the  Rio  Grande,  but  could  not  move  before  Tuesday  (May  15th); 
that  he  was  placed  under  the  supervision  of  the  commanding  general  of  this  expedition, 
but  that  all  orders  organizing  the  column  and  directing  Major  Kobb(5's  advance  on 
Candaba  would  be  given  from  department  headquarters.  These  instructions  regarding 
the  Candaba  column  were  repeated  to  Major  Kobb6  on  his  reporting  to  the  expedition 
commander. 

Companies  E  and  I,  Third  Infantry,  First  Lieut.  H.  Freeland  commanding,  and  one 
3.2-inch  gun,  light  battery  D  (Dyer's)  Sixth  Artillery,  joined  at  Baliuag  during  the  after- 
noon, from  the  second  division  at  Calumpit. 

Under  authority  granted  by  the  department  commander  in  the  telegram  quoted 
above,  verbal  orders  were  given  in  the  afternoon  of  May  Uth  for  the  command  to 
advance  from  Baliuag  to  San  Miguel  next  morning,  leaving  a  battalion  Twenty-second 
Infantry  behind  to  garrison  the  former.  The  movement  commenced  at  the  usual  hour 
on  the  mornlngof  May  15th,  headquarters  being  joined  at  Maa.sim  by  its  escort.  Troop  I, 
Fourth  Cavalry,  which  had  the  day  previous  arrived  at  that  place  from  a  scout  north 
and  east  of  San  Rafael.  As  the  column  passed  through  Maasim  and  San  Ildefonso  it 
was  joined  by  the  companies  of  the  Third  Infantry  left  at  those  points  by  Colonel  Sum- 
mers on  his  advance.  The  march  to  San  Miguel  was  without  incident.  Headquarters 
arrived  there  about  10  o'clock  A.  m.  in  advance  of  the  column,  the  rear  of  which  came 
up  the  next  morning. 

In  reporting  arrival  of  headquarters  at  San  Miguel,  San  Isidro  was  naturally  assumed 
as  the  next  objective,  and  plans  were  suggested,  based  on  recent  information,  for  the 
movement  of  columns  to  the  north  and  east,  one  to  go  forward  that  afternoon  along  the 


570  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

San  Isidro  road,  across  which  it  was  reported  a  small  force  of  the  euemy  had  thrown  up 
iutrenchments  about  two  miles  out ;  another  column  to  reconnoiter  Sibul  and  Biacna- 
bato  and  the  country  to  the  northeast.  It  was  also  stated  that  if  the  gunboats  and 
Kobbi5's  column  could  go  as  far  up  as  Arayat  he  could  probably  be  met  there.  The 
enemy  was  reported  as  demoralized,  discouraged,  and  disintegrating,  and  the  opinion 
was  oflFered  that  much  force  or  opposition  need  not  be  anticipated  at  San  Isidro. 

In  reply  to  the  above  telegram  San  Isidro  was  named  as  the  next  objective,  unless 
the  progress  of  the  expedition  were  so  impeded  by  the  enemy  as  to  render  it  probable 
that  the  subsistence  would  give  out,  in  which  case  a  road  to  the  Rio  Grande  should  be 
sought  and  an  effort  made  to  communicate  with  Kobb6's  column  and  the  gunboats, 
where  rations  could  be  found.  Caution  was  given  to  watch  to  the  right,  stating,  "It  is 
reported  that  a  large  number  of  insurgents  are  at  Biacnabato ;  report  jjot  verified."  In 
acknowledging  receipt  of  the  message  specifying  the  next  objective,  the  following  was 
sent  the  adjutant  general  of  the  department.  "Am  rationed  to  include  the  26th  instant 
and  find  troops  have  some  savings.  Have  also  along  extra  coflee  and  sugar.  Can  on  a 
pinch  get  along  till  end  of  month.  Continued  rains  would  block  me;  perhaps  the 
euemy  may.  So  far  they  have  shown  no  alarming  strength.  My  men  are  in  good 
spirits  and  will  run  over  anything  confronting  them."  "Will  reconnoiter  to  the  east  in 
the  morning  as  indicated.  Summers  will  move  on  toward  San  Isidro ;  will  besupported 
by  French."  The  command  was  cautioned  to  exercise  all  economy  in  the  use  of  rations 
and  ammunition. 

At  3  oclock  p.  M.  May  13th  Colonel  Summers,  with  his  provisional  brigade  and  the 
Utah  gun,  in  accordance  with  verbal  orders,  moved  out  from  San  Miguel  on  the  San 
Isidro  road.  Captain  Case,  of  the  division  staff,  accompanying.  The  enemy  was  engaged 
shortly  after  leaving  San  Miguel  and  driven  rapidly  northward  about  four  miles  to  a 
point  one  mile  north  of  Salacat  (Bulac),  which  was  occupied  by  our  troops.  At  this  point 
the  enemy  was  strongly  intrenched  on  the  north  bank  of  a  river  and  in  force  of  about 
three  hundred,  but  when  charged  by  our  forces  fled,  leaving  killed,  wounded,  and  equip- 
ments behind.  Our  casualties :  One  enlisted  man.  Thirteenth  Minnesota,  slight  nondis- 
abling  wound  of  right  wrist.  The  known  casualties  of  the  enemy  were,  sixteen  killed, 
including  an  ofHcer,  and  five  wounded,  who  fell  into  our  hands.  Twenty-six  guns  were 
captured  from  the  enemy.  Colonel  Summer's  telegraphic  report  of  the  engagement  was 
reported  to  the  adjutant  general  of  the  department,  with  remark  that  "this  was  a  bril- 
liant engagement,  for  which  Colonel  Summers  and  his  command  deserve  great  credit." 

May  16th  a  reconnoissance  was  made  in  the  direction  of  Sibul  and  Biacnabato  by  the 
dismounted  cavalry  squadron,  two  battalions  Third  Infantry,  Troop  I,  Fourth  Cavalry, 
and  Hawthorne's  mountain  battery,  under  command  of  Capt.  G.  H.  G.  Gale,  Fourth 
Cavalry.  The  lack  of  a  competent  guide  and  the  condition  of  the  roads  and  trails  pre- 
vented the  i-econnoissance  being  continued  beyond  Sibul,  and  the  column  returned  that 
night  to  San  Miguel  without  having  encountered  the  enemy. 

The  troops  at  Salacat  advanced  to  and  occupied  San  Roque  about  9  a.  m.  May  16th, 
without  meeting  opposition.  The  scouts,  under  command  of  Lieut.  J.  E.  Thornton, 
Second  Oregon,  were  sent  forward  to  reconnoiter,  and  search  for  water,  one  battalion 
of  the  Oregons  following  as  support.  About  two  and  one  half  miles  out  they  were  fired 
on  by  the  enemy,  whom  they  drove  across  a  bridge  over  a  deep  river  some  forty  feet 
wide.  The  enemy  set  Are  to  the  bride  and  retired  to  trenches  which  commanded  it  and 
the  road  to  the  southward  by  frontal  and  enfilading  positions.  Under  a  heavy  fire  the 
scouts  charged  across  the  bridge  into  the  nearest  trenches,  routing  the  enemy,  who  re- 
treated to  San  Isidro  (Factoria),  leaving  six  killed,  among  them  an  officer,  six  wounded, 
two  prisoners,  fourteen  Mausers,  two  Remingtons,  equpments,  and  ammunition. 

While  the  greater  number  of  the  scouts  were  engaging  the  enemy  in  the  trenches,  a 
few  recognizing  the  extreme  importance  of  saving  the  bridge  (a  wooden  structure)  from 
burning,  devoted  all  their  energies  to  putting  out  the  fire,  and  in  doing  so  were  exposed 
to  the-  fire  of  the  enemy  until  the  latter  was  routed  by  their  comrades.  The  support 
coming  up,  the  enemy  was  driven  to  the  city  (San  Isidro),  about  a  mile  distant ;  then, 
returning  to  the  bridge,  both  scouts  and  support  set  to  work  repairing  it. 


okf:g()N  voluntioers  in  Spanish  war.  571 

111  repeating  Colonel  Summers's  telegraphic  report  of  the  affair,  the  division  com- 
mander remarked:  "I  desire  to  specially  commend  Colonel  Summers  and^  those  he 
mentions.  Colonel  Summers  has  been  active  and  intelligent  in  his  work.  He  will  take 
the  city  in  the  morning.  I  also  call  attention  to  the  fact  that  my  scouts  were  again 
commended.  Harrington,  killed,  the  only  casualty,  is  the  man  who  has  several  times 
before  been  commended  for  unusual  bravery.  He  was  as  noble  and  brave  a  soldier  as  I 
have  ever  known,  and  his  death  and  the  disabling  of  Young,  who  organized  the  scouts, 
will  be  a  great  loss  to  us." 

The  following  named  scouts  who  participated  in  the  engagement  at  the  burning 
bridge,  which  they  saved  from  destruction,  were  recommended  for  Congressional  medals 
of  honor: 

Peter  Quinn,  private.  Troop  L,  Fourth  U.  S.  Cavalry. 
Simon  Harris,  private.  Troop  G,  Fourth  U.  S.  Cavalry. 

E.  C.  Lyon,  private.  Company  B,  Second  Oregon  Volunteer  Infantry. 

M.  W.  Robertson,  private.  Company  B,  Second  Oregon  Volunteer  Infantry. 
Frank  High,  private.  Company  G,  Second  Oregon  Volunteer  Infantry. 
M.  Glassley,  private,  Company  A,  First  North  Dakota  Volunteer  Infantry. 
R.  M.  Longfellow,  private,  Company  A,  First  North  Dakota  Volunteer  Infantry. 
J.  W.  Mclntyre,  private,  Company  B,  First  North  Dakota  Volunteer  Infantry. 
J.  B.  Kenne,  private.  Company  C,  First  North  Dakota  Volunteer  Infantry. 
Eli  L.  Watkins,  private.  Company  C,  First  North  Dakota  Volunteer  Infantry. 
G.  Jensen,  private.  Company  D,  First  North  Dakota  Volunteer  Infantry. 
Charles  P.  Davis,  private.  Company  G,  First  North  Dakota  Volunteer  Inlantry. 
S.  A.  Gait,  private.  Company  G,  First  North  Dakota  Volunteer  Infantry. 
W.  H.  Downs,  private.  Company  H,  First  North  Dakota  Volunteer  Infantry. 
J.  Killion,  private.  Company  H,  First  North  Dakota  Volunteer  Infantry. 
Frank  Ross,  private,  Company  H,  First  North  Dakota  Volunteer  Infantry. 
Otto  Boehler.  private.  Company  I,  First  North  Dakota  Volunteer  Infantry. 
J.  F.  Desmond,  private.  Company  I,  First  North  Dakota  Volunteer  Infantry. 
W.  F.  Thomas,  corporal,  Company  K,  First  North  Dakota  Volunteer  Infantry. 

F.  \V.  Summerfleld,  private,  Company  K,  First  North  Dakota  Volunteer  Infantry. 
Patrick  Hussey,  private.  Company  K,  First  North  Dakota  Volunteer  Infantry. 

T.  M.  Sweeney,  private.  Company  K,  First  North  Dakota  Volunteer  Infantry. 

Col.  ,1.  W.  French,  Twenty-second  Infantry,  commanding  his  own  regiment  and  the 
First  North  Dakotasand  Scott's  three  guns,  had  been  sent  forward  during  the  afternoon 
to  camp  at  Salacat  for  the  night,  and  the  next  day  to  join  Colonel  Summers  for  the  con- 
templated movement  on  San  Isidro  May  18th.  Colonel  Summers's  rapid  advance  and 
the  result  of  the  fight  at  the  bridge  changed  the  plan.  Colonel  French  was  ordered  to 
leave  a  battalion  with  his  transportation  and  to  hurry  forward  to  join  Colonel  Sum- 
mers, who  was  advised  of  these  reenforcements,  and  directed  to  make  disposition  of  his 
troops  that  night  for  the  attack  next  morning.  Colonel  Summers  wired  that  it  would 
be  impossible  to  place  the  command  in  position  that  night,  but  that  he  would  make 
proper  disposition  for  attack  by  daylight. 

About  4  o'clock  a.  m.,  May  17th,  headquarters  and  staff  left  San  Miguel,  arriving 
about  6  A.  M.  at  the  front,  which  was  found  to  be  just  north  of  the  bridge  and  trenches 
occupied  the  day  before  by  the  scouts  and  Second  Oregons.  Telegraphic  communication 
was  established  with  San  Miguel  and  corps  headquarters  without  delay  and  the  move- 
ment on  San  Isidro  commenced.  Colonel  Summers  deployed  the  column  ;  the  Twenty- 
second  Infantry  on  the  left,  their  right  resting  on  the  road;  the  First  North  Dakotas 
and  the  First  Battalion  Second  Oregons  on  right  of  road,  along  which  Scott's  battery 
followed  ;  the  scouts  preceded  the  right  of  the  line.  Troop  I,  Fourth  Cavalry,  operated  on 
the  left  of  the  road. 

The  command  advanced  toward  the  town,  and  when  within  about  one  thousand 
eight  hundred  yards  of  it,  fire  was  opened  on  the  scouts  of  the  Oregons  and  on  the 
North  Dakotas  on  the  right  of  our  line. 


572  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

The  advance  was  continued  and  the  city  occupied  by  our  forces—  our  casualties,  one 
enlisted  man  each  Thirteenth  Minnesotas  and  Second  Oregons,  slightly  wounded;  an 
insurgent  loss  of  fifteen  killed,  twenty  wounded,  three  prisoners.  Seven  guns  and  four 
horses  fell  into  our  hands. 

Prompt  telegraphic  report  of  the  capture  of  the  city  was  made  to  the  adjutant  general 
of  the  department,  and,  later,  summary  of  Colonel  Summer's  report  of  operations  and 
casualties  was  wired.  The  department  commander  replied,  congratulating  the  expedi- 
tionary forces  and  designating  Arayat,  down  the  Rio  Grande,  as  our  next  objective. 

Several  Spaniards  who  claim  to  have  been  held  prisoners  by  the  insurgents  were 
found  in  the  city,  among  them  three  officers,  who  were  provided  with  food  and  later 
returned  to  Manila. 

Many  wealthy  natives  remained  with  their  property  and  families,  and  at  once 
applied  for  and  were  accorded  protection  by  our  troops.  Doctor  Albert,  a  former  peace 
commissioner  selected  by  the  Filipino  congress,  of  which  he  was  still  a  member,  reported 
the  presence  at  his  residence  of  a  large  number  of  noncombatants,  including  the  wives 
and  children  of  insurgent  officers,  and  gave  much  inforination  concerning  the  doings 
of  the  insurgent  leaders. 

It  was  learned  that  the  insurgents  had  had  at  this  place  fourteen  prisoners  — thirteen 
Americans,  including  a  lieutenant  of  our  navy,  and  one  Englishman  —  whom  they  had 
moved  back  into  the  mountains  on  our  advance.  Letters  from  the  prisoners,  including 
one  from  Lieutenant  Gilmore,  were  delivered  by  Senor  Raymon  Rey,  an  aged  Spaniard 
and  fellow-prisoner,  who  had  escaped  and  was  employed  as  guide  for  the  expedition. 

The  afternoon  of  the  capture  of  San  Isidro  it  was  rumored  that  the  enemy  had  fied 
toward  Gapan,  a  town  of  considerable  importance  about  four  miles  east  of  San  Isidro, 
where  the  army  had  a  field  hospital  filled  with  wounded.  It  was  reported  next  day 
from  department  headquarters  a  gun  factory  was  also  located  there.  One  battalion  of 
the  Oregons  and  one  of  the  Minnesotas  were  sent  to  Gapan  from  San  Isidro  under  com- 
mand of  Maj.  P.  G.  Eastwick,  Jr.,  and  their  departure  so  timed  as  to  afl"ect  a  junction 
with  another  column  under  Captain  Hannay  from  San  Miguel,  by  way  of  cross  roads 
at  San  Roque,  the  second  column  consisting  of  Gale's  dismounted  squadron,  six  com- 
panies of  the  Third  Infantry,  and  Hawthorne's  mountain  battery.  The  two  columns 
joined  as  anticipated,  and  with  the  exception  of  a  desultory  fire  from  the  other  side  of 
the  river  no  resistance  was  encountered.  The  town  had  been  deserted  by  the  enemy, 
and  no  evidence  of  a  gun  factory  could  be  found.  The  San  Isidro  troops  were  returned 
the  next  morning,  and  the  San  Miguel  troops  were  sent  to  San  Miguel  the  same  after- 
noon. 

Doctor  Albert  and  other  residents  reported  that  Aguinaldo  had  been  located  at  San 
Isidro  since  the  capture  of  Malolos ;  that  Aguinaldo  was  then.  May  17th,  at  Cabana- 
tuam,  eighteen  miles  north,  and  that  the  government  was  at  Tarlac,  all  of  which  infor- 
mation was  wired  headquarters. 

Arrangement  was  made  for  the  entry  of  Gen.  Gregorio  del  Pilar  and  three  other  mem- 
bers of  the  Filipino  Peace  Commission,  who  desired  to  go  to  Manila  for  conference  with 
the  American  Commission  and  with  a  view  to  the  termination  of  hostilities. 

These  persons  came  within  our  lines  May  18th,  and  next  morning  started  for  Manila, 
accompanied  by  Lieut.  E.  L.  King,  aide-de-camp. 

Captain  Hannay  with  ten  companies  of  the  Third  Infantry  and  one  gun  from  Haw- 
thorne's mountain  battery  was  ordered  to  remain  at  San  Miguel,  and  Gale's  squadron 
with  another  gun  from  Hawthorne's  battery,  were  ordered  to  reenforce  the  garrison  at 
Baliuag,  which  was  reported  to  be  in  danger  of  attack  by  a  large  force  of  the  enemy. 

On  the  afternoon  of  the  18th  instant.  Colonel  J.  W.  French,  Twenty-second  Infantry, 
with  his  own  regiment,  the  North  Dakotas,  and  two  guns  of  Scott's  Battery,  accompa- 
nied by  Captain  Birkhimer  of  the  division  stafl!",  proceeded  down  the  river  (Rio  Grande 
de  Pampanga)  toward  Cabiao,  where  it  was  reported  there  were  about  three  hundred 
insurgents.  Near  San  Fernando  he  encountered  the  enemy  intrenched  at  a  bend  of  the 
road.  The  advance  guard  is  reported  to  have  been  commanded  by  Capt.  H.  C.  Hodges, 
Twenty-second  Infantry,  with  intelligence  and  professional  skill,  and  his  formation  for 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  578 

attack  was  made  with  admirable  coolness  and  great  precision,  ultliough  under  a  lieavy 
fl re  from  the  enemy  about  .six  hundred  yards  distant.  An  engagement  ensued  which 
lasted  until  dark,  when  the  enemy  was  forced  across  the  river  and  his  fire  silenced.  The 
untrustworthiness  of  our  shrapnel  was  here  demonstrated  when  Scott's  Artillery,  having 
with  shells  accurately  found  the  range,  attempted  to  use  shrapnel,  every  one  of  which 
burst  in  the  gun.  Casualties,  five  enlisted  men.  Twenty-second  Infantry,  wounded— two 
severely.  The  column  rested  here  until  morning,  when  it  proceeded  to  Cabiao,  where  it 
camped  waiting  the  main  column. 

On  May  19th  the  following  orders  weie  published  : 

General  Field  Orders,  /  Headquarters  First  Division, 

No.  10.  \  Eighth  Army  Corps. 

In  the  field,  San  Isidro,  Luzon,  May  19,  1899. 
The  following  telegram  received  from  corps  headquarters  is  published  for  the  infor- 
mation of  this  command  : 

"The  Palace,  Manila,  Map  19, 1899. 
"  To  General  Lawton  : 

"  The  following  has  just  been  received  and  will  be  published  to  your  command. 
"  By  command  of  Major  General  Otis  : 

"  Barry. 

"  '  Hot  Springs,  Va.,  May  is,  1899. 
"  '  Otis,  Manila: 

"  '  Convey  to  General  Lawton  and  the  gallant  men  of  his  command  my  congratula- 
tions upon  their  successful  operations  during  the  past  month,  resulting  in  the  capture 
this  morning  of  San  Isidro. 

"  'William  McKinley.'  " 

The  above  will  be  read  to  the  several  organizations  cotn posing  this  division  at  retreat 
on  the  day  it  is  received. 

By  command  of  Major  General  Lawton  : 

Clarence  R.  Edwards, 
Assistant  Adjutant  General. 


For  the  movement  from  San  Isidro  the  following  was  : 

Headquarters  First  Division,  Eighth  Army  Corps, 

In  the  Field,  San  Isidro,  Luzon,  May  19,  1899 

CIRCULAR. 

Unless  orders  to  the  contrary  are  received,  this  command  will  march  at  5  o'clock 
A.  M.  to-morrow,  the  '20th  Instant. 

By  command  of  Major  General  Lawton  : 

Clarence  R.  Edwards, 
Assistant  Adjutant  General. 

A  telegram  was  received  from  department  headquarters  late  May  IDth  directing  the 
expedition  to  proceed  to  Candaba  after  reaching  Arayat. 

The  entire  command  left  San  Isidro  on  the  morning  of  May  L'Oth,  proceeding  down 
the  river  toward  Candaba,  with  the  exception  of  the  Signal  detachment,  which  returned 
toward  San  Miguel,  recovering  the  telegraph  line. 

.Just  before  the  command  marched  from  San  Isidro  two  or  three  Mauser  volleys  were 
fired  into  the  city  from  across  the  river,  some  of  the  bullets  passing  through  the  house 
occupied  by  headquarters.  The  scouts,  in  a.ocordance  with  verbal  orders  of  the  evening 
before,  forded  the  river  above  the  city,  and,  under  cover  of  the  morning  mist,  secured  a 
good  position  directly  in  the  enemy's  rear.  Lieutenant  Colonel  Yoran,  with  the  Second 
Oregon  (two  battalions),  accompanied  by  Captain  Case,  of  the  division  statt',  forded  the 
river  about  one  mile  below  San  Isidro,  and  proceeded  up  the  road  toward  San  Antonio, 
eflecting  a  junction  with  the  scouts  who  bad  located  the  enemy.  The  attack  was  made. 
Major  Willis'  battalion  in  advance,  and  the  enemy,  in  force  about  five  hundred  and 
fifty,  driven  from  the  town,  leaving  five  dead  on  the  field.  Captain  Case's  report  of  this 
engagement  was  later  repeated  to  the  adjutant  general  of  the  department,  and  Colonel 
Summers  and  Captain  Case  commended.  The  column  then  continued  down  the  river, 
and,  fording  back  to  the  left  bank,  rejoined  the  main  column  at  Cabiao.  Here  Colonel 
French  and  his  command  also  joined,  and  all  proceeded  down  the  river  to  the  vicinity 
of  Mount  Arayat,  where  the  command  rested  for  the  night. 


574  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

The  entire  command  left  its  bivouac  early  in  the  morning  of  May  21st,  and  proceeded 
down  the  river,  arriving  at  the  ferry  near  the  town  of  Arayat  shortly  after  sunrise,  with- 
out meeting  opposition.  Considerable  labor  was  required  to  prepare  the  approach  to 
ferry  for  the  passage  of  wheeled  vehicles  and  in  improvising  a  suitable  raft  for  the 
crossing  of  stores  and  ammunition.  This  was  done  under  the  supervision  of  Captain 
Case,  of  the  division  staff.  The  river  at  this  point  is  about  four  and  one  half  feet  deep, 
and,  as  indicated  by  its  banks,  subject  to  a  considerable  rise  at  some  seasons  of  the  year. 

The  advance  of  the  column  — a  battalion  of  the  Twenty-second  Infantry  —  entered 
the  town  of  Arayat  at  7:12  A.  m.,  and  found  no  evidence  of  the  presence  of  the  enemy 
anywhere  in  the  vicinity. 

Two  companies  of  the  Twenty-second  Infantry,  which  had  crossed  the  river  at 
Cabiao  and  marched  without  opposition  down  the  right  bank,  rejoined  here.  These 
companies  had  had  to  push  their  way  through  thick  underbrush,  finding  nothing  but 
cross  trails. 

As  rapidly  as  possible  the  command  was  ferried  over  to  the  west  bank  of  the  river 
and  entered  the  town,  the  last  of  the  column  getting  in  next  morning. 

The  column  which  had  been  advancing  up  the  river,  under  command  of  Maj.  J.  A. 
Kobbt?,  Third  Artillery,  joined  the  expedition  at  Arayat  at  about  8  .\.  m.  This  column, 
which  had  in  no  way  participated  in  the  expedition,  which  had  practically  terminated 
at  San  Isidro,  was  i-eported  by  Maj.  J.  A.  Kobb$  as  composed  of  the  following  troops  : 


Oficers. 

Men. 

Light  Battery  E,  First  Artillery 

Seventeenth  U.  S.  Infantry 

Ninth  U.  S.  Infantry 

3                    59 
23               1,119 

9  j             369 

Total 

35            1,547 

The  launch  and  cascoes  carrying  supplies  had  grounded  about  two  miles  belew 
Arayat. 

On  the  morning  of  May  22d  the  entire  command  moved  on  down  the  river  toward 
Candaba,  pursuant  to  telegraphic  orders  from  department  head(]uarters,  arriving  with- 
out incident  about  noon  of  the  same  day. 

In  compliance  with  telegraphic  instructions  from  the  adjutant  general  of  the  depart- 
ment the  following  orders  were  issued,  relieving  from  further  duty  with  the  expedition 
the  troops  composing  Colonel  Summers's  provisional  brigade: 

Genekai.  Field  Ordeks,  /  Heauquaeters  First  Division, 

No.  11.  S  Eighth  Army  Corps. 

//(  the  Field,  Candaba,  Luzon,  May  22,  1899. 
Pursuant  to  telegraphic  instructions  from   headquarters,  Department  of  the  Pacific 
and  Eighth  Army  Corps,  of  this  date,  the  Second  «  mcuum  X'uiunteer  Infantry  is  relieved 
from  duty  with  this  command  and  will  iuccmm d  to  Mnnil.i. 

The  commanding  general  in  relieving  this  K-imciit  ilcsires  to  express  his  apprecia- 
tion of  the  eflttcieney,  courage,  and  unconiplaiaiug  endurance  constantly  shown  by  its 
officers  and  men  while  on  this  expedition. 

By  command  of  Major  General  Lawton  :  Clarence  R.  Edwards, 

Assistant  Adjutant  General. 

General  Field  Orders,  /  Headquarters  First  Division, 

No.  12.  (  Eighth  Army  Corps. 

In  the  Field,  Candaba,,  Luzon,  May  23,  1899. 
Pursuant  to  telegraphic  instructions  from  headquarters,  Department  of  the  Pacific 
and  Eighth  Army  Corps,  ol  I  he  L'ud  instant,  the  Thirticnth  .Minnesota  Volunteer 
Infantry  (Second  and  Third  I'.al  lalions  i  is  icli(  vrd  from  dm  v  with  this  comniand  and 
will  proceed  under  orders  of  Col.  ( >.  Suiiimcis,  Second  ()ret;on  N'olunteer  Inlanlr.N',  to  the 
south  bank  of  the  river  at  Calinnpit ;  at  that  point  Colonel  Sumniers  will  report  to  the 
adjutant  general  of  the  corps. 


ORKGON    VOLUNTKKRS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  575 

The  commanding  general  in  relieving  this  regiment  desires  to  express  his  apprecia- 
tion of  the  efficiency,  courage,  and  uncomplaining  endurance  constantly  shown  by  its 
officers  and  men  while  on  the  expedition. 

By  command  of  Major  General  Lawlon  :  Clarence  R.  Edward.s, 

Assistant  Admtant  General. 

The  organizations  mentioned  in  i he  above  orders  left  Candaba  en  route  to  Calumpit 
on  the  morning  of  the  23d  of  May. 

During  the  day,  after  the  departure  of  the  troops  for  Calumpit,  considerable  firing 
was  heard  to  the  eastward  in  the  direction  of  San  Miguel  and  Baliuag.  A  battalion  of 
the  Twenty-second  Infantry,  commanded  by  Captain  Ballance,  and  the  detachment  of 
scouts  were  sent  in  the  direction  from  which  the  sound  of  tiring  came,  but  were  unable 
to  discover  anything,  the  swamp  preventing  their  continuing  to  the  San  Miguel-Baliuag 
road.  Later  it  was  learned  that  the  troops  in  San  Miguel  in  obedience  to  orders  from 
department  headquarters  had,  under  command  of  Captain  Hannay,  Third  Infantry, 
started  to  Baliuag  to  join  the  garrison  at  that  place;  that  they  met  the  enemy  near  San 
Ildefonso  and  were  engaged  almost  continuously  the  rest  of  the  way  to  Baliuag.  The 
insurgents  were  in  strong  force  and  suffered  severely.  Captain  Hannay  is  entitled  to 
much  credit  for  the  way  in  which  he  handled  his  regiment  (ten  companies)  during  a 
series  of  difficult  .situations.  He  was  prostrated  by  heat,  and  as  a  result  of  overwork 
during  the  expedition  was  unable  until  June  3  to  report  the  details  of  the  engagement. 

Casualties:  One  enlisted  man  killed;  one  officer  (Lieut.  J.  A.  McArthur)  and  four- 
teen enlisted  men.  Third  Infantry,  wounded.  Insurgent  loss  reported  at  fifty  killed  and 
fifty  wounded. 

Duri  ng  the  evening  of  May  23d  telegraphic  orders  were  received  from  the  adj  utant  gen- 
eral of  the  department,  breaking  up  the  expedition,  and  the  following  orders  were 
issued  early  next  morning: 

General  Field  Orders,  )  Headquarters  First  Division, 

No.  13.  \  Eighth  Army  Corps, 

In  the  Field,  Candaba,  Luzon,  May  24,  1899. 

Pursuant  to  tele.ijraphic  instruetions  of  the  2:!d  instant  from  headquarters  Depart- 
ment (it  the  Paciiie  ami  t:i!;lilli  Ariii\-  CiM-ps  (lie  fnllowing  movement  and  reassignment 
of  troops  now  bclonsini;-  lo  this  (•oiiiniainl  aiv  onl.Ted: 

Twcnty-sccoiiii  I'.s.  Infantry:  IIca(b|Uartirs  and  two  battalions  to  San  Fernando; 
one  battalion  to  (  andalia  and  San  Luis  (headquarters  and  three  companies  at  Candaba, 
one  company  at  San  l>uis). 

Seventeenth  U.  S.  Infantry  to  San  Fernando. 

Third  U.  S.  Infantry  :  Five  companies  to  Baliuag,  4  companies  to  San  Fernando,  and 
1  company  to  Quingua. 

Separate  mountain  battery  (Hawthorne's)  to  Baliuag. 

The  section  Utah  volunteer  light  artillery  (1  gun)  to  Candaba. 

The  squadron  Fourth  Cavalry  (Gale's),  Troop  I,  Fourth  Cavalry,  the  First  North 
Dakota  Volunteer  Infantry,  the  battalion  Ninth  U.  S.  Infantry,  and  Scott's  platoon. 
Battery  D,  Sixth  Artillery  (3  guns),  to  Manila. 

Regimental  commanders  will  designate  the  battalions  of  their  respective  commands 
for  detached  service. 

Troops  will  not  move  from  their  present  stations  until  subsequent  orders  are  received 
from  these  headquarters,  but  will  hold  themselves  in  readiness  to  move  promptly. 

With  the  exception  of  those  returning  to  Manila,  the  troops  above  mentioned  will 
report  by  telef,natih  to  the  eoinmandiny:  general,  Second  Division,  Eighth  Army  Corps, 
when  movement  is  (Mimmriicd  and  upon  ai'iival  at  new  stations. 

The  coinnuinding  uincrai  in  tlius  breaki  ng  u  (i  tliis  expedition  desires  to  express  his 
appreciation  of  the  ellieieney,  courage,  and  uncomplaining  endurance  constantly  shown 
by  the  troops  composing  it. 

By  command  of  Major  General  Lawton  : 

Clarence  R.  Edwards, 

Assistant  Adjutant  General. 

The  movement  commenced  shortly  afterwards  under  verbal  orders  conveyed  by  staff 
officers.  Headquarters  embarked  on  the  protected  launch  Oceania  by  9  a.  m.,  and  pro- 
ceeded by  the  river  to  Calumpit,  thence  by  rail  to  Malolos,  to  carry  out  the  instructions 
from  the  department  commander  in  regard  to  distributing  and  rationing  the  troops 
added  to  General  MacArthur's  command  (Second  Division),  and  to  supervise  the  rear- 
rangement of  the  Thirteenth  Minnesota  guarding  the  railway.  The  infantry  destined 
for  Manila  was  shipped  in  by  rail  from  Calumpit  as  rapidly  as  possible,  and  the  artillery, 
the  mounted  troops,  and  the  wagons  marched  overland.     In   view  of   the  repeated 


576  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

attacks  of  the  enemy  on  the  troops  returning  from  San  Miguel,  It  was  deemed  prudent 
by  the  department  commander  to  leave  the  ten  companies  Third  Infantry  and  Haw- 
thorne's two  gunsat  Balluag,  wi'hdrawlng  the  battalion  Twenty-second  Infantry  and 
dismounted  cavalry  as  first  ordered.  However,  twocompaniesj  Twenty-second  Infantry 
were  held  temporarily  at  Quiugua,  the  other  two  proceeding  to  Malolos,  where  taey 
were  held  temporarily.  On  May  26th  it  was  reported  that  a  force  of  the  enemy  was 
being  concentrated  in  the  vicinity  of  Baliuag,  and  in-structions  were  given  to  the  com- 
manding officer  at  that  point  to  send  out  reconnoitering  parties  in  the  direction  of  the 
enemy  to  ascertain  the  facts. 

A  battalion  was  ordered  from  San  Fernando  by  the  adjutant  general  of  the  depart- 
ment for  use  in  connection  with  Baliuag  if  found  necessary,  and  late  in  the  afternoon 
Roach's  battalion  of  the  Seventeenth  Infantry  arrived  at  Malolos.  Companies  D  and 
M,  Twenty-second  Infantry,  were  returned  to  Quingua,  making  a  battalion  of  that 
regiment  at  that  point.    Troop  I,  Fourth  Cavalry,  was  also  sent  there  temporarily. 

One  company  of  the  Third  Infantry,  under  Lieutenant  Moore  of  that  regiment, 
developed  a  force  of  the  enemy  in  the  direction  of  San  Rafael,  and  being  encumbered 
with  two  wounded  men  was  forced  to  continue  the  engagement  until  relieved  by  two 
more  companies,  when  the  enemy  was  dispersed. 

Recommendation  was  made  that  no  more  troops  be  withdrawn  from  Balluag  at  that 
time,  as  it  was  an  important  point  which  the  enemy  would  doubtless  endeavor  to 
recover. 

General  MacArthur  sent  a  staff  officer  to  look  after  the  Baliuag  situation,  and  the 
whole  matter  was  turned  over  to  him  May  26th. 

The  adjutant  general  of  the  department  was  informed  that  all  organizations  to  return 
to  Manila  were  en  route  or  would  be  during  the  day  (May  26th),  and  instructions 
requested. 

Next  morning.  May  27th,  telegraphic  instructions  were  received,  in  accordance  with 
which  headquarters  returned  to  Manila  that  afternoon,  nothing  important  having  devel- 
oped in  the  meanwhile. 

The -wagon  train  arrived  in  Manila  May  30th,  terminating  the  expedition,  although 
this  practically  took  place  at  San  Isidro  when  the  department  commander  named 
Arayat  as  the  next  objective. 

An  appendix  embodying  copies  of  brief  reports  rendered  to  the  department  com- 
mander; reports  of  subordinate  commanders  which  were  at  the  time  forwarded  ;  of  cor- 
respondence, orders,  circulars  ;  in  fact,  every  available  record  pertaining  to  the  expedi- 
tion, is  hereto  attached,  and  should  be  read  in  connection  with  the  text  of  this  report. 

The  medical  history  of  the  expedition  is  succinctly  given  in  the  report  of  the  chief 
surgeon,  and  forms  a  part  of  the  appendix.  His  mention  of  the  North  Dakotas  is  worthy 
of  notice. 

In  addition  to  the  mention  of  officers  and  others,  already  made  in  this  report  and  its 
appendix,  the  following  is  to  be  added  : 

From  the  preliminary  work  connected  with  the  organization  of  the  expedition  until 
return  of  headquarters  to  Manila  the  adjutant  general  of  the  division,  Maj.  Clarence  R. 
Edwards,  Assistant  Adjutant  General,  U.  S.  V.,  rendered  service  worthy  of  special  com- 
mendation. 

He  participated  in  the  engagements  at  Novaliches,  San  Rafael  (two),  Baliuag  (includ- 
ing the  pursuit  and  fight  with  the  enemy's  rear  guard  on  the  San  Miguel  road),  and  at 
San  Isidro.  On  all  these  occasions  he  exhibited  that  cool  demeanor  and  disregard  of 
personal  danger  that  have  characterized  his  bearing  in  the  presence  of  the  enemy. 

The  voluminous  work  of  his  office  was  efficiently  and  promptly  disposed  of,  often 
under  most  trying  circumstances.  His  administrative  ability,  professional  zeal,  and 
military  talent  merit  substantial  recognition. 

In  the  advance  from  La  Loma  to  Novaliches  Capt.  William  E.  Birkhimer,  Third  U.  S. 
Artillery,  acting  judge-advocate,  was,  by  order,  pre-sent  during  the  entire  day  with  the 
point  of  the  advance  guard.  He  performed  his  duties  with  efficiency,  and  with  the 
disdain  for  personal  danger  when  under  fire  that  constantly  characterized   this  officer 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  577 

throughout  the  expedition.  His  conspicuous  gallantry  at  San  Ildefonso  and  at  San 
Miguel  has  already  been  a  matter  of  comment.  For  the  latter  engagement  he  has  been 
recommended  for  a  medal  of  honor. 

Upon  arrival  at  Norzagaray  there  was  no  other  means  of  communication  except  by 
carrier  pigeon  or  courier.  A  dispatch  by  the  former  was  sent  that  day  through  the  cour- 
tesy of  Mr.  Bass,  of  the  New  York  Herald,  to  whom  acknowledgment  is  due.  On  the 
following  day,  telegraphic  communication  not  having  yet  been  established,  it  was  neces- 
sary to  communicate  by  messenger.  No  one  had  been  over  the  route  from  Norzagaray 
to  Bocaue  since  Colonel  Summers's  advance,  and  its  safety  for  small  parties  was  prob- 
lematical. Major  Charles  Starr,  inspector  general  of  the  division,  was  selected  for  this 
duty,  which  he  unhesitatingly  performed,  accompanied  only  by  his  personal  orderly. 

At  the  first  battle  of  San  Rafael,  April  29th,  Major  Starr  accompanied  the  advance 
guard  thi-oughout  the  day.  To  him,  Capt.  Robert  Sewell,  aide,  and  to  Capt.  G.  H.  G.  Gale, 
Fourth  Cavali-y,  who  volunteered  his  services  as  aide  that  day,  I  desire  to  express  my 
appreciation.  They  were  subject  to  a  hot  Are,  but  always  rendered  cool  and  efficient 
service. 

During  this  battle,  just  before  the  enemy  was  developed,  an  incident  took  place  that 
should  be  mentioned,  in  that  it  made  known  that  splendid  and  gallant  man  and  scout, 
William  H.  Young.  He,  in  civilian  dress,  was  noticed  walking  well  in  front  of  the  right 
flankers  of  the  advance  point.  He  was  ordered  in  to  be  reprimanded  and  sent  to  the 
rear.  Something  in  the  man's  bearing  and  demeanor  caused  a  change  of  intention.  He 
was  directed  to  go  to  the  front  and  bring  in  a  citizen,  that  definite  information  about  the 
location  of  San  Rafael  might  be  obtained.  He  cheerfully  complied,  and  in  less  than  five 
minutes  three  shots  were  heard  ;  Young  appeared,  as  cool  and  collected  as  ever,  bearing  a 
haversack  with  eighty-six  rounds  of  ammunition,  dripping  with  blood.  He  had  run  onto 
an  insurgent  post  of  eight  men,  alone,  killed  one  and  driven  the  others  off.  His  action 
prevented  a  surprise  to  our  advance  guard,  which  was  soon  under  a  rapid  and  hot  fire. 

During  the  second  battle  of  San  Rafel,  May  1st,  the  division  and  personal  staffs  were, 
as  usual,  constantly  under  fire.  Second  Lieut.  E.  L.  King,  Eighth  U.  S.  Cavalry,  aide 
reported  just  before  this,  his  first  engagement.  His  cool  demeanor  when  under  a  hot 
fire  from  across  the  river,  as  he  stood  mounted  near  the  battery,  is  worthy  of  special 
mention. 

Second  Lieut.  E.  D.  Scott,  Sixth  U.  S.  Artillery,  is  deserving  of  commendation  for  the 
intelligent  and  fearless  handling  of  his  battery  on  this  occasion. 

The  energetic  pursuit  and  sharp  engagement  with  the  rear  guard  of  the  retreating 
insurgent  forces  from  Baliuag  toward  San  Miguel  May  2d  has  been  reported,  except  the 
fact  that  this  engagement  was  under  the  able  command  of  Capt.  G.  H.  G.  Gale,  Fourth 
U.  S.  Cavalry. 

Few  quartermasters  ever  had  greater  difficulties  to  overcome,  and  none  could  have 
rendered  more  cheerful  and  untiring  service  than  did  Capt.  C.  C.  Walcutt,  chief  quarter- 
master of  this  division.  From  the  21st  of  April  to  the  last  day  of  May  he  spared  him- 
self neither  night  nor  day  in  his  indefatigable  efforts  to  render  the  expedition  a  success. 

Capt.  P.  J.  Perkins,  U.  S.  Volunteer  Corps,  by  intelligent,  indefatigable  work  kept  up 
telegraphic  communication  between  the  front  and  the  base  of  supply  until,  after  recov- 
ering the  Baliuag-Angat-Bocaue  line,  he  was  forced  by  illness  to  return  to  Manila,  turn- 
ing over  his  department  to  Capt.  E.  A.  McKenna,  U.  S.  Volunteer  Signal  Corps.  The 
latter  remained  in  charge  of  the  signal  service  of  the  expedition  until  telegraphic  com- 
munication was  temporarily  abandoned  on  the  departure  of  the  command  from  San 
Isidro.  His  courage,  devotion  to  duty,  and  professional  ability  merit  special  commend- 
ation. 

In  addition  to  the  professional  zeal  and  executive  ability  always  shown  by  Maj.  H.  W. 
Card  well,  chief  surgeon  of  the  division,  his  cheerful  willingness  to  be  of  use,  in  whatever 
capacity,  should  be  recognized.  This  ability  frequently  brought  him  under  fire,  notably 
at  the  first  battle  of  San  Rafael. 

In  the  afternoon  of  the  17th  instant,  after  the  battle  of  San  Isidro,  several  insurgents 
wounded  were  reported  abandoned  on  the  field  of  the  morning's  fight  outside  of  our 
37 


578  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

lines.  Maj.  (ieorge  H.  Penrose,  brigade  surgeon,  U.  S.  V.,  accompanied  by  First  Lieut. 
F.  M.  Kemp,  of  the  Regular  Medical  Corps,  with  ambulances,  was  sent  to  care  for  them 
and  bring  them  in. 

These  officers  met  a  few  natives  whom  they  took  to  be  insurgents,  and  unhesitatingly 
attempted  to  capture  them.  They,  revolvers  in  hand,  rode  down  two  and  found  their 
rifles  hidden  in  the  bamboos  near  by.  Major  Penrose  and  his  orderly,  while  watering 
their  horses  at  the  ford,  returning,  were  surprised  by  two  or  three  Mauser  volleys  from 
the  enemy  concealed  across  the  river.  Six  insurgents  wounded  were  brought  to  the  hos- 
pital. While  on  the  firing  line  during  the  skirmish  at  Cabiao  next  day.  Doctor  Kemp's 
horse  was  shot  through  the  head.  Whatever  their  duties,  these  officers  always  showed 
earnestness,  energy,  and  ability  in  the  accomplishment. 

The  Hon.  H.  A.  Ramsden,  H.  B.  M.,  vice-consul  at  Manila,,  had  rendered  valuable 
service  during  the  expedition  to  the  province  of  Laguna,  by  reason  of  his  thorough 
knowledge  of  the  Spanish  language  and  familiarity  with  the  characteristics  of  the 
natives.  He  was  by  special  invitation  a  guest  of  headquarters  and,  as  formerly,  proved 
himself  in  every  way  a  valuable  addition  to  the  stafi-.  Much  regret  was  felt  and 
expressed  when  illness  demanded  his  return  to  Manila  from  Angat.  In  the  hope  that 
his  indisposition  might  be  soon  over,  request  of  the  department  commander  was  made 
that  Mr.  Ramsden's  presence  might  be  again  solicited. 

Mr.  F.  W.  Carpenter,  chief  clerk,  adjutant  general's  office,  showed  the  same  efficient, 
loyal  qualities  throughout  this  expedition  as  during  the  Laguna  de  Bay  expedition, 
when  he  won  the  commendation  of  his  commanding  officers,  under  fire  as  well  as  for 
efficiency  in  his  legitimate  duties. 

Very  respectfully,  H.  \V.  LAWTON, 

Majoi-  General,  U.  S.  V.,  Commanding. 


Report  of  Brevet  Major  J.  F.  Case,  Second  Oregon  U.  S.  Volunteer 

Infantry,  Acting  Engineer  Officer,  First  Division,  Eighth 

Army  Corps,  April  27  to  May  31,  1899. 

Manila,  P.  I.,  June  1,  1899. 
Adjutant  General, 

Fir.^t  Division,  Eighth  Army  Corps. 

Sir  :  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  the  following  report  covering  the  period  from  April 
27  to  May  31,  1899,  while  I  was  serving  on  the  staflT  of  Maj.  Gen.  H.  W.  Lawton,  as  acting 
engineer  officer. 

On  April  27th,  at  Norzagaray,  I  received  General  Field  Orders,  No.  3,  First  Division 
Eighth  Army  Corps  same  date,  and  immediately  reported  at  Angat. 

I  left  Angat  at  9.30  A.  M.,  April  28th,  with  one  battalion  of  the  Thirteenth  Minnesota, 
under  Major  Diggles,  and  crossing  the  Quingua  River  at  a  ford  just  south  of  the  town, 
worked  east  and  north  in  continuation  of  the  reconnoissance  of  April  26th,  made  by  Major 
Eastwick,  and  one  battalion  of  the  Second  Oregons;  crossed  the  range  into  the  valley 
of  the  stream  tributary  to  the  Quingua  River,  opposite  Angat;  encountered  about  two 
hundred  insurgents  of  Gen.  Pantalon  Garcia's  command.  After  twenty  minutes'  long- 
range  fire  the  insurgents  withdrew,  and  the  column  proceeded  down  the  right  bank  of 
the  Quingua  River  as  far  as  the  town  of  Binanban,  opposite  Marunco,  without  further 
opposition  where  we  recrossed  the  river  and  joined  the  main  command. 

April  29th,  with  Colonel  Summers's  command,  I  crossed  the  river  at  Marunco  and 
moved  westerly  to  the  town  of  Polo,  toward  San  Rafael.  At  Polo  we  struck  the  main 
road,  the  only  one  on  the  north  bank  of  the  river.  All  our  work  previous  to  this  had 
been  over  mountain  ranges  or  narrow  valleys  with  only  narrow  trails  or  sled  tracks  to 
follow. 

San  Rafael  was  entered  without  opposition  at  1  p.  m.,  whence,  on  receiving  orders 
from  the  division  commander,  the  column  returned  to  Marunco. 


OREGON    VOLUNTB:kKS    in    SPANISH    WAR.  570 

The  road  from  Polo  to  San  Rafael  is  a  good  graded  pike  with  throe  small  bridges.  The 
surrounding  country  is  sharply  rolling  and  well  wooded  and  difheult  to  pass  through  on 
skirmish  line.  At  San  Rafael  the  country  grows  more  level  and  open,  with  little  uncul- 
tivated ground. 

May  1st  I  once  more  crossed  the  river  with  Colonel  Summers's  command  and  moved 
from  Polo  toward  San  Rafael.  About  one  and  one  half  miles  out  of  the  latter  town  the 
enemy's  outposts  were  encountered  by  our  scouts,  who  drove  them  back  on  their  main 
body,  and  also  dislodged  the  entire  force  of  nearly  one  thousand.  The  insurgents  fell 
back  to  the  north  and  the  west,  taking  upa  strong  position  a  half  mile  from  the  outskirts 
of  the  town.  Their  position  was  such  that  in  case  of  a  frontal  attack  the  attacking  force 
would  be  enfiladed  by  the  fire  of  a  force  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river.  The  attack 
was,  however,  delivered  on  the  flank  and  the  enemy  driven  to  the  northward. 

May  2d  at  6  A.  M.  I  moved  with  the  scouts  on  the  road  to  Baliuag.  A  strong  force  was 
encountered  near  San  Felipe,  but  were  soon  dislodged. 

On  approaching  Baliuag  a  large  number  of  natives  were  seen  moving  to  the  north. 
A  white  flag  having  been  shown  on  the  insurgent  line,  I  advanced  by  request  of  General 
Lawton,  accompanied  by  the  three  orderlies  bearing  the  flag  of  truce.  When  within 
about  five  hundred  yards  of  their  lines  we  were  fired  upon  by  some  thirty  insurgents 
under  the  direction  of  two  mounted  officers,  whereupon  I  returned  to  our  lines. 

Baliuag  was  taken  about  noon  May  2d.  On  the  morning  of  May  -Jth  I  accompanied 
the  column  of  Colonel  Summers  northward  to  Maasim,  where  four  hundred  insurgents, 
strongly  intrenched,  were  found.  After  a  sharp  engagement  the  enemy  was  driven  out 
and  the  town  occupied  by  our  troops,  and  I  returned  to  Baliuag. 

May  5th  I  went  to  Quingua  to  examine  fords  and  arrange  for  a  ferry  in  case  of  a  rise 
in  the  river. 

On  the  8th,  by  permission  of  General  Lawton,  I  went  to  Maasim  and,  with  two  compa- 
nies of  Colonel  Summers's  command  as  escort,  reconnoitered  and  sketched  the  enemy's 
position  at  San  Ildefonso.  The  enemy,  over  one  thousand  strong,  held  a  strong  position 
here  and  opened  a  hot  fire  on  us. 

The  reconnoissanee  being  completed  I  returned  to  Baliuag. 

May  12th,  by  order  of  General  Lawton.  Captain  Birkhimer,  of  the  division  station, 
and  myself  went  to  Maasim  and,  accompanied  by  Young's  scouts  and  two  companies 
as  support,  advanced  toward  San  Ildefonso  for  the  purpose  of  making  a  detailed  recon- 
noissanee of  the  enemy's  position  and  strength  ;  working  our  way  to  the  extreme  right 
of  the  enemy's  position,  we  exposed  ourselves,  drew  their  fire  and  secretly  retired.  Next 
we  approached  their  center  and  repeated  the  same  tactics.  A  hill  on  their  extreme  left 
commanded  the  country  we  wished  to  examine,  and  it  became  necessary  to  dislodge  an 
outpost  of  the  insurgents,  some  thirty  in  number.  This  was  done  very  gallantly  by 
Young's  scouts. 

The  hill  we  found  controlled  the  enemy's  position,  and  they  quickly  discovering  the 
small  force  opposing  them  made  a  determined  attempt  to  retake  the  place,  advancing 
fully  three  hundred  yards  and  to  within  five  hundred  yards  of  our  position.  The  situa- 
tion was  so  serious  that  I  finally  left  the  position  after  a  conference  with  Captain  Birk- 
himer, who  remained  with  the  scouts,  and  proceeded  to  find  and  bring  up  our  support. 
On  the  approach  of  the  support  the  enemy  retired,  evacuating  their  strong  position,  and" 
moving  north  toward  San  Miguel,  while  we  followed  them  to  within  one  and  one'  half 
miles  of  that  place,  inflicting  considerable  damage  to  their  rear  guard. 

On  our  return  San  Ildefonso  was  occupied  by  oar  support  sliortly  ret^nforced  by 
troops  from  Colonel  Summers's  command. 

May  13th,  at  (J  a.  m..  Captain  Birkhimer  and  myself,  with  Young's  scouts  and  two 
companies  under  Capt.  H.  L.  Heath,  Second  Oregon,  moved  toward  San  Miguel.  By 
agreement  with  Captain  Birkhimer  I  accompanied  the  support  and  he  the  scouts  to 
insure  uniformity  of  action. 

Small  outposts  of  the  enemy  were  met  and  driven  in,  but  no  considerable  force 
opposed  our  advance  until  the  scouts,  emerging  from  a  stretch  of  woods,  found  the 
enemy  six  hundred  strong,  under  Gen.  Gregorio  del  Pilar,  in  position  less  than  two  hun- 


580  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

dred  yards  away.  Without  waiting  for  support,  Chief  of  Scouts  Young  and  his  band  of 
heroes  charged  the  center  of  the  enemy's  line,  broke  it  and  sent  the  enemy  flying  into 
and  through  the  town.  A  more  gallant  action  was  never  seen  on  any  field,  and  one  fit 
to  go  on  record  as  an  example  of  unexcelled  coolness,  daring,  and  good  judgment. 

A  retrograde  movement,  under  the  circumstances,  would  have  been  suicidal,  and  this 
fact  was  grasped  instantly  by  Young  and  the  gallant  men  under  him. 

Just  at  the  close  of  this  charge,  with  the  fruits  of  victory  already  within  his  grasp. 
Chief  of  Scouts  Young  received  the  wound  which  ultimately  caused  his  death. 

I  wish  to  pay  my  tribute  to  the  memory  of  the  bravest  man  it  has  ever  been  my  for- 
tune to  meet.  Combining  fearlessness  with  an  unerring  judgment,  he  instinctively 
inspired  the  confidence  in  all  minds  which  he  so  well  deserved.  His  life  was  heroic  and 
his  death  Inspiring. 

At  the  first  fire  I  had  directed  the  deployment  of  the  support,  and  finding  that  the 
enemy's  line  overlapped  our  own,  I  detached  the  flanking  parties  to' protect  our  advance. 
Although  we  moved  immediately,  the  advance  of  the  scouts  was  so  rapid  that  our  line 
was  not  engaged  until  the  enemy  was  entirely  clear  of  the  town.  I  immediately  rode 
back  to  San  Ildefonso  for  reinforcements,  which  were  hurried  forward  and  the  place 
held. 

On  May  1.5th,  having  learned  from  an  escaped  Spanish  prisoner  the  location  and 
number  of  a  force  of  the  enemy  at  San  Jos6,  three  miles  north  of  San  Miguel,  I  went 
with  Colonel  Summers's  brigade  to  that  point.  Three  hundred  of  the  enemy  were 
strongly  intrenched  here,  but  were  driven  off  with  severe  loss.  They  left  sixteen  dead 
and  five  wounded  on  the  field. 

May  16th  I  accompanied  a  column  under  Captain  Gale,  Fourth  Cavalry,  to  Sibul.  No 
force  of  the  enemy  was  met,  though  hundreds  of  fugitives  were  found  in  the  town  and 
were  told  they  might  return  to  their  homes. 

May  17th  I  accompanied  General  Lawton's  sta,ff  to  San  Isidro  and  participated  in  the 
capture  of  that  place.  The  roads  from  Baliuag  north  are  all  dirt  roads,  good  in  dry 
weather,  but  practically  impassable  when  wet. 

In  San  Isidro  I  met  Senors  Dr.  Albert  and  Arsemio,  former  members  of  the  Filipino 
congress  and  peace  commission,  and  through  them,  at  the  request  of  General  Lawton, 
I  entered  into  correspondence  with  the  insurgent  authorities,  with  the  result  that  on 
May  18th,  in  company  with  Lieutenant  King,  aid-de-camp,  and  Captain  McKenna,  sig- 
nal ofiacer,  I  met  the  Philippine  peace  commission,  of  four  members,  outside  our  lines 
and  escorted  them  in. 

May  19th  I  examined  both  banks  of  the  Rio  Grande  as  far  as  Cabiao.  May  20th  I 
crossed  the  river  with  seven  companies  of  the  Second  Oregon  under  Lieutenant  Colonel 
Y'oran,  at  a  point  opposite  San  Antonio,  where  we  found  Colonel  Tecson  with  six  com- 
panies of  insurgents.  An  attack  was  immediately  made  from  the  front,  while  the 
scouts  under  Lieutenant  Thornton,  Second  Oregon,  who  had  crossed  the  river  at  San 
Isidi-o,  opened  fire  from  a  point  somewhat  in  rear  of  the  insurgent  left  flank.  The  insur- 
gents broke  and  fled  in  great  disorder,  leaving  five  dead  on  the  fleld.  The  column  then 
proceeded  to  San  Antonio  along  the  right  bank  of  the  river  to  a  point  opposite  Cabiao, 
where  we  crossed  the  river  and  rejoined  the  main  column.  At  4  p.  m.  I  accompanied 
General  Lawton  to  a  point  near  the  Arayat  ferry. 

May  21st  was  taken  up  in  crossing  the  Rio  Grande  at  the  Arayat  ferry,  which  was 
successfully  accomplished  by  the  entire  command. 

May  22d  I  moved  to  Candaba  with  division  headquarters.    On  May  23d,  by  permission 

of  General  Lawton,  I  returned  to  Manila,  where  I  have  been  on  duty  since  that  date. 

All  of  which  is  respectfully  submitted.  ^    „    ^ 

J.  F.  Case, 

Brevet  Major  and  Acting  Engineer  Officer. 


OREGON    VOLUNTKKKS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  581 


Report  of  Maj.  Herbert  W.  Cardwell,  U.  S.   V.,  Chief   Surgeon,  First 
Division,  Eighth  Army  Corps,  April  21  to  May  30,  1899. 

Headquarters  First  Division,  Eighth  Army  Corps, 

Office  of  the  Chief  Surgeon, 

„  ^  TT  ^  ^lanila,  P.  I.,  May  SI,  1899. 

Surgeon  Generai.  United  States  Army. 

(Through  military  channels.) 

Sir  :  I  have  the  honor  to  present  herewith  a  special  report  on  the  work  of  the  medical 
department  and  Hospital  Corps  during  the  expedition  under  the  command  of  Maj.  Gen. 
H.  W.  Lawton,  U.  S.  V.,  into  the  provinces  of  Bulacan,  Nueve  Ecija,  and  (A.  M.)  de  la 
Pampanga  from  April  21  to  May  30,  1899,  inclusive. 

On  receipt  of  General  Orders,  No.  20,  Headquarters  First  Division,  Eighth  Army 
Corps,  dated  Manila,  P.  I.,  April  19,  1899,  designating  the  troops  to  take  part  in  the  expe- 
dition, I  required  a  report  from  the  medical  officer  of  the  designated  troops  as  to  the 
physical  condition  of  the  medical  officers  and  Hospital  Corps  men  of  his  command,  and 
as  to  whether  he  was  sufficiently  supplied  to  carry  out  the  movement  contemplated, 
which  was  specified  as  to  occupy  ten  days. 

Medical  oncers.— Twenty-second  U.  S.  Infantry,  Capt.  John  A.  Kulp,  U.  S.  A.,  and 
Dr.  Isaac  W.  Brewer,  acting  assistant  surgeon,  U.  S.  A.;  Gale's  squadron,  Fourth  U.  S. 
Cavalry  (three  dismounted  troops).  Dr.  G.  "W.  Daywalt,  acting  assistant  surgeon, 
U.  S.  A.;  First  North  Dakota  Volunteer  Infantry,  Maj.  F.  D.  Pease  — captain  and 
assistant  surgeon.  Black  being  on  sick  leave;  Scott's  battery,  Dr.  E.  K.  Johnstone, 
acting  assistant  surgeon,  U.  S.  A.,  who  had  not  reported,  but  was  hurried  from  Corre- 
gidor  in  time  to  take  the  field  ;  Hawthorne's  battery,  no  medical  officer. 

Under  verbal  orders  from  the  division  commander  I  detailed  Maj.  George  H.  Penrose, 
brigade  surgeon,  U.  S.  V.,  as  brigade  surgeon  on  the  expedition,  and  Lieut.  F.  M.  Kemp, 
assistant  surgeon,  U.  S.  A.,  from  the  Fourteenth  United  States  Infantry,  to  act  as 
ambulance  surgeon. 

I  secured  from  Capt.  F.  R.  Keefer,  commanding  officer  of  the  ambulance  company, 
four  ambulances.  These  ambulances  were  in  bad  order,  with  leaky  canvas  and  leaky 
water  tanks,  no  tools,  and  no  spare  parts.  Animals  consisting  of  one  team  of  four 
native  ponies  in  bad  order  and  two  teams  of  two  mules  each,  and  for  the  ambulance  I 
secured,  through  the  division  quartermaster,  one  team  of  four  native  ponies,  the  quality 
of  which  was  not  guaranteed,  and  which  proved  to  be  bad. 

Hearing  semiofficially  that  battalions  from  Third  U.  S.  Infantry,  Oregon  and  Minne- 
sota Volunteers,  would  join  the  column  later,  I  investigated  their  condition  as  to 
medical  officers  and  Hospital  Corps  men.  Finding  that  the  Third  Infantry  had  no 
medical  officer  with  them  the  chief  surgeon  borrowed,  at  my  request.  Dr.  Van  Wagemen 
from  the  hospital  ship  Relief,  and  secured  an  order  from  corps  headquarters  detailing 
Doctor  Pitcher  from  the  Seventeenth  Infantry  to  the  Third  Infantry. 

I  drew  from  the  Quartermaster's  Department  twenty  extra  litters  for  the  use  of  a 
squad  of  forty  Chinese  litter  bearers  furnished  by  the  Quartermaster's  Department  and 
assigned  by  me  pro  rata  to  the  different  organizations. 

Maj.  G.  H.  Penrose  drew  from  the  purveyor's  storehouse  sufficient  medical  and 
surgical  supplies  to  enable  him  to  conduct  a  brigade  field  hospital  without  tentage,  and 
drew  from  the  commissary  one  hundred  rations  in  addition  to  liberal  supply  of  beef 
extract,  cocoa,  and  malted  milk. 

The  Quartermaster's  Department  was  unable  to  furnish  any  transportation  for  these 
supplies,  and  it  was  necessary  to  load  them  into  ambulances  if  they  were  to  be  carried 
at  all.  This  seriously  interfered  with  our  facilities  for  transportation  of  the  sick  and 
wounded. 

In  this  connection  I  desire  to  express  the  opinion  that  the  Chinese  coolie  o«.n  be  made 
to  play  a  very  important  and   useful   part  in  any  campaigning  in  these  islands.    If 


582  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

assured  that  he  will  receive  his  pay  and  rations  he  will  do  any  amount  of  work  and  face 
any  amount  of  rifle  Are,  but  he  requires  to  be  under  the  constant  supervision  of  some 
authority. 

In  the  Oregons  each  private  of  the  hospital  corps  was  charged  with  the  oversight  and 
made  responsible  for  the  presence  at  all  times  of  two  coolies  with  one  litter,  and  the  ser- 
vice rendered  was  excellent. 

Toward  midday  of  April  22  the  command  engaged  the  enemy  near  Novaliches,  and 
in  the  capture  of  that  town  one  man  was  severely  wounded  and  a  number  of  the  Third 
and  Twenty-second  Infantry  men  had  fallen  to  the  rear  from  heat,  and  late  at  night  It 
was  decided  that  the  best  interest  of  these  men  demanded  their  speedy  transfer  to  the 
hospital  at  Manila.  As  the  next  day's  advance  was  to  be  Into  an  unknown  and  hostile 
country.  It  was  deemed  ill  advised  to  deplete  our  small  ambulance  train,  and  the  general 
commanding  wired  to  Manila  for  assistance. 

An  ambulance,  with  an  escort,  was  sent  out,  arriving  aliout :!  A.  m.,  and  tlio  wounded 
and  seriously  sick  were  transferred  to  the  hospital. 

During  the  2.3d,  24th,  and  25th  of  April  .the  command  traversed  a  mountain  range, 
which  was  to  all  intents  and  purposes  Impassable  for  vehicles  of  any  description.  Dur- 
ing these  days  the  ambulances,  together  with  the  remainder  of  the  baggage  train,  were 
moved  bodily  by  hand,  by  large  details  of  soldiers,  over  the  worst  parts  of  the  road,  not- 
withstanding which  all  ambulance  animals  arrived  in  Norzagaray  in  very  bad  condi- 
tion. 

At  this  point  the  column  was  joined  by  battalions  from  tlie  Third  Infantry,  Second 
Oregon,  and  Thirteenth  Minnesota  Volunteers,  with  one  mounted  troop  of  cavalry 
(Fouth  United  States)  on  native  ponies,  and  one  Utah  fleldplece. 

This  auxiliary  brigade  had  two  ambulances  with  2-horse  teams  each.  They  appeared 
to  be  in  good  condition  and  seemed  to  be  welcome  additions  to  our  train. 

On  April  27th  the  headquarters  and  ambulance  train  moved  into  Angat,  and  receiv- 
ing instructions  from  corps  headquarters  to  send  a  wagon  train  to  Bocaue,  on  the  rail- 
road, fourteen  miles  distant,  to  procure  rations,  advantage  was  taken  to  send  all  sick 
and  wounded  from  the  command  by  ambulance  and  escort  wagons  to  that  point  for 
shipment  to  Manila. 

On  April  29th  an  advance  was  made  upon  San  Rafel  from  botli  sides  of  the  river.  As 
no  road  was  known  to  exist  on  the  north  side  of  the  river,  the-ambulances  took  the 
south  bank,  along  which  route  all  the  fighting  of  that  day  occured. 

Under  orders  from  higher  authority  San  Rafael  was  abandoned  and  the  command 
returned  to  Angat,  and  on  May  1st  a  second  advance  was  made  on  San  Rafael,  following 
the  same  route.  The  ambulance  train,  however,  forded  the  river  (Rio  Grande)  at  Mar- 
unco  and  proceeded  on  the  north  bank,  with  the  exception  of  one  ambulance,  which 
accompanied  the  column  on  the  south  bank.  On  this  occasion  all  the  fighting  was  on 
the  north  bank  of  the  river  until  after  the  town  had  been  captured.  The  road  was  bad, 
and  the  bridges  very  insecure,  and  the  horse  teams  proved  balky  and  vicious.  The  fact 
that  Lieutenant  Kemp  succeeded  in  getting  his  train  into  San  Rafael  that  night  evinced 
dogged  persistence  with  the  hardest  kind  of  physical  labor  for  every  man  in  the  ambu- 
lance train. 

At  this  point  it  became  possible  for  the  quartermaster  to  designate  one  escort  wagon 
to  accompany  the  train. 

The  following  day  the  advance  was  continued  on  both  sides  of  the  river  into  Bustos, 
on  the  south  side  of  the  river,  and  into  Baliuag,  on  the  north  side. 

The  fighting  at  one  time  on  this  day  extended  over  a  front  which  from  extreme  right 
to  left  flanks  was  nearly  four  miles. 

At  Baliuag  the  main  column  remained  nearly  two  weeks,  during  which  time  an 
advance  column,  accompanied  by  two  ambulances,  advanced  upon  and  took  in  order, 
Maaslm,  San  Ildefonso,  and  San  Miguel.  During  this  time  all  sick  and  wounded  from 
the  command  were  transported,  via  the  ford  of  the  Bulacan  River,  at  Quingua,  about 
fourteen  miles  from  Malolos,  on  the  railroad,  thence  to  Manila.  This  required  several 
trips  of  all  available  ambulances  and  the  use  of  all  escort  wagons  returning  for  rations. 


ORKC^ON    VOLUNTEKKS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  583 

The  ford  at  Q,uingua  was  very  bad,  the  water  rising  several  inches  into  the  beds  of  the 
wagons,  necessitating  great  delay  in  carrying  patients  across  a  primitive  banboo  bridge, 
and  necesitating  constant  doubling  back  and  fourth  of  the  mule  teams,  as  the  pony 
teams  had  to  swim. 

At  this  time  it  became  evident  that  the  horse  teams  were  utterly  and  absolutely 
worthless,  and  if  they  had  been  taken  into  action  they  would  have  necessitated  the 
abandonment  of  the  ambulances.  This  matter  was  properly  reported  to  the  division 
commander,  and  before  the  advance  to  the  north  the  general  designated  the  2-mule 
teams  from  the  pack  train  to  replace  the  horses. 

On  May  15th  headquarters  and  ambulance  train  moved  to  San  Miguel,  and  from 
thence,  in  two  succeeding  days,  to  San  Isidro. 

In  making  the  advance  on  San  Isidro  it  was  considered  advisable  to  leave  all  sick 
and  wounded  at  San  Miguel,  leaving  the  ambulances  empty  for  the  accommodation  of 
any  wounded.  Three  ambulances  were  left  in  San  Miguel  and  three  taken  with  the 
advancing  column.  Fifty-one  patients  were  left  behind  in  the  care  of  the  senior  medical 
officer  present. 

Upon  the  arrival  of  the  main  column  at  San  Isidro  it  became  evident  that  the  troops 
remaining  at  San  Miguel  and  south  of  that  point  were  to  be  cut  loose  from  the  main 
column  with  a  base  of  supplies  at  Malolos,  and  that  the  main  column  was  to  seek  for 
itself  a  new  base  of  supplies  by  a  further  advance  down  the  Rio  Grande. 

Telegraphic  instructions  were  thereupon  sent  to  the  senior  surgeon  at  San  Miguel  to 
care  for  the  sick  left  there,  and  to  return,  via  Malolos,  to  Manila,  such  as  needed  hospital 
treatment  at  the  first  possible  chance,  and  to  forward  immediately  to  San  Isidro  one 
ambulance,  the  escort  wagon,  and  all  the  brigade  supplies  not  absolutely  necessary  for 
the  care  of  the  sick  on  hands  for  two  days. 

Through  error  in  the  transmission  of  the  telegram  the  surgeon  retained  what  he  con- 
sidered legitimate  supplies  for  ten  days,  which  was,  in  fact,  everything  on  hand,  and 
forwarded  to  San  Isidro  the  ambulance  only. 

The  following  day  it  became  necessary  to  send  an  ambulance  to  San  Miguel  with  cer- 
tain women  accompanying,  an  alleged  peace  commission. 

This  ambulance  was  ordered  to  be  immediately  returned,  and  to  bring  the  supplies 
which  had  been  held  at  San  Miguel  by  mistake. 

Lack  of  transportation  for  the  commission  at  San  Miguel  necessitated  the  ambulance 
proceding  to  Baliuag,  and  it  never  succeeded  in  joining  the  column  until  it  reached  Can- 
daba  and  was  about  to  be  broken  up  four  days  later.  It  only  succeededed  in  doing  this 
by  making  the  most  roundabout  trip  through  Calumpit. 

The  first  advance  down  the  Rio  Grande  met  with  serious  resistance  near  Cabiao  at 
dusk,  and  Lieutenant  Kemp  used  proper  discretion  in  bringing  the  wounded  back  to 
San  Isidro  rather  than  attempt  surgical  treatment  of  three  very  serious  cases  in  the 
night  on  the  bivouac  without  tentage.  The  following  day  the  main  column  advanced 
and  forded  the  Rio  Grande  with  much  trouble  at  or  near  Arayat. 

The  following  day  the  entire  column  moved  down  the  river  to  Candaba,  from  which 
point  all  sick  and  wounded  were  transported  by  river  army  gunboats  to  Calumpit  on 
the  railroad  and  thence  to  Manila. 

At  this  point  the  expedition  was  broken  up  and  the  ambulance  train  proceeded  to 
Manila  by  road,  occupying  the  greater  part  of  three  days  for  the  trip. 

On  May  23d,  while  the  main  column  was  at  Candaba,  the  troops  left  at  San  Miguel 
were  ordered  to  proceed  to  Baliuag.  Prom  one  point  to  the  other  they  were  in  a  constant 
running  fight,  the  insurgents  making  repeated  attacks  on  the  baggage  and  ambulance 
trains. 

The  Third  U.  S.  Infantry  had  during  this  day  two  killed  and  fourteen  wounded,  all  of 
whom  they  transported  into  Baliuag  and  thence  to  Manila. 

All  or  a  portion  of  the  ambulance  company  were  present  in  action  against  the  fol- 
lowing points:  Novaliches,  Norzagaray,  Angat,  Marunco,  San  Rafael  (two),  Bustos, 
Baliuag,  Maasim,  San  Ildefonso,  San  Miguel,  San  Isidro  (two),  and  Capiao,  together 
with  a  number  of  smaller  skirmisnes. 


584 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 


At  every  stopping  place  of  the  column,  Major  Penrose  immediately  instituted  in  some 
vacant  house  or  convent  a  suitable  shelter  for  the  sick  and  wounded.  This  field  hospital 
was  equipped  with  surgical  and  sterilizer  chests,  and  permanent  dressings  were  applied 
to  all  wounded,  together  with  such  other  susgical  proceedures  as  were  necessary. 

I  append  a  tabulated  statement  of  completed  cases  in  the  field  hospital.  Of  these  five 
hundred  and  fifteen  cases,  one  hundred  and  two  were  returned  to  duty  with  the  com- 
mand, and  four  hundred  and  thirteen  were  transferred  to  hospitals  in  Manila. 

The  First  North  Dakota  Volunteers  had  less  sickness  of  any  kind  in  proportion  than 
any  other  command  in  the  expedition,  and  had  they  not  turned  over  a  number  of  men 
for  transportation  on  the  last  day  of  the  trip,  most  of  whom  would  have  continued  to 
do  duty  if  there  had  been  any  duty  to  perform,  their  figures  would  have  seemed  incred- 
ible when  compared  with  other  organizations.  This  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  the  regi- 
ment especially  distinguished  itself  both  in  the  rapidity  and  thoroughness  of  its  work 
in  the  advance  and  in  the  hard  work  done  by  every  man  when  in  the  rear  with  the  bull 
teams. 

The  surgeons  and  officers  of  the  regiment  attribute  their  Immunity  from  sickness  to 
the  fact  that  during  the  entire  trip  the  regiment  never  mtssed  a  meal,  and  never  was 
more  than  an  hour  late.  Every  company  carried  coffee  boilers  and  other  cooking  uten- 
.sils,  and  two  days'  rations  on  small  pony  carts  which  were  kept  closed  up  with  their 
column,  no  matter  what  |he  state  of  the  roads  or  what  the  opposition  by  the  enemy  or 
from  commanding  officers  of  other  organizations.  The  fact  that  none  of  the  carts 
belonged  to,  or  had  ever  been  issued  by  the  Quartermaster's  Department,  did  not  pre- 
vent their  increasing  to  a  greater  degree  than  any  other  one  factor  the  efficiency  of  this 
regiment. 

In  conclusion,  while  hampered  by  the  insulHcient  number  of  medical  officers.  Hos- 
pital Corps  men,  and  ambulance  animals,  the  sick  and  the  wounded  were  at  all  times 
promptly  and  correctly  attended,  and  were  transferred  to  Manila  with  the  least  possible 
degree  of  discomfort. 

On  the  occasion  of  the  wounding  of  Major  Diggles,  and,  later,  of  Civilian  Scout 

Young,  special  trips  were  made  to  insure  their  speedy  delivery  to  city  hospital. 

Very  respectfully,  ^  „^    ^ 

Hkrbeet  W.  Cakdwell, 

Major  and  Chief  Surgeon,  U.  8.  V. 


1 
i2 

! 

1 

If 

i 
1 

1 

1 
1 

1 

i 

1 
1 

Average, 
aggregate. 

'.■!.. 
e  i  i    1  ^ 

Second  Oregon  Volunteers 

1 

5 

2 

33 
10 
11 
21 
42 
9 
2 
2 
.  36 

12 
2 
3 

20 

27 
2 
2 
3 

12 
2 
2 

30 

9 

1 
1 
8 
2 
3 

5 

1 

1 

11 
4 
3 

! 

79        20  ;      435 
18        23      1,119 

Ninth  U.  S.  Infantry 

3 

1?" 

4 
1 
1 

"'i 
5 

1 
3 

18          9        369 

10 

7 
6 

5 

14       100         14         742 

Twenty-second  U.  S.  Infantiy  — 

20  I    109  1      20        882 

3  i      25          5  1      2?8 

5        13 

2  1        47 

TTr>sr>ital   Pnrns    TT    S     A 

2 
21 

7 

85 
2 

1           17 

Thirteenth  Minnesota  Vols 

3 

3 

2 

2 

'  i-- 

22        543 

3 

18 



1 

6 

6  i        2  1        20 

4 

1 

2 

-- 

51  1      20        458 

Civilians 

Total 

1 

1 

9                  1 

9 

85  1  17 

187  [l08 

1 

26 

37 

6 

90 

515      138  1  4,932 

The  Seventeenth  and  Ninth  Infantry  were  with  the  command  but  two  days  prior  to 
the  completion  of  this  report. 


REPORT 


BREVET  BRIG.  GEN.  0.  SUMMERS, 

Second  Oregon  U.  S.  Volunteer  Infantry, 

C031MAND1NG  PROVISIONAL  BRIGADE,  FIRST  DIVISION  EIGHTH  ARMY  CORPS, 
APRIL  22  TO  MAY  25,  1899. 


Headquarters  Second  Oregon  Infantry,  U.  S.  V., 

Ouartel  de  Espanu,  Manila,  P.  I.,  June  10,  1S99. 
Assistant  Adjutant  General, 

First  Division,  Eighth  Army  Corps,  Manila,  P.  I. 

Sir:  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  the  following  report  of  the  operations  of  the  pro- 
visional brigade  under  my  command  from  April  22,  1899,  to  May  2.5,  1899: 

In  compliance  with  Special  Orders,  No.  21,  Headquarters  Second  Division,  Eighth 
Army  Corps,  dated  Malolos,  April  20,  1899,  seven  companies  of  the  Second  Oregon 
Infantry,  U.  S.  V.  (Companies  A,  B,  F,  G,  I,  K,  L,  and  M),  and  detachment  of  the 
Hospital  Corps,  Maj.  Percy  Willis,  commanding,  and  eight  companies  Thirteenth 
Minnesota  Infantry,  U.  S.  V.  (Companies  C,  D,  E,  G,  H,  K,  L,  and  M),  Maj.  Arthur  M. 
Diggles,  commanding.  Troop  I,  Fourth  U.  S.  Cavalry,  Second  Lieutenant  Boyd  com- 
manding, and  a  section  of  Utah  Light  Artillery,  Sergt.  J.  A.  Anderson,  command- 
ing, assembled  at  Bocaue  Bridge  on  the  afternoon  of  April  22,  1899,  at  which  time  I 
assumed  command  of  same. 

The  following  morning,  April  23d,  the  column  of  troops  above  mentioned  left  camp 
north  of  the  bridge  at  Bocaue  at  5.30  o'clock,  wagon  train  with  ten  days'  travel  rations 
and  ammunition  following,  and  proceeded  on  road  toward  Norzagaray  for  the  purpose 
of  forming  a  junction  at  that  point  with  the  column  under  the  command  of  Major  Gen- 
eral Lawton.  Passed  through  Santa  Maria  at  6.45  a.  m.,  and  arrived  at  River  Guyon  at 
9.15  A.  M.,  and  rested  during  the  heat  of  the  day.  Left  river  at  2.50  p.  m.  and  advanced 
on  road  toward  Norzagaray.  The  cavalry  in  advance  commenced  skirmishing  with  the 
enemy  about  3  o'clock  p.  m.  One  battalion  of  the  Oregons  were  deployed  in  line  of 
skirmishers  and  advanced  with  occasional  fire  until  the  bluff  overlooking  Norzagaray 
was  reached  at  4  p.  m.  At  this  point,  with  the  cavalry  on  the  right  dismounted  and  two 
battalions  of  the  Second  Oregon  on  the  left,  considerable  firing  was  done  with  the  enem5' 
until  dark.  At  dark  command  drew  back  and  went  into  camp  at  water,  about  two  and 
one  half  miles  fron  Norzagaray.  Distance  traveled  during  day,  twelve  miles.  Casualties, 
none. 

On  the  following  morning,  April  24th,  broke  camp  at  5.35  and  advanced  toward  Nor- 
zagaray. The  enemy  were  entirely  routed  and  driven  in  disorder  across  the  river;  com- 
mand entered  city  at  6.50  A.  m.  Frank  Witlinger,  private,  Thirteenth  Minnesota,  slight 
gunshot  wound  left  wrist,  spent  ball ;  W.  D.  Burlinger,  sergeant.  Company  K,  Thirteenth 
Minnesota,  gunshot  wound  through  left  knee,  severe;  H.  Donaldson,  private,  Company 
G,  Thirteenth  Minnesota,  strain  in  muscle  of  right  thigh  ;  William  Herr,  private.  Troop 
I,  Foarth  Cavalry,  gunshot  wound  in  left  hand,  slight;  one  horse,  Troop  I,  killed. 


586  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

After  arriving  in  Norzagaray,  one  battalion  Thirteenth  Minnesota,  Capt.  C.  T.  Spear, 
commanding,  was  sent  out  to  reconnolter  on  road  north  of  Norzagaray  leading  into 
Angat,  with  Instructions  to  discover  the  enemy's  position  and  strength,  if  possible,  but 
not  to  bring  on  an  engagement.  On  arriving  about  one  thousand  five  hundred  yards  of 
the  town  of  Angat,  this  battalion  was  attacked  by  the  enemy,  numbering  about  fifty, 
who  fired  several  volleys  from  what  appeared  to  be  trenches  extending  along  the  river 
bank  to  the  north  and  south  of  a  large  church.  In  this  position  they  commanded  the 
country  for  at  least  two  thousand  yards,  east  and  south.  After  making  a  close  observa- 
tion of  the  topography  of  the  country,  and  reconnoltering  the  position  of  the  enemy, 
found  a  good  road  from  Norzagaray,  having  traveled  a  distance  of  five  miles. 

Captain  Heath's  battalion.  Second  Oregon,  and  Troop  I,  Fourth  Cavalry,  left  Norza- 
garay at  9.;^0  a.  m.  with  instructions  to  proceed  south  on  road  leading  toSanJos6and 
form  a  J  unction  with  General  Lawton's  command.  They  proceeded  south  a  distance  of 
five  or  six  miles.  The  roads  were  found  extraordinarily  rough,  and  about  1  o'clock  pm., 
the  men  having  become  exhausted,  the  command  was  halted  and  Lieutenant  Boyd  in- 
structed to  proceed  down  the  road  three  or  four  miles,  or  until  he  formed  a  junction 
with  General  Lawton's  command.  At  2..15  p.  m.  Lieutenant  Boyd  reported  back  with 
information  that  he  had  formed  a  junction  with  General  Lawton's  command  after  pro- 
ceeding about  three  miles. 

The  command  then  returned,  arriving  at  Norzagaray  at  5.45  p.  m. 

The  country  passed  over  was  hilly,  and  the  roads  in  very  bad  condition.  No  armed 
natives  were  seen,  and  there  was  no  indication  that  the  country  was  occupied  by  armed 
natives.    Distance  traveled,  about  fourteen  miles. 

The  following  morning,  April  25th,  at  5.50  o'clock.  Major  Eastwick's  battalion.  Second 
Oregon,  Captain  Spear's  battalion,  Thirteenth  Minnesota,  and  detachment  of  Utah 
Light  Artillery,  under  Sergt.  J.  A.  Anderson,  left  camp  at  Norzagaray  and  advanced 
north  on  road  to  Angat.  After  discovering  the  enemy's  position  a  piece  of  artillery  was 
placed  at  an  advantageous  point  on  top  of  the  hill  overlooking  town,  and  began  shell- 
ing the  town.  At  the  same  time  the  infantry  was  deployed  in  line  of  skirmishers  and 
advanced  under  a  heavy  fire  from  the  enemy,  and  drove  them  out  after  a  very  stubborn 
resistance,  and  entered  the  city  at  7  o'clock  a.  m.  Upon  entering  the  city  received  a  very 
heavy  fire  from  enemy,  who  had  crossed  the  river  and  taken  up  a  very  strong  position 
on  bluff  overlooking  Angat  on  opposite  side,  their  fire  being  silenced  only  after  rapid 
and  continuous  fire  lasting  nearly  an  hour. 

Having  no  instructions  to  occupy  the  town,  returned  to  Norzagaray  at  10  o'clock  A. 
M.    Distance  traveled,  five  miles. 

Casualties:  A.  T.  Williams,  private.  Company  E,  Thirteenth  Minnesota,  gunshot 
wound  left  shoulder. 

The  enemy's  strength  at  this  point  was  estimated  at  from  one  thousand  to  twelve 
hundred. 

While  this  command  was  absent  at  Angat  troops  in  camp  at  Norzagaray  were  fired 
on  by  natives  from  across  the  river.  A  hot  fire  was  kept  up  for  some  time.  Natives 
finally  silenced. 

Casualties:  Serg.  C.  R.  Herrington,  Company  F,  Second  Oregon,  gunshot  wound  in 
back  of  neck. 

At  12  o'clock  noon  General  Lawton  and  staff  arrived  at  Norzagaray  and  assumed 
command. 

On  the  following  morning,  April  26th,  Maj.  P.  G.  Eastwick's  battalion.  Second  Ore- 
gon, was  instructed  to  cross  the  river  at  Norzagaray  and  make  reconnoissance  of  oppo- 
site bank  and  adjacent  country.  This  command  advanced  until  arriving  opposite 
Marunco,  where  they  forded  the  river  and  returned  to  camp.  On  April  27th,  in  compli- 
ance with  instructions  of  the  division  commander,  the  provisional  brigade,  consisting 
of  the  Second  Oregon  Infantry  and  Thirteenth  Minnesota  Infantry,  reorganized  under 
General  Field  Orders  No.  2,  Headquarters  First  Division,  Eighth  Army  Corps,  dated  at 
Norzagaray,  April  26, 1899,  left  that  point  at  7.40  A.  m.  and  marched  to  Marunco,  arriving 
at  ll.oO  A.  M.,  no  resistance  being  encountered.    Distance  traveled,  six  miles. 


OREGON    VOLUNTEP]R8    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  587 

Before  entering  Marunco  Major  Eastwick's  battalion,  Second  Oregon,  left  the  road 
opposite  Angat  and  proceeded  across  hills  west  of  Anf^at  and  following  the  valley  took 
a  northeasterly  course  through  rice  fields  to  a  point  on  a  ridge  overlooking  the  town  of 
Sulucan,  making  a  thorough  reconnoissance  of  the  country  passed  through,  and  entered 
the  town  of  Sulucan,  which  was  found  deserted.  This  battalion  then  proceeded  down 
the  road  and  reported  at  Marunco,  no  insurgents  were  seen,  and  the  country  passed 
through  was  agricultural  land.  Distance  traveled  by  this  battalion  after  leaving  the 
road  about  five  miles. 

One  battalion  Second  Oregon,  under  command  of  Captain  Heath,  and  one  battalion 
Thirteenth  Minnesota,  under  command  of  Captain  Masterman,  the  two  battalions  being 
under  the  command  of  Major  Diggles,  were  instructed  to  and  forded  the  river  at  Angat 
at  S.m  A.  M.  in  company  with  Captain  Case,  engineer  officer,  started  in  a  northerly  direc- 
tion gradually  veering  round  to  the  left,  passed  up  the  valley  and  over  a  considerable 
mountain.  As  the  command  was  about  to  emerge  from  the  brush  on  the  farther  side 
of  the  mountain  they  received  a  heavy  fire  from  the  enemy.  As  the  bullets  passed  very 
high  they  were  evidently  directed  against  the  few  scouts  who  were  stationed  on  top  of 
the  mountain.  The  command  advanced  and  opened  fire  on  them  di-iving  the  enemy 
from  their  position.  Another  party  opened  fire  on  the  command  on  the  left.  Three 
platoons  were  sent  on  a  high  elevation  to  occupy  their  attention  and  cover  the  move- 
ments of  the  remaining  troops  in  the  valley.  The  command  advanced  through  the 
valley  directing  their  march  toward  the  river,  crossing  same  at  a  point  a  little  below 
the  town  of  Marunco.  Returned  to  command  at  4  p.  m.  Ciuite  a  number  of  streams 
were  crossed  on  this  trip  and  several  sled  paths,  but  no  practicable  road  of  any  descrip- 
tion was  found.  The  country  passed  through  was  very  rough  and  almost  impassable, 
troops  being  compelled  to  march  in  single  file  during  a  large  portion  of  the  time. 

On  April  29th  the  Second  Oregon  Infantry,  Major  Willis  commanding,  the  Thirteenth 
Minnesota  Infantry,  Major  Diggles  commanding,  and  Hawthorne's  battery  left  Marunco 
at  6  o'clock  A.  M.,  fording  the  river  at  that  point,  and  advanced  on  the  road  leading  to 
San  Rafael.  On  arriving  on  hilltop  overlooking  San  Rafael,  about  one  and  one  quarter 
miles  from  the  church,  two  battalions  of  the  Thirteenth  Minnesota  were  deployed  as 
skirmishers  to  the  right  and  rear  of  town,  their  left  resting  on  the  road.  The  battery 
and  Second  Oregons  on  the  left.  Advanced  and  entered  the  city  at  12.20  p.  m.,  meeting 
no  opposition,  and  found  the  town  deserted. 

In  compliance  with  orders,  command  returned  to  Marunco,  leaving  San  Rafael  at 
3.30  P.  M.  and  arriving  at  Marunco  at  0  p.  m.,  returning  through  Polo  and  fording  the 
river  at  that  point.  Distance  traveled  about  fifteen  miles.  The  country  passed  through 
after  fording  the  stream  was  found  to  be  thickly  wooded  and  nothing  but  sled  paths 
winding  through  the  hills  and  through  deep  gulches,  it  being  necessary  to  dismount 
field  pieces  and  carry  them  through  these  rough  places.  After  reaching  the  main  road 
near  Polo,  the  road  was  found  to  be  in  fair  condition,  with  the  exception  of  one  bridge, 
which  retiuired  repairing  before  the  artillery  could  be  taken  across. 

April  30th  the  command  remained  in  camp  at  Mjirunco  and  the  troops  woie  mustered 
for  pay. 

May  1st,  in  compliance  with  General  Field  Orders  No.  4,  Headquarters  First  Division, 
Eighth  Army  Corps,  dated  at  Angat,  Luzon,  May  1,  1899,  the  provisional  brigade  (Sec- 
ond Oregon  and  Thirteenth  Minnesota)  and  Scott's  battery  left  Marunco  with  wagon 
train  at  11.50  a.  m.  and  forded  the  river  at  that  point,  and  proceeded  on  main  road 
tf)  Polo  toward  San  Rafael.  After  advancing  on  the  road  about  two  miles  the  advance 
guard  was  fired  upon  by  insurgent  sharpshooters,  who  were  dislodged  and  fire  was 
silenced  by  the  scouts  and  flankers.  Upon  arrival  within  about  one  and  one  quarter 
miles  of  San  Rafael  the  advance  guard  was  again  fired  upon  by  the  enemy,  who  lield  a 
position  on  the  ridge  to  the  right  and  in  the  rear  of  the  town.  The  Second  Oregon 
Infantry,  commanded  by  Lieutenant  Colonel  Yoran,  with  instructions  to  clear  the 
ridge  and  enter  the  town  from  the  rear,  moved  forward  against  the  enemy.  Major 
Willis's  battalion  deployed  in  line  of  skirmishers  and  advanced  to  the  front. 

Major  Eastwick's  battalion,  acting  as  support  to  Scott's  battery,  and  Tliirtccnth  Min- 


588     '  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

nesota  proceeded  down  the  road  and  entered  the  town  at  4.30  p.  m.  After  entering  the 
town  the  enemy  opened  heavy  fire  from  across  the  river  from  the  left  and  in  front.  Our 
troops  were  immediately  placed  in  position  and  returned  the  Are.  The  commanding 
general  arriving  at  this  time,  Scott's  battery  was  placed  into  position  and  after  shelling 
the  enemy  for  about  thirty  minutes  silenced  their  fire.  The  two  battalions  of  the  Sec- 
ond Oregon  under  the  command  of  lieutenant  colonel,  which  had  marched  to  the  right, 
entered  the  town  from  the  rear  at  6  p.  m  ,  having  forced  the  enemy  back  from  their  posi- 
tion. The.Third  U.  S.  Infantry  (two  battalions,  Captain  Hannay,  commanding)  reported 
for  duty  at  5.20  p.  m.  The  distance  traveled,  about  five  miles.  Enemy  were  estimated 
at  about  one  thousand.  Their  loss  was  considerable ;  unable  to  estimate  their  exact 
number. 

Our  casualties  were  as  follows:  Private  Frank  Lewis,  Company  F,  Thirteenth  Min- 
nesota, killed;  William  Betzold,  private,  Light  Battery  D,  Sixth  Artillery,  gunshot 
wound,'left  arm  ;  Edgar  J.  Chamberlin,  corporal,  Company  K,  Second  Oregon  Infantry, 
gunshot  wound  through  right  leg  above  knee ;  .William  E.  Smith,  Company  K,  Second 
Oregon,  gunshot  wound,  left  arm,  fracturing  same;  John  T.  Reeves,  private,  Company 
A,  Second  Oregon,  gunshot  wound  through  right  leg,  severe. 

The  remains>f  Frank  Lewis,  Company  F,  Thirteenth  Minnesota,  were  buried  in  the 
square  in  front  of  the  church,  it  being  impossible  to  transport  the  body. 

May  2.—  Under  instructions  from  the  division  commander,  the  provisional  brigade. 
Third  U.  S.  Infantry,  and  Scott's  battery,  accompanied  by  wagon  train,  left  San  Rafael 
at  6  A.  M.,  preceded  by  Capt.  J.  F.  Case,  acting  engineer  officer,  and  scouts,  advanced  on 
road  to  Baliuag.  A  short  distance  from  San  Rafael  scouts  and  advance  guard  were 
repeatedly  fired  on  by  the  enemy.  The  column  advanced  along  road  passing  through 
several  small  villages  with  one  battalion  of  the  third  in  advance,  in  line  of  skirmishers, 
arriving  at  opening  about  one  and  one  half  miles  from  Baliuag.  Fire  was  opened  on  our 
line  by  the  enemy  who  held  strong  position  on  opposite  side  of  opening,  protected  by  line 
of  bamboo  thickets;  were  also  in  front  and  to  the  leftfrom  a  stronglylfortified  position  in 
the  village  of  Santa  Aeno.  Scott's  battery  immediately  placed  into  position  and  opened 
Are  on  the  enemy.  One  battalion  of  the  Third  Infantry  deployed  in  line  of  skirmishers 
on  the  right.    Commanding  general  arrived  at  this  time  and  assumed  command. 

Under  his  direction  battery  ceased  firing,  it  being  reported  from  the  line  that  a  flag 
of  truce  was  seen  advancing  to  our  lines,  and  by  direction  of  the  division  commander 
Capt.  J.  F.  Case,  Sergt.  Maj.  John  W.  Marshall,  Second  Oregon,  and  the  commanding  gen- 
eral's orderly,  with  the  division  flag  as  a  flag  of  truce,  advanced  toward  the  enemy's 
lines. 

Upon  arriving  at  a  point  about  three  hundred  yards  from  the  enemy's  lines  they  were 
fired  upon,  and  immediately  dismounted  and  retired  as  soon  as  possible. 

The  Thirteenth  Minnesota  Infantry  was  placed  on  the  right  of  the  Infantry  and 
deployed  in  line  of  skirmishers,  facing  toward  Bahuag,  same  having  been  entered  at  3.10 
p.  M.,  scouts  having  entered  in  advance  of  the  main  column  and  found  the  place  deserted 
by  the  enemy.  Distance  traveled,  seven  miles.  Enemy's  loss  severe,  unable  to  estimate 
the  exact  number,  it  being  reported  from  the  line  that  a  large  number  of  wounded,  car- 
ried on  stretchers,  could  be  seen. 
Our  casualties  were  as  follows  ; 

Jacob  Fisher,  Company  E,  Third  Infantry,  gunshot  wound  dorsal  side  of  penis  ;  Fred- 
erick Miller,  private.  Company  L,  Third  Infantry,  penetrating  wound  left  thigh ;  frac- 
turing bone. 

The  command^  after  arriving  in  Baliuag,  were  assigned  quarters  and  went  into  camp. 
Outposts  and  street  patrols  were  established,  and  sentries  placed  over  all  government 
property. 

May  A.— The  Provisional  Brigade,  Third  Infantry,  and  detachment  Utah  Light  Artil- 
lery left  Baliuag  at  6.40  a.  m.,  and  advanced  on  road  leading  to  Maasim.  Found  enemy 
very  strongly  entrenched  on  river  bank  in  front  of  Maasim,  and  drove  them  out  after 
repeated  and  heavy  fire.    Command  immediately  followed  across  the  river  and  occupied 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  589 

Maaslm,  the  enemy  retiriug  to  San  Ildefonso.    Wentinto  camp  at  Maasim  at  11.35  A.  m. 
Distance  traveled,  about  eight  miles.    Enemy's  loss  severe,  exact  number  not  known. 

Our  casualties  as  follows :  Fred  Buckendorf,  private,  Company  L,  wounded  in  left  side 
serious;  James  Barrett,  private.  Company  H,  Thirteenth  Minnesota,  wounded  in  right 
shoulder,  severe. 

May  5.— In  camp  at  Maasim,  Luzon,  Martin  Rekdahl,  private,  Company  G,  Second 
Oregon  Infantry,  accidentally  shot  himself  in  right  foot,  slight.  Henry  Lehman,  private, 
Company  M,  Third  Infantry,  accidently  shot  through  left  arm  and  into  body  ;  died  and 
was  buried  at  Maasim.  Captain  Spear's  battalion  was  sent  out  to  reconnolter.  Com- 
pany E  (Lieutenant  Mellinger)  proceeded  to  the  west  along  the  river  for  about  two  and 
one  half  miles.  Destroyed  live  hundred  bushels  of  rice  in  bins  and  one  hundred  and 
fifty  bags.  The  enemy  was  not  sighted  and  but  few  houses  found  containing  families. 
He  reports  having  seen  a  long  wagon  train,  consisting  chiefly  of  bull  carts  moving  In  a 
northerly  direction.  Company  H  (Captain  Bjornstad)  covered  about  two  miles  to  the 
northwest.  Did  n't  encounter  any  enemy,  but  found  about  one  hundred  rounds  of  new 
Remington  ammunition,  lately  buried,  which  he  destroyed.  Also  found  eight  bolos 
hid  in  a  straw  stack.  Company  D  (Captain  Metz)  covered  about  two  miles  to  the  north- 
west. He  destroyed  four  hundred  and  ninety-four  sacks  of  rice  and  forty-five  bushels  in 
bins,  three  5-gallon  cans  of  syrup,  and  fifteen  barrels  of  sugar.  He  reported  seeing  the 
enemy  at  a  distance  at  about  three  quarters  of  a  mile  to  the  front  and  left. 

Company  C  (Lieutenant  Bunker)  went  to  the  east  about  two  and  one  half  miles.  He 
destroyed  about  five  hundred  bushels  of  rice  in  bins.  Reported  seeing  a  few  natives 
moving  who  claimed  their  destination  was  Baliuag.  The  enemy  was  not  encountered 
and  no  shots  were  fired. 

Major  Willis'  battalion.  Second  Oregon,  left  camp  at  8  o'clock  a.  m.  and  advanced  on 
road  leading  toward  San  Miguel.  The  enemy  were  sighted  in  a  town  about  two  miles 
from  Maasim.  They  had  very  strong  intrenchments  and  their  number  estimated  to  be 
about  one  thousand.  Their  position  was  on  a  hill  in  the  town  with  a  line  extending 
about  a  half  a  mile  from  each  side  of  the  road.  The  country  from  Maasim  for  the  first 
mile  was  quite  thick  with  trees  and  shrubbery,  but  from  there  on  was  open. 
Map  6.— In  camp  at  Maasim. 

May  7.— In  camp  at  Maasim.  Major  Willis'  battalion  left  camp  at  7.30  a.  m.,  and 
marched  north,  following  road  for  about  two  miles,  where  battalion  halted.  Major 
Willis  then  with  a  small  bodyguard  went  forward  to  a  point  of  hill  in  front  of  town  of 
San  Ildefonso,  about  eight  hundred  yards  distant.  The  enemy  did  not  appear  in  as 
great  numbers  as  previously  seen,  not  over  one  hundred  and  fifty  being  visible.  Saw 
several  mounted  ofllcers  moving  about.  Trenches  appeared  to  be  facing  south  and 
southeast. 

3Iay  A'.  — In  camp  at  Maasim.  At  1.30  p.  m.  Colonel  Summers,  with  Company  K,  Thir- 
teenth Minnesota  Infantry  (Lieutenant  Walsh),  Company  F,  Second  Oregon  (Lieutenant 
Grim),  acting  as  escort,  and  Captain  Ca.se,  engineer  officer,  left  camp  for  the  purpose 
of  investigating  the  enemy's  position  with  view  to  attack,  Maj.  A.  M.  Diggle.s,  of  the 
Thirteenth  Minne.sota  Infantry,  accompanying  party.  Arriving  on  hilltop  overlooking 
San  Ildefonso,  the  command  halted,  and  Captain  Case,  with  Colonel  Summers  and  party, 
proceeded  to  make  ob.servations  of  the  enemy's  lines.  The  enemy  were  seen  deploying 
in  line  on  ridge  to  the  right  of  the  road,  and  presumably  into  trenches.  Bugle  calls  were 
heard  in  the  city,  and  the  enemy  could  very  plainly  be  seen,  their  number  estimated  to 
be  about  one  thousand.  Captain  Case  made  drawings  of  position  of  the  enemy,  and  just 
on  completion  of  same,  enemy  opened  fire  from  a  small,  low  ridge  in  advance  of  their 
main  positions.  Company  F  immediately  took  position  on  crest  of  hill  overlooking  the 
works  of  the  enemy  and  fired  three  volleys  for  the  purpose  of  locating  their  exact 
position.  Company  K,  Thirteenth  Minnesota  Infantry,  took  position  behind  hill,  and 
awaited  orders.  While  in  this  position  Maj.  A.  M.  Diggles,  who  was  standing  in  road  at 
the  head  of  this  company,  was  struck  in  the  forehead  by  a  bullet  coming  apparently 
from  down  the  road.    The  wound  was  mortal.    John  G.  Miller,  Corporal,  Company  F, 


590  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

Second  Oregon,  gunshot  wound  in  left  arm,  slight.    Command  returned  to  camp  at  4 
p.  M.,  having  traveled  a  distance  of  four  miles. 

May  9-10.— In  camp  at  Maasim. 

May  11.— In  camp  at  Maasim.    Young's  scouts  reported  at  6  p.  m.,  twenty-six  men. 

May  12.— Jn  camp  at  Maasim. 

Maj/ i3.— Provisional  brigade,  consisting  of  Second  Oregon,  Thirteenth  Minnesota, 
detachment  Utah  Light  Artillery,  left  Maasim  at  8  A.  m.  and  advanced  on  road  toward 
San  Miguel.  Passed  through  San  Ildefonso  at  9.25  A.  m.,  enemy  having  been  driven  out 
by  the  scouts  earlier  in  the  morning.  At  1.35  p.  m.  Captain  Case  reported  the  capture  of 
San  Miguel  by  Young's  scouts  and  one  company  of  the  Thirteenth  Minnesota  Infantry 
and  one  company  of  the  Second  Oregon  Infantry,  under  command  of  Captain  Heath. 
The  main  column  left  San  Ildefonso  at  3.15  p.  m.,  arriving  at  San  Miguel  at  5  p.  m.  Dis- 
tance traveled  from  Maasim,  eight  miles. 

3fay  Ik.—  In  camp  at  San  MigueL 

Mayl5.—  ljefi  San  Miguel  at  3  p.  m.  and  advanced  on  road  leading  to  San  Isidro. 
Immediately  after  leaving  San  Miguel,  Company  K,  of  t lie  Thirteenth  Minnesota  Infan- 
try, advance  guard,  engaged  the  enemy  and  drove  them  rapidly  through  and  beyond 
Salacat,  killing  and  wounding  quite  a  number  and  capturing  twenty-six  guns. 

First  Sergt.  H.  M.  Howard,  Company  K,  Thirteenth  Minnesota,  gunshot  wound  in 
right  wrist,  slight. 

Arrived  at  Salacat  at  5.05  p.  m.  and  went  into  camp,  having  traveled  a  distance  of 
four  miles. 

May  JiS.— Left  Salacat  at  6  a.  m.  and  advanced  on  road  leading  to  San  Isidro.  Scouts 
in  advance  engaged  the  enemy  and  drove  them  across  the  river  and  from  strong  trenches 
occupied  by  them,  after  a  short  and  very  severe  engagement. 

The  enemy  on  retiring  across  the  river  set  tire  to  bridge,  which  the  scouts  extin- 
guished in  face  of  Are  from  enemy. 

This  river  is  not  fordable  and  the  bridge  was  a  very  important  necessity  to  the  com- 
mand. Their  number  was  estimated  at  more  than  one  hundred,  of  whom  six  were 
killed,  seven  wounded,  and  one  captured  ;  fourteen  guns  taken.  Our  loss  was  Private 
James  Harrington  (scout).  Company  G,  Second  Oregon,  killed.  Command  arrived  at 
San  Roque  at  9.30  A.  M.  and  went  into  camp.  During  the  afternoon  the  wagon  trains 
arrived  and  were  pulled  across  the  stream  by  hand  and  into  camp.  At  11  o'clock  p.  m. 
Colonel  French  reported  the  Twenty-second  Infantry  for  duty.  Lieutenant  Colonel  Treu- 
mann  reported  one  batUliou  of  the  North  Dakota  Infantry  the  same  hour,  .Scott's  bat- 
tery reported  also ;  these  troops  being  under  command  of  Colonel  French. 

May  17.— Provisional  brigade,  consisting  of  the  Twenty-second  Infantry,  one  battalion 
of  the  North  Dakota  Infantry, Thirteenth  Minnesota  Infantry, Second  Oregon  Infantry, 
Scott's  battery  (three  guns),  detachment  Utah  Light  Artillery  (one  gun),  left  San  Rogue 
at  5  A.  M.  and  advanced  on  road  leading  to  San  Isidro  Arriving  in  sight  of  town,  troops 
were  deployed  in  line  of  battle.  North  Dakotas  and  Second  Oregons  on  right  of  road  and 
right  of  line;  marched  into  position  in  column  of  files.  The  Twenty-second  Infantry 
took  position  on  left  of  road  ;  battery  center  on  road,  with  Thirteenth  Minnesota  Infan- 
try in  column  of  flies  on  each  side  of  the  road. 

The  extreme  right  and  left  of  the  line  deployed  well  to  the  front,  forming  a  shallow 
V-shape.  In  this  position  the  line  advanced.  The  right  became  immediately  engaged 
with  the  enemy,  who  were  in  strong  force  in  front  of  San  Isidro,  on  the  right  of  the  road. 
Fire  was  returned,  and  the  command  continued  to  advance.  After  advancing  a  short 
distance  line  halted;  battery  placed  in  position  and  shelled  the  right  flank  of  enemy. 
The  main  flre  of  the  enemy  having  been  silenced  by  the  artillery,  the  line  continued  to 
advance  and  entered  the  city  at  9.40  a.  m.  The  Twenty-second  Infantry  on  the  left  of  the 
line  met  no  enemy,  and  entered  without  any  resistance  whatever.  Enemy's  loss  was 
great ;  exact  number  not  known. 

Our  casualties  :  Martin  E.  Tew,  private.  Company  F,  Thirteenth  Minnesota,  gunshot 
wound  in  right  leg,  very  slight;  Frank  M.  Butts,  private,  Company  L.  Second  Oregon, 
gunshot  wound  in  right  leg,  slight.    Distance  traveled,  Ave  miles. 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  591 

Major  Eastwick's  battalion  and  one  battalion  of  the  Thirteenth  Minnesota  Infantry, 
both  under  command  of  Major  Eastwick,  left  San  Isidro  at  4.10  a.  ji.  and  proceeded  cast 
and  occupied  the  town  of  Gapan,  arriving  at  6.10  p.  m.  The  column,  preceded  by  an 
advance  guard,  entered  the  town  without  resistance.  At  7.30  p.  m.  the  Third  Infantry 
reported  to  Major  Eastwick  and  went  into  camp,  having  marched  direct  from  San 
Miguel. 

May  IS.—  In  camp  at  San  Isidro.  Major  Eastwick  reported  back  to  this  place  with  the 
two  battalions  under  his  command  at  8.1o  a.  m. 

May  19.— In  camp  at  San  Isidro.  Immediately  after  breakfast  headquarters  building 
was  fired  upon  by  a  few  insurgent  sharpshooters  from  across  the  river.  At  5  a.  m.  the 
provisional  brigade,  consisting  of  Second  Oregon  Infantry  and  Thirteenth  Minnesota 
Infantry,  left  camp  at  San  Isidro  and  advanced  on  road  toward  Santa  Ana. 

At  a  point  about  one  and  one  half  miles  from  San  Lsidro,  and  opposite  San  Antonio, 
the  Second  Oregon  Infantry,  under  command  of  Lieutenant  Colonel  Yoran,  forded  the 
river,  with  Major  Willis's  battalion  deployed  as  skirmishers;  commenced  to  advance  at 
8.30  A.  >i.  Main  column  continued  toward  Cabiao,  which  place  was  entered  at  12  noon. 
The  Second  Oregon  Infantry  engaged  the  enemy  at  8.30  a.  m.,  and  drove  them  back, 
killing  three  or  tour,  and  advanced  through  San  Antonio,  and,  fording  the  river,  arrived 
at  Cabiao  at  4.15  p.  m.,  having  traveled  a  distance  of  over  ten  miles.  The  main  column 
went  into  camp  on  entering  the  city  at  12  noon.  The  wagon  train,  having  taken  a  differ- 
ent and  shorter  route,  arrived  at  10  a.  m. 

May  21.—  Left  Cabiao  at  5.30  A.  Ji.  and  marched  on  road  leading  to  Arayat ;  arrived  at 
river  bank  opposite  at  12  o'clock  noon,  and  during  the  afternoon  transported  wagon 
train  and  supplies  and  forded  the  river.  Went  into  camp  near  Arayat.  Distance  trav- 
eled, ten  miles. 

On  the  same  day,  wagon  train  following  a  short  distance  in  rear  of  column,  guarded 
by  Companies  A  and  L,  Second  Oregon,  was  flred  on  by  enemy  in  position  on  opposite 
side  of  the  river.  Returned  fire  and  silenced  enemy.  No  casualties.  Camped  for  the 
night  in  small  village  on  opposite  side  of  the  river,  near  Arayat. 

May  22.— Left  camp  at  5  a.  m.  and  marched  on  road  leading  to  Araj-at,  arriving  at  said 
point  and  reporting  to  the  commanding  general  at  5.30  a.  m.,  and,  according  to  instruc- 
tions, proceeded  to  Candaba,  following  in  rear  of  Colonel  French's  column,  passing 
through  Santa  Ana  and  arriving  at  Pasing,  a  small  village  opposite  Candaba,  at  10.30 
A.  M.,  having  traveled  a  distance  of  about  eight  miles. 

May  23.  —Left  camp  at  Pasing  at  6.05  a.  m.,  and  advanced  on  road  leading  to  Calumpit, 
passing  through  the  villages  of  Catalina  and  .San  Sebastian  ,  arriving  at  San  Luis  at  9..30 
A.  M.  Distance  traveled,  six  miles.  At  1.15  p.  m.  column  moved  forwarcj  again,  pas.sing 
through  the  villages  of  San  Rita  and  San  Petro,  arriving  at  San  Simon  at  2.45  p.  m.  On 
arrival  of  wagon  train  at  3.45  p.  m.,  a  heavy  rain  falling,  went  into  camp  for  the  night. 
Distance  traveled,  three  and  one-half  miles.  Total  distance  traveled  during  the  day, 
nine  and  one-half  miles.  Andrew's  battery  (D,  First  Artillery),  attached  to  provisional 
brigade  per  verbal  orders  commanding  general  Eighth  Army  Corps. 

May  2U.—  Broke  camp  at  San  Simon  at  5.30  A.  m.,  and,  passing  through  the  villages  of 
San  Jos^.  Santa  Lucia,  Apalat,  San  Bicent,  and  Sulapan,  arriving  at  Calumpit  at  8.30 
A.  M.,  having  traveled  a  distance  of  ten  miles.    Went  into  camp. 

March  ;.'.5.— According  to  instructions,  the  provisional  brigade,  consisting  of  the  Sec- 
ond Oregon  and  Thirteenth  Minnesota  Infantry,  was  dissolved,  the  Thirteenth  Minne- 
sota being  stationed  along  the  railroad  from  Caloocan  to  Malolos,  and  the  Second  Oregon 
returning  to  its  quarters  in  the  Cuartel  de  Espafia,  in  Manila. 

In  closing  this,  my  ofllcial  report  of  operations  of  my  command,  and  in  compliance 
with  the  request  of  the  division  commander,  I  have  the  honor  to  specially  request  and 
recommend  for  promotion  for  meritorious  and  faithful  service  during  the  campaign,  the 
following  ofHcers: 

Maj.  Percy  Willis,  Second  Oregon  Infantry. 

Maj.  Philip  G.  Eastwick,  Jr.,  Second  Oregon  Infantry. 

Capt.  H.  L.  Heath,  Second  Oregon  Infantry. 


592  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

Capt.  (now  Maj.)  J.  P.  Mastermann,  Thirteenth  Minnesota  Infantry. 

Capt.  C.  T.  Spear,  Thirteenth  Minnesota  Infantry. 

Capt.  Oscar  Seebach,  Thirteenth  Minnesota  Infantry. 

First  Lieut.  Eugene  P.  Crowne,  Second  Oregon  Infantry,  acting  assistant  adjutant 
general. 

First  Lieut.  L.  H.  Knapp,  acting  quartermaster  and  commissary  in  connection  with 
his  other  duties  as  commissary  of  the  Second  Oregon  Infantry. 

Second  Lieut,  F.  A.  Mead,  acting  ordnance  officer,  Second  Oregon  Infantry. 

In  recommending  these  officers  for  promotion  I  desire  to  call  attention  to  their  untir- 
ing efforts  and  faithful  performance  of  every  duty  assigned  them,  and  furthermore,  th 
successful  accomplishment  of  same,  as  well  as  their  consideration  of  the  officers  and 
men  under  them. 

I  have  the  honor  to  recommend  that  medals  of  honor  be  granted  Sergt.  Maj.  John  W. 
Marshall,  Second  Oregon  Infantry,  Sergt.  J.  A.  Anderson,  in  charge  of  section  of  Utah 
Light  Artillery,  and  Private  Gilbert  F.  Smith,  Company  F,  Second  Oregon  Infantry,  as 
evidence  of  meritorious  and  faithful  services. 

In  recommending  Sergt.  J.  A.  Anderson,  I  desire  to  call  attention  particularly  to  the 
efficient  work  of  section  of  battery  under  his  command  in  front  of  the  enemy  at 
Norzagaray  on  April  24th,  when  in  face  of  the  fire  of  the  enemy,  the  artillery  was 
moved  on  the  firing  line  and  advanced  with  the  line  on  the  road  within  four  hundred 
yards  of  the  enemy,  and  upon  all  other  occasions  this  soldier  is  to  be  complimented 
upon  the  efficient  manner  in  which  he  handled  his  piece  and  the  effective  execution. 

As  a  closing  remark  I  desire  to  express  my  appreciation  of  having  had  the  oppor- 
tunity of  serving  and  being  under  the  immediate  command  of  an  officer  of  the  ability, 
tact,  and  consideration  of  the  division  commander,  Maj.  Gen.  Henry  W.  Lawton. 
I  have  the  honor  to  be,  sir,  very  respectfully, 

O.  Summers, 
Brevet  Briffadier  General, 
Co^nmanding  Provisional  Brigade,  First.  Division,  Eighth  Army  Corps. 


Report  of  Maj.  P.  G.  Eastwick,  Jr.,  Second  Oregon  U.  S.  Volunteer 
Infantry,  of  Reconnoissance  Near  Angat,  April  26,  1899. 

In  the  Field,  Norzagaray,  April  26,  1899. 
Adjutant, 

Second  Oregon  Infantry,  U.  8.  V. 

Sir  :  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  the  following  report  of  reconnoissance  made  to-day 
from  this  point  and  on  east  side  of  the  river  as  far  as  Angat.  The  command  consisted 
of  the  following  companies :  B,  M,  G,  and  F,  of  the  Second  Regiment  Oregon  Volunteers, 
and  left  Norzagaray  at  8.25  A.  M.,  fording  the  river  at  a  point  six  hundred  yards  south, 
upstream  from  the  church.  The  depth  of  the  stream  was  one  and  one  half  feet.  From 
this  point  the  command  moved  in  a  northerly  direction,  inclining  slightly  to  the  east, 
and  at  a  distance  of  half  a  mile  intersected  a  road  with  course  due  east  and  west. 
Turning  to  the  east  for  a  hundred  yards  we  entered  a  small  village,  one  of  the  buildings 
of  which  contained  some  three  hundred  bushels  of  rice  and  several  hundred  pounds  of 
sugar.  From  this  point  northeast  the  command  followed  a  trail  or  sled  track  for  five 
hundred  yards  to  a  small  creek,  fordable  at  any  point.  Thence,  ascending  a  small  hill 
through  a  rolling  country  with  cultivated  fields  and  wooded  knolls,  the  advance  party 
was  met  by  a  fire  from  the  insurgent  outposts,  placed  at  the  top  of  the  next  rise,  some 
three  hundred  yards  beyond. 

The  insurgents,  some  fifteen  in  number,  under  command  of  an  officer,  were  driven 
back,  retreating  in  a  southeasterly  direction.  The  command  moved  forward  in  a 
generally  northerly  direction,  following  the  crest  of  the  range  of  hills  which  tend  in  a 
north  and  south  line,  with  flankers  thrown  out  when  the  nature  of  the  growth  per- 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  593 

mitted,  though  for  the  most  part  it  was  necessary  to  move  in  column  of  flies,  with 
flanks  unprotected.  At  nearly  every  prominent  point  was  a  small  lookout  station,  and 
pile  of  brush  for  signal  lights,  which  we  burned.  At  the  head  of  the  creek,  where  the 
bridge  turns  sharply  to  the  west,  our  advance  party  was  again  flred  upon  by  the  insur- 
gents from  a  ravine  some  four  hundred  yards  to  the  northeast.  The  flre  was  returned 
with  some  eflfect,  driving  the  insurgents  into  the  brush.  The  command  followed  the 
ridge  to  the  west  to  a  point  overlooking  the  river. 

At  this  point  twenty-six  insurgents  were  seen,  and  being  flred  on  retreated  to  the 
northeast,  leaving  one  wounded  man,  who  is  now  in  our  hospital.  The  command  then 
entered  the  valley  and  skirted  the  base  of  the  ridge,  halting  at  the  river  under  the  pro- 
tection of  a  bluflr  for  forty-five  minutes  for  lunch.  At  12.45  p.  m.  again  taking  up  the 
march,  ascended  the  next  ridge,  where  the  advance  guard  was  met  by  a  volley  from 
some  five  insurgents  in  the  valley  on  the  other  side.  Returning  the  fire  they  were 
driven  beyond  the  range.  These  insurgents  were  dressed  in  red  uniforms  and  armed 
with  Mausers  and  Remingtons.  From  this  point  could  be  seen  many  natives  moving 
north.  The  command  then  proceeded  on  the  ridge  and  to  the  ford,  half  a  mile  north  of 
Angat.  The  water  here  was  three  feet  deep  at  this  ford,  and,  crossing  at  this  point,  a 
halt  of  forty-five  minutes  was  made.  The  command  then  returned  to  the  point  by  the 
road  on  the  west  side  of  the  river,  arriving  at  4  p.  m. 

In  numerous  places  in  the  hills  stores  of  rice,  corn,  and  sugar  were  found,  and  also 
some  few  bolos,  but  no  firearms.  It  is  estimated  that  about  six  or  seven  insurgents 
were  killed,  and  nine  prisoners  were  taken  and  are  now  in  confinement.  Distance 
traveled  estimated  at  ten  miles. 

Attached  hereto,  marked  "Exhibit  A,"  is  a  sketch  of  the  country  traversed,  and 
"Exhibit  B"  consists  of  some  correspondence  found  in  a  house  previously  occupied  by 
the  insurgents.  "Exhibit  C"  consists  of  insurgents'  telegraphic  dispatches  concerning 
the  uprising  in  Tondo  of  February  23, 1899. 

Very  respectfully,  p.  q.  Eastwick, 

Major  Second  Oregon. 

Report  of  Col.  0.  Summers,  Second   Oregon  U.  S.  Volunteer   Infantry, 

of  Operations  Provisional  Brigade,  Near  Marunco, 

April  29,   1899. 

Headquarters  Provisional  Brigade,  First  Division, 

Eighth  Army  Corps, 

April  29,  1S99. 
A.ssiSTANT  Adjutant  General: 

First  Division,  Eighth  Army  Corps,  Angat,  Luzon. 

Sir:  In  compliance  with  written  instructions  from  the  division  commander,  dated 
at  Angat,  April  28,  1899,  my  command,  consisting  of  the  Thirteenth  Minnesota  Infantry, 
U.  S.  v.,  and  the  Second  Oregon  Infantry,  U.  S.  V.,  accompanied  by  Hawthorne's 
Battery  {two  guns)  and  Capt.  J.  F.  Case,  acting  engineer  ofl3cer.  First  Division,  Eighth 
Army  Corps,  broke  camp  at  6  o'clock  a.  m.,  April  29,  1899,  and  crossing  the  Rio  de 
Q,uingua,  opposite  Marunco,  passing  through  the  deserted  town  of  Binabag,  and  pro- 
ceeded to  cross  the  country,  following  trails  and  crossing  streams  and  gulches,  encoun- 
tering many  obstacles  necessitating  the  dismounting  of  the  guns,  which  were  transported 
by  band.  After  going  about  two  miles  reached  the  main  road  leading  to  San  Rafael  and 
Pulo. 

Advanced  on  main  road,  passing  through  Pulo  and  Talocson,  both  villages  being 
deserted.  Arriving  at  a  point  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  from  San  Rafael,  the  command, 
with  the  Thirteenth  Minnesota  Volunteer  Infantry,  deployed  in  line  of  skirmishers  with 
left  resting  on  road  on  left  of  line,  with  Second  Oregon  Infantry,  IT.  S.  V.,  as  support, 
advanced  upon  town  and  entered  same  at  12.30 o'clock,  meeting  with  no  opposition,  and 
found  the  town  deserted.  Distance  traveled,  seven  miles. 
38 


594  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

At  3.30  o'clock  P.  51.,  in  compliance  with  instructions  from  division  commander,  com- 
mand returned  to  Marunco,  fording  the  river  at  Pulo,  and  arriving  at  camp  at  6  o'clock 
p.  M.  By  this  route  a  distance  of  two  miles  was  saved,  distance  traveled  on  return  being 
five  miles. 

From  river  bank  opposite  Marunco  to  main  road  leading  to  San  Rafael,  found  the 
country  very  rough  and  broken  ;  no  roads,  only  poor  trails  leading  through  dense  thick- 
ets of  underbrush,  into  deep  gulches  and  over  hills,  utterly  impassable  for  trains. 

Main  road  leading  to  San  Rafael  was  found  in  fair  condition,  with  the  exception  of 
one  small  bridge,  which  was  easilj'  repaired,  and  is  passable  for  wagon  train.  No  armed 
insurgents  were  seen. 

Total  distance  traveled,  twelve  miles.    No  casualties. 

Very  respectfully, 

O.  Summers, 

Colonel  Second  Oregon  Infantry,  U.  8.  V., 

Commanding  Provisional  Brigade. 


Report  of  Col.  O.  Summers,  Second  Oregon  U.  S.  Volunteer  Infantry, 

Commanding  Provisional  Brigade,  of  Capture  of 

San  Rafael,  May  1,  1899. 

Headquakter.s  Provisional  Brigade,  First  Division, 
Eighth  Army  Corps, 
In  the  Field,  San  Rafael,  Luzon,  May  1,  1S99. 
A.ssisTANT  Adjutant  General, 

Headquarters  First  Division,  Eighth  Army  Corps. 

Sir  :  In  compliance  with  General  Field  Orders  No.  4,  Headquarters  First  Division, 
Eighth  Army  Corps,  dated  Angat,  Luzon,  May  1,  1899,  the  Thirteenth  Minnesota  In- 
fantry, U.  S.  v.,  Second  Oregon  Infantry,  U.  S.  V.,  Scott's  battery,  broke  camp  and  left 
Marunco  with  wagon  trains  at  11. .50  o'clock  a.  m.,  May  1,  1899,  and,  crossing  river  at  ford 
at  Marunco,  proceeded  on  the  main  road  through  Pulo  to  San  Rafael.  At  a  point  about 
two  miles  from  the  ford  the  advance  guard  was  fired  upon  by  insurgent  sharpshooters, 
who  were  dislodged,  and  therefore  silenced,  by  scouts  and  flankers.  Upon  arrival  within 
about  one  quarter  of  a  mile  of  San  Rafael  the  advance  guard  were  fired  upon  from  a 
bridge  to  the  right  and  rear  of  the  town.  Two  battalions  Second  Oregon  Infantry, 
U.  S.  v.,  under  command  of  Lieutenant  Colonel  Yoran,  with  instructions  to  clear  the 
bridge  and  enter  the  town  from  the  rear,  proceeded  to  move  against  the  enemy.  Major 
Willis's  battalion,  deployed  in  line  of  skirmishers,  advanced  to  the  front.  Major  East- 
wick's  battalion  moved  by  the  right  flank.  Scott's  battery  (three  guns)  supported  by 
one  battalion  Thirteenth  Minnesota  Infantry,  U.  S.  V.,  on  the  left  of  the  line,  proceeded 
down  the  road  and  entered  the  town  at  4.20  o'clock  p.  m.  After  entering  the  town,  enemy 
opened  a  heavy  fire  from  across  the  river  to  the  left  and  front  of  our  line.  Our  troops 
were  immediately  thrown  into  position  and  returned  the  fire  of  the  enemy.  The  com- 
manding general  arrived  by  this  time.  Scott's  battery  was  placed  in  position,  and,  after 
shelling  the  enemy's  position  for  about  thirty  minutes,  silenced  their  Are.  The  two 
battalions,  Second  Oregon  Infantry,  U.  S.  V.,  under  command  of  Lieutenant  Colonel 
Yoran,  which  had  marched  to  the  right,  entered  the  town  from  the  rear  at  5.30  p.  m.,  hav- 
ing forced  the  enemy  back  and  from  their  position.  The  Third  U.  S.  Infantry  reported 
for  duty  to  the  brigade  commander  at  5.20  o'clock  p.  m.  Distance  traveled,  about  flve 
miles.  The  enemy  were  estimated  to  number  about  one  thousand  ;  their  loss  was  con- 
siderable—  exact  number  not  known. 

Our  loss  was  as  follows:  Frank  Lewis,  private,  Company  F,  Thirteenth  Minnesota 
Infantry,  U.  S.  V.,  shot  and  killed  ;  William  Betzold,  private.  Light  Battery  D,  Sixth 
Artillery,  slight  gunshot  wound  in  left  arm;  Edgar  J.  Chamberlin,  corporal.  Company 
K,  Second  Oregon,  slight  flesh  wound  through  right  leg  above  knee ;  William  E.  Smith, 
private.  Company  K,  Second  Oregon,  compound  fracture  of  left  arm  ;  John  F.  Reeves, 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  595 

Company  A,  Second  Oregon  Infantry,  U.  S.  V.,  gunshot  wound  through  right  leg,  enter- 
ing above  and  coming  out  below  knee.    Private  Frank  Lewis  was  buried  in  the  square 
in  front  of  the  church,  it  being  impossible  to  transport  his  body. 
Very  respectfully, 

O.  Summers, 
Colonel  Second  Oregon  Volunteer  Infantry, 
Commanding  Provisional  Brigade. 

Headquarters  Provisional  Brigade,  Fir.st  Division, 
Eighth  Army  Corps, 

In  the  Field,  Baliuag,  May  3,  1S99. 
Assistant  Adjutant  (jeneral,, 

Headquarterx  First  Division,  Eighth  Army  Corps. 

Sir  :  Under  the  instructions  from  the  division  commander  the  Third  U.  S.  Infantry, 
Thirteenth  Minnesota  Infantry,  U.  S.V.,  Scott's  battery.  Second  Oregon  Infantry,  U.  S.V., 
and  wagon  trains  left  San  Rafael  at  6  o'clock  a.  m.  of  May  2,  1899,  preceded  by  Capt.  J.  F. 
Case,  acting  enginee.-  officer,  and  scouts,  advanced  on  road  to  Baliuag. 

A  short  distance  from  San  Rafael  scouts  and  advance  guard  were  repeatedly  fired 
upon  by  sharpshooters  of  the  enemy.  The  column  passing  through  Pantubig,  Caingin, 
and  Casa  Ha  de  Uto  with  one  battalion  of  the  Third  U.  S.  Infantry  in  advance  in  line  of 
skirmishers.  Arriving  at  opening  about  half  a  mile  from  Baliuag  fire  was  opened  on 
our  lines  by  the  enemy,  who  held  strong  positions  on  the  opposite  side  of  opening,  pro- 
tected by  a  line  of  bamboo  thickets  ;  were  also  in  front  and  to  the  left,  from  a  strongly 
fortified  position  in  the  town  of  Santa  Aeno.  Scott's  battery  was  immediately  placed  in 
position  and  opened  fire  on  the  enemy  ;  battalion  Third  U.  S.  Infantry  deployed  in  line 
of  skirmishers  on  the  right.  Commanding  general  arrived  and  assumed  command. 
Under  his  direction  battery  ceased  fire,  it  being  reported  from  the  line  that  a  flag  of 
truce  was  seen  advancing  toward  our  lines.  By  direction  of  the  division  commander, 
Capt.  J.  F.  Case,  acting  engineer  officer  of  the  division,  Sergeant  Marshall,  Second  Oregon 
Infantry,  U.  S.  V.,  and  the  commanding  general's  orderly,  with  a  flag  of  truce,  advanced 
toward  the  enemy's  lines.  Upon  arriving  at  a  point  about  four  hundred  yards  from  the 
enemy's  line  were  flred  upon  by  the  enemy.  They  dismounted  and  retired  as  soon  as 
possible.  The  Thirteenth  Minnesota  Infantry,  U.  S.  V.,  were  brought  up  on  the  right 
and  deployed  in  line  of  skirmishers,  facing  across  the  front  of  the  main  line.  In  this 
position  the  lines  were  advanced  and  closed  in  on  the  town  of  Baliuag,  and  entered  the 
town  at  3.10  o'clock  p.  m.,  scouts  having  entered  in  advance  of  the  main  column  and 
found  the  place  deserted  by  the  enemy.  Distance  traveled,  about  seven  miles.  Enemy's 
loss  severe,  but  unable  to  estimate  the  numbers,  it  being  reported  from  the  line  that 
large  numbers  of  wounded  could  be  seen  carried  upon  stretchers. 

Our  casualties  were  as  follows :  Jacob  Fisher,  corporal,  Company  E,  Third  U.  S.  Infan- 
try, flesh  wound,  dorsal  side  penis  ;  Frederick  Miller,  private,  Company  L,  Third  U.  S. 
Infantry,  penetrating  wound  left  thigh  and  fracture  of  bone. 

The  command  after  arriving  in  Baliuag  were  assigned  quarters  and  went  into  camp. 
Outposts  and  street  patrols  were  established  and  sentries  posted  over  all  Government 
property. 

Very  respectfully, 

O.  Summers, 
Colonel  Second  Oregon  Infantry,  TJ.  S.  V., 
Commanding  Provisional  Brigade. 


Report  of   Lieut.  CoL  Geo.  O.  Yoran,  Commanding  Second  Oregon  U.  S. 
Volunteer  Infantry,  of  Capture  of  San  Antonio,  May  19,  1899. 

Headquarters  Second  Oregon  Infantry,  U.  S.  V., 

Cabiao,  Luzon,  May  '20, 1899. 
Acting  Assistant  Adjutant  General, 

Provisional  Brigade,  First  Division,  Eighth  Army  Corps. 
Sir:   I  have  the  honor  to  report  that  the  Second  Oregon  Infantry,  U.  S.  V.,  pursuant 


596  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

to  General  Orders  No.  9,  field  series,  and  instrnctions  from  brigade  commander,  left  San 
Isidro  at  5  A.  m.,  May  19th,  and  proceeded  down  the  Rio  Grande  de  Pampanga  in  south- 
west direction  to  a  ford  opposite  the  town  of  San  Antonio.  The  blanket  rolls  were  left 
with  the  mule  teams. 

At  6.45  the  advance  guard  crossed  the  river,  and  at  7.45  the  regiment  had  finished 
crossing.  Major  Willis's  battalion  was  thrown  forward  in  skirmish  order  five  or  six 
hundred  yards  from  the  river,  and  halted  to  await  the  arrival  of  the  scouts,  who  had 
gone  down  on  the  west  side  of  the  river.  At  8.05  firing  was  heard  ahead ;  our  scouts 
were  engaging  the  enemy.  Major  Willis's  battalion  was  ordered  forward  and  instructed 
to  engage  the  enemy  as  soon  as  the  scouts  were  located.  At  8.30  Lieutenant  Thornton 
having  sent  a  messenger  to  explain  the  position  of  the  scouts  and  of  the  enemy,  the  First 
Battalion  was  again  ordered  forward,  and  soon  engaged  the  enemy,  driving  them  from 
the  town,  which  we  entered  at  9  o'clock. 

We  then  proceeded  down  the  river  in  skirmish  order,  keeping  our  left  upon  the  river 
bank  in  touch  with  the  Thirteenth  Minnesota,  U.  S.  V.,  on  the  opposite  bank.  About 
one  mile  below  San  Antonio  passed  through  small  native  village.  Halted  at  11.15  for 
lunch.  Continued  advance  at  11.50,  Second  Battalion,  Major  Eastwick,  in  advance. 
About  1  o'clock  we  ame  in  sight  of  Cabiao,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river.  The  road 
upon  which  we  had  been  traveling  turns,  leaving  the  river,  and  the  dense  jungle  com- 
pelled us  to  take  gravel  beds  along  the  river.  Captain  Case,  who  was  our  guide,  crossed 
the  river  and  soon  sent  back  word  for  the  regiment  to  follow.  Fording  the  river  at  3.30 
p.  M.  we  continued  the  march,  entered  Cabiao,  and  went  into  camp  at  4.15  p.  m. 

RespecfuUy, 

Geo.  O.  Yoran, 

Lieutenant  Colonel,  Commanding  Second  Oregon  Infantry,  U.  8.  V. 


Telegram  of  Maj.  Gen.  H.  W.  Iiawton,  U.  S.  V.,  Reporting  Capture  of 
San  Antonio,  Dated  May  21,  1899. 

[  Telegram.] 

Map  21,  1S99. 
Adjutant  General.,  Department  of  the  Pacific. 

As  we  were  about  marching  from  San  Isidro  yesterday  morning  a  few  shots  from 
the  enemy  were  fired  from  the  opposite  side  of  the  river.    The  following  report  which  is 

repeated  gives  the  result : 

In  the  Field,  May  SI,  1899. 
Adjutant  General,  First  Division. 

Sir:  I  have  the  honor  to  report  that  in  compliance  with  verbal  orders  from  the 
general  commanding  I  left  San  Isidro  at  5.15  A.  m.  yesterday  with  the  column  of  two 
battalions  of  the  Second  Oregon  under  Lieutenant  Colonel  Yoran  and  the  scouts  under 
Lieutenant  Thornton,  Second  Oregon.  The  scouts  crossed  the  river  at  San  Isidro  and 
worked  southwest  toward  San  Antonio.  The  column  crossed  the  river  opposite  San 
Isidro  and  proceeded  up  the  road  to  the  town.  The  enemy  opened  fire  at  8.05  from  a 
position  in  the  outside  of  the  town,  and  the  First  Battalion  under  Major  Willis  was 
deployed  and  advanced,  actively  engaging  the  insurgents.  The  scouts  had  reached  a 
point  on  the  enemy's  left  and  rear,  and  as  soon  as  the  enemy  opened  they  poured  in  a 
destructive  fire  which  threw  the  insurgents  back  in  great  disorder.  I  find  that  Colonel 
Tecson  with  six  companies  (about  5.50  men)  comprised  their  force  and,  and  as  they  left 
five  dead  on  the  field,  I  estimate  their  total  loss  at  twenty-five.  We  had  no  casualties. 
Leaving  San  Isidro  the  column  moved  down  the  river  without  further  event  to  a  point 
opposite  Cabiao  where  we  recrossed  and  rejoined  the  command  at  3.45  p.  m. 
Respectfully, 

J.  F.  Case, 
Captain,  Acting  Engineer  Officer. 

This  detachment  was  from  Colonel  Summers's  command.  Attention  is  invited  to  the 
number  of  important  engagements  that  Colonel  Summers  has  had  with  the  enemy  as 
indicated  by  the  dead  and  wounded  found  on  the  field  and  small  loss  on  our  side.  Cap" 
tain  Case,  who  practically  directed  the  affair  here  reported,  Is  entitled  to  great  credit  and 
consideration,  Lawton, 

Major  General. 


KEPORT 


MAJ.  GEN.  H.  W.  LAWTON,  U.  S.  V, 

OF  EXPEDITION  TO  THK  PROVINCE  OF  MORONG,  JUNE  2  TO  S,  1899. 


Headquarters  First  Division,  Eighth  Army  Corps, 

Manila,  P.  I.,  October  8,  1899. 
Adjutant  General,  United  States  Army, 

Washington,  D.  C. 

Sir  :  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  the  following  report  of  an  expedition  for  the  pur- 
pose of  driving  the  insurgents  from  Cainta,  Taytay,  and  Antipolo  into  the  Morong  Pen- 
insula and  then  either  capturing  or  destroying  them. 

For  the  purpose  of  the  expedition  the  following  troops  were  ordered  to  concentrate  at 
the  pumping  station:  Troop  I,  Fourth  U.  S.  Cavalry  (mounted),  Lieut.  Cecil  Stewart, 
commanding ;  the  dismounted  squadron.  Fourth  U.  S.  Cavalry,  Capt.  G.  H.  G.  Gale, 
commanding  ;  two  battalions  Fourth  U.  S.  Infantry,  Lieut.  Col.  J.  M.  Sanno,  command- 
ing; one  battalion  Ninth  U.  S.  Infantry,  Capt.  T.  S.  McCaleb,  commanding;  six  compa- 
nies First  Colorado  Volunteer  Infantry,  Col.  H.  B.  McCoy,  commanding ;  eleven  compa- 
nies Second  Oregon  Volunteer  Infantry,  Col.  O.  Summers,  commanding;  the  Wyoming 
Volunteer  Infantry  Battalion,  Maj.  F.  M.  Foote,  commanding;  and  a  provisional  bat- 
tery consisting  of  one  platoon  of  Light  Battery  E,  First  U.  S.  Artillery,  caliber  1.65 
inches,  Lieut.  Alston  Hamilton,  and  one  platoon  of  Hawthorne's  mountain  battery, 
calibers  inches,  all  under  the  command  of  First.  Lieut.  H.  L.  Hawthorne,  Sixth  U.  S. 
Artillery.  The  total  force  numbered  one  hundred  and  two  commissioned  officers  and 
two  thousand  four  hundred  and  forty-seven  men. 

The  command  of  this  part  of  the  expedition  was  given  to  Brig.  Gen.  Robert  H.  Hall, 
U.  S.  V. 

To  act  in  conjunction  with  the  above  command,  the  following  troops  were  ordered  to 
proceed  to  Pasig  and  report  to  Col.  John  W.  Wholley,  First  Washington  Volunteer 
Infantry:  First  North  Dakota  Volunteer  Infantry,  Lieut.  Col.  W.  C.  Treumann,  com- 
manding; eight  companies  First  Washington  Volunteer  Infantry,  Lieut.  Col.  W.  J. 
Fife,  commanding ;  one  battalion  Twelfth  U.  S.  Infantry,  Maj.  H.  L.  Haskell,  command- 
ing ;  one  platoon  Dyer's  (D)  battery.  Sixth  U.  S.  Artillery,  Lieut.  E.  D.  Scott,  com- 
manding. 

The  plan  of  the  expedition  was  as  follows:  Halls's  column  was  to  start  from  the 
pumping  station,  moving  across  the  Mariquina  Valley,  clearing  the  country  of  insur- 
gents, and  marching  with  the  view  of  placing  the  head  of  the  column  east  of  Antipolo 
and  toward  Teresa.  Here  line  was  to  be  formed,  facing  west  or  south  of  west.  An 
advance  in  line  was  then  to  be  made  for  the  purpose  of  capturing  Morong  and  Taytay, 
and  driving  the  insurgents  into  the  Morong  Peninsula. 

In  the  mean  time  the  force  under  Colonel  Wholley  was  to  make  a  demonstration 
against  Cainta,  and  later,  if  the  insurgents  were  driven  into  the  peninsula,  the  First 
Washington  Regiment  was  to  proceed  in  cascoes  from  Pasig  to  Morong  to  complete  the 
victory. 


598  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

The  gunboats  in  the  lake  were  to  silence  the  enemy's  battery  at  Angono. 

The  movement  commenced  at  5  o'clock  A.  m.,  June  3,  1899.  As  it  was  known  that  the 
country  to  be  traversed  was  rough  and  hilly  and  unfit  for  wagons,  the  troops  were 
ordered  to  carry  two  days'  rations  in  their  haversacks. 

Troop  I,  Fourth  Cavalry,  supported  by  the  dismounted  squadron,  same  regiment, 
was  sent  down  the  San  Mateo  River  to  capture  the  enemy's  outpost.  The  Colorado  reg- 
iment was  sent  up  the  river  to  advance  on  Mariquina.  Neither  force  encountered  any 
enemy,  and  joined  the  main  column  which  was  marching  across  the  valley  under  the 
guidance  of  two  natives.  These  guides  professed  a  complete  knowledge  of  all  trails 
across  the  mountains,  but  their  information  was  of  little  value,  as  the  recent  rains  had 
changed  the  face  of  the  country  so  that  ravines  and  trails  that  were  reported  practicable 
were  found  to  be  impassable  for  footmen  or  the  small-wheeled  vehicles.  Much  time  was 
lost  building  bridges.  The  ambulances  that  it  was  intended  should  accompany  this 
column  were  sent  back.  The  column  advanced  with  much  difficulty,  and  finally,  at 
11.20  A.  M.,  encountered  a  small  force  of  the  enemy.  The  cavalry  soon  cleared  the  coun- 
try, but  as  the  enemy  was  seen  to  be  concentrating  in  considerable  force,  the  Second 
Oregon  Regiment  and  the  Fourth  United  States  Infantry  were  deployed  with  battery  in 
the  rear.  No  serious  resistance  was  encountered  during  the  remainder  of  the  day's 
march  until  4  o'clock  p.  m.,  when  the  enemy  made  a  decided  stand,  being  so  placed  as  to 
bring  to  bear  a  fire  from  three  directions.  The  Second  Oregon  and  Fourth  Infantry  and 
the  cavalry  were  deployed  and  after  a  brisk  engagement  of  an  hour  and  a  half  the  enemy 
was  driven  off.  While  this  engagement  was  in  progress  the  Ninth  Infantry,  acting  as  a 
rear  guard,  was  also  engaged. 

Casualties  :  Killed  — two  enlisted  men  Fourth  Cavalry,  one  enlisted  man  Second  Ore- 
gon Volunteer  Infantry;  wounded  — four  enlisted  men  Fourth  Cavalry,  six  enlisted 
men  Second  Oregon  Volunteer  Infantry. 

The  column  bivouacked  on  the  scene  of  this  last  engagement. 

Meanwhile,  at  1.30  p.  m.,  the  cominand  under  Colonel  WhoUey  moved  out  from  Pasig, 
the  First  North  Dakota  Infantry  moving  on  the  right  of  Cainta,  the  Washington 
Infantry  moving  on  the  left,  and  the  battalion  of  the  Twelfth  Infantry  having  the 
center.  One  gun  went  with  the  North  Dakotas  and  one  with  the  Washingtons.  Cainta 
was  captured  without  serious  resistance.  The  gunboats,  under  command  of  Captain 
Grant,  participated  in  the  movement  bj'  shelling  the  insurgent  lines  at  Taytaj'  and 
Cainta,  and  later  at  Angono. 

The  North  Dakotas,  Scott's  guns,  and  the  battalion  of  the  Twelfth  Infantry  were  left 
to  cover  this  line,  under  command  of  Lieutenant  Colonel  Treumann.  For  a  time  a 
sharp  fire  was  encountered,  darkness  putting  an  end  to  the  conflict. 

The  Washington  regiment  was  in  the  mean  time  withdrawn  to  Pasig,  where  they 
were  placed  on  cascoes. 

The  next  morning  Hall's  column  entered  the  town  of  Antipolo  with  little  resistance. 
The  town  was  found  to  be  practically  deserted.  About  one  thousand  Mauser  and  two 
thousand  and  five  hundred  Remington  cartridges  were  found ;  also  a  small  number  of 
3.2-inch  shells,  and  some  improvised  canister  of  same  caliber. 

About  10  o'clock  a.  m.  General  Hall's  column  set  out  for  Taytay,  and  about  two  miles 
from  Antipolo  the  other  column  under  Lieutenant  Colonel  Treumann  was  met.  This 
latter  column  had  entered  Taytay  about  7.80  a.  m.  without  resistance.  The  insurgents, 
upon  leaving  Taytay,  had  fired  the  church  at  this  place. 

The  troops  in  both  columns  were  suffering  greatly  from  the  heat,  and  many  had 
fallen  out  exhausted. 

A  halt  was  ordered  and  rations  were  issued. 

About  3  o'clock  p.  m.  the  march  was  resumed.  General  Hall's  column  was  ordered 
back  to  Antipolo,  and  thence  to  Morong.  Colonel  Treumann's  column  was  ordered  to 
Morong  via  the  west  side  of  the  peninsula. 

Meanwhile  the  Washington  regiment  had  gone  to  Morong  in  cascoes,  where  they  had 
landed  under  the  protecting  fire  of  the  gunboats,  and  after  a  short  but  sharp  fight  had 
taken  the  town.    The  enemy's  loss  was  nine  killed  and  five  wounded.    Ours,  none. 


ORKGON    VOLUNTKKRS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  599 

Hall's  c't)luinn  readied  Moiong  at  11  o'clock  a.  m.  on  the  tifth  of  J  unc,  after  an  exceed- 
ingly hot  and  exhausting  march,  many  of  the  men  being  overcome  by  the  excessive 
heat.  The  same  afternoon  the  Washington  regiment  was  embarked  on  cascoes  and 
returned  to  its  original  stations. 

The  Second  Oregon  returned  to  Manila  on  cascoes  on  June  (ith. 

At  1  o'clock  p.  M.  on  June  6th  General  Hall's  column  took  up  the  return  march  via 
Binaugonan,  the  dismounted  squadron  of  the  Fourth  Cavalry  being  left  at  Morong  as  a 
garrison. 

This  latter  organization  was  later  reonforced  by  the  First  North  Dakota  Regiment. 

The  remainder  of  Colonel  Treumanu's  column,  consisting  of  the  battalion  of  the 
Twelfth  Infantry  and  the  platoon  of  artillery,  joined  General  Hall's  column  at  Binan- 
gonan.  At  Angonoit  was  found  that  the  Krupp  gun  which  had  fired  on  and  hit  the 
gunboat  Napindan  had  been  removed,  probably  to  Santa  Maria  de  Bulacan.  The  whole 
command  then  proceeded  to  the  pumping  station,  and  thence  to  their  original  positions 
on  the  line. 

The  difficulties  experienced  in  this  expedition  in  the  way  of  bad  roads  and  excessive 
heat  were  very  great,  and  all  the  troops  engaged  deserve  special  credit  for  the  splendid 
way  in  wliich  these  difficulties  were  overcome. 

The  sharp  and  decisive  manner  in  which  the  Washington  Regiment,  under  Colonel 
Wholley,  captured  Morong  without  the  loss  of  a  man  is  worthy  of  especial  mention,  as 
is  also  the  efficient  manner  in  which  the  battalion  of  the  Twelfth  Infantry,  Major 
Haskell  commanding,  consisting  of  four  companies,  relieved  at  Cainta  the  eight 
companies  of  the  Washington  Regiment.  The  manner  in  which  the  artillery  under 
Lieutenants  Hawthorne,  Hamilton,  and  Scott  was  handled,  with  green  and  insufficient 
transportation,  reflects  great  credit  on  these  young  officers. 

Maj.  C.  R.  Edwards,  assistant  adjutant  general,  U.  S.  V.,  adjutant  general  of  the 
division  at  Pasig,  kept  the  division  commander  informed  of  the  situation  and  superin- 
tended the  movement  of  the  gunboats,  and  Colonel  Wholly's  command  contributed  in 
no  small  degree  to  the  success  of  this  portion  of  the  expedition. 

An  appendix  embodying  copies  of  brief  reports  rendered  to  the  department  com- 
mander; reports  of  subordinate  commanders  which  were  at  the  time  forwarded;  of 
correspondence,  orders,  in  fact  every  available  record  pertaining  to  the  expedition,  is 
hereto  attached  and  should  be  read  in  connection  with  the  text  of  this  report. 

Attention  is  invited  to  final  reports  of  subordinate  commanders,  which  are,  as  a 

rule,  so  complete  and  lucid  as  to  merit  especial  commendation. 

Very  respectfully, 

H.  W.  LAWTON, 

Major  Oeneral,  U.  S.  V..  Connnanding. 


REPORT 


mm.  GEN.  EGBERT  H.  HALL,U.  8.  V., 

Commanding  Thibd  Brigade,  Second  Division, 
Eighth  Army  Corps. 

OF  OPERATIONS  OF  HIS  BRIGADE  ON  MORONG  EXPEDITION,  JUNE  2  TO  8,  1899. 


Headquarters  Third  Brigade,  Second  Division, 
Eighth  Army  Corps, 
Deposito,  Manila,  P.  I.,  June  9,  1S99. 
Adjutant  General,  First  Division,  Eighth  Army  Corps. 

Sir:  Pursuant  to  instructions  from  the  commanding  general,  First  Division,  I  have 
the  honor  to  report  on  the  operations  of  my  command  in  its  movement  to  the  east  and 
south,  from  the  2d  to  the  8th  instant. 

The  purpose  of  the  movement  was  the  capture  of  Autlpolo  and  Taytay  and  the  driv- 
ing of  the  insurgents  at  those  places  into  the  Morong  Peninsula,  where  they  were  to  be 
assailed  by  a  force  which  would  be  landed  below  them  and  advanced  on  their  rear  from 
the  south.  It  was  believed  that  Antipolo,  although  regarded  by  the  insurgents  with 
particular  sanctity,  was  not  prepared  to  resist  attack  from  either  the  east  or  north,  and 
the  march  of  the  troops  under  my  command  was  to  be  so  conducted  as  to  approach  the 
town  on  those  sides. 

After  dark  on  the  2d  instant  I  concentrated  in  bivouac,  near  the  pumping  station,  the 
following-named  organizations  which  had  been  directed  to  report  to  me  for  active  field 
duty:  Fourth  Infantry  (eight  companies);  Ninth  Infantry  (four  companies);  First  Colo- 
rado Volunteer  Infantry  (six  companies);  Second  Oregon  Volunteer  Infantry  (eleven 
companies);  First  Wyoming  Volunteer  Infantry  (four  companies);  Troop  I,  Fourth 
Cavalry,  mounted  (one  company);  Troops  C,  G,  and  L,  Fourth  Cavalry,  dismounted 
(three  companies);  detachment  Light  Battery  E,  First  Artillery  (two  Hotchkiss  moun- 
tain guns);  detachment  Hawthorne's  moutain  battery  (two  guns).  Total  force  number- 
ing one  hundred  and  two  commissioned  officers,  and  two  thousand  four  hundred  and 
seventy-four  enlisted  men. 

The  advance  across  the  San  Mateo  River  was  begun  at  5  a.  m.  on  the  3d  instant.  The 
mounted  troop,  supported  by  the  dismounted  squadron  was  sent  down  the  river  with 
the  view  of  capturing  the  enemy's  outposts,  which  had  been  reported  as  being  of  late 
numerous  and  enterprising.  At  the  same  time  the  battalion  of  Colorado  Infantry  was 
sent  up  the  river  to  advance  on  Mariquina  from  the  east  and  north,  in  the  hope  that  the 
enemy  in  the  town  might  be  thus  captured  or  destroyed.  Neither  of  these  detachments 
found  any  force  with  which  to  deal. 

In  the  mean  time  the  remainder  of  the  column  was  marching  across  the  San  Mateo 
Valley  conducted,  after  the  mounted  troop  rejoined,  by  two  native  guides  who  professed 
an  accurate  knowledge  of  the  country.  Ravines  which  were  dry  only  a  few  days  before, 
were  found,  two  of  them,  to  be  impassible  by  footmen  or  wheeled  vehicles.    Much  lime 


OREGON    VOLUNTKERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  601 

was  lost  in  crossing  these  ravines,  and  the  commanding  general  ordered  from  tiie  pump- 
ing station  that  the  ambulances  be  sent  there.  The  four  gun  carriages,  several  flimsy 
carts,  which  had  been  furnished  for  the  transportation  of  artillery  ammunition,  and 
which  proved  to  be  utterly  worthless  for  such  purposes,  besides  an  escort  wagon  for  the 
ammunition  and  supplies  of  Light  Battery  E,  First  Artillery,  now  comprised  the 
wheeled  vehicles  with  the  column. 

While  endeavoring  to  eflect  the  crossing  of  the  second  ravine  the  head  of  the  column 
was  flred  upon  at  11.20  a.  m.,  from  the  left  and  front,  by  a  small  party  of  insurgents.  The 
cavalry  was  sent  against  them  and  speedily  brushed  them  away.  In  the  mean  time  the 
enemy,  in  considerable  force,  was  concentrating  on  the  hills  through  which  led  the  trail 
we  were  following,  and  as  their  firing  increased  the  Second  Oregon  Infantry  was  deployed 
against  their  position,  with  the  Fourth  Infantry  on  its  right.  The  guns  went  into  action 
in  rear  of  the  Oregon  regiment.  The  enemy  did  not  make  a  s^and  worthy  of  the  name 
either  here  or  elsewhere  during  the  day,  until  late  in  the  evening,  although  the  advance 
guard  and  flankers  were  continually  under  Are.  The  mountain  trail,  now  leading  in  a 
southerly  direction,  was  in  many  places  in  such  condition  as  to  require  much  and  severe 
labor  to  render  it  passable,  and  this  again  delayed  the  march.  At  length,  at  4  p.  m.,  as  the 
head  of  the  column  debouched  from  a  difllcult  and  sunken  road  east  of  the  hills  over- 
looking Taytay,  it  was  fired  upon  by  bodies  of  insurgents  who  were  so  placed  on  the  hills 
as  to  concentrate  their  fire  from  three  directions  upon  the  troops  as  they  appeared  at  the 
mouth  of  the  ravine.  The  Second  Oregon  Infantry,  the  Fourth  Infantry,  and  the  dis- 
mounted cavalry  squadron  were  at  once  thrown  against  the  insurgent  position,  and  the 
enemy,  after  a  sharp  action  for  an  hour  and  a  half,  retired  and  was  no  more  seen  or 
heard  from  on  this  day.  While  this  action  was  in  progress  in  front,  the  battalion  of  the 
Ninth  Infantry  acting  as  rear  guard  was  engaged  with  a  body  of  the  enemy  in  rear,  and 
was  also  successful. 

The  command  bivouacked  for  the  night  on  the  site  of  this  engagement.  The  hope  I 
had  formed  of  reaching  Antipolo  by  1  o'clock  of  this  day  was  not  realized,  solely  because 
of  the  unanticipated  condition  of  the  trails  by  which  the  command  was  obliged  to  move 
and  the  delay  thus  experienced. 

At  5  A.  M.  on  the  4th  instant  the  march  was  resumed.  The  Second  Oregon  regiment, 
with  the  battalion  of  the  Ninth  Infantry  on  its  left,  was  deployed  on  the  hills  extend- 
ing east  from  the  rear  of  Taytay,  to  prevent  advance  of  the  enemy  from  the  latter  place, 
while  the  remainder  of  the  column  continued  on  the  trail.  The  killed  and  wounded 
and  the  considerable  number  of  men  otherwise  di.sabled  were  transported  by  litters 
by  Chinese  coolies  and  insurgent  prisoners,  following  the  Oregon  regiment  over  the 
hills,  with  a  view  of  thus  reaching  the  main  road  between  Antipolo  and  Taytay,  upon 
which  the  ambulances  were  to  reach  us.  The  escort  wagon  with  the  battery  ammuni- 
tion also  followed  the  Oregon  regiment. 

Small  parties  of  insurgents  were  encountered,  and  flred  on  the  column  at  long  ranges 
from  the  south  of  the  trail,  but  were  easily  driven  away  without  impeding  the  march. 
No  serious  resistance  was  encountered,  although  a  force  to  the  number  of  some  Ave  hun- 
dred was  observed  on  hills  to  the  northeast.  At  9.10  a.  m.  the  church  of  Antipolo  was 
sighted  a  mile  away.  The  Colorado  and  Wyoming  battalions  were  sent  to  the  north 
and  east  of  the  town,  and  the  dismounted  squadron  and  the  Fourth  Infantry  battalion 
to  the  west,  and  all  advanced  in  extended  order  simultaneously.  No  enemy  was  met, 
and  indeed  the  town  was  found  to  be  unoccupied  by  combatants  and  almost  by  civil- 
ians. In  the  church  was  found  about  one  thousand  Mauser  cartridges  about  two  thou- 
sand five  hundred  Remington  ca7'tridges,  a  small  number  of  .3.2-inch  shells,  and  impro- 
vised canister  of  the  same  caliber.  All  these  were  thrown  into  a  well,  and  this  was,  I 
believe,  all  the  destruction  wrought  by  the  command  in  Antipolo. 

After  occupying  the  town  for  about  an  hour  the  march  to  Taytay  was  taken  up  in 
accordance  with  the  plan  prepared  before  the  movement  began.  The  division  com- 
mander was  met  about  two  miles  from  Antipolo,  and  he  ordered  that  the  column  be 
marched  to  Morong  and  thence  by  the  road  on  the  east  side  of  the  peninsula  to  Taytay 
and  Cainta  and  so  to  its  starting  point.    As  many  of  the  men  had  been  without  food 


602  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

since  4  a.  m.  of  the  previous  day,  I  was  autliorized  to  halt  the  column  in  the  road  and 
await  the  arrival  of  the  wagons  then  en  route  to  us.  The  dead  and  wounded  and  the 
physically  exhausted  were  sent  to  Pasig  by  the  ambulances  which  accompanied  the 
wagon  train.  The  escort  wagon  it  had  been  deemed  necessary  to  destroy  because  of  the 
impracticability  of  the  trail  it  was  compelled  to  follow.  The  artillery  ammunition  was 
distributed  among  the  carts. 

At  3  p.  M.  the  return  march  to  Autipolo  was  taken  up.  On  reaching  the  place  it  was 
found  that  several  hundred  natives  had  already  returned  since  we  had  left  it  in  the 
morning,  and  between  this  and  Teresa  many  more  were  met  going  in.  By  many  of 
them  I  was  told  that  the  insurgent  garrison,  numbering  some  Ave  hundred,  with  Pio 
del  Pilar  in  command,  had  abandoned  Antipolo  between  3  and  4  o'clock  on  the  morn- 
ing of  that  day,  and  gone  toward  Bosoboso.    I  had  no  means  of  verifying  this  statement. 

Teresa  was  reached  and  bivouac  made  at  7  a.  m.,  but  the  difficulties  of  the  road  were 
such  that  the  wagons  did  not  arrive  until  the  following  morning,  the 5th  instant.  Many 
of  the  people  remaining  in  Teresa  informed  me  that  the  garrison  of  about  two  hundred 
men  precipitatelj^  vacated  when  our  advance  guard  appeared,  and  stated  that  they  were 
to  go  to  Santa  Maria  de  Bulacan.  After  the  men  had  breakfasted,  the  road  to  Morong 
was  taken  and  that  place  reached  at  11.30  a.  m.  The  First  Washington  Volunteer  Infan- 
try was  found  in  possession  of  the  town,  but  were  relieved  and  embarked  on  cascoes 
later  in  the  daj-  to  return  to  Pasig,  the  station  from  which  they  came. 

On  reaching  the  town,  and  for  an  hour  or  more  thereafter,  the  outposts  of  this  regi- 
ment were  engaged  with  those  of  the  insurgents  at  long-range  firing.  Lieutenant 
Franklin  of  the  gunboat  Xapinddn,  which  was  l.ving  off  the  place,  signaled  me  of  the 
presence  of  a  small  body  of  the  enemy  within  easy  range  of  him,  but  hidden  by  hills 
from  view  from  the  town,  and  at  my  request  he  drove  they  away. 

I  was  here  again  visited  by  the  division  commander,  who  informed  me  that  rations 
for  the  command  would  arrive  by  water  on  the  following  morning,  when  I  was  to 
replenish  the  supplies  and  resume  the  march. 

At  1  P.  M.  on  the  Gth  instant,  after  the  issue  of  three  days'  rations  to  each  organiza- 
tion, except  the  dismounted  squadron,  which  by  order  of  the  divi.sion  commander  was 
left  at  Morong,  and  the  Second  Oregon  Volunteer  Infantrj',  which,  by  the  same  author- 
ity, was  embarked  on  cascoes  to  return  to  Manila,  the  route  for  Binangonan,  by  the  way 
of  Cardova,  was  taken.  The  divisions  comma uder  was  again  at  Morong  during  the 
unloading  of  the  rations. 

The  remainder  of  the  march  was  uneventful.  At  Cardova  the  First  North  Dakota 
Volunteer  Infantry  was  found,  and  in  compliance  with  the  division  commander's 
instructions  the  colonel  was  directed  to  move  it  to  Morong  and  there  take  station. 

At  the  entrance  of  the  town  of  Angono  two  battery  emplacements  were  found  judi- 
ciously placed  to  flank  the  Krupp  gun  which  the  enemy  formerly  had  in  position  there. 
Both  of  these  were  burned.  I  was  given  much  gossijj  but  no  definite  information  as  to 
the  disposition  which  had  been  made  of  this  gun.  There  were  no  traces  of  its  having 
been  buiied  nor  any  trail  to  indicate  that  it  had  been  dragged  away,  although  the  pre- 
vailing talk  indicated  that  it  had  been  so  removed  to  Santa  Maria  de  Bulacan.  Bivouac 
was  made  at  Binangonan,  where  the  command  was  joined  by  a  battalion  of  the  Twelfth 
Infantry  and  a  platoon  of  Light  Battery  D,  Sixth  Artillery.  At  5  a.  m.  of  the  7th  instant 
the  column  was  put  in  motion,  and,  marching  by  the  way  of  Taytay  and  Cainta,  reached 
the  San  Mateo  River,  where  it  was  divided,  the  battalion  of  the  Twelfth  Infantry  and 
the  platoon  of  the  Sixth  Artillery  marching  to  Pasig,  the  mounted  troop  of  the  Fourth 
C'avah\v  and  the  battalion  of  the  Colorado  regiment  continuing  the  march  to  their 
respective  stations,  and  the  remaining  organizations  bivouacing  for  the  night  at  Santa- 
Ion.  Before  noon  of  the  following  day,  the  8th  instant,  all  the  organizations  had  been 
returned  to  the  positions  from  which  they  had  been  drawn. 

Our  losses  in  action  dui'ing  the  expedition  numbered:  Killed  — Fourth  Cavalry,  two 
sergeants;  Second  Oregon  Volunteer  Infantry,  one  private.  Wounded  — Fourth  Cav- 
alry, four  privates;  First  Colorado  Volunteer  Infantry,  one  private;  Second  Oregon 
Volunteer  Infantry,  five  privates.    Total,  three  killed  and  ten  wounded.    Eighty-four 


OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR.  603 

men  wore  reported  disabled  from  other  causes,  principally  exhaustion.  A  noniinal  list 
of  the  casualties  is  attached.  The  heat  was  oppressive  while  we  were  absent,  the  roads 
were  exceptionally  difficult,  and  the  men  had  but  little  to  eat.  These  are  the  probable 
reasons  why  so  many  men  are  reported  to  have  been  physically  exhausted  during  the 
march.  The  losses  sustained  by  the  insurgents  can  only  be  appro.ximated.  Ten  of  their 
dead  were  found  in  our  front  in  various  places,  and  of  the  forty  prisoners  taken  one  had 
been  wounded. 

In  action  the  troops  in  general  behaved  admirably.  The  gallantry  and  dash  with 
which  the  Fourth  Infantry  battalion  and  the  Second  Oregon  regiment  assaulted  and 
drove  the  enemy  from  the  hills  on  the  afternoon  of  the  od  instant  were  especially  com- 
mendable. 

Instances  ot  zeal  and  energy  coming  under  my  own  observation  are  remarked  in  the 
cases  of  First  Lieut.  G.  B.  Duncan,  Fourth  Infantry,  acting  assistant  adjutant  general ; 
First  Lieut.  H.  W.  French,  Seventeenth  Infantry,  and  Second  Lieut.  Halstead  Dorey, 
Fourth  Infantry,  aide-de-camp;  CoL  Owen  Summers,  Second  Oregon  Volunteer  Infan- 
try, and  Capt.  G.  H.  G.  Gale  and  First  Lieut.  Cecil  Stewart,  Fourth  Cavalry. 

A  copy  of  the  report  of  each  of  the  subordinate  commanders  is  herewith  transmitted. 
Very  respectfully, 

ROBERT  H.  HALL, 
Brigadier  Generaf,  U.  S.  V.,  Oimmanding. 


Report  of  Brevet  Brig.  Gen.  0.  Summers,  Commanding'  Second  Oregon 
U.  S.  Volunteer  Infantry,  of  Operations  of  His  Regiment  on 
Morong  Expedition,  June  2  to  7,  1899. 

Hkadquarteks  Second  Oregon  Infantry,  U.  S.  V., 

Cuartel  de  Esjxina,  Manila,  P.  I.,  June  11,  1S'J9. 
Assistant  Adjutant  General. 

Fimt  Brigade,  First  Division,  Eighth  Army  Corps. 

Sir:  I  have  the  honor  to  make  the  following  report  of  the  operations  of  my  com- 
mand during  the  campaign  from  pumping  station  to  Morong  : 

In  compliance  with  instructions  from  the  commanding  officer  of  the  First  Division, 
and  further  instructions  from  the  brigade  commander,  eleven  companies  of  the  Second 
Oregon  Infantrj%  U.  S.  V.  (32  officers,  577  enlisted  men),  left  these  barracks  at  3.30  P.  M. 
on  June  2,  1899,  with  wagon  train  carrying  three  days'  rations,  and  proceeded  to  the 
Deposlto,  and  on  arrival  reported  to  the  brigade  commander  at  5.30  o'clock  p.  m.  After 
a  short  rest  command  marched  to  a  point  about  one  mile  this  side  of  pumping  station, 
and  in  compliance  with  instructions  bivouacked  for  the  night  at  7.25  o'clock  p.  m.  Dis- 
tance traveled,  about  nine  miles. 

The  following  morning,  June  3d,  left  camp  at  4  a.  m.  and  advanced  on  road  to  pump- 
ing station,  crossing  river  at  that  point,  and  took  position  in  column  in  rear  of  troop  of 
mounted  cavalry,  and  advanced  beyond  Mariquina,  then  turned  back  part  way,  and 
after  erection  of  a  temporary  bridge,  cros.sed  same.  At  this  point  a  detachment  of  the 
cavalry  was  sent  to  the  front  and  left  to  reconnoiter  and  develop  the  Are  of  a  small  force 
of  the  enemy.  The  Third  Battalion,  Captain  Heath  commanding,  was  deployed  in  line 
of  skirmishers,  with  left  resting  on  road,  and  advanced  to  the  front  and  engaged  the 
enemy,  who  occupied  a  strong  po.sition  in  the  hills  in  our  front.  The  Second  Battalion, 
Major  Eastwick  commanding,  advanced  on  the  left  of  Third  Battalion  and  was  deployed 
to  their  left,  the  First  Battalion  following  as  support,  and  with  the  assistance  of  the 
battery  drove  the  enemy  from  their  position  over  the  mountains.  Private  Ezra  Kirk, 
Company  H,  slight  wound  in  left  wrist. 

After  a  short  lest  the  column  then  advanced  toward  Antipolo,  the  Fourth  Cavalry  in 
advance.    After  marching  about  two  and  one  half  miles  the  advance  guard  of  the  cav- 


604  OREGON    VOLUNTEERS    IN    SPANISH    WAR. 

airy  was  flred  upon  by  the  enemy,  who  held  strong  position  on  mountain  on  left ;  also 
from  position  in  our  front  and  from  our  right.  First  Battalion,  Major  Willis  command- 
ing, advanced  in  column  of  flies  and  formed  line  of  skirmishers  and  advanced  to  the 
right.  The  Second  Battalion,  Major  Eastwick  commanding,  deployed  and  formed  line 
of  skirmishers  to  the  left.  The  Third  Battalion,  Captain  Heath  commanding,  advanced 
and  formed  line  of  skirmishes  to  thelfront. 

After  engagement  lasting  three-quarters  of  an  hour,  the  enemy  were  driven  from 
their  position,  the  First  Battalion  advancing  over  the  mountain  on  the  right  to  a  point 
about  one  and  one  half  miles  east  of  Taytay.  The  Third  Battalion  advanced  over  the 
mountain  on  the  left,  driving  the  enemy  from  their  position,  and  held  position  gained 
until  dark,  then  retired  to  village  at  foot  of  hill  and  camped  for  the  night.  Distance 
traveled,  about  fifteen  miles.  William  WcElwain,  private,  Company  H,  killed  ;  Austin 
J.  Saulsbury,  private.  Company  H,  wounded  in  head,  slight;  Clayton  Ranson,  private. 
Company  L,  wounded  in  the  head,  slight;  Henry  M.  Wagner,  private.  Company  B, 
wounded  in  back,  serious ;  Elmer  L.  Doolittle,  private,  Company  C,  wounded  in  right 
arm,  severe. 

The  enemy's  force  was  estimated  to  be  about  three  hundred.  Was  unable  to  estimate 
their  loss,  which  was  severe.    Eight  prisoners  were  captured,  together  with  six  rifles. 

The  following  morning,  June  4th,  left  camp  at  5  a.  m.,  the  lines  formed  with  the 
Second  Oregon  on  the  right,  and  took  position  on  top  of  mountain  east  of  Taytay  and 
exchanged  a  few  shots  with  the  enemy  fleeing  over  the  mountains  toward  Antipolo. 
At  3.30  p.  M.  the  column  was  again  formed  and  crossed  over  mountains  on  the  Calle 
Real,  passing  through  Antipolo  and  marched  down  to  Teresa,  arriving  at  8.30  p.  m.,  and 
camped  for  the  night.    Distance  traveled,  about  fourteen  miles. 

The  following  morning,  June  5th,  column  left  Teresa  at  8.45  and  marched  to  Moi-ong, 
arriving  at  that  point  at  12  o'clock  noon,  and  embarked  on  cascoes  for  Manila,  the  First 
Battalion  arriving  at  barracks  at  6.30  p.  m.,  the  Third  Battalion  and  two  companies  of 
the  Second  arriving  at  10.20.  Companies  C  and  G,  Second  Battalion,  arrived  the  follow- 
ing morning,  June  7th,  at  11  a.  m.    Distance  traveled,  about  thirty  miles. 

Very  respectfully, 

O.  Summers, 
Brevet  Brigadier  General, 
Commanding  Second  Oregon  Infantry,  U.  8.  V. 


APPENDIX. 


ORDERS 


MOBILIZATION  AND  ORGANIZATION  OF 
OREGON  VOLUNTEERS. 


Headquarters  Oregon  Nationai^  Guard, 

Adjutant  General's  Office, 

Salem.  Oregon,  April  25,  189S. 
General  Orders  No.  1). 

I.  The  commanding  officer  of  each  infantry  company  is  directed  to  immediately 
recruit  his  command  to  the  maximum  strength  authorized  by  paragraph  17  of  the  regu- 
lations. 

II.  Commanding  officers  of  Companies  A,  B,  C,  D,  E,  V,  H,  I,  and  detachment  of  the 
Hospital  Corps,  Second  Regiment;  commanding  officers.  Companies  C,  D,  and  G,  and 
detachment  of  the  Hospital  Corps,  Third  Battalion  ;  separate  Companies  B  and  P,  will, 
within  twenty-four  (24)  hours  after  the  receipt  of  this  order,  proceed  from  their  respective 
stations  to  Portland  with  their  commands,  armed  and  equipped  for  active  service  in 
the  field. 

Commanding  officers.  Companies  A,  C,  E,  G,  H,  I,  K,  detachment  of  the  Hospital 
Corps,  First  Regiment,  Battery  A,  the  Engineer  and  Signal  Corps,  will  assemble  in  their 
respective  quarters,  armed  and  equipped  for  active  service  in  the  field  forty-eight  (48) 
hours  after  the  receipt  of  this  order. 

III.  Each  of  the  organizations  above  designated  stationed  outside  of  Portland,  will 
be  furnished  transportation  to  Portland  on  application  to  the  agent  of  the  railroad  com- 
pany at  their  respective  stations,  and  will  provide  sufficient  cooked  rations  for  their 
commands  till  arrival  in  Portland. 

Until  further  orders,  the  detachment  of  the  Hospital  Corps,  Second  Regiment,  will 
be  attached  to  Company  F,  Second  Regiment.  The  commanding  officer.  Third  Bat- 
talion, will  communicate  with  the  commanding  officer,  detachment  of  the  Hospital 
Corps,  Third  Battalion,  and  arrange  their  transportation  and  departure  so  as  to  embark 
on  the  same  train  as  Company  G,  Third  Battalion,  to  which  they  will  be  attached  till 
further  orders. 

IV.  Upon  arrival  at  Portland,  the  commanding  officers  of  companies  will  proceed 
with  their  commands  to  the  Multnomah  County  Armory,  where  they  will  be  furnished 
quarters  till  further  orders,  and  will  immediately  thereafter  report  in  person  to  the 
brigade  commander  in  the  armory.  Commanding  officers,  First  Regiment,  Battery  A, 
the  Engineer  and  Signal  Corps,  will  report  in  person  to  the  brigade  commander  as  soon 
as  their  commands  have  assembled. 

V.  The  following  articles  of  uniform  and  equipment  will  be  furnished  each  enlisted 
man,  by  their  commanding  officers,  when  the  supply  is  sufficient;  deficiencies  will  be 
supplied  at  Portland : 


608  APPENDIX. 

TO   BE   WORN   ON   THE   PERSON. 

One  campaign  hat  (forage  cap  for  deficiencies  when  not  suflicient  campaign  hats  on 
hand). 

One  blouse. 

One  pair  trousers. 

One  pair  leggings. 

TO   BE   CARRIED   BY   THE   MEN. 

One  rifle,  with  bayonet. 

One  woven  belt,  with  bayonet  scabbard. 

One  Merriam  pack  (when  supplied). 

One  haversack. 

One  canteen. 

One  tin  cup  (quart),  to  be  attached  to  canteen  or  haversack, 

TO   BE  CARRIED  IN  THE  HAVERSACK. 

One  meat  ration  can  (when  supplied). 

One  knife,  table. 

One  fork,  table. 

One  spoon,  table. 

One  tin  plate  (if  no  meat  ration  can). 

One  trumpet  and  cord,  by  each  musician. 

The  following  articles,  rolled  together  in  a  bundle,  blanket  on  the  outside,  and 
securely  bound  with  rope  or  straps,  with  the  name,  company,  and  regiment  of  the  owner 
marked  on  a  tag  of  wood  or  pasteboard,  and  securely  attached  to  it  will  be  allowed  as 
baggage,  viz : 

One  blanket  (to  be  issued). 

One  overcoat  (to  be  issued). 

EACH  OFFICER  AND  ENLISTED  MAN  TO  SUPPLY  HIMSELF  WITH — 

One'change  of  underclothing. 

Two  pair  of  woolen  socks. 

Two  handkerchiefs. 

One  comb. 

One  towel. 

One  small  piece  of  soap. 

Enlisted  men  provided  with  a  Merriam  pack  will  carry  the  articles  of  personal  apparel 
in  the  pack. 

In  addition  to  the  above  articles  of  personal  apparel,  each  officer  and  enlisted  man 
should  provide  himself  with  one  heavy  overshirt  (woolen  and  of  blue  color  preferred), 
also  a  pair  of  broad,  thicksoled  shoes. 

No  other  articles  than  those  named  will  be  allowed  enlisted  men. 

Commanding  officers  will  be  held  to  a  strict  accountability  that  the  above  is  rigidly 
complied  with. 

VI.  Company  commanders  will  take  with  them  to  Portland  their  descriptive  books, 
retained  copies  of  muster  rolls,  and  State  and  United  States  property  returns  for  the  last 
quarter. 

Commanding  officers  of  the  detachments  of  the  Hospital  Corps,  Second  Regiment  and 
Third  Battalion  will  prepare,  in  duplicate,  muster  rolls  of  the  corps  made  up  to  and 
including  the  date  of  departure  of  the  detachment  from  their  station,  showing  the  name 
of  each  member  of  the  corps  on  that  date ;  opposite  the  name  of  each,  the  notation 
whether  present  or  absent,  (present  those  actually  present  for  service),  and  all  changes 
since  last  muster,  one  copy  to  be  placed  in  the  hands  of  the  commanding  officer  of  the 
company  to  which  attached,  the  other  retained. 

VII.  Commanding  officers  of  companies  will  box  all  serviceable  campaign  hats, 
blouses,   trousers,  leggings,  overcoats,  blankets,  rifles,  bayonets,  bayonet  scabbards, 


APPENDIX.  609 

woven  belts,  canteens,  haversacks,  screwdrivers,  sh,ell  extractors,  spring  vices,  and  tum- 
bler punches,  not  actually  issued  to  the  men,  in  suitable  cases  for  shipment  and  ship  as 
baggage  on  the  same  train  with  troops. 

Articles  of  clothing,  equipment,  and  rifles  to  be  packed  in  separate  cases,  each  case 
bearing  on  the  outside  the  name  of  the  olticer,  his  company  and  regiment,  and  the  num- 
ber of  each  article  contained  therein. 

Mess  pans,  camp  kettles,  frying  pans,  skimmers,  bread  knives,  butcher  knives, 
butcher  steels,  salt  dredgers,  pepper  dredgers,  soup  ladles,  blasting  spoons,  flesh  forks, 
and  such  extra  supply  of  meat  ration  cans,  tin  cups,  knives  (table),  forks  (table),  spoons 
(table),  and  tin  plates  as  are  not  issued  to  the  men  will  be  carefully  packed  in  the  mess 
chest  and  shipped  with  the  troops,  care  being  exercised  that  the  chest  is  locked  and  the 
keys  secure. 

The  quartermasters.  Second  Regiment  and  Third  Battalion,  will  carefully  pack, 
invoice,  and  ship  to  the  Quartermaster  General,  Portland,  with  the  troops,  all  articles 
available  for  issue  in  their  possession  mentioned  above  as  required  of  company  com- 
manders (not  provided  for  in  paragraph  IX  of  this  order)  taking  receipts  and  giving 
invoices  in  duplicate  therefor. 

All  ofhcers  ordered  into  Portland  pursuant  to  this  order,  responsible  for  property,  will 
bring  with  them  their  retained  copies  of  returns  of  State  and  United  States  property  for 
the  last  quarter. 

VIII.  Commanding  officers  of  companies,  battery,  and  corps,  will  arrange  for  the 
proper  care  and  safe  keeping  of  the  armories,  records,  and  property  for  which  they  are 
accountable,  left  at  the  station  of  their  respective  organizations,  before  their  departure 
therefrom,  by  designating  some  reliable  person  to  have  charge  of  the  same  during  their 
tour  of  active  duty,  or  until  otherwise  directed  from  this  office  (preferably  a  member  of 
the  Oregon  National  Guard,  incapacitated  for  active  service,  or  a  bondsman),  reporting 
the  name  of  such  person  to  these  headquarters,  in  writing,  without  delay.  Bonded  offi- 
cers will  be  held  to  a  strict  accountability  for  compliance  with  these  instructions. 

IX.  The  commanding  officer  of  the  detachment  of  the  Hospital  Corps,  Second  Regi- 
ment, will  transfer  to  the  commanding  officer  Company  F,  Second  Regiment ;  the  com- 
manding officer,  detachment  of  the  Hospital  Corps,  Third  Battalion,  to  the  command- 
ing officer  Company  G,  Third  Battalion,  all  State  and  United  States  property  in  the 
possession  of  the  enlisted  men  designated  in  paragraph  III  and  such  additional  property 
enumerated  in  paragraph  VII  of  this  order  as  may  be  in  their  possession,  invoices  and 
receipts  being  exchanged  in  duplicate  for  transfers  made,  separate  invoices  and  receipts 
being  exchanged  for  State  and  United  States  property. 

X.  Nothing  in  this  order  shall  be  construed  to  apply  to  any  enlisted  man  who  has 
not  signified  his  willingness  to  enlist  in  the  volunteer  service  of  the  United  States,  or 
who  has  not  passed  a  physical  examination  by  a  medical  officer  of  the  Oregon  National 
Guard. 

XI.  Until  further  orders  the  examination  herein  designated  will  be  commanded 
and  accompanied  to  Portland  by  the  senior  officer  in  command  only. 

By  order  of  the  Commander-in-Chief:  B.  B.  Tuttle, 

Official:  Adjutant  General. 

J.  C.  RuTENiC,  Assistant  Adjutant  General. 

Portland,  Oregon,  April  30, 1898. 
To  the  Adjutant  General,  O.  N.  G.,  Portland,  Orepon. 

Sir  :  I  have  the  honor  to  report  that  in  compliance  with  General  Orders  No.  0,  c.  s., 
Adjutant  General's  office,  dated  April  2,5th,  the  following  infantry  troops  of  this  brigade, 
namely,  separate  companies  B  and  P,  Companies  A,  B,  C,  D,  E,  F,  I,  and  the  detachment 
of  Hospital  Corps,  Second  Regiment,  Companies  C,  D,  G,  and  detachment  of  Hospital 
Corps,  Third  Battalion,  arrived  at  Portland  to-day  and  were  encamped  on  the  grounds 
of  the  Irvington  Racetrack  Association,  at  Irvington  Park,  East  Side,  this  city.  I  have 
caused  an  encampment  ground  to  be  laid  out  at  this  location,  including  fa('ilities  for 
the  care  of  800  officers  and  cnlislrd  men.  It  is  evident  from  iufoniiation  received  from 
39 


6W  APPENDIX. 

Captain  Kendall,  who  is  understood  from  press  reports  to  have  been  detailed  as  the 
mustering  officer  for  the  purpose  of  mustering  Oregon  National  Guard  troops  into  the 
service  of  the  United  States,  that  he  has  not  as  yet  been  officially  advised  of  this  detail 
and  has  received  no  instructions  or  supplies  in  connection  with  the  performance  of  this 
duty. 

I  deemed  it  wiser  with  a  view  of  saving  expense  to  defer  assembling  the  First  Regi- 
ment companies  in  their  armory  until  Monday,  May  1st.  For  all  information  as  to 
details  in  connection  with  the  establishment  of  the  camp  above  designated  and  delay 
in  assembling  the  First  Regiment  companies,  I  have  the  honor  to  refer  you  to  Special 
Orders  Nos.  24,  25,  and  26,  c.  s.,  and  General  Orders  No.  2,  these  headquarters,  dated  April 
27th  to  29th,  duplicate  copies  of  which  respectively  have  been  duly  forwarded  to  your 
office.    I  have  the  honor  to  remain  sir,  very  respectfully. 

Your  obedient  servant.  Chari.es  F.  Beebe, 

Brigadier  Oeneral. 

Headquarters  Brigade,  O.  N.  G., 

Portland,  Oregon,  April  37,  1S9S. 
Special  Orders  No.  24. 

I.  Maj.  H.  E.  Mitchell  is  hereby  directed  to  forthwith  prepare  ground  for  an  encamp- 
ment of  infantry  troops  to  arrive  from  stations  outside  of  Portland,  on  the  racetrack  at 
Irvington  Park.  Preparations  will  be  made  to  encamp  about  800  enlisted  men,  and  the 
officers  who  may  be  with  them,  as  prescribed  in  General  Orders  No.  9,  c.  s.,  Adjutant 
General's  office,  dated  April  25th.  These  grounds  will  be  in  readiness  for  occupation  by 
troops  not  later  than  Friday  afternoon,  April  29th.  Tentage  and  all  necessary  quarter- 
master stores  will  be  taken  to  the  grounds,  and  tents  erected  and  in  readiness  for  occupa- 
tion. The  camp  will  be  laid  out,  tents  placed,  company  kitchens  and  sinks  established 
under  the  direction  of  Capt.  J.  F.  Case,  First  Infantry.  The  brigade  quartermaster  is 
charged  with  responsibility  for  the  safe  keeping  of  all  property  taken  to  and  left  on  the 
grounds  prior  to  the  turning  over  of  same  to  the  custody  of  camp  commander. 

II.  Maj.  D.  J.  Moore,  the  brigade  commissary,  will  provide  for  the  subsistence  of 
troops  to  be  encamped  on  the  racetrack  at  Irvington  Park,  and  to  be  quartered  in  the 
First  Regiment  Armory,  as  directed  under  General  Orders  No.9,c.  s..  Adjutant  General's 
office,  dated  April  25th.  He  will  complete  all  the  necessary  arrangements  so  as  to  be  in 
readiness  upon  the  arrival  of  the  troops  from  their  respective  stations. 

III.  Capt.  J.  F.  Case,  First  Infantry,  will  proceed  to  the  ractrack  at  Irvington  Park 

on  Thursday  morning,  April  28th,  for  the  purpose  of  laying  out  encampment  grounds 

for  occupation  by  troops  as  directed  under  General  Orders  No. 9,  c.  s..  Adjutant  General's 

office,  dated  April  25th,  and  in  accordance  with  plans  promulgated  from  these  head- 

qu^arters. 

By  command  of  Brigadier  General  Beebe  : 

George  T.  Willett, 

Assistant  Adjutant  General. 

Headquarters  Brigade,  O.  N.  G., 

Portland,  Oregon,  April  28,  1898. 
Special  Orders,  No.  25. 

Pursuant  to  orders  from  the  Adjutant  General's  office,  paragraph  11,  General  Orders, 
No.  9,  c.  s..  Adjutant  General's  office,  so  far  as  relates  to  companies  of  the  First  Regi- 
ment, Battery  A,  Engineer  and  Signal  Corps,  to  be  assembled  in  their  respective  quarters 
forty-eight  hours  after  the  receipt  of  orders  is  annulled,  and  the  organizations  named 
will  assemble  as  follows  : 

Companies  A,  C,  E,  G,  H,  I,  K,  and  detachment  of  the  Hospital  Corps,  First  Regiment, 
the  Engineer  and  Signal  Corps  will  assemble  at  8  o'clock  a.  bi.,  Mondaj'  May  2, 1898. 

Battery  A  will  assemble  on  a  date  to  be  designated  later.  This  action  is  made  neces- 
sary on  account  of  delay  in  the  muster  into  the  sei'vice  of  the  United  States,  till  Monday 
or  Tuesday,  May  2d  or  3d. 

By  command  of  Brigadier  General  Beebe: 

George  T.  Willett, 
Assistant  Adjutant  General. 


APPKNDIX.  611 

HEAUCiUARTBKS  BRIGADE,  O.  N.  G., 

Portland,  Oregon,  April  2S,  1S9S. 
Special  Orders,  No.  26. 

First  Lieut.  George  W.  Povey,  commanding  I<]iigincer  Corps,  is  hereby  directed  to 
report  in  fatigue  uniform  witli  liis  command  to  Maj.  H.  E.  Mitchcil,  quartermaster 
brigade  staff,  at  these  lieadquarters,  Friday,  April  20th,  at  cS.SO  o'clocli  A.  m.  sharp  for 
.service  until  relieved. 

By  command  of  Brigadier  (Jeneral  Beebe: 

George  T.  Willett, 
Assistant  Adjutant  General. 


Headquarters  Brigade,  O.  N.  G., 

Portland,  Oregon,  April  '29,  1898. 
General  Orders,  No.  2. 

I.  Theencampmentof  troops  of  this  brigade,  established  on  the  racetrack  grounds 
at  Irvington  Park  for  the  purpose  of  mobilization  and  muster  into  service  of  the  United 
States  will  be  known  as  "Camp  McKlnley,"  in  honor  of  the  President. 

II.  Troops  to  arrive  in  Portland  from  outside  stations,  as  directed  under  General 
Orders,  No.  9,  c.  s.,  Adjutant  General's  ofHce,  dated  April  2.5th,  will,  upon  arrival  at  the 
Union  depot,  proceed  at  once  to  Camp  McKinley  and  take  station  there. 

III.  The  Brigade  Quarterniaster  will  arrange  for  the  transportation  of  all  baggage 
and  stores  of  every  de.scription  brought  by  the  commanding  offlcers  of  companies  from 
outside  stations  from  the  Union  depot  to  camp. 

IV.  Lieut.  Col.  C.  U.  Gantenbein,  First  Infantry,  is  hereby  detailed  as  commanding 
officer  of  Camp  McKinley,  and  will  prescribe  rules  and  regulations  for  its  government. 
He  will  make  such  details  as  may  be  necessary  to  carry  this  order  into  effect.  The  com- 
manding offlcers  of  companies  will,  immediately  upon  arrival  at  camp,  report  in  person 
to  him,  and  receive  instructions  as  to  locating  their  commands. 

V.  Maj.  James  McI.  Wood,  brigade  ordnance  officer,  will  be  present  at  the  Union 
depot  on  Saturday,  Api-il  30th,  upon  the  arrival  of  the  following  trains:  Via.  Oregon 
Railway  and  Navigation  Company,  arriving  at  7.20  a.  m.,  and  10.15  a.  m.,  via  Southern 
Pacific  Company,  west  side,  ariiving  at  8.25  a.  m.,  via  Southern  Pacific  Company,  east 
side,  arriving  at  9.30  A.  M.  and  4.30  p.  m.,  for  the  purpose  of  communicating  the  purport 
of  this  order  to  the  commanding  offlcers  of  companies  Immediately  upon  their  arrival 
by  these  trains. 

By  command  of  Brigadier  General  Beebe: 

George  T.  Willett, 
Assistant  Adjutant  General. 


Portland,  Oregon,  May  2,  189S. 
To  the  Adjutant  General,  O.  N.  G.,  Portland,  Oregon. 

Sir  :  I  have  the  honor  to  inform  you  that  in  compliance  with  orders  from  these  head- 
quarters Companies  A,  C,  E,  G,  H,  I,  K,  and  detachment  of  Hospital  Corps,  First  Regi- 
ment, the  Engineer  Corps  and  Signal  Corps  assembled  in  the  Multnomah  County 
Armory  this  morning  for  the  purpo.se  of  muster  into  the  service  of  the  United  States. 
Immediately  thereafter  I  directed  Companies  A  and  K,  First  Infantry,  under  command 
of  Captain  Wells,  lo  proceed  to  Camp  McKinley  and  take  station  there. 

For  all  detail  in  connection  of  assembling  of  troops  above  designated  and  full  infor- 
mation with  reference  to  instructions  prescribed  for  the  government,  botli  of  this 
station  and  Camp  McKinley,  I  respectfully  refer  you  to  General  Orders,  No.  8,  c.  s.,  these 
headquarters,  dated  May  1st,  and  Special  Orders,  No.  27,  c.  s.,  these  headquarters,  bearing 
to-day's  date,  duplicate  copies  of  which,  respectively,  have  been  duly  forwarded  to  your 
office. 

The  requirements  under  General  Orders,  No.  9,  c.  s.,  Adjutant  (General's  ofiice,  dated 
April  25th,  concerning  the  assembling  of  troops  of  this  brigade  for  the  purpose  of  muster 
into  the  service  of  the  United  States  have  l)eeM  fully  complied  Willi,  I  have  the  honor  t<J 


612  APPENDIX. 

report  that  these  troops  are  in  complete  readiness  for  muster  as  above  designated  at  any 
time  when  the  mustering  officer  may  be  ready  to  proceed  with  this  duty.  I  have  the 
honor  to  remain,  sir,  very  respectfully. 

Your  obedient  servant,  Charles  F.  Beebe, 

Brigadier  General. 

Headquarters  Brigade,  O.  N.  G., 

Portland,  Oregon,  May  i,  189S. 
General  Orders,  No.  3. 

I.  Maj.  P.  G.  Bastwick,  Jr.,  First  Infantry,  is  hereby  detailed  to  command  the  troops 
directed  to  assemble  at  the  Multnomah  County  Armory  on  Monday,  May  2,  1898,  for  the 
purpose  of  muster  into  the  United  States  service.  Commanding  officers  of  companies 
and  corps  will  report  in  person  to  Major  Eastwick  at  once  upon  assembling  their  com- 
mands. 

II.  First  Lieut.  L.  H.  Knapp,  regimental  quartermaster,  will  report  for  duty  to 
Major  Eastwick,  Monday,  May  2d,  at  8  o'clock  a.  m.,  as  post  quartermaster,  and  will 
perform  all  duties  in  connection  with  this  department  with  reference  to  the  troops 
assembled  in  the  armory. 

III.  Capt.  Ralph  Piatt  is  detailed  as  post  commissary.  He  will  report  to  Major 
Eastwick  at  the  same  time  and  place  for  the  performance  of  all  necessary  duty  in  this 
department. 

IV.  Capt.  C.  A.  Macrum,  surgeon.  First  Infantry,  will  report  to  Major  Eastwick  at 
the  same  time  and  place  as  medical  officer,  and  will  have  charge  of  the  operation  of  this 
department  at  the  armory  until  further  orders. 

V.  Major  EasLwick  will  make  such  details  from  troops  under  his  command  as  will 
assure  the  full  accomplishment  of  all  objects  involved  in  the  assemblage  of  troops  at 
the  armory.  He  will  mount  guard  daily,  exercising  his  judgment  as  to  what  may  be 
involved  in  connection  with  the  interests  of  the  service  in  admitting  visitors  to  different 
parts  of  the  building,  and  promulgating  in  a  general  way  rules  and  regulations  for  the 
government  of  troops  while  stationed  therein. 

VI.  The  instructions  under  General  Orders,  No.  2,  c.  s.,  these  headquarters,  as  applied 
to  permission  to  enlisted  men  to  be  absent  from  their  station,  will  be  rigidly  enforced  at 
the  armory  as  well. 

VII.  The  use  of  wines  and  liquors,  either  spirituous  or  malt,  in  the  armory  or  in 
Camp  McKinley,  or  the  having  or  taking  or  keeping  of  same  therein  is  strictly  pro- 
hibited, and  the  commanding  officers  ot  these  posts,  respectively,  are  charged  with 
personal  responsibility  for  the  implicit  observance  of  this  order. 

VIII.  Details  with  reference  to  the  maintenance  of  company  drills  and  drill  and 
instruction  of  recruits  will  be  at  once  arranged  at  the  armory,  and  this  work  will  be 
required  to  be  performed  to  such  extent  as  in  the  judgment  of  the  commanding  officer 
the  interests  of  the  service  may  require. 

IX.  The  brigade  commander  desires  that  a  convincing  object  lesson  be  conveyed  to 
the  people  of  the  State  as  to  the  thoroughly  soldierly  character  of  our  organized  National 
Guard  by  the  deportment  of  troops  while  assembled  preparatory  to  muster  into  service 
of  the  United  States.  Absolute,  unhesitating  and  implicit  obedience  to  orders  will  be 
expected  and  required. 

X.  The  officers  of  the  brigade  staff  will  report  for  duty  to  the  brigade  commander 

at  these  headquarters  on  Monday,  May  2d,  at  8  o'clock  p.  M. 

By  order  of  Brigadier  General  Beebe : 

George  T.  Willett, 

Assistant  Adjutant  General. 

Headquarters  Brigade,  O.  N.  G., 

Portland,  Oregon,  May  /,,  1898. 
Special  Orders,  No.  27. 

I.  Companies  A  and  K,  First  Regiment  Infantry,  armed  and  equipped  as  prescribed 
in  General  Orders,  No.  9,  c.  s.,  Adjutant  General's  office,  dated  April  25th,  under  com- 


APPENDIX.  613 

mand  of  Captain  Wells,  will  proceed  forthwith  to  Camp  McKinley  and  take  station 
there.  Immediately  upon  arrival  at  camp,  Captain  Wells  will  report  his  command  to 
the  commanding  officer  for  assignment  to  quarters. 

II.  The  companies  above  designated  will  be  consolidated  with  separate  Company  B 
and  Company  G,  Third  Battalion,  respectively,  for  permanent  organization  in  flrst 
infantry,  Oregon  Volunteers. 

III.  The  camp  commander  will  report  the  fulfillment  of  this  order  to  these  head- 
quarters. 

By  command  of  Brigadier  General  Beebe : 

George  T.  Willett, 
Assistant  Adjutant  General. 

Portland,  Oregon,  3Iay  s,  1S9S. 
Adjutant  General,  O.  N.  G.,  Camp  McKinley,  Portland,  Oregoyi. 

Sir:  In  compliance  with  your  verbal  request  last  evening,  Monday,  May  2d,  I  have 
the  honor  to  inform  you  that  the  infantry  troops  of  this  brigade  have  been  mobilized  at 
Camp  McKinley,  Irvington  racetrack,  east  side,  this  city,  and  are  now  assembled  there 
in  readiness  for  muster  as  an  infantry  regiment  Into  the  volunteer  army  of  the  United 
States  as  prescribed  by  requii-ements  under  the  call  of  the  President  for  same.  I  have 
the  honor  to  remain,  very  respectfully. 

Your  obedient  servant,  Charles  F.  Beebe, 

Brigadier  General. 

Portland,  Oregon,  May  3, 1S98. 
Capt.  H.  F.  Kendall, 

United  States  Mustering  Officer,  Portland,  Oregon. 
Sir  :  I  have  to  advise  that  the  regiment  of  infantry  called  for  from  the  State  of  Ore- 
gon by  the  President's  proclamation,  dated  April  23d,  1898,  is  duly  organized  and  ready 
for  muster  into  the  service  of  the  United  States.  They  are  in  camp  at  Camp  McKinley, 
Irvington  Park,  at  the  racetrack,  east  side,  Portland.  Under  the  formation  of  the 
National  Guard  of  Oregon,  we  have  three  majors  and  three  battalion  adjutants. 
Respectfully, 

B.  B.  Tuttle, 
Adjutant  General. 

Headquarters  Oregon  National  Guard, 

Adjutant  General's  Office, 

Salem,  Oregon,  May  5, 189S. 
General  Orders,  No.  11. 

Company  and  corps  officers  of  the  Oregon  National  Guard,  in  Camp  McKinley,  will 
transfer  to  their  company  commanders  of  the  Second  Oregon  Volunteer  Infantry,  as 
reorganized  by  General  Orders,  No.  10,  c.  s.,  this  office,  all  State  and  United  States  prop- 
erty ordered  to  be  taken  with  them  under  General  Orders,  No.  9,  c.  s.,  this  office. 

The  commanding  officers,  Engineer  and  Signal  Corps,  will  transfer  to  the  Quarter- 
master General  all  State  and  United  States  property  remaining  in  their  possession,  after 
making  the  transfers  above  directed,  to  the  commanding  officers  of  the  companies  with 
which  their  corps  have  been  consoldiated. 

By  order  of  the  Commander-in-Chief:  B.  B.  Tuttle, 

Adjutant  General. 

Headquarters  Oregon  National  Guard, 
Adjutant  General's  Office, 

Salem,  Oregon,  May  6,  1S9S. 
Special  Orders,  No.  9. 

Col.  James  Jackson,  inspector  general,  will  proceed  to  Camp  McKinley  and  inspect 
the  Oregon  National  Guard  i.here  in  camp,  and  will  adjust  the  property  and  financial 
accounts  of  the  officers  prior  to  muster  into  the  service  of  the  United  States. 
By  order  of  the  Commander-in-Chief: 

B.  B.  Tuttle, 
Adjutant  General. 


614  APPDNDIX. 


Headquarters  Oregon  National  Guard, 
Adjutant  General's  Office, 

Salem,  Oregon,  May  15,  i~9S. 
Special  Orders,  No.  13. 

extracts. 
************ 
\\%.  Col.  James  Jackson,  inspector  general,  will  proceed  from  Camp  McKinley  to 
the  Presidio,  San  Francisco,  California,  with  the  last  detachment  of  the  Second  Oregon 
Volunteer  Infantry,  on  public  business,  on  the  completion  of  which  he  will  return  to 
his  proper  station.  The  travel  enjoined  is  necessary  for  the  public  service. 
By  order  of  the  Commander-in-Chief : 

B.   B.  TUTTLE, 

Adjutant  General. 

Headquarters  Oregon  National  Guard, 
Adjutant  General's  Office, 

Salem,  Oregon,  May  l/„  1S08. 

Pursuant  to  the  proclamation  of  the  Governor  and  instructions  from  the  War  Depart- 
ment, sufficient  recruits  will  be  enlisted  at  your  station  to  fill  the  company  of  the  Sec- 
ond Oregon  Volunteer  Infantry,  recruited  from  that  place,  to  the  maximum  number  of 
one  hundred  and  six  enlisted  men. 

The  recruiting  will  be  done  by  an  army  officer  designated  by  the  War  Department, 
who  will  arrive  at  your  station  for  this  purpose  at  a  date  to  be  designated  later. 

You  ai-e  authorized  to  enroll  for  enlistment  the  number  of  volunteers  shown  below  to 
be  recruited  at  your  station,  with  an  additional  number  as  .substitutes  in  case  of  rejec- 
tions, that  delay  in  .securing  the  number  required  may  be  avoided. 

In  order  to  facilitate  the  examination  and  muster-in,  on  arrival  of  the  recruiting  offi- 
cer, you  are  requested  to  select  a  suitable  form  for  use  as  a  room  for  physical  examina- 
tion, to  be  not  less  than  16x20  feet,  well  lighted  and  provided  for  heating  ;  and  two  small 
rooms  well  lighted  for  use  as  offices ;  the  examination  room  to  be  adapted  for  temporary 
use  for  .sleeping  apartment  for  accepted  recruits.  As  soon  as  the  required  number  of 
recruits  are  accepted  at  your  .station,  they  will  be  sent  direct  to  San  Franci.sco,  and  they 
should  be  prepared  to  leave  as  soon  as  accepted. 

So  arrange  that  those  enrolled,  including  substitutes,  maybe  assembled  within  21 
hours  after  receipt  of  notice  to  assemble. 

Nothing  in  these  instructions  shall  be  construed  as  authorizing  any  expense  to  be 
incurred  in  the  name  of  the  State  or  the  United  States. 

Advise  this  office  by  letter  as  soon  as  a  sufficient  number  of  names  have  been  enrolled. 
Be  very  careful  and  enroll  only  such  as  will  probably  pass  the  physical  examination, 
which  will  be  made  on  the  lines  of  former  examination  for  enlistment  in  the  Second 
Oregon  Volunteer  Regiment. 

Number  of  enlisted  men  required  at  each  station  : 

McMinnville,  14  enlisted  men. 

Roseburg,  14  enlisted  men. 

Pendleton,  13  enlisted  men. 

Albany,  13  enlisted  men. 

Salem,  2,5  enlisted  men. 

Hubbard,  13  enlisted  men. 

Portland,  128  enlisted  men. 

Ashland,  14  enlisted  men. 

Eugene,  25  enlisted  men. 

La  Grande,  12  enlisted  men. 

Oregon  City,  12  enlisted  men. 

The  Dalles,  13  enlisted  men. 

Woodburn,  14  enlisted  men. 

The  number  of  substitutes  to  be  equal  to  the  number  required,  as  shown  above. 

Respectfully, 

B.  B.  Tuttle, 
Adjutant  General. 


APPENDIX.  01; 


Report  of  Col.  O.  Summers,  Second  Oregon  U.  S.  Volunteer  Infantry  on 

Transportation  of  His  Command  from  San  Francisco 

to  Manila,  Dated  July  8,  1898. 

Headquarters  Second  Regiment,  Oregon  U.  S.  V., 

Cavite,  P.  1.,  July  S,  1S9S. 
To  the  Assistant  Adjutant  General, 

First  Brigade,  U.  S.  Expeditionary  Forces,  Cavite  Arsenal,  P.  I. 

Sib:  In  compliance  with  army  regulations,  I  have  the  honor  to  make  my  report  in 
regard  to  transportation  of  troops  of  my  command  from  San  Francisco  to  this  point. 

On  May  24,  1898,  we  embarked  at  San  Francisco  on  board  the  Steamship  Australia, 
with  part  of  my  command,  consisting  of  my  headq  uarters  and  Companies  A,  B,  C,  D,  E 
G,  H,  K,  and  L,  and  proceeded  out  into  the  bay  and  there  dropped  anchor  awaiting  final 
departure.  About  3  o'clock  p.  m.,  May  25th,  we  steamed  out  of  the  harbor  heading  for 
these  islands  and  arrived  at  Honolulu  on  the  1st  day  of  June.  We  left  Honolulu  on  June 
3d,  and  arrived  at  Guam,  Ladrone  Islands,  on  the  20th,  about  7  A.  M.  After  a  stoppage 
of  about  two  days,  we  left  Guam  at  2  p.  m.,  June  22d,  and  sailed  for  these  islands,  and 
arrived  in  the  harbor  otfCavite  at  5  p.  m.,  June  30th. 

Outside  of  the  ordinary  complaints  usual  to  a  sea  voyage  of  this  kind,  the  health  of 
the  command  during  the  trip  was  very  satisfactory,  considering  the  general  arrange- 
ments made  for  the  comfort,  and  the  condition  of  the  men  while  in  transit. 

A  daily  system  of  rations  was  arranged,  after  a  few  days  out,  in  adapting  ourselves  to 
the  different  departments,  and  the  handling  and  custody  of  matters  of  this  kind. 

A  general  system  of  work  was  organized  for  the  trip,  so  far  as  it  related  to  the  health 
and  comfort  of  the  command.  We  established  a  system  of  two  meals  a  day,  with  a 
luncheon  of  coffee  and  hard  bread  in  the  morning. 

A  system  of  drill  was  kept  up  so  far  as  practicable  aboard  ship.  Setting  up  exercises, 
and  the  drill  of  Manual  of  Arms  was  adhered  to  every  day  (Saturday  and  Sunday 
excepted),  and  strictly  complied  with. 

The  bathing  of  the  men  was  watched  very  closely,  they  being  compelled  to  bathe  by 
companies  twice  a  week,  commencing  by  three  companies  each  day  on  the  first  three 
days  of  each  week,  to  be  followed  up  in  like  manner  on  the  latter  three  days  of  the 
week. 

A  general  inspection  of  the  quarters  of  the  ship  was  followed  out  each  day,  Major 
Jones,  of  the  brigade  statt",  acting  as  inspecting  olHcer,  accompanied  by  the  commanding 
ofticer  of  this  regiment. 

Officers'  schools  were  kept  up  each  day  during  the  trip  as  follows  :  From  10.30  to  11.30 
a  school  was  given  for  the  benefit  of  commissioned  officers,  under  the  auspices  of  one  of 
the  brigade  oflicers,  where  a  system  was  given  out  in  regard  to  the  construction  of  a 
Ciuartermaster  Department,  Commissary  Department,  and  the  Adjutant  General's 
Department,  according  to  regulations.  General  Anderson,  himself,  kindly  assisted  in 
giving  valuable  information  in  regard  to  field  maneuvers  at  these  schools.  In  the 
afternoons  a  school  for  noncommissioned  officers  was  given  under  the  auspices  of  each 
battalion  commander,  the  First  Battalion  having  a  school  from  2  to  3  p.  m.,  and  the 
Second  Battalion  from  3.30  to  4.30  P.  M.  In  the  evening  a  .school  was  held  from  8  to  9 
o'clock  for  commissioned  officers  on  general  tactics  and  field  maneuvers,  under  the 
auspices  of  the  commanding  officer  of  the  regiment. 

Church  services  were  held  every  Sunday,  and,  .so  far  as  practicable,  a  general  military 
discipline  was  conducted  all  through  the  voyage. 

The  distance  traveled  by  this  command  was  as  follows  :  San  Francisco  to  Honolulu, 
2,102  miles;  from  Honolulu  to  Guam,  3,339  miles;  from  Guam  to  Cavite,  1,750  miles, 
making  a  total  of  7,197  miles. 

I  would  respectfully  state  that  the  accommodations  aboard  ship  were  entirely  inade- 
quate, so  far  as  sleeping  accommodations  and  a  general  healthful  condition  were  con- 
cerned.   We  were  quite  fortunate  in  having  a  very  pleasant  and  satisfactory  voyage  all 


616  APPENDIX. 

through,  the  time  consumed  In  the  trip  being  36  days.  Also  I  regret  that  the  conditions 
were  such  that  compelled  my  command  to  come  into  the  field  for  service  only  partially 
equipped,  so  far  as  actual  necessities,  such  as  clothing,  shoes  and  equipment,  required 
for  field  ser\  ice,  owing  to  the  limited  provisions  made  for  these  matters  in  the  Quarter- 
master's Department  at  San  Francisco.  We  are  very  short  on  these  things  that  would 
be  absolutely  necessarj-  for  a  successful  field  campaign. 

Accompanying  this  report,  you  will  find  reports  as  made  by  Maj.  P.  G.  Eastwick,  Jr., 
who  was  placed  in  command  of  Companies  F,  I,  and  M,  of  my  regiment,  which  sailed 
on  board  the  steamship  City  of  Sydney  on  the  same  date. 

Verj'  respectfully,  O.  Summers, 

Colonel,  Second  Regiment,  O.  U.  S.  V. 


Report  of  Maj.  M.  H.  Ellis,  Surgeon,  Second  Oregon  U.  S.  Volunteer 

Infantry,  on  Medical  and  Sanitary  Conditions  Existing  on 

Steamship  Australia,  Dated  December  29,  1898. 

Headquarters  Second  Regiment,  Oregon  U.  S.  Volunteers, 

Ouartel  de  Espana,  Manila ,  P.  I.,  December  29,  1S9S. 
Lieut.  Col.  Henry  Lippincott, 

Deputy  Surgeon  General,  U.  8.  A.,  Chief  Surgeon. 

Sir  :  Replying  to  your  communication,  dated  November  27, 189S,  asking  for  additional 
information  regarding  the  medical  and  sanitai-y  conditions  existing  on  the  transport 
Australia,  supplementary  to  "Sanitary  Report"  for  the  month  of  May,  18i)8,  I  have  the 
honor  to  report  as  follows  : 

1st.  The  eighteen  latrines,  on  the  aft  deck  of  the  steamer,  were  not  originally  on  the 
vessel,  but  were  constructed  especially  for  the  troops  and  were  used  exclusively  by  them. 
There  were,  besides,  two  closets,  located  one  on  each  side  of  the  saloon  deck,  for  the  use 
of  the  officers.  These  were  a  part  of  the  ship's  permanent  equipment,  as  were  also  two 
other  closets  on  the  deck,  which  were  used  exclusively  by  the  ship's  crew. 

2d.  The  cooking  facilities  were  not,  during  any  part  of  the  trip,  adequate.  The  only 
additional  cooking  appliances  added  to  equip  the  vessel  as  a  transport  for  troops,  con- 
sisted of  one  small  bath  room,  converted  into  a  galley,  but  equipped  with  almost  no  gal- 
ley furniture.    I  believe  there  was  much  suffering  among  the  men  as  a  consequence. 

In  order  to  furnish  more  specific  information  regarding  this  matter,  I  have  asked  the 
officers,  who  were  more  particularly  connected  with  this  department,  to  furnish  me 
with  statements  concerning  the  cooking  arrangements,  and  the  steps  taken  to  improve 
or  increase  the  faciUties  for  preparing  the  ration.  I  have  the  honor  to  enclose  communi- 
cation from  Lieut.  Ralph  Piatt,  commissary  of  subsistence  department.  Second  Regi- 
ment, Oregon  U.  S.  Volunteers,  and  Captain  H.  L.  Wells,  Second  Regiment,  Oregon  U.S. 
Volunteers,  acting  regimental  mess  officer  during  the  voyage  from  Han  Francisco. 

3d.  The  bathing  facilities  were  adequate  and  consisted  of  a  large  canvas  bath  tub, 
about  8  feet  square  and  3  feet  deep.  Into  which  water  from  the  sea  was  kept  constantly 
pumped.  There  were  no  showers  in  connection  with  it,  but  the  supplying  hose  was  used 
to  direct  the  water  over  the  bodies  of  the  bathers.  This  tub  was  kept  clean  by  being 
washed  out  at  frequent  intervals. 

The  companies  were  bathed  three  times  a  week,  and  the  arrangement  was  regarded 
as  very  satisfactory. 

Personal  cleanliness  was  further  greatly  promoted  by  the  steaming  of  the  under- 
clothes of  every  enlisted  man,  twice  a  week.  The  arrangement  for  doing  this  being 
extemporized,  with  the  assistance  of  the  ship's  engineer,  by  connecting  a  large  water 
tank  with  a  steam  pipe  from  ths  ship's  boilers.  In  this  way  we  were  enabled  completely 
to  rid  the  regiment  of  the  body  louse,  which  had  made  its  appearance  in  two  of  the  com- 
panies. There  has  been  no  further  trouble  in  this  connection  since,  although  six  months 
have  elapsed  since  that  time. 


APPENDIX.  617 

4th.  The  only  room  available  for  a  hospital  was  aft  on  the  lower  saloon  deck.  It  had 
accommodations  for  12  men,  was  too  close  and  crowded,  and  not  very  satisfactory.  The 
cases  of  measles  were  removed  to  the  aft  hurricane  deck,  as  soon  as  diagnosed,  a  space 
being  cleared  for  them  and  sentries  posted,  preventing  all  contact  with  others.  A  dou- 
ble fly  was  stretched  over  them  and  they  were  made  reasonably  comfortable.  This,  I 
regard  as  a  very  satisfactory  method  of  treating  these  cases,  although  constant  watch 
had  to  be  maintained,  lest  a  storm  should  come  up,  which  might  have  rendered  their 
position  dangerous.  However  it  is  believed  that  nearly  everybody  on  board,  who  was 
subject  to  measles,  had  the  disease,  and  isolation,  under  the  circumstances,  could  not 
possibly  have  been  maintained  so  perfectly  as  to  have  prevented  the  spread  of  the  dis- 
ease. 

The  case  suspected  of  being  variola,  developed  at  Honolulu,  and  was  at  once  turned 
over  to  the  medical  officers  in  charge  of  the  quarantine  station  at  that  city. 

I  have  the  honor,  sir,  to  remain. 

Very  respectfully,  M.  H.  Ellis, 

Major  and  Surgeon,  Second  Regiment,  O.  U.  8.  V. 


Report  of  First  Lieut.  Ralph  Piatt,  Commissary,  Second  Oregon  U.  S. 

Volunteer  Infantry,  on  Conditions  in  Reference  to 

Subsistence  on  S.  S.  Australia,  Dated 

December  20,  1898. 

Headquarters  Provost  Marshal  General, 

Acting  Judge-Advocate's  Office, 
Manila,  P.  I.,  December  20,  1898. 
Malor  M.  H.  Ellis, 

Regimental  Surgeon,  Second  Oregon  Volunteer  Infantry,  Manila,  P.  I. 

Sir  :  In  replying  to  your  communication  of  a  late  date  requesting  information  as  to 
what  effort  was  made  towards  securing  more  adequate  cooking  facilities  on  the  trans- 
port Australia,  I  beg  to  state: 

That  on  the  23d  day  of  May  I  made  an  examination  of  the  steamship  Australia, 
especially  with  reference  to  the  facilities  of  cooking  the  rations  and  serving  the  same, 
and  found,  in  my  opinion,  the  same  to  be  totally  inadequate.  I  immediately  reported 
this  fact  to  Lieut.  Col.  W.  H.  Baldwin,  purchasing  commissary  at  San  Francisco,  who 
promptly  gave  a  note  to  Major  Long,  chief  quartermaster  at  the  same  port.  After  my 
explanation  of  the  inadequacy  of  the  facilities  offered  aboard  this  transport,  he  gave  me 
an  order  for  increasing  the  facilities.  I  promptly  went  to  the  docks,  found  Captain 
Howard,  superintendent  of  the  Spreckles  line  of  steamships,  and  reported  to  him  that 
I  had  an  order  to  increase  the  cooking  facilities  and  requesting  his  cooperation  in  plac- 
ing the  same  in  the  vessel.  Captain  Howard  was  very  much  irritated  over  this  matter, 
telling  me  that  I  was  inexperienced  in  the  handling  and  cooking  for  men  aboard  ship 
and  that  he  had  prepared  adequate  facilities  and  would  so  repert  to  Major  Long,  and  I 
am  informed  that  he  did  do  so,  for  as  nothing  was  done  that  day  I  again  called  on  Major 
Long  who  told  me  that  Captain  Howard  had  been  to  see  him  and  that  I  need  not  worry 
about  the  matter  for  that  he  (Captain  Howard)  had  assured  him  that  this  matter  had 
received  attention  and  I  could  rest  assured  that  the  facilities  would  be  adequate.  I  after- 
wards had  a  conversation  with  Captain  Howard  and  explained  to  him  that  in  my  opin- 
ion it  would  be  absolutely  impossible  to  feed  the  men  or  properly  utilize  the  ration  with 
the  inadequate  vessels  that  he  had  shown  me,  whose  capacity  was  insufl^cient  by  half. 
I  made  every  effort  in  my  power  to  remedy  this  evil  but  was  powerless. 

On  arriving  at  Honolulu  I  got  permission  of  Maj.  S.  R.  Jones,  Quartermaster  U.S.  A., 
to  purchase  some  large  tanks  for  steaming  and  boiling.  This  relieved  the  situation  con- 
siderably and  after  leaving  Honolulu  there  was  a  marked  improvement  in  the  mess. 


fil8  APPENDIX. 

The  rations  provided  for  the  men  on  the  vessel  were  of  excellent  quality  and  ample 
quantity,  only  the  fact  that  it  was  impossible  to  cook  the  full  ration. 

I  also  made  an  objection  to  the  manner  of  storing  the  meat  in  the  ice  room  provided, 
which  had  up  to  this  been  used  for  the  purpose  of  storage  of  beer  which  did  not  require 
the  low  temperature  that  is  necessary  for  the  preservation  of  fresh  meat,  and  although 
every  precaution  was  taken  and  extra  ice  purchased  at  Honolulu  for  the  preservation  of 
this  meat,  on  or  about  the  22d  of  June  the  ice  machine,  the  capacity  of  which  was  totally 
inadequate,  broke  down  and  a  considerable  quantity  of  the  meat  spoiled  within  twelve 
hours. 

Respectfully,  Ralph  Platt, 

First  Lieutenant,  Second  Oregon  Volunteer  Infantry,  Acting  Judge- Advocate. 


Report  of  Capt.  H.  L.  Wells,  Second  Oregon  U.  S.  Volunteer  Infantry, 

on  Conditions  in  Reference  to  Subsistence  on  Steamship 

Australia,  Dated  December  20,  1898. 

Cu ARTEL,  DE  ESPANA,  Manila,  p.  I.,  December  M,  189S. 
Major  M.  H.  Ellis, 

Surgeon,  Second  Oregon,  U.  S.  V. 

Sir  :  In  compliance  with  your  verbal  request  that  I,  as  mess  officer  of  the  combined 
company  messes  of  the  nine  companies  of  the  regiment  on  the  transport  Australia,  dur- 
ing the  voyage  from  San  Francisco  to  Manila  Bay,  in  May  and  June  last,  make  a  state- 
ment in  regard  to  the  feeding  of  the  men  during  the  voyage,  and  the  facilities  provided 
for  preparing  the  food,  I  have  the  honor  to  make  the  following  statement: 

On  the  second  day  of  the  voyage.  May  27th,  I  was  detailed  to  act  as  mess  officer  by  the 
commanding  officer.  The  ration  returns  showed  711  men.  The  only  provision  that  was 
made  for  cooking,  for  this  large  number  of  men,  was  the  conversion  of  one  of  the  small 
bath  rooms  into  a  cook  galley,  in  which  only  one  man  could  work  at  a  time.  This  was 
equipped  with  a  coflee  boiler  holding  about  thirty  gallons,  or  one  third  of  the  quantity 
required  for  one  meal,  and  two  stew  tanks,  holding  about  three  fourths  enough  rice  or 
beans  for  a  meal.  With  this  equipment,  and  by  making  coffee  three  times,  I  could  give 
them  coffee  and  beans,  or  coffee  and  rice,  or  coffee  and  a  stew,  but  could  not  add  to  the 
variety.  The  regular  cook  galley  of  the  ship  was  ample  for  cooking  for  the  men,  but  the 
ship's  officers  claimed  it  was  not  included  in  the  charter  contract  that  this  was  to  be 
used,  also  that  they  must  have  it  to  cook  for  the  crew  and  the  cabin  table.  We  had  no 
copy  of  the  contract,  and  Maj.  S.  R.  Jones,  the  brigade  quartermaster,  who  was  on  the 
ship,  on  the  staff  of  General  Anderson,  said  that  he  was  ignorant  of  the  terms  of  the 
contract,  and  that  the  vessel  had  never  been  turned  over  to  him  by  the  quartermaster 
at  San  Francisco.  However,  I  succeeded  in  securing  some  old  boilers  from  the  ship's 
steward,  and  permission  to  use  one  end  of  the  ship's  range,  and  with  an  extra  coffee 
boiler,  purchased  at  Honolulu,  was  able  thereafter  to  cook  enough  food  at  one  time  to 
give  coffee  and  two  other  things  at  one  meal,  such  as  potatoes  and  rice,  or  beans,  or  stew, 
or  stewed  onions  and  fried  bacon  with  potatoes,  or  stewed  cabbage  instead  of  onions. 
There  was  a  little  variety  in  the  vegetables  in  the  way  of  carrots,  turnips,  and  squash, 
but  they  were  soon  all  gone.  Tea  was  issued  occasionally  instead  of  coffee,  and  some- 
times the  onions  were  issued  raw. 

When  we  left  Honolulu  an  estimate  was  made  of  the  fresh  meat  in  the  refrigerator, 
and  the  probable  length  of  the  voyage,  with  the  result  that  we  could  issue  three  hun- 
dred pounds  of  fresh  meat  each  day  and  have  enough  for  the  entire  voyage.  This  was 
about  one  half  the  ration  of  fresh  meat,  but  we  decided  that  it  would  be  better  to  have 
one  half  each  day  than  to  eat  it  all  up  and  go  half  the  voyage  without  any  at  all.  How- 
ever, our  calculations  came  to  naught,  for  the  refrigerator  proved  unequal  to  the  task  of 
keeping  the  meat,  and  about  one  week  before  the  end  of  the  voyage  a  large  quantity 


APrENDIX.  619 

had  to  be  thrown  overboard.  Before  this  was  done  we  had  begun  using  600  pounds  a 
day,  fearing  it  would  spoil,  and  finally  boiled  the  whole  lot  in  an  effort  to  save  it,  but  to 
no  purpose. 

There  was  no  provision  for  fresh  bread  whatever,  and  none  was  issued  except  enough 
for  one  day,  kindly  put  on  board  by  the  citizens  of  Honolulu.  The  little  baiting  equip- 
ment of  the  ship  could  only  supply  the  crew,  and  the  ship's  officers  refused  to  give  me 
possession  of  it.  As  the  best  snbstituve  possible,  I  placed  men  in  the  bakery  from  7  to 
1'2  o'clock  every  night,  who  made  from  1,500  to  3,000  baking  powder  biscuits,  which  were 
distributed  at  mess  in  the  morning,  generally  three  for  each  man.  They  were  made 
with  water,  and  being  made  in  such  quantity  and  haste,  could  not  be  of  good  quality. 
This  lack  of  fresh  bread  was  the  thing  the  men  really  felt  the  most,  unless  it  was  the 
lack  of  fruit. 

No  fruit  was  issued  with  the  ration.  At  one  time  I  served  at  the  general  mess  100 
pounds  of  prunes,  which  I  had  purchased  in  San  Francisco  for  my  own  company,  at 
other  times  500  pounds  procured  in  Honolulu,  and  at  another,  a  few  pounds  of  dried 
apples  I  procured  from  the  ship's  Stewart  to  put  in  a  plum  duff.  About  a  dozen  boxes 
of  lemons  had  been  put  on  board  at  Honolulu  as  a  gift  to  the  hospital,  and  by  direction 
of  the  surgeon,  I  issued  these  at  various  times  equally  to  the  companies.  The  brigade 
commissary  purchased  a  few  cases  of  canned  pears  and  peaches  at  Honolulu,  which 
were  not  issued,  but  were  sold  at  17  and  18  cents  a  can.  As  a  rule,  these  were  purchased 
for  the  men  by  their  company  commanders  and  the  money  repaid  them  after  pay  day, 
two  months  later.  No  fruit  of  any  kind  was  put  on  board  at  San  Francisco  to  my 
knowledge  for  the  troops. 

No  provision  was  made  for  a  place  in  which  to  prepare  the  food,  and  so  we  had  to  use 
the  after  hatch  cover  for  a  chopping  block  for  meat  and  bacon,  and  the  main  deck  at  the 
stern  for  preparing  vegetables. 

Inadequacy  of  cooking  facilities  made  it  impossible  to  serve  more  than  two  cooked 
meals  each  day,  besides  coffee  and  biscuits  immediately  after  reveille. 

The  following  is  a  sample  bill  of  fare  for  one  day  : 

6.30  a.  m.— Coffee,  with  sugar  biscuits,  2  or  3. 

10.00  a.  m.— Coffee,  with  sugar,  fried  bacon,  boiled  rice,  boiled  potatoes. 

5.00  p.  ?«.— Coffee,  with  sugar,  beef  stew,  with  hard  bread  and  vegetables,  boiled  pota- 
toes, stewed  cabbage. 

Rice  and  beans  were  alternated,  and  bacon  and  beef  steak  were  alternated  for  break- 
fast. During  the  last  5  or  6  days  there  were  no  fresh  vegetables  but  potatoes.  Consid- 
erable cabbage  and  carrots  rotted  because  of  being  stored  on  the  banana  deck  and  near 
the  smokestacks.  The  full  ration  of  everything  was  drawn  and  used,  except  flour,  soap, 
vinegar,  candles  and  fresh  meat,  for  the  latter  of  which  bacon,  canned  roast  beef  and 
corned  beef  were  substituted  to  the  full  ration.  More  than  the  full  ration  of  vegetables 
was  issued. 

The  cooking  was  done  by  cooks  hired  by  the  steamer's  steward  and  under  his  direc- 
tion, so  far  as  the  control  of  the  men  was  concerned.  As  a  rule  the  food  was  well 
cooked,  but  occasionally  this  was  not  the  case.  With  so  little  variety,  to  spoil  one  thing 
meant  to  spoil  the  whole  meal. 

There  was  no  ice  except  that  in  the  meat  refrigerator,  and  both  men  and  officers 
drank  the  warm  water  from  the  ship's  tanks  or  condenser  the  entire  voyage  of  30  days. 
Respectfully, 

H.  L.  WEI.I.S, 
Captain,  Second  Regiment,  O.  U.  S.  V. 


620 


APPENDIX. 


Report  of  Col.  O.  Summers,  Second  Oregon  U.   S.  Volunteer  Infantry, 

as  Acting  Provost  Marshal  of  Manila,  August  13 

to  August  17,  1898. 

Headquarters  Second  Regiment,  Oregon  U.  S.  V., 

Manila,  P.  I.,  August  17,  1S9S. 
Genei-al  J.  B.  Babcock, 

Adjutant  Oeneral,  Eighth  Army  Corps,  Manila,  P.  I. 

Sib:  I  have  the  honor  to  make  the  following  report  of  my  actions,  since  my  arrival 
within  the  walled  city  of  Manila,  acting  under  orders  from  General  Merritt: 

My  command,  consisting  of  nine  companies,  arrived  in  the  walled  city  of  Manila 
about  4  o'clock  p.  m.  on  August  13th,  and  took  up  a  position  in  front  of  the  Palace  Royal, 
or  the  Executive  Building,  during  the  final  capitulations  entered  into  by  General  Mer- 
ritt. Under  instructions  from  General  Merritt,  I  detailed  Company  A,  of  my  command, 
to  lower  the  Spanish  flag  and  raise  the  American  colors  on  the  main  flag  staff  of  the 
city  wall.  I  also  received  orders  to  proceed  at  once  to  receive  all  arms  and  ammunition 
of  the  Spanish  forces  then  in  the  city,  and  to  take  possession  of  all  magazines  and  public 
property,  and  in  conformity  with  these  instructions  I  have  the  honor  to  report  that  I 
received  during  this  term  some  12,000  or  15,000  stands  of  Mauser  and  Remington  arms 
combined,  together  with  the  necessary  belts,  bayonet  scabbard  attachments  and  car- 
tridge boxes;  also  in  the  neighborhood  of  about  3,000,000  rounds  of  ammunition  for  the 
same.  I  also  received  about  50  pieces  of  artillery  of  various  calibres,  together  with  their 
caissons,  and  a  large  amount  of  fixed  ammunition  for  the  same.  Also,  on  the  heavy 
fortifications,  I  have  the  honor  to  report  that  we  secured  four  large  Krupp  siege  guns, 
nine  Armstrong  siege  guns,  and  a  miscellaneous  lot  of  fortification  pieces  of  various 
calibres,  together  with  three  magazines  containing  in  the  neighborhood  of  about  120 
tons  of  powder  and  other  ammunition  ;  also  two  troops  of  cavalry  and  the  necessary 
horses  attached  to  the  artillery,  making  in  all  300  to  350  horses  all  told,  together  with  the 
necessary  harness  and  saddles  and  other  equipments  for  service. 

I  also  took  possession  of  the  Treasury  Building,  located  in  the  walled  city,  and  having 
in  its  vaults  in  the  neighborhood  of  $750,000. 

In  the  several  churches  we  have  also  secured  a  large  amount  of  supplies  in  the  shape 
of  rice,  canned  sardines,  sugar,  flour,  and  sundry  provisions,  having  been  stored  there 
previously  by  the  Spanish  officials. 

I  also  took  charge  of  various  smaller  places,  having  what  was  supposed  to  be  Govern- 
ment property  stored  in  the  same,  all  being  placed  properly  under  a  secure  guard,  and 
the  same  maintained  up  to  the  present  date. 

I  wish  to  state  that,  during  this  period,  I  have  exereised,  to  the  very  best  of  my 
ability,  a  very  cautious  and  conservative  system  in  regard  to  everything  that  would 
carry  out  a  peaceful  and  harmonious  termination  of  the  receiving  of  this  public  property. 
I  have  also  cautioned  all  my  sentries  on  post  to  be  vigilant  and  to  show  due  courtesy  to 
all  Spanish  troops  who  had  surrendered  within  the  city.  Finally,  I  have  exercised 
great  care  to  carry  out  what  I  considered  your  wish  in  every  detail,  and  I  would  mention, 
as  one  feature,  that  in  the  handling  of  all  these  pieces,  as  numerous  as  they  were,  and 
fully  two  thirds  having  been  loaded  at  the  time,  not  an  accidental  shot  was  fired,  nor  an 
accident  of  any  kind  occurred.    The  city  is  now  in  a  quiet  and  peaceful  state. 

I  have  the  honor  to  make  this,  my  final  report,  in  regard  to  my  position  as  Acting 
Provost  Marshal  for  the  walled  city  of  Manila. 

Respectfully  yours,  O.  Summers, 

Colonel,  Second  Regiment,  O.  U.  8.  V. 


APPENDIX.  621 


Report  of  Capt.  H.  L.  Wells,  Second  Oregon  U.  S.  Volunteer  Infantry, 
Containing  Bills  of  Fare  of  Three  Meals  of  Eleven  Com- 
panies of  Regiment  for  November  30,  1898. 

CUARTEL  DE  ESPANA,  Manila,  p.  I.,  November  SO,  1S9S. 
Col.  O.  Summers, 

Co7iinianding  Second  Regiment,  O.  U.  8.  V. 
Sir  :  In  pursuance  of  instructions,  I  hand  you  lierewith  the  bills  of  fare  at  all  three 
meals  of  all  the  eleven  companies  at  the  Cuartel  de  Espafia  for  to-day.  I  desire  to  call  atten- 
tion to  the  fact  that  to-day  is  the  last  day  of  the  "ten-day"  ration  period  and  that  com- 
panies were  using  up  the  last  of  their  rations,  and  that  consequently  the  bills  of  fare  are 
not  so  varied  as  they  usually  are. 

Respectfully,  H.  L.  Weli.s, 

Captain,  Second  Regiment,  O.  U.  S.  V., 
Officer  of  the  day. 

BILLS  OF  FARE. 

COMPANY   A. 

Breakfast  — Salmon,  cornbeef  hash,  bread  and  coffee  with  milk  and  sugar. 
Dinner  —  Boiled  fresh  beef,  soup,  boiled  beans,  biscuit,  coffee  and  sugar. 
Supper— Tomato  soup,  mashed  potatoes,  baked  beans,  fresh  onions,  bread,  coffee  and 
sugar. 

COMPANY  B. 

Breakfast- Rice,  bread,  biscuits,  coffee  with  milk  and  sugar. 

Dinner  — Roast  fresh  beef,  gravy,  boiled  potatoes,  bread,  biscuits,  tea  and  sugar. 

Supper—  Soup,  boiled  beans,  mashed  potatoes,  sago  pudding,  bread,  tea  and  sugar. 

COMPANY   C. 

Breakfast  — Mush  and  milk,  fried  bacon,  gravy,  bread,  coffee,  milk  and  sugar. 

Dinner— Boiled  fresh  beef,  boiled  beans,  soup,  boiled  potatoes,  bread,  tea,  coffee  and 
sugar. 

Supper  — Soup,  boiled  fresh  beef,  rice,  fresh  onions,  boiled  potatoes,  bread,  tea, coffee 
and  sugar. 

COMPANY   D. 

Breakfast  —  Rice,  bread,  biscuits,  coffee,  milk  and  sugar. 

Dinner  — Roast  fresh  beef,  gravy,  boiled  potatoes,  canned  tomatoes,  bread,  coffee  and 
sugar. 

Supper  — Beef  hash,  rice,  bread,  coffee  and  sugar. 

COMPANY   E. 

Breakfast  — Beef  hash,  sweet  potatoes,  bread,  coffee  and  sugar. 

Dinner  —  Fresh  beef  stew,  I'ice,  corn  beef,  bread,  coffee  and  sugar. 

Supper  — Tomatoes  and  crackers,  fresh  beef  stew,  biscuits,  coffee  and  sugar. 

COMPANY   F. 

On  detached  duty  at  Palace  Building.  Bill  of  fare  will  average  the  same  as  other 
companies. 

COMPANY  G. 

Breakfast  —  Rice,  hot  cakes,  bread,  coffee  and  sugar. 

Dinner —  Roast  fresh  beef,  gravy,  bread,  coffee  and  sugar. 

Supper  — Salmon,  boiled  beans,  stewed  onions,  bread,  coffee  and  sugar. 

COMPANY   H. 

Breakfast— Mush  and  milk,  bread,  coffee  and  sugar. 

Dinner  — Rice  soup,  with  meat,  fried  onions,  bread,  coffee  and  sugar. 

Supper  — Soup,  with  meat,  boiled  potatoes,  gravy,  onion  salad,  bread,  tea  and  sugar. 


622  APPENDIX. 


COMPANY 


Breakfast  — Mush  and  milk,  dried  peaches,  bread,  coffee,  milk  and  sugar. 

Dinner  — Boiled  fresh  beef,  potato  soup,  rice,  bread,  tea  and  sugar. 

Supper  —  Boiled  squash,  dumplings,  stewed  prunes,  fresh  onions,  bread,  tea  and  sugar. 


COMPANY   K. 

Breakfast  — Mush  and  milk,  bread,  coffee,  milk  and  sugar. 

Dinner— Beefsteak  pie,  bread,  coffee,  milk  and  sugar. 

Supper  — Beefsteak  hash,  boiled  potatoes,  bread,  coffee  and  sugar. 

COMPANY   I.. 

Breakfast  — Rice,  boiled  potatoes,  gravy,  fried  bacon,  bread,  coffee  and  sugar. 

Dinner  — Boiled  fresh  beef,  gravy,  boiled  potatoes,  soup,  boiled  beans,  bread,  coffee, 
sugar. 

Supper  — Salmon,  potato  salad,  stewed  tomatoes,  boiled  potatoes,  gravy,  bread,  coffee 
and  sugar. 

COMPANY  M. 

Breakfast  — Mush  and  milk,  biscuits,  coffee,  milk  and  sugar. 

Dinner  — Fresh  beef  stew,  bread,  tea  and  sugar. 

Supper —  Salmon,  boiled  potatoes,  biscuits,  fresh  onions,  tea  and  sugar. 


Report  of  Maj.  M.  H.  Ellis,   Surgeon,  Second  Oregon  U.  S.  Volunteer 

Infantry,  of  Sanitary  Conditions  on  Newport,  from  Manila 

to  San  Francisco,  Dated  July  18,  1899. 

HEADQUARTEK.S  SECOND  OREGON   U.  S.  VOLUNTEERS, 

Presidio,  Cal.,  July  IS,  1S99. 
To  the  Adjutant, 

First  Battalion,  Second  Oregon  U.  S.  V. 

Sir  :  I  have  the  honor  to  report  as  follows  regarding  sanitary  conditions  of  the  First 
Battalion,  Second  Oregon  U.  S.  Volunteers,  on  United  States  army  transport  Newport 
during  voyage  from  Manila,  P.  I.,  to  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

Many  of  the  sick  and  wounded  belonging  to  companies  quartered  on  the  United 
States  army  transport  Ohio  were  taken  on  board  the  Neivport.  There  were  thirteen  (13) 
such  patients  treated  on  the  Neivport.  All  of  the  sick  made  favorable  progress,  improv- 
ing very  rapidly  as  soon  as  they  reached  a  more  temperate  climate.  There  were  no 
serious  cases  of  sickness  developed  throughout  the  voyage. 

The  men's  quarters  were  reasonably  commodious  and  comfortable.  Ventilation  was 
good  and  the  number  of  latrines  available  for  the  use  of  both  officers  and  men  was  suffi- 
cient to  meet  all  demands.  The  water  supply  was  abundant,  the  quality  of  the  water 
was  good,  but  ice  water  was  not  furnished.  There  were  in  the  lower  hold  four  (4)  large 
tanks  holding  13,000  gallons  of  water,  the  capacity  of  the  condenser  was  2,000  gallons  per 
diem,  the  greatest  daily  consumption  of  water  was  2,500  gallons,  the  average  was  under 
2,000  gallons.  The  supply  of  food  was  sufficient  and  the  quality  was  on  the  whole  .satis- 
factory. When  two  (2)  days  out  from  Nagasaki  three  (3)  quarters  of  beef  were  required 
to  be  thrown  ovei-board  on  account  of  being  maggoty,  but  beyond  this  the  meat  kept  in 
good  condition,  requiring  only  the  usual  amount  of  trimming.  The  meat  furnished  was 
not  as  well  butchered  as  the  Australian  meatfurnisheu  at  Manila,  audit  is  believed  that 
there  were  many  improvements  which  might  have  been  made  in  the  method  of  handling 
the  same. 

Abundant  bathing  facilities  were  furnished  and  bathing  was  made  compulsory.  It 
was  to  be  regretted  that  so  many  of  the  men,  probably  aggregating  one  fourth,  were 
without  ovei-coats,  but  otherwi.se  the  supply  of  clothing  was  sufficient. 


APPENDIX.  C)2i 


RECOMiMENDATIONS. 

The  stationing  of  a  pnrcliasing  quartermaster  at  Nagasnlji. 

More  definite  specifications  regarding  the  purcliasing  and  handling  of  meats  prior  to 
being  put  in  cold  storage. 

From  twelve  (12)  to  twenty-four  (24)  hours  should  elapse  after  beef  cattle  are  driven 
in  before  slaughtering. 

Beef  should  stand,  protected  from  flies,  for  several  hours  to  allow  escape  of  animal 

heat  before  being  placed  in  cold  storage. 

I  have  the  honor  to  remain,  sir,  very  respectfully, 

M.  H.  EI.T.IS, 

Major  and  Surgeon,  Second  Oregon,  U.  8.  V. 


624 


APPENDIX. 


DEATH  ROLL  SECOND  OREGON  VOLUNTEERS.        1 

DIED  OF  DISEASE. 

Xame. 

Co. 

Sesidence. 

Date. 

Place.                         1 

Elias  Hutchinson          

M  __i  Hubbard June 

21,1898 

At  sea.                      1 

Edgar  J.  Johnson 

D—  Pendleton July 

28,  1898  ;  Cavite. 

Rufus  E.  Holbrook 

C  — 

Eugene Aug. 

10,  1898     Cavite. 

Edward  C.  Young       

A_-_ 

Astoria Aug. 

11.  IsrN     Cavite. 

Herbert  Apolegate 

B-__ 

Ashland Aug. 

;,s.  iMis     Sail  Francisco. 

Charles  W.  Mead 

C  — 

Eugene Aug. 

Is,  l^'.t--     San  I-  rancisco. 

James  W.  Brown     .      

B_- 

Ashland Aug. 

20,  l>'.is     San  1  rancisco. 

William  H.  Roberts 

B___ 

Ashland Aug. 

20,  isiiN     San  Francisco. 

Richard  E.  Perry 

A 

North  Yamhill   Aug. 

2.5,  1S!)S     Manila. 

William  Fields  (H.  C.) 

L-_  The  Dalles Sept. 

8,  isiis     cavitp. 

Asa  McCune  _    

A___i  Carlton Sept. 

5,  1>-H>;     San  Francisco. 

Charles  E.  Miuier            .      _ 

M  __  Silverton Sept. 

14,  ls'<s     Manila. 

Eliot  W.  Ordway 

H  __  Portland Sept. 

24,  1>!"S     At  sea. 

George  W.  Starmer 

B___   Roseburg Sept. 

G 1  Portland Sept. 

27,  1S9S     Manila. 

Frank  G.  Rofeno 

22,  isits     Manila. 

Ormond  Fletcher  

M  —1  Portland Sept. 

24,  isys     Honolulu. 

M 

Hubbard          .j  Oct. 

2,  1S9S     :Manila. 

Harry  M.  Wheeler 

D... 

Portland Oct. 

5,  Isits     Manila. 

Charles  A.  Horn 

C___ 

Eugene Oct. 

10,  Isits     Manila. 

Charles  H.  Ruhl 

H  __ 

Portland !  Oct. 

20,  lsi)S     Manila. 

Charles  P.  Oliver 

H  -_  Hillsboro Nov. 

2,  ls!»s     Manila. 

Lewis  E.  Miller 

A___  McMinnville- 

Nov. 

S,  IMK     Manila. 

John  H.  Fenton        

B— ;  Oakland _-_-.-. 

Nov. 

10,  lMi-<     Manila. 

Charles  F.  Kent 

C— i  Eugene 

Nov. 

is,  Is'.is     Honolulu. 

Ernest  G.  Segur 

F__-i  Portland 

Nov. 

20,  isii-^     San  1' rancisco. 

Clyde  Perkins__    

K  -_ 

Salem 

Nov. 

22,  is'.ts     Manila. 

Charles  McKinnon 

F 

Portland 

Nov. 

24,  Isfix     Manila. 

Otis  W.  Drew    ___     . 

B... 

Eugene 

McMinn  villa - 

Nov. 

20.  1S9S     Manila. 

Frank  W.  Hibbs     

A_- 

Dec. 

8,  is'js     Manila. 

Fred  J.  Norton 

H> 

Portland [  Dec. 

S,  1S9S     Manila. 

K 

9,  1.S9S     Manila. 

Henry  Arpin      .          

E___ 

Portland Oct. 

27,  isos    San  Francisco. 

Wistar  Hawthorne 

(;._. 

Eugene i  Jan. 

10,  1«»9     .Manila. 

Chester  W.  Hubbard 

K 

Salem Feb. 

3,  1899     Manila. 

H 

6,  1899     Manila. 

Michael  P.  Crowley.      

D 

La  Grande       .   Feb. 

6,  1899     Manila. 

Henry  O'Flaherty 

L_- 

Vancouver Mar. 

9,  1899     Manila. 

H 

Ashland Apri 

4,  1899     Manila. 

James  Kelly 

G— 

Portland May 

11,  1899     Manila. 

John  Spierings    _  _ 

H 

Portland-           j  May 

15,  1899     Manila. 

D 

Pendleton i  May 

29,  1899     Manila. 

Ralph  A  Odell 

A 

D_- 

McMinnville-  June 
La  Grande July 

8,  1899     Manila. 
29,  1899    San  Francisco. 

James  A.  Doyle 

KILLED  IN   ACTION.                                                               1 

Ifame. 

Co.     ,            Residence. 

Date.                            Place.                       1 

Edward  W.  Hampton 

H.__  Portland 

Feb. 

22,  1899     San  Pedro. 

B        La  Grande 

Mar. 

19,  1899     LagunadeBay. 

Guv  Millard 

L     -  Portland 

Mar. 

25,  1899     Malabon. 

William  H.  Cook 

D        Portland 

Mar. 

2.5,  1899     Malabon. 

Birt  J.Clark 

A__-   McMinnville__ 

Mar. 

25,  1899     Malabon. 

L.  V.  Strawderman     .      

L  ..  Portland  . 

Mar. 

•25,  1899     Malabon. 

Hayes  B.  Taylor 

L___  Portland 

Mar. 

2.5.  1S09     Malabon. 

Charles  R.  Rubart  _      

L_       The  Dalles 

Mar. 

2.5,  isii'.t     Malabon. 

Joe  L.  Berry  .                -    — . 

M___  Portland 

Apri 

11,  IS'tit     Marilao. 

Oliver  M.  Kern      -_ _ 

M^-_  Portland 

Apri 

11,  isii'.i     Marilao. 

Robert  B.  Hoffman  _    _    _ 

M        Portland 

Apri 

11,  1899     Marilao. 

James  Harrington    .  . 

G_      Portland 

May 

Ifi,  1899     Balac  Bridge. 

William  McElwain 

H___  Pendleton 

June 

3,  1899     Taytay. 

APPENDIX. 


625 


DIED  OF  WOUNDS. 

Name. 

Co. 

Residence. 

Date. 

Place. 

Herman  P.  Adams B  — 

Bert  B.  Chandler C— ^ 

George  Eichhamer G— 

Roseburg 

Junction  City_ 
Portland 

Mar.  26,  1899 
April  15, 1899 
April  26, 1899 

Manila. 
Manila. 
Manila. 

KILLED  BY  ACCIDENT.                                                           1 

Name. 

Co. 

Residence. 

Date. 

Place.                        1 

Lee  K.  Morse 

L  — 

Portland 

Jan.    6,  1899 

Manila.                     1 

DROWNED.                                                                      1 

Name. 

Co. 

Residence. 

Date. 

'- 

John  J.  Kehoe 

G— 

Portland 

June   4,  1899 

Manila.                     1 

MISSING.                                                                           1 

Name. 

Co. 

Residence. 

Date. 

Place. 

James  E.  Lawrence 

M-_ 
M__ 
M.. 

Hubbard 

Pendleton 

Hubbard 

April  28, 1899 
April  28,  1899 
April  28, 1899 

Marilao. 
Marilao. 
Marilao. 

Ralph  G.  McCoy 

Clarence  W.  Mills.  .    .— 

Total  number  of  deaths  and  men  missing,  sixty-four. 

NOTB  — Charles  W.  Mead,  Asa  McCune,  and  Henry  Arpin,  b 
men.  do  not  appear  on  the  muster-in  rolls,  and  having  died  in 
California,  before  assignment  to  companies  of  the  Second  OregOE 
not  carried  on  the  muster-out  rolls. 

eing  second  call 
San  Francisco, 
Volunteers,  are 

40 


626 


APPENDIX. 


WOUNDED  IN  ACTION. 


OFFICERS. 


1.  Major  M.  H.  Ellis,  Surgeon. 

2.  Captain  H.  L.  Heath,  Company  A. 

3.  Captain  H.  L.  Wells,  Company  L. 

4.  First  Lieutenant  A.  J.  Brazee,  Adjutant,  Second  Battalion. 

5.  Second  Lieutenant  J.  A.  Young,  Company  A. 


ENLISTED  MEN. 


Company  A  — 

1.  Corporal  W.  A.  Mellinger. 

2.  George  Snyder. 

3.  Frank  H.Thompson. 

4.  William  B.  Ungerman. 

5.  John  T.  Reeves. 

6.  William  F.  Crampton. 

7.  Miles  McGrath. 

8.  Edward  Rommel. 

9.  Leo  B.  Grace. 

Company  B  — 

1.  Henry  M.  Wagner. 

2.  Walter  Ervin. 

3.  William  J.  Armitage. 

Company  C— 

1.  Elvin  J.  Crawford,  Jr. 

2.  Earl  Mount. 

3.  Elmer  O.  Roberts. 

4.  James  E.  Snodgrass. 

5.  Frank  Woodruff. 

6.  Elmer  L.  Doolittle. 

Company  D  — 

1.  First  Sergeant  James  West. 

2.  Sergeant  A.  Lee  Morelock. 

3.  Corporal  J.  C.  Headlee. 

4.  Corporal  A.  L.  Roberts. 

5.  Corporal  William  E.  Searcy. 
H.  Daniel  C.  Bowman. 

7.  Alfred  O.  Carden. 

Company  E— 

1.  Corporal  Edward  D.  Oesch. 

2.  Martin  Hildebrandt. 

3.  Walter  Dolan. 

4.  Charles  Olsen. 

5.  Jacob  N.  Smith. 

6.  John  E.  Davis. 

Company  F— 

\.  Sergeant  C.  R.  Harrington. 

2.  Corporal  John  G.  Miller. 

3.  R.  E.  Brickdale. 

4.  Charles  W.  Ruedy. 

5.  William  D.  B.  Dodsou. 

6.  B.  G.  Smith,  Jr. 

Company  O  — 

1.  Corporal  William  H.  Ponath. 

2.  A.  J.  Jordan. 

3.  Albert  A.  Eide. 


Company  (4—  Concluded  — 

4.  Harold  D.  Stanton. 

5.  Charles  A.  Marcy. 
(3.  EdLiar  K.  Sampson. 

7.  Geoiirc  W.  Spieer. 

8.  E.  C.  Thornton. 

Company  H— 

1.  Austin  J.  Salisbury. 

2.  Ezra  A.  Kirts. 

3.  Charles  E.  Doughty. 

Company  I— 

1.  Corporal  Rudolph  Gantenbein. 

2.  Cunliff  Rowland. 

Company  K— 

1.  Sergeant  Edward  R.  Colgan. 

2.  Corporal  E.  J.  Chamberlin. 

3.  Ray  L.  Antrim. 

4.  Emmet  L.  Jones. 

5.  John  Janzen. 

6.  William  F.  Schwartz. 

7.  Thomas  C.  Townsend. 

8.  William  E.  Smith. 

Company  L  — 

1.  Sergeant  W.  W.  Wilson. 

2.  Artitteer  Arthur  C.  Dunseth. 

3.  William  T.  Allen. 

4.  Frank  E.  Adams. 

5.  Frank  M.  Butts. 

6.  Ben  F.  1  >iiiiseth. 

7.  Cark'Lon  E.  Sanders. 

8.  Guy  N.  Sanders. 

9.  John  A.  Bailey. 

10.  Clayton  L.  Ransom. 

Company  M— 

1.  Corporal  F.  W.  Bowne. 

2.  Corporal  Frank  E,  Edwards. 

3.  CoriM.ral  Brady  F.  Burnett. 

4.  Coi'iHiral  L.un  G.  Holland. 

5.  Wagoner  Emmet  D.  Cosper. 

6.  John  II.  Blosser. 

7.  A.  J.  Califf. 

8.  Edward  Jacques. 

9.  Everett  Millard. 
10.  Arthur  Pullen. 

Hospital  Corps  — 

1.  Gordon  A.  Peel. 

2.  Peter  West. 


APPENDIX.  627 


LETTERS,   TELEGRAMS,    AND   RESOLUTIONS 

Expressing  Appreciation  of  Services  of  Second  Oregon  U.  S.  Volunteer 
Infantry. 

Office  of  the  Military  Governor  and 
Department  of  Pacific, 

Manila,  P.  J.,  August  30,  189S. 
Col.  O.  Summers, 

Com manding  Second  Oregon,  United  States  Volunteers; 
SiK  :  r  desire  to  express  to  you  in  very  strong  terms  my  appreciation  of  the  manner 
in  which  you  and  your  regiment  performed  the  very  difficult  and  delicate  duties  of 
acting  provost  marshal  and  provost  guard  during  the  time  immediately  following 
the  capitulation  of  Manila.  It  gives  me  much  pride  and  pleasure  on  the  eve  of  my 
departure  to  recall  the  way  in  which  I  have  been  supported  by  all  of  my  troops,  and  the 
cheerful  fortitude  with  which  they  have  endured  the  hardships  of  the  campaign. 
Very  respectfully, 

Wesley  Mereitt, 
Major  General,  U.  S.  A. 

Manila,  P.  I.,  September  30, 1898. 
Col.  O.  Summers, 

Commanding  Second  Oregon,  United  States  Volunteers: 

[Extract.] 
What  I   particularly  admired  in  the  Oregon   regiment  is   that   they  have  always 
taken  their  medicine  like  men,  and  have  never  shown  any  spirit  of  insubordination  or 
lack  of  loyalty.    Tell  your  Oregon  men  not  to  mind  paper  pellets.    "Act  well  your  part. 
There  all  the  honor  lies." 

Very  sincerely,  Thomas  M.  Anderson, 

Major  General,  U.  S.  V. 

General  Wheaton,  at  Malabon,  March  25th,  was  asked  :  "Where  are  your  regulars?" 
Pointing  to  the  Oregons,  then  advancing  on  the  first  entrenchment,  he  replied:  "There 
are  my  regulars." 

Again  at  Malinta,  March  26th,  the  General  said :  "Orderly,  overtake  those  Oregon 
greyhounds  on  the  road  to  Polo,  and  order  them  to  Malinta ;  go  mounted,  or  you  will 
never  catch  them." 

Portland,  Oregon,  Ajiril  so,  1899. 
Summers,  Manila  : 

Your  regiment's  splendid  record  stirs  our  pride.    Congratulated  warmly. 

Baliuag,  May  h,  1899. 
Colonel  Summers, 

ComniandinQ  Provisional  Brigade,  Maasini: 
I  congratulate  and  thank  you  and  your  command  for  the  fine  manner  in  whicli  you 
succeeded  in  crossing  the  river  under  fire  of  the  enemy  and  capturing  the  works  and 
town. 

Lawton, 
Major  General  Volunteers. 

San  Miguel,  May  15,  1S99. 
Colonel  Summers  : 

General  commanding  (Lawton)  has  repeated  your  reply  to  corps  commander  (Otis) 

with  following  remarks  :  "This  was  a  brilliant  engagement,  for  which  Colonel  Summers 


628  APPENDIX. 

and  his  command  deserves  great  credit."    He  wislies  to  congratulate  you. and  your 
troops  on  the  comparative  casualties.    You  hold  the  record  of  the  war. 

Edwards, 
Adjutant  General. 

Pal.-VCE,  May  17,  1S90. 
General  Lawtox,  San  Isidro  : 

Congratulations  for  you  and  your  troops. 

Otis. 

Hot  Si'KiNGS,  Virc/inia,  May  IS,  ISM. 

Otis,  Manila  : 

Convey  to  General  Lawton  and  the  gallant  men  of  his  command  my  congratulations 

upon  the  successful  operations  during  the  past  month,  resulting  in  the  capture  this 

morning  of  San  Isidro. 

William  McKinley. 

The  above  will  be  read  to  the  several  organizations  comprising  this  division  at  retreat 
ou  the  day  it  is  received. 

By  command  of  Major  General  Lawton: 

Clarence  R.  Edwards, 

Assistant  Adjutant  General. 

Candaba,  May  23,  1899. 
Adjutant  General, 

Department  of  the  Pacific  and  Eighth  Army  Corps  : 
In  view  of  the  remarkably  successful  engagements  of  Maasim,  Balac  Bridge,  and  San 
Isidro,  participated  in  by  the  troops  under  Colonel  Summers's  immediate  command,  I 
recommend  Colonel  Summers  for  promotion  to  the  grade  of  Brigadier  General  of  Volun- 
teers; at  least,  I  believe  him  entitled  to  the  corresponding  brevet.  I  make  this  recom- 
mendation in  advance  instead  of  in  mj'  tinal  report  on  account  of  his  relief  from  this 
command  and  probability  of  immediate  return  to  the  United  States.    My  report  will 

contain  recommendations  of  other  otflcers. 

Lawton, 

Major  General  of  Volunteers. 

(Extract  from  General  Wheaton's  report.) 

Malolos.  Philippine  Islands,  March  31, 1S99. 
The  gallant  conduct  of  Colonel  Summers,  Second  Oregon  Volunteer  Infantry,  on 
March  25th  and  26th,  is  worthy  of  the  highest  praise.    He  maneuvered  his  regiment  with 
ability  and  did  excellent  service,  inspiring  his  command,  which  fought  with  great 
courage  and  determination. 

Headquarters  Third  Brigade,  First  Division, 
Eighth  Army  Corps, 

Manila,  Philippine  Islands,  May  27,  1S99. 
Col.  Owen  Summers, 

-  Second  Oregon  Volunteer  Infantry. 
Sir:  Your  regiment  is  about  to  leave  for  home  to  be  mustered  out  of  the  service  of 
the  United  States,  and  I  now  desire  to  convey  to  you  my  highest  appreciation  of  the 
distinguished  services  of  yourself  and  of  the  Second  Oregon  Volunteer  Infantry.  The 
skill,  ability,  and  courage  with  which  you  have  fought  your  regiment  Is  deserving  the 
thanks  of  your  cotintrymen  ;  the  bravery,  determined  courage,  and  gallant  conduct  of 
the  officers  and  men  of  the  Second  Oregon  Volunteer  Infantry  prove  them  worthy  suc- 
cessors of  the  men  who  fought  at  Shlloh,  at  Gettj'sburg,  and  in  the  Wilderness.  Their 
gallant  conduct  during  the  recent  campaign  in  Luzon  has  reflected  credit  upon  the  State 
from  which  they  came. 
Very  respectfully, 

LOY'D  Wheaton, 

Brigadier  ^General,  United  States  Volunteers. 


APPENDIX.  629 

In  the  Fiei-d,  I^as  Pinas,  riiilippine  Islands;  June  K',  7ftO'J. 
Brevet  Brig.  Gen.  Owen  Summers, 

Second  Oregon  Volunteers. 

Sir  :  Your  regiment  liavihg  been  relieved  from  my  command  for  the  purpose  of  pro- 
ceeding to  tlic  United  States  for  muster-out,  gives  me  an  opportunity,  of  which  I  am 
glad  to  avail  myself,  of  expressing  to  you,  and  to  the  officers  and  men  of  your  regiment, 
my  high  appreciation  of  their  gallant  and  faithful  service  while  they  have  been  under 
my  command. 

While  I  am  glad  the  regiment  is  to  return  to  their  homes,  I  regret  to  lose  so  many 
good  soldiers.  When  your  regiment  came  to  my  command,  their  reputation  as  brave 
and  gallant  soldiers  had  preceded  them.  Since  you  have  been  with  me,  our  work  has 
been  constant,  arduous,  and  dangerous.  I  learned  very  soon  to  place  implicit  confi- 
dence in  your  energy,  judgment  and  courage,  and  the  gallantry  and  bravery  of  your 
officers  and  men.  You  have  nobly  earned  the  reputation  of  being  among  the  best 
soldiers  of  the  American  army.  In  saying  farewell  to  the  regiment,  I  wish  you  Godspeed 
and  all  the  good  fortune  and  prosperity  that  may  and  should  come  to  you. 

Sincerely  and  respectfully  yours, 

H.  W.  Lawton, 

Major  General  Volunteers. 


SENATE  JOINT  RESOLUTION  NO.  12. 

Whereas,  The  people  of  the  State  of  Oregon,  regardless  of  party  affiliations,  are 
desirous  of  expressing  their  deep  feelings  of  gratitude  to  and  their  admiration  for  the 
courage  of  the  Oregon  soldiers  who  have  so  nobly  offered  their  lives  in  defense  of  help- 
less humanity  in  avenging  the  loss  of  the  Maine,  in  behalf  of  civilization,  and  to  main- 
tain the  honor  and  prestige  of  the  American  flag;  and 

Whereas,  The  hearts  of  some  of  our  people  are  bleeding  as  the  result  of  the  loss  by 
sickness  or  in  battle  of  loved  ones  to  them  most  dear ;  therefore,  be  it 

Resolved  by  the  Senate,  the  House  concurring.  That  the  congratulations,  admiration, 
and  confidence  of  the  people  of  the  State  of  Oregon  be  and  the  same  are  hereby  extended 
to  the  Oregon  soldiers  in  the  Philippines,  and  that  the  sympathy  of  the  people  be  and  is 
hereby  extended  to  the  mourning  friends  of  the  heroic  dead  ; 

That  the  Secretary  of  State  be  and  he  is  hereby  requested  to  transmit  a  copy  of  these 
resolutions  to  the  commanding  officer  of  the  Oregon  regiment  at  Manila,  and  that  said 
officer  be  and  he  is  hereby  requested,  upon  receipt  of  such  copy,  to  cause  the  same  to 
be  read  to  each  company  of  his  said  regiment. 
Adopted  by  the  Senate  February  G,  1899. 

T.  C.  Taylor, 
President  of  the  Senate. 
Concurred  in  by  the  House  February  (5,  1899. 

E.  V.  Carter, 
Speaker  of  the  House. 
Filed  February  6,  1899. 

F.  I.  Dunbar, 

Secretari/  of  State. 


630  APPENDIX. 


ORDER 

Publishing  Intention  of  President  McKinley   to  Recommend  Special 

Medal  of  Honor  to  be  Given  Members  Eighth  Army  Corps 

for  Performing  Willing  Service  Though  Enlisted 

to   Discharge   Upon  Ratification   of 

Treaty  With  Spain. 

Circular  )  Headquarters  Department  of  California, 

No.  16.      J  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  July  15,  1399. 

By  direction  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  the  following  Is  published  for  the  information 
of  the  Second  Oregon  Volunteers  and  U.  S.  Signal  Corps  Volunteers  recently  returned 
from  the  Philippine  Islands  and  now  awaiting  muster-out  at  the  Presidio  of  San  Fran- 
cisco : 

The  President  desires  to  express  in  the  most  public  manner  his  appreciation  of  the 
lofty  patriotism  shown  by  the  volunteers  and  regulars  of  the  Eighth  Army  Corps  in  per- 
forming willing  service  through  severe  campaigns  and  battles  against  the  insurgents  in 
Luzon,  when  under  the  term  of  their  enlistment  they  would  have  been  entitled  to  dis- 
charge upon  the  ratification  of  the  treaty  of  peace  with  Spain.  This  action  on  their  part 
was  noble  and  heroic.  It  will  sound  forth  as  an  example  of  the  self  sacrifice  and  public 
consecration  which  have  ever  characterized  the  American  soldiers. 

In  recognition  thereof  I  shall  recommend  to  Congress  that  a  special  medal  of  honor 
be  given  to  the  officers  and  soldiers  of  the  Eighth  Army  Corps  who  performed  this  great 
duty  voluntarily  and  enthusiastically  for  their  country. 

(Signed.)  William  McKinley. 

By  command  of  Major  General  Shafter: 

J.  B.  Babcock, 
Official:  Assislant  Adjutant  General. 

R.  A.  Noble, 
Aid. 

O 


On  page  13,  in  line  May  1,  1899,  read  Lieutenant  Colonel  Yoran. 

On  page  2.5,  seventh  line  in  second  paragraph,  read  Major  Eastwick. 

On  page  32,  second  line  from  bottom,  read  City  of  /Sydney. 

On  page  554,  beginning  last  paragraph,  read  March  26, 1S99. 

On  page  559,  first  line  in  table,  read  Cavalry. 


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MONUMENT    ERECTED   IN    RIVERVIEW   CEMETERY    BY    SURVIV^ORS   OF 
SECOND  OREGON   TO   COMRADES   WHO   DIED  IN   SERVICE. 


INDEX 


INDEX  TO  OREGON  VOLUNTEERS. 


PAGE 

Abernethy,  Willian 201 

Abbott,  James  D.  M 375 

Abrams,  Carle,  Corporal 305 

Acton,  James  E.,  Corporal 173 

Adams,  Frank  E 74,   334,  554 

Adams,  Herman   P 73,   147,  554 

Adams,    Morris    L 132 

Adams,    Robert    L 375 

Adams,  Waldo  J 290 

Agee,  Zopher  N 202 

Ahlstrom,   Fred,  Corporal 130 

Ainsworth,  Clyde    354 

Aitken,  James   P 309 

Albee,  Charles  D.,  Corporal 373 

Albon,  Joseph    L 213 

Aldrich,    Henry   Q 237 

Allan,  William  W 247 

Allard,  Don  C 334 

Allen,   Alfred   A 174 

Allen,  Andrew   D.,  Corporal 373 

Allen,  William  T 73,   334,  554 

Allison,   Arthur    387 

Allison,  Perry  J 107 

Alrott,   Ed  C 132 

Amen,  Alonza   A 290 

Amsler,  Herrman    309 

Anderson,   Albert    B 154 

Anderson,  Enoch   73,  214 

Anderson,  George  P 279 

Anderson,    Harry,    Sergeant 198 

Anderson,  John  Q.,  Sergeant....  151 

Ankeny,   Frank   E 165 

Antrim,  Ray   L 73,   309,  554 

Applegate,    Herbert    147 

Applegate,  Moray  L 154 

Armitage,  William   J 74,   132,  554 

Armstrong,  John 325 

Asmus,  John 375 

Atchinson,  William  S.,  Q.M.Serg.  170 

Atwood,  John   R 272 

Babb,  Andrew  A 202 

Babb,  Raymon    155 

Baber,  William   H 133 

Bacon,  James  A 3S7 

Baertsch,    George    174 

Bailes,  Manley  F 300 

Bailey,  Henry  P 375 

Bailey,  John  A 74,  334,  554 

Baird,  George  C 376 


Baker,  Alvin  C 

Baker,  Charles  M 

Baker,  Clair  B 

Baker,    Cyril    K 

Baker,  Will  V 

Baker,  William  A 

Baldwin,   Frederick    

Baldwin,  James 

Ball,   Edward    J 

Ballard,   Ernest  R.,  Corporal.... 

Banfield,  Charles,  Corporal 

Bsnfield,  William  H 

Barber,    Richard    H.,    Captain... 

52,  60,  68,  242,  535,  537, 

Barclay,  Thomas   D 

Barger,    Andrew,    Corporal 

Barker,   Harry   B 

Barrett,  David  N.,  Corporal 

Barrett,  Edward  D.,  Corporal... 

Barrett,   William    H 

Bartell,    Max  J.,   Sergeant.  ..  .75, 

Bartmess,   Charles    

Barton,  Jesse  S 

Basey,    Robert   W 

Batchelor,  William   L 

Battee,  Karl    

Baty,  Charles  E.,  First  Sergeant 

Beam,  Orin  C 

Beard,    Roscoe   S 

Beatty,  Harlan    U.,  Sergeant.... 

Beatty,  Richard  F 

Beaver,  Clarence  W 

Bebb,  John   E 

Becker,   Everett  W 

Beckley,  Wesley  B 

Beebe,      Charles      F.,      Brigadier 

General,    O.   N.   G 

19,  20,  21,  610,  612, 

Beeman,  Joseph   T 

Bell,    Chriss   A.,    Corporal 

Bell,    Robert   W 

Bellinger,  Elmer  E 

Belmont,  Thomas   

Benjamin,  G.   H 

Bennett,  Charles  W 

Bennett,  John  S 

Benson,  August 

Benton,  Edgar  T.,  Sergeant 

Benton,   Robert    L 

Benz,  Ferdinand   L 


387 
107 
164 
220 
155 
272 
247 
133 
375 
332 
217 
376 

552 
107 
218 
387 
307 
271 
354 
330 
175 
376 
202 
310 
133 
242 
290 
343 
385 


202 
324 

387 


613 
221 
270 
290 
335 
220 
355 
354 
155 
335 
373 
133 


634 


PAGK 

Berks,   Frank    133 

Bernhard,  John    310 

Berry,   John    D 310 

Berry,   Joseph    L 82,  369 

Biers,  Adolphus  D 155 

Bigelow,    Robert   H 375 

Bingham,  William  C 175 

Bins,  Jacob  C 365 

Bish,  Philip 146 

Bitting,    Charles    C 366 

Black,  Joseph   H.,  Sergeant 287 

Black,  Wm.  C,  Co.  B 134 

Black,  William  C,  Co.  C 155 

Blackburn,  James,  Corporal 2S7 

Blackwell,  George  H.,  Corporal.  .  353 

Blair,   Prior  F 375 

Blakely,   Hugh   C 388 

Blessing,  Frederick  W.,  Corporal  373 

Blosser,  John   H 74,    355,  554 

Blough,   Harry   B 107 

Blough,   Roscoe  C 107 

Bockes,  Darwin,  Corporal 106 

Bockmann,  Charles    376 

Bodley.  Arthur  W 280 

Bodley,  Thomas  C 347 

Boettner,   Albert    247 

Boggess,    Ernest    E 265 

Bollam,  Jesse    73,  215 

Bolton,  Charles  A.,  Corporal....  131 

Bolton,    Henry    335 

Bonner,  Alex.  A 335 

Bonner,    David    J ..■  335 

Bonner,  William    E 335 

Booth,    Fred    W 121 

Booth,  Joel  C 368 

Borden,  Everett  V.,  Corporal.  .  .  .  201 

Bornuff,  William    H 375 

Sort,  Charles  A 324 

Bower,  Albert   B 355 

Bowerman,   Jay,    Sergeant 385 

Bowers,  Edward  T 388 

Bowers,  Elwood 221 

Bowman,   Daniel   C 77,   175,  554 

Bowman,   Loren  A.,  First  Lieut..  372 

Bowne,  Fred  W.,  Corporal 65,  352 

Boyd,   Fred    221 

Boyd,   Frank    190,  326 

Boyes,  Wesley   365 

Boylan,   Lewis,   Sergeant 287 

Boynton,  Clyde    202 

Bradford,  Charles 355 

Bradford,  William  J.,  Corporal..  373 

Bradley,  Alfred   L 202 

Brady,   August  J 290 

Branstetter  Wm.  W.,  Corporal..  152 

Bray,  John   R 134 

Brazee,  Albert  J.,  First  Lieuten- 
ant and  Battalion  Adjutant.  . 
56,   74,   lOL    215,   545,  554 


Breslin,   George   F 

Breyer,   Herman,  Cook 

Brickdale,   Richard   E 77,   221, 

Briner,  John  H 

Brinson,  John    I 

Brookler,  Andrew  G 

Brookler,  John   B.,  Corporal 

Brooks,  Gordon  P 

Brosius,    Frampton    C,    Captain 

and  Assistant  Surgeon 

19,  73,  100, 

Brown,  Allen  M 

Brown,   Elbert   K.,  Corporal 

Brown,   George    K 

Brown,   James    E 

Brown,   James    W 

Brown,   Oliver    L 

Brown,  Sheldon  C 

Brown,  William  W.,  Lance  Corp. 

Brown,   Winfield    S 

Brumley,  Ralph  S 

Bruce,  George   H 

Bryan,  Edgar  J.,  Second  Lieu- 
tenant  40,   48, 

Bryant,  Arthur  C 

Buchanan,    George   W 

Buchanan,  John   C 

Buck,    Robert   F 

Bundy,   John    V 

Burden,  Mallory,  Sergeant 

Burdon,   Edward    

Burnett,  Brady  F.,  Corporal.... 
74,   352, 

Burnett,   Horace,  Corporal 

Burness,    David    

Burns,  Chas.   E.  Jr 

Burns,   Fred    H 

Burns,   Joseph    F 

Busey,    F.    Leo 

Buss,    Frederick    K 

Butler,   Don  C,  Artificer 

Butler,    James    

Butler,    William    E 

Butts,   Frank   M 92,   335, 

Butzer,  John  J 

By'ars,  John  R.,  Hospital  Stew- 
ard  19,   73,    101, 


AGE 

239 
308 
554 
134 
355 
175 
172 
324 


544 
202 
219 
260 
147 
147 
367 
310 
332 
175 
154 
290 

210 
376 
175 
232 
221 
155 
269 
335 

554 
153 
203 
291 
376 
247 
134 
262 
106 
356 
134 
590 
222 

149 


Cain,  James  J 261 

Calcari,  Angel    388 

Calef,  Mahlon   H.,  Corporal 151 

Califf,  Albert  J 74,  356.  554 

Callister,    Asa,    Sergeant 351 

Cammack,   Fred    M.,  Sergeant...    351 

Campbell,   C.   A 356 

Campbell,   Floyd    L 367 

Campbell,  James  U.,  First  Lieu- 
tenant  55,   286,   299,   552 

Canning,  Thomas  F 203 


635 


Garden,  Alfred  0 64, 

Cardwell,  Herbert  W.,  Major  and 

Surgeon  U.  S.  Volunteers 

19,  37,  102,  577,  581, 

Carlton,  Thomas,  Principal  Mus. 

Carmody,   John    

Carr,  George   H.,  Wagoner 

Carroll,    Daniel    

Carter,  Charles   E 

Carter,  Edward  R 

Carter,  E.  V.,  Sneaker  of  the 
House   

Carter,  H.  M.  B 

Carter,   Jesse    L 

Carter,  William  E 

Case,  Alliene,  Second  Lieutenant 

Case,  Charles  L 

Case,  Emory   

Case,  James  F.,  Major  U.  S.  Vol- 
unteers  20,   40,  41 

48,  68.  89,  90,  94,  216,  552,  560, 
562,  566,  567,  568,  570,  573.  574, 
578,  580,  588,  589,  593,  595.  596, 

Case,    Lewis  T 

Case,    Martin    L 

Cason,   George    L.,   Corporal 

Casto,  Frank  E 

Chamberlin,  Edgar  J.,  Corporal. 
89,    306.    588. 

Chandler,  Charles  W 

Chandler,  Bert  B 74,  168, 

Chaplin,   Ralph    H 

Chapman,  Caleb  A . . 

Chapman,    Loren    H 

Chapman,   Wm.   J 

Chapman,   William    R 

Chase,   Fremont   R.,  Musician... 

Chase,    Louis    F 

Cherrington,  Edw.  E.,  Artificer. . 

Chickering,    D.    H 

Church,   Earl    H 

Churchill,  Richard  C,  Corporal.  . 

Churchman,  Geo.  H 

Clagett,  William  H.  Jr.,  Sergeant 

Clark,  Bert  J 73,  124, 

Clary,  John    

Clements,   Del 

Clift,  Andrew   

Cline,  Thomas  D 

Cloquet,  August 

Cloyes,  Herbert  P 

Clyatt,    Harry    

Coates,  Addison  C 

Coates,    John    C 

Cobb,  Merritt  S 

Cobb,   Thos.    E 

Cobbs,   Ralph    

Coburn,  Miles 

Cochran,  John    W 


A(JK 

176 


584 
102 
310 
333 
108 
176 
311 

629 
156 
356 
212 
384 
222 


96,  610 

388 
291 
288 
20T! 


594 
176 
554 
291 
325 
335 
156 
222 
106 
272 
386 
311 
155 
307 
134 
269 
554 
311 
222 
263 
222 
108 
336 
223 
388 
135 
135 
135 
343 
247 


PAGE 

Cochrane,  Charles   E 248 

Cochlin,  John  W 109 

Cockrell,   Mort  J 291 

Colby,  Mark   R 203 

Cole,  Don  A.,  Corporal 331 

Cole,  Edward    222 

Cole,   James    E 343 

Colman,   Frederic  A 280 

Colgan,   Edward    R.,   Q.   M.    Ser- 
geant  74,  304,  554 

Collard,  Frank  A.,  Corporal.  .82,   108 

Collard,   Roy   L.,  Corporal 105 

Collins,  James  J.,  Sergeant 217 

Conner,    Daniel    135 

Conner,  George  W.,  Coiporal.  .  .  .    172 

Connelly,  Stephen  J 176 

Constant,  Owen  A 177 

Cook,  William   M 73,  195,  554 

Cooke,  William    E 336 

Cooper,  Avery  J 336 

Cooper,    Minor    M 311 

Cooper,    Paul    B 109 

Cooper,  Walter  I.,  Sergeant 385 

Cooper,   Wells   C 108 

Coquillette,    Frank   S.,    Saddler.  .    387 

Corey,  Hylen  H.,  Serg-eant 385 

Cornelius,  Walter  311 

Cornell,  Charles  A.,  Musician...    154 

Cornfield,   Jack    291 

Cory,  Charles 203 

Cosper,  Emmet  D.,  Wagoner.  .  .  . 

74,    354.    554 

Cothlin,  Charles  E 357 

Cotner,    Hezekiah   C,   First    Ser- 
geant       170 

Cottingim,  James  W 109 

Countryman,  A.  J 203 

Cousins,    Herbert   W 343 

Cox,  Smith    388 

Coyne,  Frank  B 280 

Crabtree,   Elbert  C 135 

Crabtree,   Fred   J 109 

Craft,    Charles    A 223 

Craig,    Frank    J 156 

Crampton,  William    F 109 

Crary,    Lotan    R 272 

Cratty,    Gainer    A 367 

Crawford,  Elvin  J.,  Jr.,  Wagoner 

74,   153,  554 

Crawford,  Robert  F 283 

Creager    William    A 264 

Crider,  John   F 376 

Criswell,    Charles   C 300 

Croft,   Mason    291 

Cronkite,   George    H 223 

Crooks,    Harry    V 248 

Crowne,   Eugene   P.,  Fiist  Lieu- 
tenant and  Adjutant.  .  .19,  101,  5G2 
Crowner,   Henderson    177 


636 


PAGE 

Crowley,   Michael    P 194 

Crowson,  Winnie  Y.,  Sergeant..  129 

Crozier    William,  Corporal 189 

Cull,   Charles    E 235 

Currie,  Charles   E.,  Sergeant....  150 

Curtis,  Lester 388 

Curtis,  William  S.,  Corporal 219 

Cyrus,  Edmund   291 

Dahlstrom,   Alfred,   Corporal....  353 

Dake,  Virgil    357 

Davidson,  Alva   G.,  Corporal....  173 

Davies,  Thomas   H 272 

Davis,    Howard,   Corporal 152 

Davis,  James   B 135 

Davis,   John    E 74,    204.  554 

Davis,  John    H 109 

Davis,  Lester  B 357 

Davis,   Robert   E.,  Captain 

56.  68,  80,  197,  540,  543,  544,  545,  552 

Davis,  Thomas  V.,  Sergeant....  330 

Davis,   Willard    D 299 

Day,  George,  Corporal 129 

De  Atley,  Ora   E 336 

De    Burgh,   Joseph 234 

De  Lashmutt,  Albert 312 

De   Lashmutt,  John  C 312 

De  Witt,  Omar  M.,  Q.  M.  Serg..  .  104 

Deich,   Richard,   Sergeant 

54,  75,  79.   81,  91,  103 

Denney,  Walker   135 

Dennin,    David    M 357 

Denny,   Edward   F 357 

Desart,  Alfred  Q 388 

Desart,  Jerry    312 

Desmarais,    Pet   r 249 

Devere,   Claude    224 

Dickey,  Walter  T 343 

Dieckman,    Phil.   V 135 

Diedrich,  Edward  Jr.,  Sergeant.  .  217 

Dietz,    William    C 388 

Dillon,    Charles     I.,    Commissary 

Sergeant   19,  104 

Diny,  Peter 177 

Dixon,   Joseph    D 144 

Doble,    Roy    M.,   Musician 272 

Doble,   Stanton    L.,   Sergeant 270 

Dodge,  Julian    L 272,  283 

Dodson,  William   D.  B 15,  64,  224 

Dolan,     Walter     204 

Donahue,  Patrick   136 

Doue,    Steve     M 177 

Donnelly,    William    M 248 

Donner,  John   L 376 

Dooley,   Irving    273 

Doolittle,    Elmer   L 96,    156,  604 

Doty,  Pearl  0 148 

Dougherty,  W.  F.,  Corporal 330 

Doughty,   Albert   F 204 


Doughty,  Charles  E 

Douglas,    Edwin    J 

Dow,    Roy    B 

Doyle,  James  A 178, 

Drake,    Bryant   S 

Drake,    Frederick    W 

Drew,  John  F 

Drew,    Otis    W 

Du   Bois,  William  G 

Du   Rette,  George  A 

Bubois,   George    E 

Duffey,  Austin   

Dufur,  George   H.,  Corporal 

Dukes,  H.  Maitimore 

Dunbar,  F.  I.,  Secretary  of  State 
Dunbar,  Thomas  N.,  First  Lieu- 
tenant. .48.  56,  80,  197,  543,  545, 

Duncan,    Ray    

Dunkin,  Walter  L 

Dunn,    Thomas    V 

Dunseth,   Arthur   C,   Artificer... 

Dunseth,  Benjamin  F 74,  344, 

Dupuis,    Ben.,   Sergeant 

Dupuis,    Cliff    

Dustin,  George  W.,  Corporal.... 

Duval,  George   R 

Dwight,   Frank   D.,   Sergeant.... 

Dyer,   George    E 

Dye,    Walter    H 

Eastwick,  Philip  G.,  Jr.,  Major.. 
11,   12,   13. 

19,  20,  25,  41,  48,  50,  51,  52,  53, 
58,  59,  66,  68,  76,  79,  84,  86,  88, 
90,  93,  95,  96,  100,  535,  537,  552, 
553,  559,  560,  566,  572,  578,  586, 
587,  591,  593,  594,  596,  603,  612, 

Eckstein,   Cash    

Edelsten,  Ernest,  Corporal 

Edmunds,   Frederick    

Edwards,  Frank  E.,  Corporal... 
77,    352, 

Edwards,   Fred    E.,   Sergeant.... 

Eichhamer,  George 75,  267, 

Eide,  Albert   A 60,   249, 

Elkins,    Dillard    A 

Elkins,  Willard  A 

Elliott,    Lewis    W 

Ellis,    Matthew    H.,    Major    and 

Surgeon    

19,  37,  73,  100.  616,  617.  618,  622, 

Elton,  James  O 

Elwood,  Clark,  Musician 

Emerson,  James   P 

Emkins,    Harry   C,  Corporal.... 

English,  Clarence  C,  Corporal.. 

Ennis,  James  H 

Ennis.    Sydney    B 

Eoff,    Henry   T 


AGE 

273 


136 
195 
156 
376 
136 
148 
357 
312 
376 
204 
332 
194 
629 

552 
178 
312 
109 
333 
554 
170 
178 
271 
236 
385 
212 
325 


358 
308 
225 

554 
330 
601 
536 
110 
156 
179 


687 


Ernest,    Henry,  Corporal 246 

Ervin,   Walter    UQ 

Evans,    Benjamin    F 389 

Evans,  George   E.,  Farrier 374 

Evans,  Joseph   G.,  Artificer 132 

Ewing,   Len.   D 110 

Ewing,    Wayne    E 3S9 

Fairbrothers,  I.  H 136 

Fairchilds,  Wm.   H 389 

Fane,    Edward    313 

Farrell   , Dannie   E 262 

Faull,    Carleton    W.,    Vet.,    Serg.  384 

Fawcett,  Tiiomas   K.,  Sergeant..  243 

Febvet,    George    228 

Fees,    Osmer    D 122 

Fehrenbacher,  W.,  Jr.,  Corporal.  271 

Feldman,  Samuel    313 

Fenton,    Frank     249 

Fenton,  John   H 148 

Ferguson,  Charles  J 191 

Ferguson,   Fred    358 

Field,    William     347 

Finley,  John   B.,  Corporal 288 

Finzer,   William    E.,   First    Lieu- 
tenant     350,  552 

Fisher,    Corvan    225 

Fisher,  Fred  D 233 

Fisher,  Frederick  N 389 

Fisher,    Luther  M.,   Corporal 153 

Fitts,  Fay  M 377 

Fitzgerald,    Edward   J 204 

Flaugher,  Harvey  E 389 

Fleming,   Michael,  Corporal 385 

Flint,     Jesse     K 156 

Flood,   Frank    224 

Flood,    Philip    224 

Foley,  Thomas  J 377 

Fones,    Clifford    R 313 

Fones,    Lee    C 314 

Ford,   John    359 

Ford,   William    L 157 

Force,    James    C 377 

Foster,    Albert    S 377 

Foster,  Charles  F 224 

Foster,  Charles  J.,  Corporal 131 

Foster,  Joseph    144 

Fortan,  Oscar  J.,  Sergeant 199 

Fouts,  Seneca  F.,  Corporal 331 

Fowler,  Ward  W.,  Corporal 218 

Fox,   Arthur  C 123 

France,    Edwin    E 122 

Francis,    Wiley    B 157 

Franklin,  Charles  B.,  Corporal..  342 

Frazer,    George    N 157 

Fredden,    Harry    A 336 

Freeman,    Frank    F 273 

Freeman,  John    204 

Freye,   Frank    388 


Friedley,  Frank  B 337 

Frohmader,    Bert    F 314 

Fry,  William    359 

Fulkerson,    Pearl    314 

Gable,    Ratio     205 

Gadsby,   William,  Captain 52.   260 

Gaffney,   John    E 191 

Gagen,  Charles  A 389 

Gallagher,  Anthony   110 

Gallagher,   John    H 124 

Galloway,    Alex.    B 337 

Gamber,  J.  Arthur,  F'rst  Serg..  286 
Gamble,  Theodore  i_.,  Sergeant.  .  198 
Gannon,  Edward  J.,  Bugler.  .  .  .  387 
Gantenbein,   Calvin    U.,   Major.  . 

11.   12,  19,   20,   22,   36, 

43.   44.   47.   50,   52.   54,   55,   62,   64, 
63.  68.  97,  99,  457,  519,  520,   539.  611 
Gantenbein,  J.   Edw.,  Sergeant..    281 
Gantenbein,    Rudolph,   Corporal. 

74,   289,  554 

Gard,  Frank,  First  Sergeant  .304,  368 

Garrett,    Phinehas    L 205 

Garrett,    Robert   P 157 

Garrett,  Wiliam  J 225 

Garretson,    Edgar   S 110 

Garritson,  Fred  M 337 

Garner,   Mathias   E.,  Corporal...    386 

Gaskill,    James    R 389 

Gault,    Frederick    L 377 

Geer,  T.  T.,  Governor  of  Oregon.      97 

Gerhardt,    Austin    137 

Gerlach,   Emil,  Farrier 387 

Getchell,  William  A 179 

Gibbons,  David   M 194 

Giesy,   Andrew  J.,  Asst.   Medical 

Examiner    21 

Gilbert,  Romeo   M 314 

Gilbert,  William  S.,  Captain  and 

Chaplain 11,    19,    100 

Gilkey,  Bert,  Wagoner 375 

Girod,  Arthur 315 

Gilstrap,  Orva  C,  Corporal 153 

Girard,  Frank  M.,  Artificer 289 

Gilleland,   Arthur   L 166 

Girod,  Leon 315 

Glenn,   Douqias    179 

Glennan,  William    249 

Glessner,  Joseph  W.,  Trumpeter.    374 

Glover,   Herbert  S 377 

Godfrey,    Frank    S.,    Q.    M.    Ser- 
geant     89.   128 

Goodwin,    B.    M 359 

Google,    George    E 359 

Gordon,  Alexander  F.,  Wagoner.    346 

Gordon,    James    A 337 

Gourley,   William   A 211 

Grace,  Leo  B 77,  110,  544 


638 


PAGE 

Graham,  Angus  A 167 

Graves,    Herbert   G 110 

Gray,  Clyde  E 137 

Gray,  John  W 179 

Greenleaf,   Robert  S.,  Captain...  372 

Gregory,  Milton   IS" 

Green,  Horatio  J 40,  213 

Green.   Thomas    I'^O 

Green,   William    250 

Grieve,   James    E 250 

Griffin,    Charles   W 157 

Grim,  Edwin,  First  Lieutenant.. 

90,    216,   552,  589 

Grimm,  Ivan,  Q.  M.  Sergeant.  .  .  .  365 
Gritzmacher,     August     B.,    First 

Lieutenant    49,  269 

Gross,    Leonard    157 

Grubb,    Frank,    Corporal 129 

Grubb,  William  C,  First  Serg. .  .  128 

Guile,  Wilbur  M 389 

Gunn,  John   E ISO 

Gustin,  James  H 205 

Hackathorn,  G.  M 359 

Hackett,  Thomas  E.,  Farrier 387 

Hackney,  Sloan    344 

Hagelin,   Hans   316 

Hall,  Clarence    180 

Hall,  Herbert  K.,  Q.  M  .Sergeant  304 

Hall,  Ralph   360 

Hallett,  Claude   F 315 

Hamlin,    Frank    B.,    First    Lieu- 
tenant  89,  128,  552 

Hamilton,    S.    E 389 

Hampton,  Edw.  W 284 

Hanigan,  Charles   E 273 

Hanna,  Arthur,  Corpoi-al 152 

Hanna,    Frank    W 315 

Hannon,   Wm.   H 360 

Hansen,    Andrew    315 

Hansen,    Hans 300 

Harder,  William  W.,  Corporal...  270 

Harding,  George  Lee,  Corporal..  288 

Harding,  Joseph    E 300 

Hardman,    Chas.    M 389 

Hargreaves,   Fred    292 

Harms,   Leo  A.,  Corporal 244 

Harrington,   James    

87,  91,  92,  267,  568,  586,  590 

Harris,   Arthur    P.,    Sergeant....  194 

Harris    William,    F 315 

Harrison,   Joseph    C 389 

Hart,    George    B 292 

Hart,    William     H 344 

Hartman,  Ernest  A.,  Artificer...  271 
Hartman,    George    A.,    Jr.,    First 

Lieutenant    170,  552 

Harry,    Joseph    H 292 

Hastings,   John    181 


Hauser,    Lloyd    J 

Hawking,    H.    A 

Hawkins,   Claude    A 

Hawthorne,   Wistar    , 

Hayes,  Frank  T.,  Sergeant. 
Hayes,   Harry  J.,  Sergeant, 

Hayden,  Clell   

Hayden,    Frederick   J 

Hayden,   William   O 

Haynes,  Crum   C 


PAGE 

.  389 

.  281 

.  157 

.  168 

.  104 

.  198 

.  316 

.  389 

.  316 

.  225 


Haynes,  Fred  W.,  Second  Lieu- 
tenant        150 

Haynes,  William   263 

Hays,    Alfred    P.,    Corporal 244 

Hays,  George  M 193 

Headlee,   John   C,   Corporal 

74,   172,   554 

Headrick,   David    360 

Heath,    Edwin    O .    193 

Heath,  Herbert  L.,  Captain.. 31, 
40,  47,  65,  68,  76,  77,  81,  84,  85, 
86,  89,  90,  91,  95,  103,  552,  559, 
564,  568,   579,  586,   587,  590,  591,  603 

Heiser,  Robert  C 292 

Heltzel,    Harry    H 273 

Hempe,    Frank    M 225 

Hemsworth,  F.  W 344 

Henderson,    Frank    226 

Henderson,   O.    D.,   Q.    M.   Serg...    351 

Henkle,   Arthur    L 292 

Henley,   John    F 292 

Henry,    Joseph    D 191 

Herb,  Charles  J 273 

Herr,  Marcellus  A 181 

Herrin,  Fred    137 

Herring,   Tillman    R 292 

Herrington,    C.    R.,    Sergeant....    216 

Herrmann,  George   E 377 

Herzog,    William     273 

Hewitt,    Rezin    D.,   Sergeant 198 

Hibbard,  Harry  G 326 

Hibbard,  John    B.,  Corporal 199 

Hibbs,    Frank   W 124 

235 

250 

293 

181 

182 

98,   250,  571 
Hildebrand,  Martin.. 57,   205,  543,  544 

Hildreth,  Buell   137 

Hilton,   Fred    342 

Hill,    Charles    B 263 

Hill.  James   F 273 

Hillert.    Fred     344 

Hinkel,  Charles   366 

Hinton,  Thos 137 

Hoberg,    Charles    H Ill 


Hickey,   Andrew    A 

Hickey,  Thomas  J 

Hickman,  Charles  E 

Hicks,  Bert   

Hicks,  William   A 

High,   Frank  C S"! 


689 


Hockenyos,  Henry,  Piincipal 
Musician    19,  102 

Hockett,   Clyde    137 

Hockett,  Walter  B 360 

Hoeye,  Joseph  W.,  Corporal '244 

Hoffman,    Claude    B 293 

Hoffman,    Edw.    C 389 

Hoffman,    Ed.   W 293 

Hoffman,    Robert   B 83,   369 

Hoffman,  William  G.,  Musician. 

Holbrook,   Millard  C,  Corporal.. 

Hoibrook,  Philo,  Jr.,  Seigeant .  .  . 

Holbrook,    Rufus    K 

Holbrook,  Samuel  C 

Holden,   Arthur    

Holden,   Philis    

Holgate,   Donald   W 

Hoigate,  Harry  L.,  Artificer 

Holland,   Howard   H 

Holland,  Leon  G.,  Corporal 

74,   353, 

Holston,   Harvey    

Holt,   William    E 

Honstein,  Louis 

Hooker,    L.  St.   Elmo 

Hopwood,  OIney  G 

Horn,   Charles   A 

Hornberg,  William  G.,  Sergeant. 

Horner,  Charles   H 

Horner,    Wesley    D 

Hoskins,    Edward    E 

Hotchkiss,    Charles    

Howard,    Emil    W 

Howard,  John  Q.,  Cook 

Howell,   Arthur   E 

Howell,    Benj.    McN 

Howell,  Frank  E 

Howell,    Morris    

Howiand,    John    A 

Hoyt,    Elwell    H 

Hubbard,    Chester    W 

Huddleson,  C.  M 

Huerth,  John    

Hughes,    Michael    D 

Hughes,    Richard     

Hulden,  Alexander 

Hull,  Orville  J.,  Corporal 

Humphreys,    C.    S 

Humphreys,   F.  W.,  Corporal.... 

Humphrey,  John   D 93, 

Humphrey,   Peter  A - 

Humphrey,  W.  A.,  First  Lieuten- 
ant O.  N.  G 

Hunter,  Henry   P.,  Corporal 

Hunter,  John   A 

Humtley,  Merritt   B.,  Cook 

87,  98,  166,  332 

Huntley,  William  A.,  Second 
Lieutenant    29 S 


289 
271 
151 
167 
274 
293 
299 
111 
354 
360 

554 
226 
360 
250 
166 
138 
168 
243 
293 
390 
111 
250 
167 
154 
293 
316 
345 
138 
293 
377 
326 
111 
293 
205 
174 
316 
305 
361 
353 
111 
145 

20 
331 
206 


Hurley,  Roy  H 274 

Huston,    Robert    S.,    First    Lieu- 
tenant     150,  600 

Hutchinson,  Eiias 11,  33,  368 

Hutchinson,  Wm.  H 390 

Hyland,   William    H 226 

Icard,  George  M 192 

lllig,  Carl  A 361 

Ingeman,  Andy,   Serge. mt 372 

Ingman,   Clare,   Corporal 232 

Inman,    Clifton     L 206 

Innis,  Charles,  Corporal 152 

Isekite,    Daniel    Ill 

Isenberg,  F.  Howard 194 

Jack,  Frederick  D 390 

Jackson,  James,  Lieutenant  Col- 
onel Ret.,  U.  S.  A 25,  613 

Jackson,  Rhees,  First  Lieutenant 

and  Battalion  Adjutant 101,  240 

Jacobson,  Hans  R 112 

Jameson,      Malcolm     S.,     Second 

Lieutenant 197,  212,  552 

Janes,  Frank  W 251 

Jansen,   Frank  L 317 

Janzen,    Henry    316 

Janzen,   John    74,   317,  554 

Jaques,    Edward    74,    361,  554 

Jarman,  Charles   P 281 

Jennings,    Guy     F 345 

Jensen,    i/lartin    192 

Jensen,  Ole    361 

Jessen,    Henry,   Corporal 353 

Jewett,  Alphues 226 

Jewett,  Frank  G.,  First  Sergeant  384 

Jewell,   Frank   R.,  Cook 290 

Jodon,    Charles    B 251 

Johannesen,    Gus     337 

Johns,  John  C,  Corporal 386 

Johns,  Jr.,   Summerel 206 

Johnson,   Admer  T 211 

Johnson,  Ben    112 

Johnson,  Charles  W 390 

Johnson,  Claude   A 361 

Johnson,    Edgar  J 194 

Johnson,   Freeman,  Corporal....  199 

Johnson   H.  A.,  Jr 390 

Johnson,   James   C,   Sergeant...  351 

Johnson,  Lionel  A.,  Corporal....  288 

Johnson,    Louis    L 345 

Johnson,   Martin   G.,  Corporal...  246 

Johnson,    Victor,    Artificer 201 

Johnson,    Willard    C 158 

Johnson,  William  C,  Cook 220 

Johnston,    Thos.    W 206 

Johnston,  William  C,  Sergeant.  232 

Johnstone,    Arthur  J.,    Sergeant.  269 

Jones,   Carl,  Corporal 171 


640 


Jones,    Edward    E 

Jones   Emmett   L 74,   317, 

Jones,  George  W.,  Corporal 

Jones,    Herman    K 

Jones,   John    H 

Jones,  John    M 

Jones,  John   M.,  Sergeant 

Jones  John  W 

Jones,  Samuel   C 

Jordan,  Albert  J 74.   251, 

Jordan,    Thomas,    Musician 

Jordan,  William   H 


Kaitz,  Bruce,  Corporal 

Kauffman,  Chris  C,  Sergeant... 
Kaufmann,  Charles  F.,  Sergeant 
Kavanaugh,   G.   V.,   Corporal.... 

Keady,  Arthur  W 

Kehoe,  John   J 

Kellogg,  Sylvester   L 

Kelly,  Fielding  S.,  First  Lieuten- 
ant  and   Battalion   Adjutant .  . 

68,   81,   83,   188, 

Kelly,   James    

Kelsay,   Lyman    

Kelty,     Harvey    D 

Kemp,  Josiah,  Q.   M.   Sergeant.. 

Kennedy,    Charles    F 

Kennedy,  James  J.,  Musician... 

Kennedy,  John  W 

Kennedy,  William   G.,  Wagoner. 

Kenny,   Frank    

Kent,    Charles    F 

Ker,  Joseph    H 

Kern,    Henry    G 

Kern,   Oliver   M 

Kernay,  John    

Kerrigan,    Herbert    W 

Kerron,   Art.iur   P 

Kerslake,   Frank    

Kesselring,    Max,   Corporal 

Kiernan,  William   E 

Killian,   Miss    Lena,  Nurse 

Kimber,  Arthur 

King,  Benjamin   L 

King,    Edward    L 

King,    John    J 

Kinzer,  Charles  C. 

Kirby,    David    C 

Kirchheimer,   A.   M.   F 

Kirkley,  Arthur  B 

Kirkman,    Elbert    A 

Kirts,    Ezra   A 275, 

Klauck,  John    

Klauser,  Anton    

Kieinsmith,    Alvin    S 

Kleupfer,  John    H 

Klingensmith,   C.    E 

Kium,  Blaine  


263 
554 
306 
293 
158 
281 
373 
211 
317 
554 
173 
281 

271 
151 
243 
219 
317 
267 
390 


552 
266 
195 
317 
330 
338 
201 
293 
309 
126 
168 
251 
361 
369 
192 
274 
274 
390 


214 
361 
274 
390 
361 
390 
261 
226 
378 
603 
112 
390 
294 
138 
158 
138 


Knapp,  Lawrence  H.,  First  Lieu- 
tenant and  Quartermaster.  . .  . 

19.  24,  34,  101,  592,  612 

Knight,  William    206 

Knowles,  Chester  A 251 

Knox,    Isaac    B 275 

Kober,    Frederick    294 

Koeber,  Christian    227 

Kretzer,    Daniel    J 338 

Kreuder,   Phillip    L 113 

Kreyer,    Charles    A.,    Cook    Cor- 
poral      374 

Kreyer,   P.  W 227 

Kruger,    William    c. 377 

Krumm,    John    R.,    Corporal 373 

Krupke,  John   P 377 

Kuehl,  William    F 294 

Kupers,    William     182 

Kuykendall,  Otto    F 338 

La  Dow,  Herbert  N.,  Corporal...    373 

La  Selle,  Charles  V 145 

Lady,    Henry    113 

Lafferty,  Frederick  S.,  Corporal.    244 

Lafferty,   John    L 227,    284 

Lamberson,    R.    A 275 

Lambert,  Arthur  E.,  Corporal...    105 

Lampman,   Oscar   B 294 

Landers,    Henry    158 

Lando,    Isaac    252 

Lane,  John    H.,   Sergeant 243,   536 

Lang,  John    213 

Larimer,  Isaac  D.,  First  Sergeant  150 

Latham,    Roy   0 275 

Lauman,   Charles   A 252 

Laurenz,   John    W 378 

Lautenschlaeger,  G.  J.,  Serg-eant  242 

Lawrence,  James   E 369 

Lawscn,  Bert  K 158 

Layton,    James    B 390 

Leach,    James    H 275 

Leatherman.  Charles  E.,  Corporal  131 
Leathers,   William    A.,   Corporal.    171 

Leavitt,    Edwin    E 182 

Lee,   John    A 378 

Lee,   Henry    318 

Lee,   William    E 338 

Leman,   William    H.,   Musician..    220 

Lemison,    Edgar    R 338 

Lenon,   Luther    227 

Letson,  Charles  W 158,  347 

Levins,   Sampson    378 

Lewis,    Ed.    C 138 

Liles,    John     R 382 

Lilienthal,  Carl    206 

Lindburg,    Victor    378 

Lindsay,  John    N 158 

Lipes,  Oliver  E.,  Corporal 82,  105 

Lischke,   Frank   F 378 


641 


Litchfield,  George  F 31S 

Littiefield,     Harry     A.,    Hospital 

Steward     19,   102 

Logus,  William    R 294 

Long,    Harland     227 

Longenecker,   Bert   E 294 

Lord,  William   P.,  Governor  Ore- 

son 11,   16,   18,   19,   21,     24 

Lowe,    Bert,   Corporal 305 

Lowe,    Christian    S 34.', 

Lowell,    Arthur    J 390 

Love,    Albert     252 

Lovelace,   Chas.    A 159 

Lovell,   Harry   E.,  Corporal 190 

Lucas,  Zeno    207 

Luce,   Sydney    M 275 

Ludwig,    Henry    J 275 

Lukinbeal,   William    E 338 

Lurz,    Frank    L 252 

Lurz,  John  J 252 

Lyman,  Chauncey 252 

Lyman,    William     P 378 

Lyon,  Edward 87,  98,  139,  568 

Macintosh,  William   207 

MacLean,  Hector,  Musician 201 

Macrum,  Charles  A.,  Captain  and 

Surgeon,    O.   N.   G 19,   612 

Maddux,    George     113 

Maddy,    James    T 236 

Mader,    Jacob    H 236 

Magruder,   James   P 207 

Mahoney,  William   E.,  Musician.    220 

Malehorn,     Clinton     378 

Mange,  Peter   234 

Mankin,    Guy    C 362 

Mann,  Thomas   R.,  Cook 271 

Mannes,   Tliiomas    P 391 

Manning,  A.  A.,  Corporal 190 

Manning,    William    G 275 

Marcellus,    Marius    B 264 

Marcy,  Charles  A.,  Sergeant..., 

74,  253,   554 

Marin,  Jacob   C 182 

Markart,  Charles   L 299 

Marsh,    Willis,    Corporal 171 

Marshall,     John     W.,      Sergeant 

Major    

50,  89,  98,  101,  214,  562,  588,  592,  595 

Marshall,    R.    P 339 

Martin,   Alexander   F 346 

Martin,    Fred    N 228 

Martin,  George  W.,  Second  Lieu- 
tenant     286,   301 

Martin,  Harry  H 113 

Martin,   Lantford    207 

Masten,   Verl    L.,  Corporal 200 

Mathsan,  Ole    174 

Matthew,  Louis 253 

41 


Maxwell,    John    J 253,  536 

May,  John  L.,  Captain 

17,  68,  77,  79,  92,  128,  552 

McAllister,  Harvey  L.,  Corporal.    104 

McArthur,   David    E 294 

McBride,  Walter  W 294 

McCausland,  George  V 295 

McClung,  Clyde    H 295 

McClung,  D.  C 295 

McConiga,    Samuel    F 159 

McConnell,  Clarence    391 

McCormick,    C.    C 391 

McCornack,    Condon    159 

McCord,  George  Kay,  Corporal..    130 

McCoy,    Ralph    G 370 

McCutcheon,  Charles   G 114 

McDonald,  James  W 207 

McDonell,  Charles   E.,  Captain.. 

49,  54,  269,  539 

McDougali,  Charles  C 339 

McElwain,  William 96,  284,  604 

McFarland,  Edwin  L.,  Musician.    289 

McGinn,   John    L 237 

McGinn,    William    J 379 

McGowan,  James   E.,  Corporal..    219 
McGowan,      Samuel,      Principal 

Musician    19,    102 

McGrath,    Miles    114 

McGuire,  Ernest  L 159 

McGuire,  Willis  C 159 

Mcllwain,  Squire  A.,  Corporal..    306 

Mcintosh,  Wm.   W 378 

McKenna,   Christopher 36,    339 

McKenzie,    Thos.    F 139 

McKibben,    Albert    E 252 

McKinlay,  Joseph  F 208 

McKinley,  Charles    318,  325 

McKinley,  William  S 318 

McKinney,  George  B 114 

McKinnon,   Charles    240 

McKinnon    C.    J 183 

McKinnon,     James     A.,     Second 

Lieutenant    48,  269 

McKinnon,    John     L 391 

McLaughlin,    Ara    W 295 

McManus,   Thomas    362 

McMartin,   Alex 159 

McMillan,  Timothy    114 

McMullin,  Timothy    300 

McMurray,    Frank    G 159 

McMurry,    Ralph    B 159 

McPherson,    Guy     318 

McQieown,  Leslie   368 

McWilliams,  C.  O.,  Corporal 386 

Mead,    Frank    A.,    Second    Lieu- 
tenant     170,  592 

Mead,   James,   Corporal 200 

MealeyV    Karl    S 378 

Mellinger,  Walter  A.,  CorporaL  .   105 


642 


Mercer,   Charles    P.,   First    Serg.  197 

Merrill.    William     V 167 

Metcalf,   Harry   K 391 

Meussdorffer,  C.    H.   Jr.,   Second 

Lieutenant 216,    232.    552 

Miers,   Charles   C 82,   114 

Mikeska,  Frank   253 

Millard,   Archie    319 

Millard,  Guy,  Wag-oner.  .73.   347,   554 

Millard,    Everett 82,    362 

Miller,  Charles    319 

Miller,  George   B 275 

Miller,   Harry   E 160,  368 

Miller,   John    G.,   Corporal.  ..  .90,  219 

Miller,   John    J 391 

Miller,  John   W.   F 365 

Miller,  Lewis  E 125 

Miller,    Otto,    Corporal 129 

Miller,    Theodore    G. 295 

Miller,  Wi'liam    E 379 

Miller,  William  H 160 

Milligan,  William  0 228 

Million,   Ferd    139 

Mills,  Clarence  W 369 

Minier,     Charles,     E 369 

Minnemeyer,    George    W.,   Wag- 
oner          201 

Misenhimer,  R.  H 253 

Mitchell,  David  H 115 

Mitchell,  Hiram  £.,  Captain  and 
Quartermaster,  U.  S.  V.  20,  610,  611 

Mitchell,   James    N 115 

Mitchell,  William  W 339 

Moffat,  John  W.,  Sergeant 286 

Mogensen,    Hans    139 

Mohr,  Charles    228 

Molson,    Christian    254 

Monahan,  Thos.  F 139,  266 

Montague,  James   228 

Montgomery,  William 183 

Moon,    William    S.,    Captain.... 

52.  53.  59.  68.  79,  84,  150,  552,  554 
Moore,  D.  J.,  Major.  O.  G.  N.  .  .  664 
Moore,     Elbridge     W.,     Second 

Lieutenant   40,  237 

Moore,  Hurlie  L.,  Corporal 385 

Moore,   Jesse   C 391 

Moore,   John    M 160 

Morelock,    A.    Lee,    Sergeant.... 

74,  171,   554 

Morelock,   William    M 183 

Morgan,  Dell    295 

Morgan,    Frank    L.. 229 

Morgan,    Louis    254 

Morse,   Lee  K.,  First  Sergeant..   348 

Morse,    Percy    M 346 

Morrell,    William    254 

Morris,   William    D 300 

Morris,   William    P 115 


PACK 

Morrow,  William  C,  Corporal..."  270 

Moshberger,    Eugene,    Corporal.  352 

Moshberger,   R.  A.,  Corporal 352 

Mossie,    Eber   D 183 

Moulton.   Ralph    H.,  First  Serg..  329 

Mount,    Earl 74,    160,  554 

Mueller,    Gustav    A.,    Chief   Mu- 
sician  19,   102,  174 

Muir,    James    362 

Mulkey,    Philip    J 319 

Mullen,    Francis    J 391 

Mullen,    Frank    228 

Munroe,  Thomas  W.,  Q.  M.  Serg.  150 

Muralt,    Christian,    Jr 295 

Murbach,    Albert    238 

Murphy,      Charles      A.,      Second 

Lieutenant    

12,   53.   60,   303,   535,   537,  552 

Murphy,  Stephen    370 

Murray,  Thomas  H.,  Corporal...  131 

Myers,    Maurice    H 295 

Nageli,   John    254 

Nash,  Claude  M 238 

Naylor,  Arthur  M 379 

Needham,  Nelson  S 295 

Nelson,    Lewis    F 379 

Nendel.  John  W.,   Sergeant 372 

Nesbett,    Fred     H 365 

Neuhaus,  Robert,  Artificer 386 

Neumann,    Louis    F 254 

New,   Judge   D 282 

Newby.    Roy    A 255 

Newell,    Herbert     115 

Newman,  Charles  L 208 

Newson,  John    D 160 

Neylan,   James    R 275 

Nice,  Charles  W 379 

Nichol,    George    W 160 

Nichols,      Ammi      S.,     Assistant 

Medical  Examiner   21 

Nicholas,    Byron     R 208 

Nicholson,    Clyde    R.,    Corporal..  245 

Nickum,  John   C,   Corporal 199 

Noah,    George    E 212 

Noel,   Leigh   A.,  Sergeant 305 

Noltaer,  Frede   H.,  First  Serg...  269 

Norman,  William  S 339 

Norris,  Rea  295 

North,  William  C,  First  Serg...  216 

Northway,  Joseph    E 208 

Norton,    Fred    J 240 

Norwood,   Will    319 

Null,   Frank    183 

Odell,    Ralph    A 125 

Oesch,  Edward  D.,  CorporaL  .65,  200 

Ogle,    Volney    6 208 

Oliver,   Charles   P 285 


INDEX. 


643 


PAGK 

Oliver,  George  W.,  Musician.  166,  354 

Olsen,   Gustav    391 

Olson,  Charles    64,  213 


Orchard,  Hollie  R..  . 
Ordway,  Eliot  W..  . 
Osburn,  Thomas  J. 
O'Brien,  Joseph  V.. 
O'Brien,  Samuel  R. 
O'Flaherty,  Henry  . 
O'Mara,    William    .. 

O'Neal,  James    B 

O'Neil,    Robert    J... 


214 
284 
362 
161 
161 
348 
319 
346 
276 


Page,  James    6.5,  195 

Papst,    Albert    362 

Park,   George  A.,  Corporal 131 

Parsley,    Everett    B 140 

Parsons,   Alvin    M 229 

Parsons,   Oscar    l. 340 

Parsons,    Wm.    W 166 

Paterson,    William     L 276 

Patterson,    Charles    208 

Patterson,   Frank    296 

Patterson,   Ora    R 379 

Pattsn,   Laurence  C 255 

Payne,  Henry 82,  369 

Payne,  Herbert  H 262 

Peel,  Gordon  A 74,  214 

Peppin,    Walter    F 379 

Percy,    Allen     276 

Perkins,    Clyde    326 

Perkins,    John    W 2S3 

Perkins,   Thomas    L 379 

Perry,    Richard    E 125 

Perry,    William    M 296 

Petersen,    Fred    319 

Peterson,    Harry    W 379 

Peterson,  Olaf  H.,  Corporal 153 

Peterson,    Peter    391 

Petzold,    Frederick     340 

Pfaff,    Henry,    Sergeant 217 

Phelps,  Ono   S 161 

Phillips,    Merrill    D.,   Captain.... 

68,    78,    286,    552,    553 

Pickens,    Leonard    L.,   Captain..    298 

Pickering,    Louis    £ 276 

Pierce,  Frank 276 

Pierce,    John    E 192 

Pike,   Albert    L 115 

Pinson,   Joseph    E 183 

Pitts,    James    R 379 

Plank,  Claude   F 320 

Piatt,     Ralph,    First    Lieutenant 

and   Commis.sary    

48.  120,  612,  616,  617,  618 

Platts,  Charles  R.,  Second  Lieu- 
tenant  56.  350,  542,  543,   552 

Platts,  Willis  A.,  Fir.st  Sergeant  35 
Plumb,    William    M 


Poindexter,    Fielding    L 89,  296 

Bollard,    Frank    380 

Ponath,   William    H.,   Corporal.. 

58,   244,   535,   536 

Poole,  Samuel    276 

Poorman,  John    M.,   Captain 

..56,  68,  350,  541,  542,  543,  545,   552 
Poorman,  Tracy  C,  Corporal...    352 

Porter,   Edward   380 

Porter,    Leonard    W 296 

Porter,    Marion    L 320 

Potter,  Thaddeus,  Q.  M.  Sergeant  372 
Povey,  George  W,,  Second  Lieu- 
tenant   44,  48,  329,  611 

Powell,    Alvin    H 208 

Powell,   Frederick  J.,  Corporal..   288 

Powell,    Robert    R 366 

Powell,  Thaddeus,  Q.  M.  Sergeant  372 

Powers,    William    N 380 

Pracht,    William    B.,    Sergeant..    129 

Prasil,    Adolph    C 380 

Pratt,  Douglas  L 276 

Pratt,    Irving    H.,  Sergeant 269 

Pratt,  Martin   276 

Praytor,   John    G 255 

Prentiss,  Joseph   C 115 

Prescott,  Austin  F.,  Ciptain 

31,   40,   68,   80,   170,   193,  552 

Prescott,  Sherburn   N.,  Sergeant  171 

Presnell,    Frank    L 255 

Preston,  Jack  P.,  Corporal 218 

Price,    Frederic    362 

Price,  George  J 379 

Price,    Harvey    L 362 

Price,  Richard  W 209 

Proebstel,  Charles    184 

Proebstel,  Louis,  Sergeant 171 

Provost,    Charles    F.,    Saddler...    374 

Pryor,  Earl  A 161 

Pryor,   Frank  A.,  Corporal 152 

Pugh,    Percy,    Corporal 306 

Pullen,    Arthur    82.   363 

Purdin,   Charles    276 

Purdom,   Arthur   F 296 


Purdy,   Benjamin 
Purdy,    Edwin    P.. 
Pursifull,    Isaac   A 
Putnam,  Frank  T. 
Puzey,    George     .  . 


Wagoner 


'^ 


Radcliffe,    A.    L 

Rader,    James    M.,    Wagonei 

Randall,    Frank    I 

Rankin,   George   W 

Ransom,  Clayton    L 96. 

Rardin,    William    H 

Rasch,    Halvor    H 

Rath,  Charles  J 

RatlTbun,  Charles  V 


255 
144 
289 
140 
229 

140 
387 
380 
391 
604 
229 
276 
296 
255 


644 


PAGE 

Rea,  Don  P.,  Corporal  270 

Rea,    Edward   C 391 

Reavis,  Walter   H 340 

Redman,  Zederiah  M.. 116 

Reed,   Gf-o-ge    P 320 

Reed    William    F 363 

Reese,   oeorge    B 391 

Reeves,  John  T 88,   116,  588 

Rehnstrom,  S.  E..  First  Sergeunt   372 

Reichwein,  G.  P.  W^ 234 

Reid,    James    J 369 

Reid,    John    V.,    Corporal 342 

Railing,  John    I . 184 

Rekdahl,   Markin    256,   589 

Reynolds,    Otis    A 116 

Rice,   Eugene   F.,  Corporal 199 

Rich,  Charles   H.,  Corporal.  .  .82,  105 

Richardson,    A.    L 276 

Rickert,   Daniel   H.,   Q.   M.   Serg..    384 

Richter,   Otto    256 

Riddle,    Edward    W 140 

Riggen,    William    H 211 

Riley,    William    F.,   Bugler 387 

Riley,    William    J.,    Captain 384 

Rinard,  Daniel  A.,  Corporal 386 

Ringstrom,    Axel     102 

Rintoul,     James,      J",      Pergeant 

Major 19.   50,   102 

Rittenour,   Fred    H.,   Musician...    333 

Ritter,   Henry  J.,   Wagoner 220 

Ritterspacher,   Carl,   Reg.    Q.    M. 

Sevgeant    19,  101 

Robbs,  Ben   F 184 

Roberts,  Asa  L.,  Corporal. 74,  172,  5r.2 

Roberts,   Don   A 391 

Roberts,  Elmer  0 74,  162,  552 

Roberts,   Wm.    H 148 

Robertson,  Marcus  W.  87,  98,  141,  571 
Robertson,  Thomas  D.,  Corporal  306 

Robinson,   Ed.   A 209 

Robinson,    Harry    H ?10 

Robinson,  Jesse   M 277 

Robinson,     Robert     E 340 

Robinson.   William    H 229 

Robley,    Fred    G.,   Ccrporal 130 

Rockwell,   Albert  W 209 

Rodman,    H.   C 277 

Rofeno,    Frank    E 266 

Rogers,    Bert    229 

Rogers,   Hugh  S.,  Corporal 105 

Roggers,     Henry     M 368 

Rolfe,    George    E 264 

Rommel,    Edward 83,    116 

Rooney.    Fred   J 256 

Rose,    George,    Musician 132 

Roselle.    Van    R 391 

Ross,    Harry    W 320 

Rowland,    Cunliff    297 

Rubart.   Charles    R 74.    347.    554 


PAGE 

kuddy,  James  A 184 

Ruedy,   Charles  W 74,   230,  554 

Ruhl,   Charles    H 285 

Ruof,    Ernest    391 

Russell,    Charles    149 

Russell,    William    K 380 

Rutenic,  John  C,  B^irst  Lieuten- 
ant  19,  384,  609 

Sackett,    Dewey    W 141 

Salisbury,    Austin    J 96,    277,  604 

Saltmarsh,    Henry    R 297 

Sammons,    Harold    G.. 392 

Sampson,     Edgar    E 74.   257,  554 

Sanders,    Carlton    E 74.   341,  554 

Sanders,    Guy    N 74.   341,  554 

Sanders,  Oliver  A 364 

Sandoz,   Louis  H 145 

Saunders,   Fred   A 277 

Saunders,    Paschal    M 392 

Savage,   Charles   C 320 

Savage,    James    C 363 

Saxton,  John   G 392 

Scanlon,  John    116 

Schardt,     George     P 257 

Schermerhorn,    G.    M 18-5 

Schinaman,   George,   Corporal...  218 

Schloth,    Rudolph    E.,   Corporal..  373 

Schmidlin,   Albert  J 257 

Schnell,    Henry    363 

Schriber,  Charles   N 321 

Schroeder,    Henry,    Sergeant  6&d 

Schwartz,  William  F 74,  321,  554 

Scott,    Frank    D 184 

Scott,   Harvey   R.,  Musician 153 

Scott,    Horace    R 299 

Scott,    Louis    W 277 

Scott,    William    B 321 

Scully,    Eugene,    Corporal 282 

Searcy,    William    E.,    Corporal.. 

74,  173,  554 

Segur,    Ernest   G 239 

Selsor,     Leonard     H 185 

Settle,    Walter    A 392 

Shambrook,   David    R.,  Sergeant.  129 

Shelley,  Walter  J 164 

Shepherd,  David   116 

Sherman,    Ray    M 284,  366 

Sherman,    William    D f .  .  .  .  209 

Shircliff,  Homer  W.,  Corporal..  199 
Shoemaker,  William  A,  Corporal 

245,  536 

Shull,  Dean  E 185 

Shulmire,    Erwin    A 185 

Shunk,   George  W 257 

Simmons,  Cal.  C,  Corporal 219 

Simmons,    Guy    D 116 

Simmons,   James    R.,   Corporal..  353 

Simpson,  Charles    L 213 


G45 


Singleton,   James   0 141 

Sloan,   Willis   D 1S6 

Slocum,    Harry   C,    Sergeant....  129 

Small,    William    J 392 

Smelser,    Michael   C 392 


Sm 


Sm 
Sm 
Sm 
Sm 


Sm 
Sm 
Sm 


Sm 
Sm 
Sm 
Sm 
Sm 
Sm 
Sm 
Sm 
Sm 
Sm 


Sm 


ley,   Thomas,   Corporal 330 

th,  Arthur   E 162 

th,  B.  F.,  Jr 230 

th,    Benjamin    117 

th,    Bert    J 380 

th.    Burl    C 141 

th,  Charlie 192 

th,   Charles    R 2.5S 

th,  Charles  W 341 

th,   Edward   B 321 

th,   Erastus  A.,  Corporal 287 

th,    Forris    V 209 

th,  Frank   117 

th    Frank  H.,  (^orporal 246 

th,  Frederick  T.,  Corporal...    200 

th,   Gilbert   F 98,   230,   592 

th,  George   F 141 

th,   George   S 346 

th,   Harry  W.,  Musician 246 

th,  Jacob   N 74,   209,   .545 


th,  Joseph   H 

th,  Lester  P 

th,    Louis    F 

th,   Orr  O 

th,  Ray  N 

th,   Robert   E 

th,  Rolland  E..  .  . 
th,  Thomas  J..  . . 
th,  Walter  C,  Jr. 
th,  William  E..  .  . 
th,    Wm.    H 


277 

297 

258 

381 

231 

258 

341 

209 

341 

.322,   588,   594 

141 


ith,  William    K,,  Jr.,  Corporal  271 

Snodgrass,    James    E 74,   132,  554 

Snow,  Arthur  P 117 

Snow,  Charles   E 392 

Snow,   Ernest  W 117 

Snow,   Frank   A 380 

Snyder,  George   C.    L 74,    117,  554 

Sorensen,  Andreas  I.,  Veterinary 

Sergeant  372 

Soules,  Elmo   M 186 

Southwick,    Al.    M.,    Artificer 309 

Spearman,  Joseph    R 392 

Spencer,  Peter  L 277 

Spencer,   Tobias    R 297 

Spicer,  George  W....74,    259,    268,  554 

Spierings,  Albert    277,  283 

Spierings,  John    285 

Springer,    Louis    E 297 

Spurlock,    Harry     K 380 

St.   Clair,    Francis    M 209 

St.   Rayner,  John    H 381 

Stacks,   Willis    R 381 

Stanley,  George  C 145 


PAGE 

Stanley,    Harold    G 259 

Stansbery,    Ernest    282 

Stanton,  Harold   L 60,   259 

Stanwood,  Franklin   186 

Staub,    Rudolph    R.,   Corporal...    373 

Starmer,   George   W 145 

Starmer,   Samuel    142 

Stark,   Julius,   Corporal 331 

Starr,    Samuel    W 297 

Stearns,   Earl   D 2o0 

Steele,     Robert     E 297 

Stellmacher,  Frank  C,  Sergeant  287 

Stephens,    Alfred    L 277 

Stephens,    Charles    L 277 

Stevens,    Roy    R 142 

Stevens,    Wiliard 322 

Stewart,  Frank  B.,  Sergeant 287 

Stiles,    Edward    E 162 

Stillwell,  A.  J 278 

Stillwell,  Fred  G 262 

Stilwell,    Jesse    E 341 

Stimpson,   Arthur  J.,   Sergeant..    305 
Stimson,  Harry  M.,  Corporal....    105 

Stoddard,   Fred    B 210 

Stokes,    George    213 

Stone,  Ernest  L 142 

Stone,    Lloyd    B 210 

Stott,  Claude    230 

Stranahan,    Robert    0 380 

Strange,    Ferd   A.,   Corporal 130 

Strange,  Henry  A 142 

Strawderman,    L.   V 74,   348,   554 

Strayer,   Robert   L 212 

Streda,  Albert    210 

Street,    Edgar    A.,    Corporal 199 

Stryker,   Guy   Q 233 

Stuart,    William    C 118 

S"tubling,    Arthur   C,    Sergeant..    232 

Sullivan,  Joseph    P 193 

Sullivan,   Patsy    259 

Summers,  George   231 

Summers,   Owen,   Colonel 

9,    11.    12,    13, 

15,  16,  18,  20,  23,  24,  36,  39,  41, 
43,  45,  50,  56,  61,  62,  63,  65,  69, 
78,  84,  86,  88,  89,  90,  92,  94,  95, 
99,  546,  549,  550,  551,  552,  554, 
555,  558,  559,  560,  561,  562,  563, 
564,  565,  566,  567,  568,  569,  570, 
571,  572,  573,  574,  577,  579,  580. 
585,  592,  593,  594,  595,  596,  597, 
603,  604,  615,  616.  620,   627,  628,  629 

Surryhue,  Frank  W 297 

Sutton,  Delbert  J.,  Second  Lieu- 
tenant  52,   79,    242,   269,   552,    554 

Sutton,    Ross    S 142 

Swarts,  Walter  A 322 

Sweet,   Neal,  Corporal 245 

Symons,    Loren    0 186 


646 


552 
303 
187 
322 
374 
142 
142 
554 
163 
187 
385 


PAGE 

Taft,    Hiland    E 187 

Taft,  Myron   L 282 

Taylor,  Arthur  R.,  Cook 354 

Taylor,   Frank    261 

Taylor,   Frank    E.,  Corporal 151 

Taylor,  George   M 162 

Taylor,    Hayes   B 74,   348,  554 

Taylor,    Jay    E 148 

Taylor,    Seldon    W 233 

Taylor,   Smith    L 163 

Taylor,   T.   C,   President   of    the 

Senate    629 

Teatz,    Charles    118 

Teesdale,    John    J 278 

Telfer,  George  F.,  First  Lieuten- 
ant  19,  40,  48,  55,  79,   329, 

Terrell,    Ralph   W.,  First  Lieut.. 

Terry,  William   H 

Thibodeau,   Louis  C 

Thiede,  Mark  E.,  Farrier 

Thomas,   Charles    

Thompson,    Ernest    L 

Thompson,   Frank   H 74.   118, 

Thompson,    H.   C 

Thompson,   James   C 

Thompson,  Mark  C,  CorporaL  . . 

Thompson,   Peter   ii64 

Thompson,  William  G.,  Corporal  212 

Thornton,    Edwin    C 77,   260,  554 

Thornton,      James      E.,      Second 

Lieutenant    

13.  88,  92,  98,  128,  552,   r.TO,  596 

Thornton,    Silas    W 322 

Threlkeld,  Walter  S 143 

Thurber,    Arthur    C 118 

Thurston,    C.    A 238 

Thurston,   Jabez   J.,   Sergeant...  304 

Thurston,   Samuel    R 163 

Tibbets,   Cyrus    R 163 

Tiernan,    Charles    E 341 

Tillman,   George    118 

Tindall.    Gregg     278 

Todd,  Grover   364 

Tompkins,  Stephen    L 372 

Tooze,    James    H 365 

Torbet,    Joseph    E 301 

Townsend,    Thos    C 322 

Tracy,    Ernest    364 

Trask,   Arthur   E.,  Corporal 332 

Travis,    Lee   M 165 

Tremont,    Roxie    278 

Trill,   Wallace    G 392 

Trumbull,    Edw.    D 392 

Tucker,  Thomas    163 

Tuffard,  Norman  E.,  Trumpeter.  374 

Turlay,   Harry  S.,  Corporal 105 

Turnbull,    William    F 260 

Turner,  George  M.,  Corporal....  287 

Turner,    James     j92 


PAGE 

Turney,   Isaac    278 

Turpin,  John  H 323 

Tusant,    Nelson   J 381 

Tuttle,    Benjamin    B.,    Adjutant 

General  of  Oregon. 21,  609,  613,  614 
Tycer,   William   0 297 

Uglow,    John    C 366 

Ulrich,   Benjamin   F 341 

Ungerman,  William  B....74,   118,  554 

Upton,  J.  H.,  Musician 282 

Urech,  Julius   187 

Vahl,    Emil   C 381 

Valentine,  John  A 231 

Van  VIeet,   Lewis 119 

Van  Winkle,   Roy 381 

Verweyst,  Charles   L 187 

Viereck,    Leslie    L.,   Corporal 298 

Voight,  Thomas    381 

Vulgamore,    A.    T 164 

Wade,    Benjamin    F 210 

Wagner,  Charles  F.,  Corporal...    332 

Wagner,    Henry    M 96,   143,   604 

Wagner,  John    F 392 

Wagner,    John    H 143 

Wakeley,   James   W 347 

Waldron,    George    C 298 

Walker,    Dell    E.,   Sergeant 351 

Walker,    Maurice    L.,    Corporal..    271 

Walker,  William   0 84,  119 

Wallace,  Charles  W 298 

Wallace,  Frank  C 146 

Wallace,   M.   K.   B 231 

Walsch,    Frank    193 

Waiter,    Wert    D.,    Artificer 382 

Wamsley,   Charles  C 210 

Wann,  William    146 

Ward,  Wiley  W 278 

Warlen,  Gustav,  Artificer 374 

Warner,   Kenneth  G 278 

Warren,  John  F.,  Corpoi-al 331 

Warren,  Thomas  J.,  Musician.  .  .    106 

Watson,  Alfred   P 279 

Watson,  James  0 279 

Watson,  Walter  C,  Cook 246 

Watters,  John  0 213 

Weatherford,  T.  J 392 

Webb,    Percy   A 143 

Weber,   Eugene    364 

Weber,    Frank    231 

Weed,   Charles  J 283 

Weed,  Frank  E.,  First  Sergeant.    103 

Weeks,    Frank    D 211 

Weidman,    Louis,    Cook 386 

Welch,   Azel   C 231 

Welch,    Harry 381 

Welch,    Hiram    U.,   Second   Lieut  372 


INDEX. 


647 


621 
341 
104 
323 
299 
210 
55t 


Wells,  Almon  V.,  Corporal 373 

Wells,    Clarence   C,    Corporal...    331 

Wells,  Harry   L.,  Captain  . 

....40,  48,  55,  68,  70,  74,  79,  329 
552,  554,  611.  613,  616,   618,   619 

Wells,    William     H 

Welsh,  James  J.,  Corporal 

Wentworth,  Fred    

Wenworth,  Thos 

Wessburg,  John    E 

West,  James,   Sergennl .  .74,   IRS, 

West,  Peter  F 75, 

West,   Thomas    H 

West,  Walter  L 

Westbrook,  Fred  H.,  Cnporal... 

Weston,  Jasper   

Wetterboro,  Oscar  W 

Weyrick,   Harvey    

Wheeler,    Frank    E 

Wheeler,    Harry    M 

White,  Andrew    

White,    Earl    

White,    James    G.,    Co  poral 

White,  Waiter   

White,  William  G 

Whiting,   Sandford,   Cntain   and 

Assistant  Surgeon    

19,   20.   37.   48, 

Whitehead,  H.  L.,  Corporal 

Whitehead,  M.  R 

Whitney,  Charles  A 

Whitney,  Claud  A 

Whitney,    John    

Whittaker,    Wesley     

Whittaker,  Wil'iam,   Artificer... 

Wicke,  Paul   A 

Wickline,    Elza    M 

WIckline,  Oliver  S 

Widmer,  William   W 

Wigq,   Georqe    H..   C(  rporal 

Wight,    D.  Webster 

Wilcox,   Robert   B 

Wiley,   Luther  A 

Willett,     Caeorge     T.,     Assistant 

Adjutant  General   O.   N.   G 

610,    611,   612, 

Williams,    Albert    

Williams,   George    

Williams,   Jack    

Williams,  Joseph    B 

Williamson,    S.    C 

Willis   Percy,  Major 

12.  13,  19,  43,  50,  56, 

57.  62  63,  6i,  6''\  68,  76,  78,  79, 


381 
392 
288 
119 
279 
260 
393 
195 
381 
393 
105 
323 
164 


100 
386 
279 
364 
119 
163 
163 
153 
381 
210 
382 
120 
21S 
326 
143 
301 


613 
120 
164 
279 

12". 
279 


I'AC.K 

84,    88,    89,    90,    92,    95,    96,    100, 
540,  541.  542,  543,  545,  552,  553, 
573.  585,  587,  589,   591,  594,  596,  604 
Willoughby,    Leon    R.,    Corporal.  .153 

Wiison,    Charles    0 323 

Wilson,  C.  E 188 

Wilson,  Harry   119 

Wilson,   Harry  A 382 

Wilson,  Henry  C 231 

Wilson,   Theodore   M 382 

Wilson,  Walter  W.,   S.  rgeant .  .  . 

74,  330,   554 

Wire,    Frank    B 301 

Wise,' Fred    B 211 

Wise,    James    C 120 

Withington.    A.    P.,    Artificer 220 

Withrow,    Fred    143 

Witlock,    Julius,    Corporal 173 

Woelm,    Adolph,    Musician 334 

Wolfe,  George  N.,  First  Lieuten- 
ant     48,    260 

Wood,    Alpha,   Corporal 171 

Wood,  Dr.  Frances,  Nurse 22 

Wood,    James     McL,    Ordinance 

Officer,  O.  N.  G 611 

^•^'ooH.    Silvey     •  •  •    165 

Woodruff,   Frank 77,   164,    554 

Woods,   Morton    188 

Worrell,  Samuel   C 298 

Worrick,   Elmer  O.,   Captain 

36,  52,  53,  59,  60,  68,  303,  552 

Wright,  Hubert   143 

Wright.  Joseph   S 342 

Wusterbgrg,   Alex 393 

Yoran,     George     O.,     Lieutenant 

Colonel    12,  13, 

16.  17,  18,  41,  48.  64.  72,  78,  84, 
88,  89,  91,  93,  97.  99,  542,  543, 
562,  573.   580,  587,  591,   594,  595,  596 

Young,   Brigham   W 393 

Young,  Edward  C 125 

Young,  George  D.,  Sergeant 373 

Young,    Harry    D 144 

Young,      Jonathan      A.,      Second 

Lif^ut-nant 44.  84,  103,  552 

Young,  Norris  J 382 

Zeiler,    Frederick    382 

Zigler,    Charles,    Cmporal 374 

Zimmerman,    Z.,    Jr 3S2 

Zirka,    Henry    342 

Zolla-,  Henr-    324 


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